La crisis económica y la corrupción han protagonizado la actualidad de los últimos años. La prime... more La crisis económica y la corrupción han protagonizado la actualidad de los últimos años. La primera despertó un mayor interés público por los procesos económicos y financieros y la segunda hizo que la ética ganase visibilidad en la sociedad. Una revisión histórico-conceptual y una comparación de códigos éticos y deontológicos periodísticos muestran que, a pesar de la gran presencia de potenciales conflictos de interés en esta rama informativa, el tratamiento de la información económica no recibe una especial atención en los códigos. El siguiente trabajo también nos permitirá conocer el estado de la ética profesional en el periodismo, que, a pesar de su larga tradición, todavía resulta infrautilizada.
ABSTRACT The future of journalism in the Ibero-American region depends on the capacity of media a... more ABSTRACT The future of journalism in the Ibero-American region depends on the capacity of media and journalists to adapt to the accelerated technologization and digitalization that is changing media structures, information processes and the nature of journalism itself. This process of digitalization of journalism in Ibero-America is analyzed in this article using the open data derived from the results of the second wave of the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS), conducted between 2012 and 2016 with 3,586 journalists from nine countries of this region (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Spain, Mexico and Portugal). The correlation between the importance of technical capacities and tools such as social media and online search engines in the journalistic work and the influence of the audience in this work was confirmed. Regarding digitalization of the journalistic profession in general, not many differences were observed between Ibero-American sub-regions, neither geographical nor linguistic, although they were observed between countries.
Introducción: La presente investigación profundiza en la posible influencia de factores poco estu... more Introducción: La presente investigación profundiza en la posible influencia de factores poco estudiados en la interacción que despiertan los vídeos de YouTube sobre dietas milagro, dado el potencial riesgo de salud pública que pueden suponer los consejos que ofrecen, especialmente para la población joven. Metodología: Se analizaron los 50 vídeos más vistos sobre dietas rápidas subidos entre enero de 2020 y junio de 2021 en español y en inglés. A través de un análisis de contenido cuantitativo se estudió la influencia de variables sobre la relación con la audiencia y la presencia en cámara, la expresión de emociones y la descripción y análisis de la dieta o producto sobre la interacción y consumo del video. Resultados: Los factores estudiados no tienen apenas efecto, como tampoco lo tuvo el idioma, en las cifras de visionados, comentarios, likes, dislikes y compartidos. Discusión: Lo anterior se interpreta como señal de un consumo acrítico e irreflexivo, lo que podría suponer riesgos...
La presente investigación busca conocer la calidad de los vídeos de YouTube sobre dietas milagro ... more La presente investigación busca conocer la calidad de los vídeos de YouTube sobre dietas milagro y la interacción que generan, sobre todo dado el potencial riesgo que pueden suponer para los espectadores que sigan sus consejos en caso de que estos puedan resultar nocivos. Para ello se analizaron 50 vídeos en español e inglés, siendo estos los más vistos en la categoría de dietas rápidas. A través de un análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo, se evaluó la calidad y la credibilidad transmitida en ellos, así como los efectos de estas dos características sobre la interacción. Los resultados sugieren que la calidad de estos contenidos en ocasiones es muy reducida, con frecuentes alusiones a «productos milagro» y con recomendaciones sin base científica o sin garantía de funcionamiento, e incluso con indicaciones engañosas y consejos perjudiciales para la salud. Sin embargo, la presencia de información equilibrada, la alusión a fuentes fiables, la inclusión de expertos en la mate...
Although the phenomenon of disinformation and, specifically, fake news has become especially seri... more Although the phenomenon of disinformation and, specifically, fake news has become especially serious and problematic, this phenomenon has not been widely addressed in academia from the perspective of consumers, who play a relevant role in the spread of this content. For that reason, the present study focuses on determining how this phenomenon is perceived by citizens, as the strategies to counteract fake news are affected by such opinions. Thus, the main objective of this study was to identify in which media the perception and experience of fake news is greatest and thus determine what platforms should be focused on to counteract this phenomenon. A survey was conducted in October 2020, among the Spanish adult population and was completed by a total of 423 people (with 421 valid answers). Among its main findings, this study determined that social media platforms are the type of media in which the greatest amount of fake news is perceived, which confirms the suggestions of previous st...
