Although interlinear glosses theoretically involve providing the most exact native equivalent for... more Although interlinear glosses theoretically involve providing the most exact native equivalent for each foreign item in the text (cf., e.g. Nida 2004: 161), they often prove to be much more than a mechanical process of creating lexical correspondences. One of the best examples of glossing which is a “conscious, occasionally very careful “interpretative translation”” (Nagucka 1997: 180), is the collection of 10 th century glosses added by Aldred to the Latin text of the Lindisfarne Gospels . This oldest existing translation of the Gospels into English consists not only of a word‑for‑word renderings, since Aldred also used multiple glosses, marginal notes, and occasionally left the words unglossed. Thus, particular Latin words are often translated in several different ways. The present study focuses on words denoting objects and phenomena which were presumably unfamiliar or obscure to the Anglo‑Saxon audience. Those include items specific to the society, culture, as well as fauna and f...
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, 2016
The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindi... more The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, in order to establish patterns of equivalence between the OE gloss and an array of Latin source terms it renders. We are particularly interested in examining the consistency of such glossing, which would allow us to demonstrate the basic and peripheral senses of ÆFTER as well as its synonyms used in the collection. In an attempt to provide ground for a wider discussion of possible patterns in Old English gloss translation, the study compares the Aldredian employment of æfter and its forms with their use in the Rushworth Gospels, reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection. The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (henceforth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manu...
The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms ... more The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms of Satan, i.e. fiend and enemy, in religious prose. We focus on the rivalry between the foreign word and the native word, comparing the contexts in which the two words tended to occur, and attempting to determine the semantic status of the French word enemy in relation to the sense originally denoted by fiend. The data come from the Middle English period, when French loanwords began to compete semantically with native words.
The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholar... more The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholars. However, there are hardly any studies that would offer a comprehensive diachronic analysis of the terms denoting ‘Satan/(the)Devil’. The authors of the present study aim to fill this gap by conducting a systematic analysis of early English lexical field of ‘(the) evil spirit’, beginning with the analysis of Old English items that could potentially refer to ‘Satan/(the)Devil’ This paper discusses wiþer-nouns in Old English with the aim to verify which of them were applied with reference to ‘(the) evil spirit’. Thus, the texts compiled in the Dictionary of Old English Corpus have been searched for all the above-listed items. The identification of their uses has allowed us not only to determine the frequency of the words in question but also to specify whether the sense of ‘(the) evil spirit’ was core or peripheral for each lexeme.
The present paper examines the relation between the Latin word sabbat and its English equivalents... more The present paper examines the relation between the Latin word sabbat and its English equivalents used in the tenth century gloss translation to the Lindisfarne Gospels. The analysis involves the identification of all English correspondents of the Latin item with the aim of establishing the hierarchy of their frequency and the comparison of contexts in which those Old English items are employed to identify potential differences in their use. A more general purpose of the study is to discuss the methods of translation used in the glosses.
... Cuesta, Julia Fernandez, Nieves Rodríguez Ledesma, Inmaculada Senra Silva 2008: Towards a his... more ... Cuesta, Julia Fernandez, Nieves Rodríguez Ledesma, Inmaculada Senra Silva 2008: Towards a history of Northern English: Early and Late Northumbrian. ... A Book of Abstracts 36 Selected references Blake, Norman (ed.) 1992: The Cambridge History of the English Language. ...
The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t,... more The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t, d. Some of these words have functioned as variants of forms without such stops (cf. OE endleofan ~ enlefan or gandra ~ ganra) but in most cases they prevail in Present-day English, as exemplified by OE nimol > ModE nimble, OE æmtig > ModE empty. The present study examines the process of labial stop epenthesis from the perspective of diachrony and diatopy. I searched for the words containing emergent labial stops in the texts collected in historical English corpora to identify their uses with and without parasitic consonants. This made it possible to establish a precise chronology of the process, which was at work from Old to Modern English, and the context in which such stops appeared.
The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholar... more The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholars. However, there are hardly any studies that would offer a comprehensive diachronic analysis of the terms denoting 'Satan/(the)Devil'. The authors of the present study aim to fill this gap by conducting a systematic analysis of early English lexical field of '(the) evil spirit', beginning with the analysis of Old English items that could potentially refer to 'Satan/(the)Devil' This paper discusses wiþer-nouns in Old English with the aim to verify which of them were applied with reference to '(the) evil spirit'. Thus, the texts compiled in the Dictionary of Old English Corpus have been searched for all the above-listed items. The identification of their uses has allowed us not only to determine the frequency of the words in question but also to specify whether the sense of '(the) evil spirit' was core or peripheral for each lexeme.
