This article describes and analyzes various aspects related to the neurobiology of disorganized a... more This article describes and analyzes various aspects related to the neurobiology of disorganized attachment (DA), which is associated with personality, eating, affective, dissociative, and addictive disorders. We included primary studies in humans, published in PubMed from 2000 to 2022. Eight genetic and one epigenetic study were considered. Three molecular studies describe possible roles of oxytocin and cortisol, seven neurophysiological studies investigated functional correlates, and five morphological studies describe anatomical changes. Findings in candidate genes involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and oxytonergic systems have not been able to be replicated in large-scale human studies. Alterations in the functioning of cortisol and oxytocin are preliminary. Neurophysiological studies show changes in subcortical structures (mainly in the hippocampus) and occipital, temporal, parietal, and insular cortices. Since there is a lack of robust evidence on the neurobiology of DA in humans, the possible inferences of these studies are preliminary, which restricts their translation to clinical parameters.
El envejecimiento poblacional a nivel global y local es una realidad que desafía a todas las disc... more El envejecimiento poblacional a nivel global y local es una realidad que desafía a todas las disciplinas, incluyendo al diseño. La Región de Valparaíso posee la mayor proporción de personas ≥ de 60 años o Adultos Mayores (AM) del país. Entre las situacionesproblema que enfrenta este grupo poblacional, en especial aquellos que se encuentran en un entorno social con múltiples carencias y vulnerabilidades, está la malnutrición. Chile cuentacon un programa de alimentación complementaria orientado a los AM, sin embargo, no ha dado el resultado esperado. Este artículo describe y analiza una experiencia de diseño llevada a cabo en Valparaíso, en el contexto de un proyecto social que busca mejorar la eficacia del programa público de alimentación. La experiencia, metodológicamente, consistió en el diseño participativo de un sistema de preparaciones alimentarias saludables paraadultos mayores autovalentes, contemplando, por una parte, la caracterización sociodemográfica, de salud, hábitos y p...
ABSTRACT The present investigation was designed to evaluate the comparative effects of the intake... more ABSTRACT The present investigation was designed to evaluate the comparative effects of the intake of a mixture of vegetable oils (peanut and rapeseed oils, 1:1) or salmon oil on the fatty acid relative composition of myelin and synaptosomes in rats. On the second generation of Wistar rats fed semipurified diets containing 6% (wt/wt) vegetable oils mixture or salmon oil, brain membranes were isolated and the relative fatty acid composition was determinated by gas-liquid chromatography. The results demonstrate that the fatty acid composition of myelin and synaptosomes was influenced by dietary oils. Brain membranes of rats fed salmon oil exhibited significantly lower n−6/n−3 ratio in relation to animals fed vegetable oils mixture, with an increment in the n−3 content. The results also indicate that the degree of unsaturation of myelin and synaptosomes was kept constant, independently of the dietary fat source.
ABSTRACT The chemical composition, nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Nannochloropsis sp... more ABSTRACT The chemical composition, nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Nannochloropsis sp. were determined. The algal biomass was produced in a 63 L, 4 cm diameter fotobioreactor under outdoor conditions was enriched sea water medium. Its chemical composition was (g/100 g): proteins 40, lipids 25.5, crude fiber 5, N.N.E. 11.5, ash 10. The most abundant relative fatty acids were (g/100 g): palmitic 23, palmitoleic 24.5 and eicosapentaenoic 23. The aminoacid content of the algal protein was higher than the FAO/WHO 1981 standard. The mineral content revealed an absence of bioconcentration of toxic elements. The nutritional and toxicological effects of the intake of biomass were evaluated in growing rats. Animals were fed diets containing 0% (Control), 5% or 10% (w/w) Nannochloropsis sp. for 2, 3 or 4 weeks (n=6 per group). Its intake did not affect body growth, organs wieght or haematological parameters. Only serum cholesterol (total and HDL) were higher in rats fed supplemented diet. The results of this study indicate the lack of toxicity of the biomass.
RESUMEN Los alimentos funcionales (AF) ejercen efectos beneficiosos para la salud, relacionados c... more RESUMEN Los alimentos funcionales (AF) ejercen efectos beneficiosos para la salud, relacionados con la disminución del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, si se consumen en forma regular. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar ...
