The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas ... more The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas industry ever since the discovery of oil and gas. The production of sand from the reservoirs may result in erosion, accumulation, plugging and contamination by sand particles. Sand particle erosion may lead to failure of piping components or equipment, leaks in pipelines, and also hazard to personnel on site. Hence, the prediction of solid particle erosion rate is critical in ensuring the integrity of equipment and the safety of the system. Empirical models are developed by performing experiments to measure erosion rate at different particle properties and flow parameters. Particle properties include particle size, shape and hardness. Any change in these properties will result in a change in the erosion rate. In this review paper, the findings of previous researchers on the effects of particle properties on solid particle erosion rates were identified and reviewed. In addition, the limit...
The contamination of cement is a major concern in the oil and gas drilling and cementing operatio... more The contamination of cement is a major concern in the oil and gas drilling and cementing operations. The integrity of oil and gas wells can be affected by poor zonal isolation due to inadequate mud removal, excessive mud filter cake formation and contamination of cement slurry by mud. Poor cementing can lead to detrimental effects such as blowout which may result in loss of lives and huge monetary losses. The use of geopolymer cement has gained popularity in recent years due to its enhanced cementitious properties compared to the conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and its ability to reduce the production of greenhouse gasses. Although studies have been conducted to compare the cement properties of geopolymer cement and OPC, the practical aspects in terms of oil well cementing such as drilling mud contamination effects on geopolymer cement is yet to be studied in detail. In this study, the contamination effects of synthetic based drilling mud (SBM) on Class F Fly Ash based geopolymer cement with densities of 11 ppg, 13 ppg and 15 ppg, were investigated at temperature and pressure of 65 °C and 3000 psi respectively. In all three cases, the compressive strength of the fly ash based geopolymer cement reduces as the drilling mud contamination percentage increases. However, the experimental findings suggest that the 13 ppg geopolymer cement slurry formulation is the optimum formulation for the lowest strength reduction at 15% contamination of drilling mud. Besides that, the fluid loss tests indicate that the fluid loss decreases as the drilling mud contamination percentage increases for all densities of geopolymer cement studied. This trend suggests that lesser additives would be required to control fluid loss during oil well cementing operations using geopolymer cement if mud contamination percentages are high. The conclusion of this study supports the usage of Class F Fly Ash based geopolymer cement for oil well cementing applications.
The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the... more The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the conventional ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). In addition, studies have demonstrated that the use of geopolymer cement slurries resulted in lower carbon emission and superior cement properties compared to the ordinary Portland cement. In this study, the factors which affect the wellbore integrity in regards to cementing were identified and a comparison between Class G cement and Fly Ash Geopolymer (FAGP) cement pertaining to the identified factors were made. In addition, a thorough analysis on the factors affecting the properties of geopolymer in regards to its application in oil well cementing was performed. The results enable the finding of optimum parameters required to produce geopolymer cements for oil well applications. The FAGP cement achieved higher compressive strengths compared to Class G cement for all curing temperatures above 36 o C. At optimum curing temperatures, for all curing time FAGP cement achieved higher compressive strengths in comparison Class G cement. Moreover, FAGP cement was found to be more susceptible to marine environment whereby curing medium of brine water resulted in higher compressive strengths. In addition, FAGP cement has lesser carbon footprint, superior chemical durability, lower permeability and higher crack propagation threshold in comparison the Class G cement. In addition, key variables which influence the compressive strength of FAGP cement such as type of activating solution, concentration of activating solution alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio, aging duration and water to binder ratio were identified and the corresponding optimum values in achieving highest compressive strength were suggested. The conclusion supports the usage of geopolymer cement for oil well cementing whereby it has an edge over conventional Portland cement for better short term and long term performance to ensure wellbore integrity throughout the producing life span of the well, with less hazards imposed on the environment.
With the increasing awareness towards global warming, there is a dire need to develop a green cem... more With the increasing awareness towards global warming, there is a dire need to develop a green cement to replace the conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer cement has been identified as a potential replacement for the OPC and its suitability for oil well cementing applications are being studied extensively. The determination of thickening time is crucial for oil well cementing to avoid catastrophic incidents due to premature cement setting. This research investigates the thickening time of class F fly ash based geopolymer cement at different densities (low, medium and high) according to the industrial standards with and without the addition of retarders. Three formulations with different ratios of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to Sodium Silicate (Na 2 SiO 3), molarity of NaOH, Fly Ash to Alkali ratio, and water content were used to come up with cement densities of 11ppg, 15ppg and 17ppg. The thickening time was determined using a High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) consistometer at pressure and temperature of 2000 psi and 60 o C respectively. The results shows that the medium density formulation of fly ash geopolymer cement resulted in the longest duration of thickening time compared to the low and high density formulations. In addition, it was found that addition of retarder contributed to less than 10% of the increment in thickening time for all three cement densities.