En un contexto en el que la migración tiene un notable peso mediático, y dado el acuerdo general ... more En un contexto en el que la migración tiene un notable peso mediático, y dado el acuerdo general existente en la profesión y la academia sobre los déficits en la cobertura de todas las vertientes de esta en los medios de comunicación, tendente a la negatividad y el estereotipo en un gran número de ocasiones, en este artículo profundizamos en el discurso mediático desde la perspectiva de sus productores: los periodistas especializados. Con este propósito se llevaron a cabo 33 entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas y de reconstrucción a periodistas españoles especializados en migraciones, refugiados y personas en movilidad. A través de un análisis de contenido informatizado y manual del texto oralizado obtenido a través de estas entrevistas observamos que los entrevistados aprecian en el periodismo de migraciones deficiencias como: abundancia de estereotipos, falta de profundización/contextualización y escasez de visibilización de la voz de los migrantes. Aunque este diagnóstico...
Los medios informativos, tanto los nativos digitales como los todavía impresos, son cada vez más ... more Los medios informativos, tanto los nativos digitales como los todavía impresos, son cada vez más activos en redes sociales, ya que permiten una interacción real con sus lectores, ahora también prosumidores. Los internautas siguen informándose mayoritariamente de la actualidad política a través de las cuentas de esos medios. En este contexto sorprende que, aunque muchos autores analizan la actividad de los políticos en Twitter, son pocos los que estudian los usos que hacen de esta red los propios medios a la hora de cubrir eventos políticos. Este es el objetivo del presente trabajo, en el cual se analizan los tuits e interacciones de los cinco principales medios impresos y digitales españoles en torno a las Elecciones Generales del 10N de 2019. Para ello, se descargaron todos los tuits publicados o retuiteados por las cuentas oficiales de los principales medios impresos y digitales en España las dos semanas antes y después del 10N para analizar la atención que prestaban a la informac...
Hate speech against vulnerable groups is acknowledged as a serious problem for integration and re... more Hate speech against vulnerable groups is acknowledged as a serious problem for integration and respect for the social diversity existing within the territory of the European Union. The growth of this type of discourse has been supported by the expansion of social media, which have been proven to act as a mechanism for the propagation of crimes against targets such as migrants and refugees, one of the main affected groups. That is why we have conducted the first European study of the social acceptance of migrants and refugees by studying the presence of hate speech. The research is based on the perspective of the theories of intergroup contact and mediated intergroup contact. The methodology includes large-scale longitudinal analysis (2015-2020) of online hate speech on Twitter (N=847,978) and its contrast with existing official indicators. The results suggest that personal intergroup contact is positively corretaled with the support of the local population towards migrants and refug...
Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21), 2021
Fake news and hate speech are among the biggest challenges of online communication. A survey to 4... more Fake news and hate speech are among the biggest challenges of online communication. A survey to 421 Spanish citizens tries to discover who they consider responsible for the production and spread of these phenomena. In general, politicians and radical groups are most commonly blamed for the production of fake news, hate speech and for fake news spreading hate speech, although important differences can be found based on gender, age and political ideology, being women, older people and left-wing people most worried about these phenomena. The study also observed that citizens tend to believe that those producing and, to a lesser extent, those sharing this content are aware of its potential consequences. These observations allow a deeper understanding of disinformation and hatred, helping designing strategies to combat them, and highlighting the need to approach them together.
