Agriculture

Spillway is an important hydraulic structure for the regulation of water level and the discharge of excess flood flows from the reservoir. The main aim of the present study was to numerically simulate flow over Ogee-type spillways, using the well-known Flow-3D model. Nazloo Dam Spillway is under construction on the Nazloo River (in west side of the Urmia Lake basin, Iran). Physical model of this spillway (with scale 1:40) was constructed and tested by Water Research Institute of Ministry of Energy, Iran. Flow pattern over the Nazloo spillway was simulated for three head water levels corresponding to low, mean and high flows (i.e. 497, 830 and 2272 m3/s, respectively). Three-dimensional geometry of the spillway was generated using AutoCAD software. The extent of numerical grids was tested with 5 different sizes from 0.6 to 6 cm. Three-dimensional grid of (183.3×175×53.3) with size of 0.6 cm was well adopted considering stability criteria. For inlet boundary condition, Specified Pressure option; for outlet boundary condition, outflow option; and for other boundaries, the symmetry boundary condition was introduced to the model. The simulation results were compared with Corresponding experimental results from the physical model. Sensitivity analysis indicated no significant dependency of the model to the turbulent mixing length and the surface roughness of the spillway. Three turbulence models (K-, RNG and LES) were examined, and the RNG model was better adopted. A total of 43 runs were carried out: 16 with no piers, 21 using one pier and 6 runs with 2 piers on the spillway crest. The computing time for simulating flow was 20 and 40 seconds for runs without and with piers, respectively. Comparison of the simulated results with the corresponding experimental data proved the capability of the model for reproducing the flow pattern over such high spillways.

Production of seedless varieties is one of the major breeding goals in grape vine. Traditional methods result in low percentage of seedless progeny production. Today for producing high percentage of seedless progeny, embryo rescue are used. In this research, the effects of BA concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 100 mg L-1) and the stage of ovule development (25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 days after pollination) were assessed on the success rate of the embryo rescue in Perlette grape (Vitis vinifera L.). BA was sprayed 14 days before and 7days after the anthesis. The berries were harvested at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 days post pollination. Ovules were cultured  in Nitch and Nitch medium with 0.35 mg L-1gibberellic acid (GA3) and 1 mg L-1 indolacetic acid (IAA). Characters such as germination, collapsed, callus-formed and enlarged ovules were recorded. The results revealed the effect of BA pre-treating and ovule developmental stage on percentage of germinated embryos, collapsed, callus- formed and enl...

Text processing is one of the sub-branches of natural language processing. Recently, the use of machine learning and neural networks methods has been given greater consideration. For this reason, the representation of words has become very important. This article is about word representation or converting words into vectors in Persian text. In this research GloVe, CBOW and skip-gram methods are updated to produce embedded vectors for Persian words. In order to train a neural networks, Bijankhan corpus, Hamshahri corpus and UPEC corpus have been compound and used. Finally, we have 342,362 words that obtained vectors in all three models for this words. These vectors have many usage for Persian natural language processing.