The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t,... more The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t, d. Some of these words have functioned as variants of forms without such stops (cf. OE endleofan enlefan or gandra ganra) but in most cases they prevail in Present-day English, as exemplified by OE nimol > ModE nimble, OE aemtig > ModE empty. The present study examines the process of labial stop epenthesis from the perspective of diachrony and diatopy. I searched for the words containing emergent labial stops in the texts collected in historical English corpora to identify their uses with and without parasitic consonants. This made it possible to establish a precise chronology of the process, which was at work from Old to Modern English, and the context in which such stops appeared.
The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindi... more The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, in order to establish patterns of equivalence between the OE gloss and an array of Latin source terms it renders. We are particularly interested in examining the consistency of such glossing, which would allow us to demonstrate the basic and peripheral senses of ÆFTER as well as its synonyms used in the collection. In an attempt to provide ground for a wider discussion of possible patterns in Old English gloss translation, the study compares the Aldredian employment of æfter and its forms with their use in the Rushworth Gospels, reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection. The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (hence-forth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels available at the British Library.
This paper examines English equivalents for Latin pronouns offered by the gloss translator of the... more This paper examines English equivalents for Latin pronouns offered by the gloss translator of the Lindisfarne Gospels. In particular, we are interested in the types of correspondence attested in the glosses, i.e., whether one Latin pronoun is glossed with the same Old English equivalent consistently throughout the text, or whether the choice of form is context- or language-structure dependent. If no such dependence can be identified in the case of numerous OE elements for a Latin form, the analysis focuses on the reasoning behind the scribal interpretation.
The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms ... more The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms of Satan, i.e. fiend and enemy, in religious prose. We focus on the rivalry between the foreign word and the native word, comparing the contexts in which the two words tended to occur, and attempting to determine the semantic status of the French word enemy in relation to the sense originally denoted by fiend. The data come from the Middle English period, when French loanwords began to compete semantically with native words.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, 2016
The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTERin the glosses to the Lindis... more The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTERin the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, in order to establish patterns of equivalence between the OE gloss and an array of Latin source terms it renders. We are particularly interested in examining the consistency of such glossing, which would allow us to demonstrate the basic and pe-ripheral senses of ÆFTERas well as its synonyms used in the collection. In an attempt to provide ground for a wider discussion of possible patterns in Old English gloss translation, the study compares the Aldredian employment of æfter and its forms with their use in the Rushworth Gospels,reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection. The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (hence-forth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels available at Turning The Pages™, British Library.
The main goal of the paper is to show the value of texts preserved in more than ... more The main goal of the paper is to show the value of texts preserved in more than one version for studies aimed at identifying reasons for the demise of words. The data selected is a set of six non-surviving English preterite-present verbs. The analysis of the material shows that mediaeval manuscripts often exhibit orthographic and morphological variation as well as differ in lexemes. Such differences prove to be useful for the search of factors leading to the elimination of the verbs in question.
Although interlinear glosses theoretically involve providing the most exact native equivalent for... more Although interlinear glosses theoretically involve providing the most exact native equivalent for each foreign item in the text (cf., e.g. Nida 2004: 161), they often prove to be much more than a mechanical process of creating lexical correspondences. One of the best examples of glossing which is a “conscious, occasionally very careful “interpretative translation”” (Nagucka 1997: 180), is the collection of 10 th century glosses added by Aldred to the Latin text of the Lindisfarne Gospels . This oldest existing translation of the Gospels into English consists not only of a word‑for‑word renderings, since Aldred also used multiple glosses, marginal notes, and occasionally left the words unglossed. Thus, particular Latin words are often translated in several different ways. The present study focuses on words denoting objects and phenomena which were presumably unfamiliar or obscure to the Anglo‑Saxon audience. Those include items specific to the society, culture, as well as fauna and f...
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, 2016
The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindi... more The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, in order to establish patterns of equivalence between the OE gloss and an array of Latin source terms it renders. We are particularly interested in examining the consistency of such glossing, which would allow us to demonstrate the basic and peripheral senses of ÆFTER as well as its synonyms used in the collection. In an attempt to provide ground for a wider discussion of possible patterns in Old English gloss translation, the study compares the Aldredian employment of æfter and its forms with their use in the Rushworth Gospels, reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection. The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (henceforth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manu...