The Mediterranean migration crisis especially affects three Southern European countries that repr... more The Mediterranean migration crisis especially affects three Southern European countries that represent the main gateways into the continent for immigrants and asylum seekers: Spain, Italy, and Greece. In recent years, feelings of rejection towards migration have been increasing in all of them, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the number of hate crimes. Similarly, the representation of these groups in European news media seems to have worsened, especially since 2015, the year in which the migratory crisis significantly worsened. This coverage could be affecting European citizens on emotional, cognitive, and attitudinal levels and thus should be rigorously analyzed. The present study is based on the theory of framing and, specifically, on visual framing to analyze the connotative representations of immigrants and refugees spread by the reference media of Southern Europe through images, paying more attention to the negative frames in particular, which represent displaced peopl...
Greece, Italy, and Spain are the Southern European borders and the main entrances for migrants an... more Greece, Italy, and Spain are the Southern European borders and the main entrances for migrants and refugees to Europe, a movement that was particularly visible after the 2015 "refugee crisis of the Mediterranean." In this context, immigration is used as a political tool, and the object of major media coverage. However, previous studies have shown that this coverage tends to be partial and prejudiced. This study, conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, uses the frame building theory to study the perceptions of journalists covering migration issues regarding ways to improve the representation of migrants in the media of these three countries. For that, in-depth interviews were conducted with 94 Greek, Italian, and Spanish journalists. The precarity of the profession, the focus on conflictive approaches, and discrimination based on national origin or religion are mentioned as the biggest challenges. Professionals covering this information demand more individualized and deeper coverage, giving the migrants' condition greater visibility, and giving voice to the migrants themselves, as they are the protagonists of the stories. Greater attention to journalistic ethics and the defense of vulnerable groups is considered essential to achieve this.
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, 2019
There is currently a consensus about the importance that social communication of science has in o... more There is currently a consensus about the importance that social communication of science has in order to reach all audiences and add value to the researcher's work. PhD students that join the profession have a growing number of opportunities to form themselves in transversal communication and media competencies, including technologies such as social media, which strengthen their profile. The use of the most popular social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or YouTube is already common in this new context. Previous studies have proven the existence of a relationship between the perception of obtaining future rewards with a technology (performance Expectancy), the difficulty its use implies (effort Expectancy) and the opinion of the social environment (social influence), and the real use of said technology. Based on the theoretical model of UTAUT (Unified Theory of Adoption and Use of Technologies), our hypothesis is that existence of an indirect conditional effect of the performance Expectancy, the effort Expectancy and the social influence over the real use of social media for science communication by PhD student, and that this effect is mediated by the intention of use and moderated by gender and age. Our goal is to analyze the mechanisms that cause said effect in doctoral students of the PhD in Education in the Knowledge Society of the University of Salamanca. We surveyed the 180 students of the program, so that we could know the level of adoption of social media for science dissemination and the variables that influence the intention of use and the real use of them. The UTAUT model is partially confirmed and the results of the moderated mediation prove that the performance Expectancy, the effort Expectancy and the social influence in the students affect the real use of these media.
In this paper, we sought to model and characterize hate speech against immigrants on Twitter in S... more In this paper, we sought to model and characterize hate speech against immigrants on Twitter in Spain around the appearance of the far-right party Vox. More than 240,000 tweets that included the term ‘Vox’ between November 2018 and April 2019 were automatically collected and analyzed. Only 1% of the sample included hate speech expressions. Within this subsample of 1977 messages, we found offenses (56%), incitements to hate (42%), and violent speech (2%). The most frequent terms used were classified into five categories: Spain, Immigration, Government, Islam, and Insults. The most common features were foul language, false or doubtful information, irony, distasteful expressions, humiliation or contempt, physical or psychological threats, and incitement to violence. Using unsupervised topic modeling, we found that the four underlying topics (control of illegal immigration, economic assistance for immigrants, consequences of illegal immigration, and Spain as an arrival point for African...