The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas ... more The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas industry ever since the discovery of oil and gas. The production of sand from the reservoirs may result in erosion, accumulation, plugging and contamination by sand particles. Sand particle erosion may lead to failure of piping components or equipment, leaks in pipelines, and also hazard to personnel on site. Hence, the prediction of solid particle erosion rate is critical in ensuring the integrity of equipment and the safety of the system. Empirical models are developed by performing experiments to measure erosion rate at different particle properties and flow parameters. Particle properties include particle size, shape and hardness. Any change in these properties will result in a change in the erosion rate. In this review paper, the findings of previous researchers on the effects of particle properties on solid particle erosion rates were identified and reviewed. In addition, the limitations in some of the research done were highlighted to enable researchers to further study on the identified areas. This current work would be beneficial to researchers who are developing empirical models by identifying the key particle properties to be included in their solid particle erosion prediction models.
The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the... more The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the conventional ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The Class G OPC produces huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas during its production. The slag based geopolymer cement has been identified as a potential greener alternative. Slag is chosen as the raw material because it contains silica and aluminum which is classified as pozzolan material that can be used to synthesis geopolymer cement. As most of the research done for slag based geopolymer cement is for the construction industry, and therefore, the parameters, ratios and compositions of the cement need to be improved to suit oilwell cementing criteria. The cement was tested for rheology test, fluid loss test and compressive strength test according to API cement testing procedures. The results shown that, 20% volume of water, in 166 Dinesh Kanesan et al. relative to volume of slag and alkali activator produced the optimum density and viscosity result compared to 10% and 30% of water. Meanwhile, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) ratio of 1:2.5 gave the ideal result compared to the ratio of 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. Optimum density and viscosity were achieved using NaOH molarity of 12M instead of 10M and 14M. When the slurry with different volume of dispersant were kept for 10 minutes, the thickening time varied. The optimum dispersant volume was 10mL which enabled the slurry to remain in liquid state at the end of the 10 minute test duration.
The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas ... more The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas industry ever since the discovery of oil and gas. The production of sand from the reservoirs may result in erosion, accumulation, plugging and contamination by sand particles. Sand particle erosion may lead to failure of piping components or equipment, leaks in pipelines, and also hazard to personnel on site. Hence, the prediction of solid particle erosion rate is critical in ensuring the integrity of equipment and the safety of the system. Empirical models are developed by performing experiments to measure erosion rate at different particle properties and flow parameters. Particle properties include particle size, shape and hardness. Any change in these properties will result in a change in the erosion rate. In this review paper, the findings of previous researchers on the effects of particle properties on solid particle erosion rates were identified and reviewed. In addition, the limit...
The contamination of cement is a major concern in the oil and gas drilling and cementing operatio... more The contamination of cement is a major concern in the oil and gas drilling and cementing operations. The integrity of oil and gas wells can be affected by poor zonal isolation due to inadequate mud removal, excessive mud filter cake formation and contamination of cement slurry by mud. Poor cementing can lead to detrimental effects such as blowout which may result in loss of lives and huge monetary losses. The use of geopolymer cement has gained popularity in recent years due to its enhanced cementitious properties compared to the conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and its ability to reduce the production of greenhouse gasses. Although studies have been conducted to compare the cement properties of geopolymer cement and OPC, the practical aspects in terms of oil well cementing such as drilling mud contamination effects on geopolymer cement is yet to be studied in detail. In this study, the contamination effects of synthetic based drilling mud (SBM) on Class F Fly Ash based geopolymer cement with densities of 11 ppg, 13 ppg and 15 ppg, were investigated at temperature and pressure of 65 °C and 3000 psi respectively. In all three cases, the compressive strength of the fly ash based geopolymer cement reduces as the drilling mud contamination percentage increases. However, the experimental findings suggest that the 13 ppg geopolymer cement slurry formulation is the optimum formulation for the lowest strength reduction at 15% contamination of drilling mud. Besides that, the fluid loss tests indicate that the fluid loss decreases as the drilling mud contamination percentage increases for all densities of geopolymer cement studied. This trend suggests that lesser additives would be required to control fluid loss during oil well cementing operations using geopolymer cement if mud contamination percentages are high. The conclusion of this study supports the usage of Class F Fly Ash based geopolymer cement for oil well cementing applications.