The Chilean National School Feeding Program (NSFP) delivers breakfast and lunch meals that supply... more The Chilean National School Feeding Program (NSFP) delivers breakfast and lunch meals that supply 250 and 450 kcal, respectively, along the country. In the last decades, a significant increase of obesity has been observed in primary education children, and it involves risk factors of non-communicable diseases. The dietary intake of foods containing phenolic compounds (PC) exerts favorable effects on health by reducing risk factors of prevalent diseases. The aim of the study was to measure the PC content and antioxidant capacity (AC) [ORAC and DPPH] of meals provided by the NSFP in Quillota, Chile, in 2011. The PC supply of the whole meals served ranged from 362.7 to 1,730 mg GAE. The best breakfast foods include whole grain cookie (2.59 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g), bread with avocado, quince jelly or strawberry jam (1.61 ± 0.13 to 2.05 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g); while the best lunch salads include beetroot, lettuce, and cabbage/fish (1.66 ± 0.3 to 2.35 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g), and main courses contain legumes, o...
The aim of the study was to examine effects of feeding diets containing different oils and antiox... more The aim of the study was to examine effects of feeding diets containing different oils and antioxidant vitamins supplementation on the fatty acid composition of hepatic microsomal phospholipids in the rat. Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were fed for 20 days diets containing 15% corn, olive, fish, or hazelnut oil, without or with the addition of β-carotene (30 mg/kg) and dl-α-tocopherylacetate (500 mg/kg), n = 6 per group. Microsomal phospholipids of rats fed corn oil exhibited higher content of linoleic, arachidonic, and docosatetraenoic acids (P < 0.05). Compared with corn oil (control group), olive oil intake increased palmitic, oleic, and vaccenic acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylinositol, and vaccenic acid in phosphatidylethanolamine (P < 0.05). Fish oil intake increased the level of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and decreased arachidonic acid in all phospholipids (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the intake of hazelnut oil increased palmitoleic and oleic acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and palmitoleic and vaccenic acids in phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylinositol (P < 0.05). Vitamin supplementation increased microsomal retinol in rats fed corn oil, and α-tocopherol in all groups fed vegetable oils (P < 0.05). The intake of vitamins supplement induced slight modifications of the fatty acid profile of microsomal phospholipids: a higher level of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid, with a reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed. These results manifest that the composition of microsomes is affected by the fatty acid profile of dietary oils and the intake of antioxidant vitamins supplements.
The comparative effects of dietary level and time of feeding corn (CO) and rose hip (RHO) oils on... more The comparative effects of dietary level and time of feeding corn (CO) and rose hip (RHO) oils on bile and plasma lipid composition were studied. 48 males Sprague Dawley rats were divided in two groups fed semipurified diets containing CO or RHO as the only lipid source. Groups of 6 rats were fed ad libitum diets containing 5% or 15% vegetable oil during 15 or 60 days. Food intake was not dependent on the type of oil, and was higher in 15% oil diets (p < 0.01), increasing with time of feeding (p < 0.001). Bile flow was similar in all groups. Biliary concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids were affected by the time of feeding (p < 0.001). Plasma total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were higher in 15% oil fed rats (p < 0.05). Triglycerides concentrations were similar in all groups. The results indicate that oil concentration and time of feeding were the most important variables affecting the lipid composition of rats, independentl...
Nervous system is second to adipose tissue in containing the highest lipid concentration. Membran... more Nervous system is second to adipose tissue in containing the highest lipid concentration. Membrane phospholipids possess a high content of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 families, derived from the corresponding essential fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) is found in the highest concentrations in the gray matter and the photoreceptors of the retina. n-3 LCPUFA deficiency in infants, mainly if born preterm, modifies neural functions causing learning disabilities and visual function abnormalities. The adequate lipid nutrition of the mother before and during pregnancy and in breast feeding determine the lipid transfer of fatty acids to the fetus and infant, respectively. LCPUFA are conditionally essential in preterm infants, born with lower lipid depots. The formulation of infant formulas, mainly for preterm babies, should include adequate proportions of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA.
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research
We examined the effects of vitamin supplement on the vascular smooth muscle response of rats fed ... more We examined the effects of vitamin supplement on the vascular smooth muscle response of rats fed four different oil diets, after a 20-day feeding period. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets containing 15% of each hazelnut, corn, olive or fish oils, with/without 30 mg/kg beta-carotene and 500 mg/kg dl-alpha-tocopherylacetate. After the feeding period, plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, cholesterol, HDL and triacylglyceride concentrations and aortic ring segment responses to KCl (70 mM), phenylephrine and acetylcholine (maximal tension, maximal relaxation and pD2 or -log ED50) were measured. The intake of vitamin-supplemented diets increased plasma alpha-tocopherol levels in rats fed hazelnut or fish oil, while retinol concentration was unaffected. Also, the vitamin supplement counteracted the specific hypercholesterolemic effect of hazelnut oil intake. The addition of a vitamin supplement augmented acetylcholine pD2 values in aortic ring segments of rats fed corn oil (p < 0.001...