High-profile events can trigger expressions of hate speech online, which in turn modifies attitud... more High-profile events can trigger expressions of hate speech online, which in turn modifies attitudes and offline behavior towards stigmatized groups. This paper addresses the first path of this process using manual and computational methods to analyze the stream of Twitter messages in Spanish around the boat Aquarius (n = 24,254) before and after the announcement of the Spanish government to welcome the boat in June 2018, a milestone for asylum seekers acceptance in the EU and an event that was highly covered by media. It was observed that most of the messages were related to a few topics and had a generally positive sentiment, although a significant part of messages expressed rejection or hate—often supported by stereotypes and lies—towards refugees and migrants and towards politicians. These expressions grew after the announcement of hosting the boat, although the general sentiment of the messages became more positive. We discuss the theoretical, practical, and methodological impli...
There is global concern regarding how the Covid-19 pandemic was communicated to citizens, given t... more There is global concern regarding how the Covid-19 pandemic was communicated to citizens, given the enormous amount of uncertainty and misinformation surrounding the health situation (Singh et al., 2020). As expected, the government has been the main source of official information in most countries, but the crisis has also affected political communication models and the management of crisis communication and misinformation. In this scenario, the level of trust in the government and political polarization have become crucial variables to understand how citizens perceive and receive communicate about the effects of the pandemic in their daily life. To address these issues in the case of Spain, in November 2020 we conducted the first nationally representative survey to analyze the level of trust that citizens have in public information on Covid-19 provided by the national government. The findings reveal that their perceptions regarding the quality of such information, the media used fo...
El discurso de odio propagado a través de redes sociales como Twitter merece atención especial, y... more El discurso de odio propagado a través de redes sociales como Twitter merece atención especial, ya que su incremento puede relacionarse con el aumento de crímenes de odio. De las 11 categorías de discriminación que contempla el Ministerio de Interior de España, la segunda en la que más delitos de odio se registran al año es la ideología. Sin embargo, esta categoría queda fuera de la mayor parte de los planes de acción para estudiar y combatir los delitos de odio. Lo mismo ocurre con los trabajos académicos, que se centran mayoritariamente en el odio en inglés y a nivel general. Los que estudian un único tipo de odio se han enfocado en el racismo, la xenofobia o la discriminación de género, pero nunca en la ideología política. Asimismo, los prototipos de detección desarrollados hasta ahora no usan bases de datos generadas manualmente por varios codificadores. Esta investigación busca superar estas limitaciones, desarrollando y evaluando un detector automático de discurso de odio por ...
La crisis económica y la corrupción han protagonizado la actualidad de los últimos años. La prime... more La crisis económica y la corrupción han protagonizado la actualidad de los últimos años. La primera despertó un mayor interés público por los procesos económicos y financieros y la segunda hizo que la ética ganase visibilidad en la sociedad. Una revisión histórico-conceptual y una comparación de códigos éticos y deontológicos periodísticos muestran que, a pesar de la gran presencia de potenciales conflictos de interés en esta rama informativa, el tratamiento de la información económica no recibe una especial atención en los códigos. El siguiente trabajo también nos permitirá conocer el estado de la ética profesional en el periodismo, que, a pesar de su larga tradición, todavía resulta infrautilizada.
ABSTRACT The future of journalism in the Ibero-American region depends on the capacity of media a... more ABSTRACT The future of journalism in the Ibero-American region depends on the capacity of media and journalists to adapt to the accelerated technologization and digitalization that is changing media structures, information processes and the nature of journalism itself. This process of digitalization of journalism in Ibero-America is analyzed in this article using the open data derived from the results of the second wave of the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS), conducted between 2012 and 2016 with 3,586 journalists from nine countries of this region (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Spain, Mexico and Portugal). The correlation between the importance of technical capacities and tools such as social media and online search engines in the journalistic work and the influence of the audience in this work was confirmed. Regarding digitalization of the journalistic profession in general, not many differences were observed between Ibero-American sub-regions, neither geographical nor linguistic, although they were observed between countries.
