Additional file 4: Table S4. Multiple comparisons of the Bayes Factors and marginal likelihoods f... more Additional file 4: Table S4. Multiple comparisons of the Bayes Factors and marginal likelihoods for all the diversification models tested (Yule, Birth-Death (BD), Episodic Birth-Death (EBD); the latter with multiple episodes 4, 10 or 20).
Additional file 2: Table S2. Most likely estimated ancestral areas for the main nodes within the ... more Additional file 2: Table S2. Most likely estimated ancestral areas for the main nodes within the Polythoridae family. The best biogeographical models for all scenarios (S0-S5), using both BioGeoBEARS (grey columns) and RASP (white columns) reconstruction methods, are shown. The designated areas include; (A) Central America, (B) Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena, (C) North Western Andes, (D) North Eastern Andes, (E) Venezuela Highlands, (F) Central Andes, (G) Amazon Basin, (H) Guiana Shield, and (I) Brazilian Shield. * indicates high uncertainty values for these nodes' numbers correspond to Fig. 3.
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. A. Best ML IQTree phylogenetic reconstruction for the family Polythor... more Additional file 1: Fig. S1. A. Best ML IQTree phylogenetic reconstruction for the family Polythoridae. UFBoostraps (10,000 pseudoreplicates) and SH-aLRT (1000) branch supports are above each branch. B. Geographic distribution of the family Polythoridae.
Background: The New World Tropics has experienced a dynamic landscape across evolutionary history... more Background: The New World Tropics has experienced a dynamic landscape across evolutionary history and harbors a high diversity of flora and fauna. While there are some studies addressing diversification in Neotropical vertebrates and plants, there is still a lack of knowledge in arthropods. Here we examine temporal and spatial diversification patterns in the damselfly family Polythoridae; which comprises seven genera with a total of 58 species distributed across much of Central and South America.Results: Our time-calibrated phylogeny for 48 species suggests that this family radiated during the early Eocene (~56 Ma), diversifying during the middle Eocene. As with other neotropical groups, the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of most of the Polythoridae genera has a primary origin in the Northern Andes though the MRCA of at least one genus may have appeared in the Amazon Basin. Diversification rates have been uniform in all genera except one—Polythore—where a significant increase in...
The Neotropical damselfly genus Polythore consists of nineteen described morphospecies. We used t... more The Neotropical damselfly genus Polythore consists of nineteen described morphospecies. We used the COI barcode locus (799bp), male genitalia, wing venation, and geometrical pattern variation to clarify specific status in four Polythore procera populations in the Andean foothill of Colombia. Morphological data corroborates that all populations are Polythore procera, but molecular data suggests two well-supported reciprocal monophyletic clades. A high genetic divergence (~3%) was observed between them, and different degrees of gene flow were estimated by MDIV among populations. Our results support a recent (1.4 mya) possible speciation with morphological stasis in unknown reproductive mechanisms may be involved.
Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. Due to its genetic divers... more Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. Due to its genetic diversity has been classified into six Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) in association with transmission cycles. In Colombia, natural T. cruzi infection has been detected in 15 triatomine species. There is scarce information regarding the infection rates, DTUs and feeding preferences of secondary vectors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine T. cruzi infection rates, parasite DTU, ecotopes, insect stages, geographical location and bug feeding preferences across six different triatomine species. Methods: A total of 245 insects were collected in seven departments of Colombia. We conducted molecular detection and genotyping of T. cruzi with subsequent identification of food sources. The frequency of infection, DTUs, TcI genotypes and feeding sources were plotted across the six species studied. A logistic regression model risk was estimated with insects positive for T. cruzi according to demographic and eco-epidemiological characteristics.
Heliconius butterflies provide good examples of both homoploid hybrid speciation and ecological s... more Heliconius butterflies provide good examples of both homoploid hybrid speciation and ecological speciation. In particular, examples of adaptive introgression have been detected among the subspecies of Heliconius timareta, which acquired red color pattern elements from H. melpomene. We tested whether the introgression of red wing pattern elements into H. timareta florencia might also be associated with incipient reproductive isolation (RI) from its close relative, H. timareta subsp. nov., found in the eastern Andes. No choice experiments show a 50% reduction in mating between females of H. t. subsp. nov. and males of H .t. florencia, but not in the reciprocal direction. In choice experiments using wing models, males of H. timareta subsp. nov. approach and court red phenotypes less than their own, whereas males of H. t. florencia prefer models with a red phenotype. Intrinsic postzygotic isolation was not detected in crosses between these H. timareta races. These results suggest that a color pattern trait gained by introgression is triggering RI between H. timareta subsp. nov. and H. t. florencia.