The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the... more The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the conventional ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). In addition, studies have demonstrated that the use of geopolymer cement slurries resulted in lower carbon emission and superior cement properties compared to the ordinary Portland cement. In this study, the factors which affect the wellbore integrity in regards to cementing were identified and a comparison between Class G cement and Fly Ash Geopolymer (FAGP) cement pertaining to the identified factors were made. In addition, a thorough analysis on the factors affecting the properties of geopolymer in regards to its application in oil well cementing was performed. The results enable the finding of optimum parameters required to produce geopolymer cements for oil well applications. The FAGP cement achieved higher compressive strengths compared to Class G cement for all curing temperatures above 36 o C. At optimum curing temperatures, for all curing time FAGP cement achieved higher compressive strengths in comparison Class G cement. Moreover, FAGP cement was found to be more susceptible to marine environment whereby curing medium of brine water resulted in higher compressive strengths. In addition, FAGP cement has lesser carbon footprint, superior chemical durability, lower permeability and higher crack propagation threshold in comparison the Class G cement. In addition, key variables which influence the compressive strength of FAGP cement such as type of activating solution, concentration of activating solution alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio, aging duration and water to binder ratio were identified and the corresponding optimum values in achieving highest compressive strength were suggested. The conclusion supports the usage of geopolymer cement for oil well cementing whereby it has an edge over conventional Portland cement for better short term and long term performance to ensure wellbore integrity throughout the producing life span of the well, with less hazards imposed on the environment.
With the increasing awareness towards global warming, there is a dire need to develop a green cem... more With the increasing awareness towards global warming, there is a dire need to develop a green cement to replace the conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer cement has been identified as a potential replacement for the OPC and its suitability for oil well cementing applications are being studied extensively. The determination of thickening time is crucial for oil well cementing to avoid catastrophic incidents due to premature cement setting. This research investigates the thickening time of class F fly ash based geopolymer cement at different densities (low, medium and high) according to the industrial standards with and without the addition of retarders. Three formulations with different ratios of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to Sodium Silicate (Na 2 SiO 3), molarity of NaOH, Fly Ash to Alkali ratio, and water content were used to come up with cement densities of 11ppg, 15ppg and 17ppg. The thickening time was determined using a High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) consistometer at pressure and temperature of 2000 psi and 60 o C respectively. The results shows that the medium density formulation of fly ash geopolymer cement resulted in the longest duration of thickening time compared to the low and high density formulations. In addition, it was found that addition of retarder contributed to less than 10% of the increment in thickening time for all three cement densities.
The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas ... more The production of sand along with hydrocarbons has been a major problem faced by the oil and gas industry ever since the discovery of oil and gas. The production of sand from the reservoirs may result in erosion, accumulation, plugging and contamination by sand particles. Sand particle erosion may lead to failure of piping components or equipment, leaks in pipelines, and also hazard to personnel on site. Hence, the prediction of solid particle erosion rate is critical in ensuring the integrity of equipment and the safety of the system. Empirical models are developed by performing experiments to measure erosion rate at different particle properties and flow parameters. Particle properties include particle size, shape and hardness. Any change in these properties will result in a change in the erosion rate. In this review paper, the findings of previous researchers on the effects of particle properties on solid particle erosion rates were identified and reviewed. In addition, the limitations in some of the research done were highlighted to enable researchers to further study on the identified areas. This current work would be beneficial to researchers who are developing empirical models by identifying the key particle properties to be included in their solid particle erosion prediction models.
The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the... more The increase in awareness towards global warming has prompted the research of alternatives to the conventional ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The Class G OPC produces huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas during its production. The slag based geopolymer cement has been identified as a potential greener alternative. Slag is chosen as the raw material because it contains silica and aluminum which is classified as pozzolan material that can be used to synthesis geopolymer cement. As most of the research done for slag based geopolymer cement is for the construction industry, and therefore, the parameters, ratios and compositions of the cement need to be improved to suit oilwell cementing criteria. The cement was tested for rheology test, fluid loss test and compressive strength test according to API cement testing procedures. The results shown that, 20% volume of water, in 166 Dinesh Kanesan et al. relative to volume of slag and alkali activator produced the optimum density and viscosity result compared to 10% and 30% of water. Meanwhile, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) ratio of 1:2.5 gave the ideal result compared to the ratio of 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. Optimum density and viscosity were achieved using NaOH molarity of 12M instead of 10M and 14M. When the slurry with different volume of dispersant were kept for 10 minutes, the thickening time varied. The optimum dispersant volume was 10mL which enabled the slurry to remain in liquid state at the end of the 10 minute test duration.
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