Introducción: La presente investigación profundiza en la posible influencia de factores poco estu... more Introducción: La presente investigación profundiza en la posible influencia de factores poco estudiados en la interacción que despiertan los vídeos de YouTube sobre dietas milagro, dado el potencial riesgo de salud pública que pueden suponer los consejos que ofrecen, especialmente para la población joven. Metodología: Se analizaron los 50 vídeos más vistos sobre dietas rápidas subidos entre enero de 2020 y junio de 2021 en español y en inglés. A través de un análisis de contenido cuantitativo se estudió la influencia de variables sobre la relación con la audiencia y la presencia en cámara, la expresión de emociones y la descripción y análisis de la dieta o producto sobre la interacción y consumo del video. Resultados: Los factores estudiados no tienen apenas efecto, como tampoco lo tuvo el idioma, en las cifras de visionados, comentarios, likes, dislikes y compartidos. Discusión: Lo anterior se interpreta como señal de un consumo acrítico e irreflexivo, lo que podría suponer riesgos...
La presente investigación busca conocer la calidad de los vídeos de YouTube sobre dietas milagro ... more La presente investigación busca conocer la calidad de los vídeos de YouTube sobre dietas milagro y la interacción que generan, sobre todo dado el potencial riesgo que pueden suponer para los espectadores que sigan sus consejos en caso de que estos puedan resultar nocivos. Para ello se analizaron 50 vídeos en español e inglés, siendo estos los más vistos en la categoría de dietas rápidas. A través de un análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo, se evaluó la calidad y la credibilidad transmitida en ellos, así como los efectos de estas dos características sobre la interacción. Los resultados sugieren que la calidad de estos contenidos en ocasiones es muy reducida, con frecuentes alusiones a «productos milagro» y con recomendaciones sin base científica o sin garantía de funcionamiento, e incluso con indicaciones engañosas y consejos perjudiciales para la salud. Sin embargo, la presencia de información equilibrada, la alusión a fuentes fiables, la inclusión de expertos en la mate...
Although the phenomenon of disinformation and, specifically, fake news has become especially seri... more Although the phenomenon of disinformation and, specifically, fake news has become especially serious and problematic, this phenomenon has not been widely addressed in academia from the perspective of consumers, who play a relevant role in the spread of this content. For that reason, the present study focuses on determining how this phenomenon is perceived by citizens, as the strategies to counteract fake news are affected by such opinions. Thus, the main objective of this study was to identify in which media the perception and experience of fake news is greatest and thus determine what platforms should be focused on to counteract this phenomenon. A survey was conducted in October 2020, among the Spanish adult population and was completed by a total of 423 people (with 421 valid answers). Among its main findings, this study determined that social media platforms are the type of media in which the greatest amount of fake news is perceived, which confirms the suggestions of previous st...
En un contexto en el que la migración tiene un notable peso mediático, y dado el acuerdo general ... more En un contexto en el que la migración tiene un notable peso mediático, y dado el acuerdo general existente en la profesión y la academia sobre los déficits en la cobertura de todas las vertientes de esta en los medios de comunicación, tendente a la negatividad y el estereotipo en un gran número de ocasiones, en este artículo profundizamos en el discurso mediático desde la perspectiva de sus productores: los periodistas especializados. Con este propósito se llevaron a cabo 33 entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas y de reconstrucción a periodistas españoles especializados en migraciones, refugiados y personas en movilidad. A través de un análisis de contenido informatizado y manual del texto oralizado obtenido a través de estas entrevistas observamos que los entrevistados aprecian en el periodismo de migraciones deficiencias como: abundancia de estereotipos, falta de profundización/contextualización y escasez de visibilización de la voz de los migrantes. Aunque este diagnóstico...