We hypothesize that the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that follows the reaction ... more We hypothesize that the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that follows the reaction of Fe(3+)-TPTZ at 593 nm underestimates the antioxidant capacity of fruits, since the standardized time of the reaction (4 min) is not enough to titrate all the reducing compounds available. We measured FRAP, total phenolics and anthocyanins content in a variety of Chilean berry fruits (blueberries, blackberries, raspberries and strawberries) and apples (cv. Fuji, Granny Smith, Pink Lady, Red Delicious and Royal Gala). Taking into account the dependence of FRAP on the time course of the reaction, we propose to measure FRAP indexes after 1 min (FRAP-1), 30 min (FRAP-30) and 120 min (FRAP-120) of incubation. Most fruit extracts showed significant correlations between the antioxidant capacity and the incubation time, although in some cases the FRAP indexes did not correlate with the total phenolics and/or anthocyanins content. In fact, in apples and berries the correlation between anthocyan...
This article describes and analyzes various aspects related to the neurobiology of disorganized a... more This article describes and analyzes various aspects related to the neurobiology of disorganized attachment (DA), which is associated with personality, eating, affective, dissociative, and addictive disorders. We included primary studies in humans, published in PubMed from 2000 to 2022. Eight genetic and one epigenetic study were considered. Three molecular studies describe possible roles of oxytocin and cortisol, seven neurophysiological studies investigated functional correlates, and five morphological studies describe anatomical changes. Findings in candidate genes involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and oxytonergic systems have not been able to be replicated in large-scale human studies. Alterations in the functioning of cortisol and oxytocin are preliminary. Neurophysiological studies show changes in subcortical structures (mainly in the hippocampus) and occipital, temporal, parietal, and insular cortices. Since there is a lack of robust evidence on the neurobiology of DA in humans, the possible inferences of these studies are preliminary, which restricts their translation to clinical parameters.
El envejecimiento poblacional a nivel global y local es una realidad que desafía a todas las disc... more El envejecimiento poblacional a nivel global y local es una realidad que desafía a todas las disciplinas, incluyendo al diseño. La Región de Valparaíso posee la mayor proporción de personas ≥ de 60 años o Adultos Mayores (AM) del país. Entre las situacionesproblema que enfrenta este grupo poblacional, en especial aquellos que se encuentran en un entorno social con múltiples carencias y vulnerabilidades, está la malnutrición. Chile cuentacon un programa de alimentación complementaria orientado a los AM, sin embargo, no ha dado el resultado esperado. Este artículo describe y analiza una experiencia de diseño llevada a cabo en Valparaíso, en el contexto de un proyecto social que busca mejorar la eficacia del programa público de alimentación. La experiencia, metodológicamente, consistió en el diseño participativo de un sistema de preparaciones alimentarias saludables paraadultos mayores autovalentes, contemplando, por una parte, la caracterización sociodemográfica, de salud, hábitos y p...
ABSTRACT The present investigation was designed to evaluate the comparative effects of the intake... more ABSTRACT The present investigation was designed to evaluate the comparative effects of the intake of a mixture of vegetable oils (peanut and rapeseed oils, 1:1) or salmon oil on the fatty acid relative composition of myelin and synaptosomes in rats. On the second generation of Wistar rats fed semipurified diets containing 6% (wt/wt) vegetable oils mixture or salmon oil, brain membranes were isolated and the relative fatty acid composition was determinated by gas-liquid chromatography. The results demonstrate that the fatty acid composition of myelin and synaptosomes was influenced by dietary oils. Brain membranes of rats fed salmon oil exhibited significantly lower n−6/n−3 ratio in relation to animals fed vegetable oils mixture, with an increment in the n−3 content. The results also indicate that the degree of unsaturation of myelin and synaptosomes was kept constant, independently of the dietary fat source.
