The respiratory burst of phagocytes plays an important role in the tissue damage that accompanies... more The respiratory burst of phagocytes plays an important role in the tissue damage that accompanies the inflammatory response. One of these conditions is allergic bronchial asthma, therefore, to evaluate the activation state of peripheral granulocytes the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites was evaluated using Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (LCL) and reduction of cytochrome C by superoxide. The resting granulocytes of the asthmatic patients under crisis showed a higher LCL compared to the noncrisis patients and control subjects. The granulocytes stimulated with PMA presented a significant increase in the respiratory burst in both groups of asthmatics. The granulocytes of noncrisis asthmatics challenged with Ops-Zym and with fMLP+Ops-Zym showed a higher metabolic activity, whereas the asthmatics under crisis presented no difference between reactive oxygen generation and that of the control group. The quantitative analysis of superoxide generation by granulocytes of the same patients did not show differences among the groups. Our findings suggest that the granulocytes of crisis and noncrisis asthmatics seem to be in a hyperreactive state and with a higher metabolic response when compared to the control group. However, the patients present a different behavior depending on stimulus used to activate cells. This could indicate that in peripheral blood exist different granulocyte populations depending on the inflammatory response taking place in the respiratory tract.
This work analyses, using a VEC model, the short and long term fundamentals of the real exchange ... more This work analyses, using a VEC model, the short and long term fundamentals of the real exchange rate in Colombia, for the years of 1958-2005. This largely depends on the short and long term effects of net capital flows, relative productivities of Colombia and other countries (the Balassa-Samuelson effect), terms of trade and government spending. The effect of the nominal exchange rate persists over the real exchange rate for various years, although disappearing in the long run. This work also compares the actual exchange rate with long term predictions and concludes that the current misalignment is relatively reduced. This means that it is only possible to raise the real exchange rate with a cut-back on government spending and external debt, and that the Central Bank has limited (if not any) resources on modifying it.
... Cochrane and Schulze (1998) and Cochrane et al. ... Conservation Biology, 12, 948950. Cochra... more ... Cochrane and Schulze (1998) and Cochrane et al. ... Conservation Biology, 12, 948950. Cochrane, MA, Alencar, A., Schultze, MD, Souza, CM Jr, Nepstad, DC, Lefebvre, P., and Davidson, EA, 1999, Positive feedbacks in the re dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. ...
The respiratory burst of phagocytes plays an important role in the tissue damage that accompanies... more The respiratory burst of phagocytes plays an important role in the tissue damage that accompanies the inflammatory response. One of these conditions is allergic bronchial asthma, therefore, to evaluate the activation state of peripheral granulocytes the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites was evaluated using Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (LCL) and reduction of cytochrome C by superoxide. The resting granulocytes of the asthmatic patients under crisis showed a higher LCL compared to the noncrisis patients and control subjects. The granulocytes stimulated with PMA presented a significant increase in the respiratory burst in both groups of asthmatics. The granulocytes of noncrisis asthmatics challenged with Ops-Zym and with fMLP+Ops-Zym showed a higher metabolic activity, whereas the asthmatics under crisis presented no difference between reactive oxygen generation and that of the control group. The quantitative analysis of superoxide generation by granulocytes of the same patients did not show differences among the groups. Our findings suggest that the granulocytes of crisis and noncrisis asthmatics seem to be in a hyperreactive state and with a higher metabolic response when compared to the control group. However, the patients present a different behavior depending on stimulus used to activate cells. This could indicate that in peripheral blood exist different granulocyte populations depending on the inflammatory response taking place in the respiratory tract.
This work analyses, using a VEC model, the short and long term fundamentals of the real exchange ... more This work analyses, using a VEC model, the short and long term fundamentals of the real exchange rate in Colombia, for the years of 1958-2005. This largely depends on the short and long term effects of net capital flows, relative productivities of Colombia and other countries (the Balassa-Samuelson effect), terms of trade and government spending. The effect of the nominal exchange rate persists over the real exchange rate for various years, although disappearing in the long run. This work also compares the actual exchange rate with long term predictions and concludes that the current misalignment is relatively reduced. This means that it is only possible to raise the real exchange rate with a cut-back on government spending and external debt, and that the Central Bank has limited (if not any) resources on modifying it.
... Cochrane and Schulze (1998) and Cochrane et al. ... Conservation Biology, 12, 948950. Cochra... more ... Cochrane and Schulze (1998) and Cochrane et al. ... Conservation Biology, 12, 948950. Cochrane, MA, Alencar, A., Schultze, MD, Souza, CM Jr, Nepstad, DC, Lefebvre, P., and Davidson, EA, 1999, Positive feedbacks in the re dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. ...
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Papers by Fernando Echavarria