Additional file 4: Table S4. Multiple comparisons of the Bayes Factors and marginal likelihoods f... more Additional file 4: Table S4. Multiple comparisons of the Bayes Factors and marginal likelihoods for all the diversification models tested (Yule, Birth-Death (BD), Episodic Birth-Death (EBD); the latter with multiple episodes 4, 10 or 20).
Additional file 2: Table S2. Most likely estimated ancestral areas for the main nodes within the ... more Additional file 2: Table S2. Most likely estimated ancestral areas for the main nodes within the Polythoridae family. The best biogeographical models for all scenarios (S0-S5), using both BioGeoBEARS (grey columns) and RASP (white columns) reconstruction methods, are shown. The designated areas include; (A) Central America, (B) Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena, (C) North Western Andes, (D) North Eastern Andes, (E) Venezuela Highlands, (F) Central Andes, (G) Amazon Basin, (H) Guiana Shield, and (I) Brazilian Shield. * indicates high uncertainty values for these nodes' numbers correspond to Fig. 3.
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. A. Best ML IQTree phylogenetic reconstruction for the family Polythor... more Additional file 1: Fig. S1. A. Best ML IQTree phylogenetic reconstruction for the family Polythoridae. UFBoostraps (10,000 pseudoreplicates) and SH-aLRT (1000) branch supports are above each branch. B. Geographic distribution of the family Polythoridae.
Background: The New World Tropics has experienced a dynamic landscape across evolutionary history... more Background: The New World Tropics has experienced a dynamic landscape across evolutionary history and harbors a high diversity of flora and fauna. While there are some studies addressing diversification in Neotropical vertebrates and plants, there is still a lack of knowledge in arthropods. Here we examine temporal and spatial diversification patterns in the damselfly family Polythoridae; which comprises seven genera with a total of 58 species distributed across much of Central and South America.Results: Our time-calibrated phylogeny for 48 species suggests that this family radiated during the early Eocene (~56 Ma), diversifying during the middle Eocene. As with other neotropical groups, the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of most of the Polythoridae genera has a primary origin in the Northern Andes though the MRCA of at least one genus may have appeared in the Amazon Basin. Diversification rates have been uniform in all genera except one—Polythore—where a significant increase in...
The Neotropical damselfly genus Polythore consists of nineteen described morphospecies. We used t... more The Neotropical damselfly genus Polythore consists of nineteen described morphospecies. We used the COI barcode locus (799bp), male genitalia, wing venation, and geometrical pattern variation to clarify specific status in four Polythore procera populations in the Andean foothill of Colombia. Morphological data corroborates that all populations are Polythore procera, but molecular data suggests two well-supported reciprocal monophyletic clades. A high genetic divergence (~3%) was observed between them, and different degrees of gene flow were estimated by MDIV among populations. Our results support a recent (1.4 mya) possible speciation with morphological stasis in unknown reproductive mechanisms may be involved.
Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. Due to its genetic divers... more Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. Due to its genetic diversity has been classified into six Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) in association with transmission cycles. In Colombia, natural T. cruzi infection has been detected in 15 triatomine species. There is scarce information regarding the infection rates, DTUs and feeding preferences of secondary vectors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine T. cruzi infection rates, parasite DTU, ecotopes, insect stages, geographical location and bug feeding preferences across six different triatomine species. Methods: A total of 245 insects were collected in seven departments of Colombia. We conducted molecular detection and genotyping of T. cruzi with subsequent identification of food sources. The frequency of infection, DTUs, TcI genotypes and feeding sources were plotted across the six species studied. A logistic regression model risk was estimated with insects positive for T. cruzi according to demographic and eco-epidemiological characteristics.
Heliconius butterflies provide good examples of both homoploid hybrid speciation and ecological s... more Heliconius butterflies provide good examples of both homoploid hybrid speciation and ecological speciation. In particular, examples of adaptive introgression have been detected among the subspecies of Heliconius timareta, which acquired red color pattern elements from H. melpomene. We tested whether the introgression of red wing pattern elements into H. timareta florencia might also be associated with incipient reproductive isolation (RI) from its close relative, H. timareta subsp. nov., found in the eastern Andes. No choice experiments show a 50% reduction in mating between females of H. t. subsp. nov. and males of H .t. florencia, but not in the reciprocal direction. In choice experiments using wing models, males of H. timareta subsp. nov. approach and court red phenotypes less than their own, whereas males of H. t. florencia prefer models with a red phenotype. Intrinsic postzygotic isolation was not detected in crosses between these H. timareta races. These results suggest that a color pattern trait gained by introgression is triggering RI between H. timareta subsp. nov. and H. t. florencia.
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