Ken Denman

In this paper, we report on simulations of ecosystem responses to climate change with two planktonic ecosystem models, both coupled to a 1-dimensional mixed layer model run with annual wind and solar heating from Ocean Station P (50°N, 145°W) in the NE subarctic Pacific. The first ecosystem model is a four component model previously tested with extensive observations from

ABSTRACT Dangerous climate change is best avoided by drastically and rapidly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, geoengineering options are receiving attention on the basis that additional approaches may also be necessary. Here we review the state of knowledge on large-scale ocean fertilization by adding iron or other nutrients, either from external sources or via enhanced ocean mixing. On the basis of small-scale field experiments carried out to date and associated modelling, the maximum benefits of ocean fertilization as a negative emissions technique are likely to be modest in relation to anthropogenic climate forcing. Furthermore, it would be extremely challenging to quantify with acceptable accuracy the carbon removed from circulation on a long term basis, and to adequately monitor unintended impacts over large space and time-scales. These and other technical issues are particularly problematic for the region with greatest theoretical potential for the application of ocean fertilization, the Southern Ocean. Arrangements for the international governance of further field-based research on ocean fertilization are currently being developed, primarily under the London Convention/London Protocol.

Three sequential sediment traps were deployed at 150 m in the Strait of Georgia from March 1996 to February 1998, one at the southern end of the Strait, one located centrally, opposite the main channel of the Fraser River, and one to the north of the Fraser River channels. ...