ABSTRACT The chemical composition, nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Nannochloropsis sp... more ABSTRACT The chemical composition, nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Nannochloropsis sp. were determined. The algal biomass was produced in a 63 L, 4 cm diameter fotobioreactor under outdoor conditions was enriched sea water medium. Its chemical composition was (g/100 g): proteins 40, lipids 25.5, crude fiber 5, N.N.E. 11.5, ash 10. The most abundant relative fatty acids were (g/100 g): palmitic 23, palmitoleic 24.5 and eicosapentaenoic 23. The aminoacid content of the algal protein was higher than the FAO/WHO 1981 standard. The mineral content revealed an absence of bioconcentration of toxic elements. The nutritional and toxicological effects of the intake of biomass were evaluated in growing rats. Animals were fed diets containing 0% (Control), 5% or 10% (w/w) Nannochloropsis sp. for 2, 3 or 4 weeks (n=6 per group). Its intake did not affect body growth, organs wieght or haematological parameters. Only serum cholesterol (total and HDL) were higher in rats fed supplemented diet. The results of this study indicate the lack of toxicity of the biomass.
RESUMEN Los alimentos funcionales (AF) ejercen efectos beneficiosos para la salud, relacionados c... more RESUMEN Los alimentos funcionales (AF) ejercen efectos beneficiosos para la salud, relacionados con la disminución del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, si se consumen en forma regular. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar ...
The Chilean National School Feeding Program (NSFP) delivers breakfast and lunch meals that supply... more The Chilean National School Feeding Program (NSFP) delivers breakfast and lunch meals that supply 250 and 450 kcal, respectively, along the country. In the last decades, a significant increase of obesity has been observed in primary education children, and it involves risk factors of non-communicable diseases. The dietary intake of foods containing phenolic compounds (PC) exerts favorable effects on health by reducing risk factors of prevalent diseases. The aim of the study was to measure the PC content and antioxidant capacity (AC) [ORAC and DPPH] of meals provided by the NSFP in Quillota, Chile, in 2011. The PC supply of the whole meals served ranged from 362.7 to 1,730 mg GAE. The best breakfast foods include whole grain cookie (2.59 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g), bread with avocado, quince jelly or strawberry jam (1.61 ± 0.13 to 2.05 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g); while the best lunch salads include beetroot, lettuce, and cabbage/fish (1.66 ± 0.3 to 2.35 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g), and main courses contain legumes, o...
The aim of the study was to examine effects of feeding diets containing different oils and antiox... more The aim of the study was to examine effects of feeding diets containing different oils and antioxidant vitamins supplementation on the fatty acid composition of hepatic microsomal phospholipids in the rat. Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were fed for 20 days diets containing 15% corn, olive, fish, or hazelnut oil, without or with the addition of β-carotene (30 mg/kg) and dl-α-tocopherylacetate (500 mg/kg), n = 6 per group. Microsomal phospholipids of rats fed corn oil exhibited higher content of linoleic, arachidonic, and docosatetraenoic acids (P < 0.05). Compared with corn oil (control group), olive oil intake increased palmitic, oleic, and vaccenic acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylinositol, and vaccenic acid in phosphatidylethanolamine (P < 0.05). Fish oil intake increased the level of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and decreased arachidonic acid in all phospholipids (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the intake of hazelnut oil increased palmitoleic and oleic acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and palmitoleic and vaccenic acids in phosphatidylserine + phosphatidylinositol (P < 0.05). Vitamin supplementation increased microsomal retinol in rats fed corn oil, and α-tocopherol in all groups fed vegetable oils (P < 0.05). The intake of vitamins supplement induced slight modifications of the fatty acid profile of microsomal phospholipids: a higher level of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid, with a reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed. These results manifest that the composition of microsomes is affected by the fatty acid profile of dietary oils and the intake of antioxidant vitamins supplements.
The comparative effects of dietary level and time of feeding corn (CO) and rose hip (RHO) oils on... more The comparative effects of dietary level and time of feeding corn (CO) and rose hip (RHO) oils on bile and plasma lipid composition were studied. 48 males Sprague Dawley rats were divided in two groups fed semipurified diets containing CO or RHO as the only lipid source. Groups of 6 rats were fed ad libitum diets containing 5% or 15% vegetable oil during 15 or 60 days. Food intake was not dependent on the type of oil, and was higher in 15% oil diets (p < 0.01), increasing with time of feeding (p < 0.001). Bile flow was similar in all groups. Biliary concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids were affected by the time of feeding (p < 0.001). Plasma total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were higher in 15% oil fed rats (p < 0.05). Triglycerides concentrations were similar in all groups. The results indicate that oil concentration and time of feeding were the most important variables affecting the lipid composition of rats, independentl...