Los medios informativos, tanto los nativos digitales como los todavía impresos, son cada vez más ... more Los medios informativos, tanto los nativos digitales como los todavía impresos, son cada vez más activos en redes sociales, ya que permiten una interacción real con sus lectores, ahora también prosumidores. Los internautas siguen informándose mayoritariamente de la actualidad política a través de las cuentas de esos medios. En este contexto sorprende que, aunque muchos autores analizan la actividad de los políticos en Twitter, son pocos los que estudian los usos que hacen de esta red los propios medios a la hora de cubrir eventos políticos. Este es el objetivo del presente trabajo, en el cual se analizan los tuits e interacciones de los cinco principales medios impresos y digitales españoles en torno a las Elecciones Generales del 10N de 2019. Para ello, se descargaron todos los tuits publicados o retuiteados por las cuentas oficiales de los principales medios impresos y digitales en España las dos semanas antes y después del 10N para analizar la atención que prestaban a la informac...
Hate speech against vulnerable groups is acknowledged as a serious problem for integration and re... more Hate speech against vulnerable groups is acknowledged as a serious problem for integration and respect for the social diversity existing within the territory of the European Union. The growth of this type of discourse has been supported by the expansion of social media, which have been proven to act as a mechanism for the propagation of crimes against targets such as migrants and refugees, one of the main affected groups. That is why we have conducted the first European study of the social acceptance of migrants and refugees by studying the presence of hate speech. The research is based on the perspective of the theories of intergroup contact and mediated intergroup contact. The methodology includes large-scale longitudinal analysis (2015-2020) of online hate speech on Twitter (N=847,978) and its contrast with existing official indicators. The results suggest that personal intergroup contact is positively corretaled with the support of the local population towards migrants and refug...
Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21), 2021
Fake news and hate speech are among the biggest challenges of online communication. A survey to 4... more Fake news and hate speech are among the biggest challenges of online communication. A survey to 421 Spanish citizens tries to discover who they consider responsible for the production and spread of these phenomena. In general, politicians and radical groups are most commonly blamed for the production of fake news, hate speech and for fake news spreading hate speech, although important differences can be found based on gender, age and political ideology, being women, older people and left-wing people most worried about these phenomena. The study also observed that citizens tend to believe that those producing and, to a lesser extent, those sharing this content are aware of its potential consequences. These observations allow a deeper understanding of disinformation and hatred, helping designing strategies to combat them, and highlighting the need to approach them together.
The Mediterranean migration crisis especially affects three Southern European countries that repr... more The Mediterranean migration crisis especially affects three Southern European countries that represent the main gateways into the continent for immigrants and asylum seekers: Spain, Italy, and Greece. In recent years, feelings of rejection towards migration have been increasing in all of them, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the number of hate crimes. Similarly, the representation of these groups in European news media seems to have worsened, especially since 2015, the year in which the migratory crisis significantly worsened. This coverage could be affecting European citizens on emotional, cognitive, and attitudinal levels and thus should be rigorously analyzed. The present study is based on the theory of framing and, specifically, on visual framing to analyze the connotative representations of immigrants and refugees spread by the reference media of Southern Europe through images, paying more attention to the negative frames in particular, which represent displaced peopl...
Greece, Italy, and Spain are the Southern European borders and the main entrances for migrants an... more Greece, Italy, and Spain are the Southern European borders and the main entrances for migrants and refugees to Europe, a movement that was particularly visible after the 2015 "refugee crisis of the Mediterranean." In this context, immigration is used as a political tool, and the object of major media coverage. However, previous studies have shown that this coverage tends to be partial and prejudiced. This study, conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, uses the frame building theory to study the perceptions of journalists covering migration issues regarding ways to improve the representation of migrants in the media of these three countries. For that, in-depth interviews were conducted with 94 Greek, Italian, and Spanish journalists. The precarity of the profession, the focus on conflictive approaches, and discrimination based on national origin or religion are mentioned as the biggest challenges. Professionals covering this information demand more individualized and deeper coverage, giving the migrants' condition greater visibility, and giving voice to the migrants themselves, as they are the protagonists of the stories. Greater attention to journalistic ethics and the defense of vulnerable groups is considered essential to achieve this.