Nervous system is second to adipose tissue in containing the highest lipid concentration. Membran... more Nervous system is second to adipose tissue in containing the highest lipid concentration. Membrane phospholipids possess a high content of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 families, derived from the corresponding essential fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) is found in the highest concentrations in the gray matter and the photoreceptors of the retina. n-3 LCPUFA deficiency in infants, mainly if born preterm, modifies neural functions causing learning disabilities and visual function abnormalities. The adequate lipid nutrition of the mother before and during pregnancy and in breast feeding determine the lipid transfer of fatty acids to the fetus and infant, respectively. LCPUFA are conditionally essential in preterm infants, born with lower lipid depots. The formulation of infant formulas, mainly for preterm babies, should include adequate proportions of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA.
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research
We examined the effects of vitamin supplement on the vascular smooth muscle response of rats fed ... more We examined the effects of vitamin supplement on the vascular smooth muscle response of rats fed four different oil diets, after a 20-day feeding period. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets containing 15% of each hazelnut, corn, olive or fish oils, with/without 30 mg/kg beta-carotene and 500 mg/kg dl-alpha-tocopherylacetate. After the feeding period, plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, cholesterol, HDL and triacylglyceride concentrations and aortic ring segment responses to KCl (70 mM), phenylephrine and acetylcholine (maximal tension, maximal relaxation and pD2 or -log ED50) were measured. The intake of vitamin-supplemented diets increased plasma alpha-tocopherol levels in rats fed hazelnut or fish oil, while retinol concentration was unaffected. Also, the vitamin supplement counteracted the specific hypercholesterolemic effect of hazelnut oil intake. The addition of a vitamin supplement augmented acetylcholine pD2 values in aortic ring segments of rats fed corn oil (p < 0.001...
We hypothesize that the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that follows the reaction ... more We hypothesize that the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that follows the reaction of Fe(3+)-TPTZ at 593 nm underestimates the antioxidant capacity of fruits, since the standardized time of the reaction (4 min) is not enough to titrate all the reducing compounds available. We measured FRAP, total phenolics and anthocyanins content in a variety of Chilean berry fruits (blueberries, blackberries, raspberries and strawberries) and apples (cv. Fuji, Granny Smith, Pink Lady, Red Delicious and Royal Gala). Taking into account the dependence of FRAP on the time course of the reaction, we propose to measure FRAP indexes after 1 min (FRAP-1), 30 min (FRAP-30) and 120 min (FRAP-120) of incubation. Most fruit extracts showed significant correlations between the antioxidant capacity and the incubation time, although in some cases the FRAP indexes did not correlate with the total phenolics and/or anthocyanins content. In fact, in apples and berries the correlation between anthocyan...
Antecedentes: el piñón de pino es un fruto seco de excelentes propiedades nutricionales. Objetivo... more Antecedentes: el piñón de pino es un fruto seco de excelentes propiedades nutricionales. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del consumo de piñón en la ganancia de peso corporal y de órganos de ratas con dieta alta en grasas. Materiales y métodos: se alimentó a 24 ratas macho Sprague Dawley con dieta control, dieta alta en grasa, o dieta alta en grasa con 2 % de piñones, (n=8 por grupo). Luego de 28 días, los animales se pesaron, se sacrificaron y se obtuvo grasa mesentérica, retroperitoneal, inguinal y epididimal. Se extrajeron y se pesaron el hígado, los riñones y el cora-zón. Resultados: la ingestión alta en grasa y alta en grasa con 2 % de piñones fue semejante, menor que la de dieta control (p<0,05). Las ratas con dieta alta en grasa con 2 % de piñones mostraron mayor incremento ponderal y peso corporal final (p<0,05), y la eficiencia de las dietas alta en grasa y alta en grasa con 2 % de piñones fue mayor que la de dieta control (p<0,05). El peso relativo de hígado, corazón, riñones y panículos adiposos fue semejante en los tres grupos. Conclusiones: el consumo de dietas altas en grasa ocasiona un mayor aumento de peso en com-paración con una normograsa. La dieta alta en grasa con 2 % de piñones no afecta la ganancia ponderal, el peso relativo de órganos ni los depósitos de grasa observados con dieta alta en grasa.
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