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, 2019
There is currently a consensus about the importance that social communication of science has in o... more There is currently a consensus about the importance that social communication of science has in order to reach all audiences and add value to the researcher's work. PhD students that join the profession have a growing number of opportunities to form themselves in transversal communication and media competencies, including technologies such as social media, which strengthen their profile. The use of the most popular social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or YouTube is already common in this new context. Previous studies have proven the existence of a relationship between the perception of obtaining future rewards with a technology (performance Expectancy), the difficulty its use implies (effort Expectancy) and the opinion of the social environment (social influence), and the real use of said technology. Based on the theoretical model of UTAUT (Unified Theory of Adoption and Use of Technologies), our hypothesis is that existence of an indirect conditional effect of the performance Expectancy, the effort Expectancy and the social influence over the real use of social media for science communication by PhD student, and that this effect is mediated by the intention of use and moderated by gender and age. Our goal is to analyze the mechanisms that cause said effect in doctoral students of the PhD in Education in the Knowledge Society of the University of Salamanca. We surveyed the 180 students of the program, so that we could know the level of adoption of social media for science dissemination and the variables that influence the intention of use and the real use of them. The UTAUT model is partially confirmed and the results of the moderated mediation prove that the performance Expectancy, the effort Expectancy and the social influence in the students affect the real use of these media.
In this paper, we sought to model and characterize hate speech against immigrants on Twitter in S... more In this paper, we sought to model and characterize hate speech against immigrants on Twitter in Spain around the appearance of the far-right party Vox. More than 240,000 tweets that included the term ‘Vox’ between November 2018 and April 2019 were automatically collected and analyzed. Only 1% of the sample included hate speech expressions. Within this subsample of 1977 messages, we found offenses (56%), incitements to hate (42%), and violent speech (2%). The most frequent terms used were classified into five categories: Spain, Immigration, Government, Islam, and Insults. The most common features were foul language, false or doubtful information, irony, distasteful expressions, humiliation or contempt, physical or psychological threats, and incitement to violence. Using unsupervised topic modeling, we found that the four underlying topics (control of illegal immigration, economic assistance for immigrants, consequences of illegal immigration, and Spain as an arrival point for African...
High-profile events can trigger expressions of hate speech online, which in turn modifies attitud... more High-profile events can trigger expressions of hate speech online, which in turn modifies attitudes and offline behavior towards stigmatized groups. This paper addresses the first path of this process using manual and computational methods to analyze the stream of Twitter messages in Spanish around the boat Aquarius (n = 24,254) before and after the announcement of the Spanish government to welcome the boat in June 2018, a milestone for asylum seekers acceptance in the EU and an event that was highly covered by media. It was observed that most of the messages were related to a few topics and had a generally positive sentiment, although a significant part of messages expressed rejection or hate—often supported by stereotypes and lies—towards refugees and migrants and towards politicians. These expressions grew after the announcement of hosting the boat, although the general sentiment of the messages became more positive. We discuss the theoretical, practical, and methodological impli...
There is global concern regarding how the Covid-19 pandemic was communicated to citizens, given t... more There is global concern regarding how the Covid-19 pandemic was communicated to citizens, given the enormous amount of uncertainty and misinformation surrounding the health situation (Singh et al., 2020). As expected, the government has been the main source of official information in most countries, but the crisis has also affected political communication models and the management of crisis communication and misinformation. In this scenario, the level of trust in the government and political polarization have become crucial variables to understand how citizens perceive and receive communicate about the effects of the pandemic in their daily life. To address these issues in the case of Spain, in November 2020 we conducted the first nationally representative survey to analyze the level of trust that citizens have in public information on Covid-19 provided by the national government. The findings reveal that their perceptions regarding the quality of such information, the media used fo...
El discurso de odio propagado a través de redes sociales como Twitter merece atención especial, y... more El discurso de odio propagado a través de redes sociales como Twitter merece atención especial, ya que su incremento puede relacionarse con el aumento de crímenes de odio. De las 11 categorías de discriminación que contempla el Ministerio de Interior de España, la segunda en la que más delitos de odio se registran al año es la ideología. Sin embargo, esta categoría queda fuera de la mayor parte de los planes de acción para estudiar y combatir los delitos de odio. Lo mismo ocurre con los trabajos académicos, que se centran mayoritariamente en el odio en inglés y a nivel general. Los que estudian un único tipo de odio se han enfocado en el racismo, la xenofobia o la discriminación de género, pero nunca en la ideología política. Asimismo, los prototipos de detección desarrollados hasta ahora no usan bases de datos generadas manualmente por varios codificadores. Esta investigación busca superar estas limitaciones, desarrollando y evaluando un detector automático de discurso de odio por ...
The increasing phenomenon of “cyberhate” is concerning because of the potential social implicatio... more The increasing phenomenon of “cyberhate” is concerning because of the potential social implications of this form of verbal violence, which is aimed at already-stigmatized social groups. According to information collected by the Ministry of the Interior of Spain, the category of sexual orientation and gender identity is subject to the third-highest number of registered hate crimes, ranking behind racism/xenophobia and ideology. However, most of the existing computational approaches to online hate detection simultaneously attempt to address all types of discrimination, leading to weaker prototype performances. These approaches focus on other reasons for hate—primarily racism and xenophobia—and usually focus on English messages. Furthermore, few detection models have used manually generated databases as a training corpus. Using supervised machine learning techniques, the present research sought to overcome these limitations by developing and evaluating an automatic detector of hate spe...
El apagón analógico y el despertar del periodismo digital, 2020
Aunque no sea la red social más utilizada por los usuarios de Internet en España, Twitter es la m... more Aunque no sea la red social más utilizada por los usuarios de Internet en España, Twitter es la más influyente en lo referente a periodismo y política. Con la intención de conocer cómo los principales medios de comunicación españoles utilizan sus perfiles de Twitter, se emplearon métodos automatizados para descargar y analizar todas las publicaciones de veinte cabeceras (cinco medios impresos, cinco digitales, cinco radiofónicos y cinco televisivos) durante la campaña electoral previa a las elecciones del 10 de noviembre en España. Más allá de las diferencias entre cabeceras, derivadas de los distintos modelos de negocio y apuestas comunicativas, las cuentas más activas pertenecen a medios impresos y digitales, si bien estos últimos, junto con los radiofónicos, son los que mayor atención prestan a los contenidos políticos. Se observó también que PSOE y VOX, protagonistas de la jornada electoral, fueron los dos partidos más mencionados en el periodo analizado. Dada la vocación exploratoria del estudio, se mencionan limitaciones y futuras líneas de trabajo para profundizar en la aplicación de esta metodología en esta área de estudio.
La comunicación política es una amplia etiqueta que aglutina multitud de temas. Algunos de los qu... more La comunicación política es una amplia etiqueta que aglutina multitud de temas. Algunos de los que acaparan una mayor atención por parte de los investigadores son las noticias falsas y la posverdad, los procesos electorales, la mediatización o la política pop. Por otro lado, la teoría del encuadre, a pesar de su largo recorrido, continúa siendo uno de los paradigmas conceptuales y metodológicos más frecuentes para el estudio de esta clase de comunicación. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en caracterizar los artículos publicados en revistas iberoamericanas de comunicación indexadas en Scimago Journal Rank (2015-2019), y donde ambos aspectos concurrieran. Para ello, se empleó el análisis de contenido en calidad de herramienta de metainvestigación, gracias al que se aplicaron 175 variables para la observación de una muestra de 100 manuscritos. Los principales hallazgos revelan una producción en aumento, aunque el impacto promedio decrece a partir de 2016, y liderada por cabeceras españolas y autores filiados a universidades de este país. Los trabajos son eminentemente empíricos y centrados en la observación, también mediante el análisis de contenido, de la información divulgada en prensa y redes sociales; una práctica de bajo coste dada la escasez de financiación adicional que declaran los firmantes. Finalmente, la temática más recurrente se centra en el marketing, las campañas y los debates electorales.
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