The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms ... more The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms of Satan, i.e. fiend and enemy, in religious prose. We focus on the rivalry between the foreign word and the native word, comparing the contexts in which the two words tended to occur, and attempting to determine the semantic status of the French word enemy in relation to the sense originally denoted by fiend. The data come from the Middle English period, when French loanwords began to compete semantically with native words.
The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholar... more The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholars. However, there are hardly any studies that would offer a comprehensive diachronic analysis of the terms denoting ‘Satan/(the)Devil’. The authors of the present study aim to fill this gap by conducting a systematic analysis of early English lexical field of ‘(the) evil spirit’, beginning with the analysis of Old English items that could potentially refer to ‘Satan/(the)Devil’ This paper discusses wiþer-nouns in Old English with the aim to verify which of them were applied with reference to ‘(the) evil spirit’. Thus, the texts compiled in the Dictionary of Old English Corpus have been searched for all the above-listed items. The identification of their uses has allowed us not only to determine the frequency of the words in question but also to specify whether the sense of ‘(the) evil spirit’ was core or peripheral for each lexeme.
The present paper examines the relation between the Latin word sabbat and its English equivalents... more The present paper examines the relation between the Latin word sabbat and its English equivalents used in the tenth century gloss translation to the Lindisfarne Gospels. The analysis involves the identification of all English correspondents of the Latin item with the aim of establishing the hierarchy of their frequency and the comparison of contexts in which those Old English items are employed to identify potential differences in their use. A more general purpose of the study is to discuss the methods of translation used in the glosses.
... Cuesta, Julia Fernandez, Nieves Rodríguez Ledesma, Inmaculada Senra Silva 2008: Towards a his... more ... Cuesta, Julia Fernandez, Nieves Rodríguez Ledesma, Inmaculada Senra Silva 2008: Towards a history of Northern English: Early and Late Northumbrian. ... A Book of Abstracts 36 Selected references Blake, Norman (ed.) 1992: The Cambridge History of the English Language. ...
The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t,... more The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t, d. Some of these words have functioned as variants of forms without such stops (cf. OE endleofan ~ enlefan or gandra ~ ganra) but in most cases they prevail in Present-day English, as exemplified by OE nimol > ModE nimble, OE æmtig > ModE empty. The present study examines the process of labial stop epenthesis from the perspective of diachrony and diatopy. I searched for the words containing emergent labial stops in the texts collected in historical English corpora to identify their uses with and without parasitic consonants. This made it possible to establish a precise chronology of the process, which was at work from Old to Modern English, and the context in which such stops appeared.
The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholar... more The examination of Old and Middle English religious lexis has attracted attention of many scholars. However, there are hardly any studies that would offer a comprehensive diachronic analysis of the terms denoting 'Satan/(the)Devil'. The authors of the present study aim to fill this gap by conducting a systematic analysis of early English lexical field of '(the) evil spirit', beginning with the analysis of Old English items that could potentially refer to 'Satan/(the)Devil' This paper discusses wiþer-nouns in Old English with the aim to verify which of them were applied with reference to '(the) evil spirit'. Thus, the texts compiled in the Dictionary of Old English Corpus have been searched for all the above-listed items. The identification of their uses has allowed us not only to determine the frequency of the words in question but also to specify whether the sense of '(the) evil spirit' was core or peripheral for each lexeme.
The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t,... more The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t, d. Some of these words have functioned as variants of forms without such stops (cf. OE endleofan enlefan or gandra ganra) but in most cases they prevail in Present-day English, as exemplified by OE nimol > ModE nimble, OE aemtig > ModE empty. The present study examines the process of labial stop epenthesis from the perspective of diachrony and diatopy. I searched for the words containing emergent labial stops in the texts collected in historical English corpora to identify their uses with and without parasitic consonants. This made it possible to establish a precise chronology of the process, which was at work from Old to Modern English, and the context in which such stops appeared.
The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindi... more The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTER in the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, in order to establish patterns of equivalence between the OE gloss and an array of Latin source terms it renders. We are particularly interested in examining the consistency of such glossing, which would allow us to demonstrate the basic and peripheral senses of ÆFTER as well as its synonyms used in the collection. In an attempt to provide ground for a wider discussion of possible patterns in Old English gloss translation, the study compares the Aldredian employment of æfter and its forms with their use in the Rushworth Gospels, reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection. The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (hence-forth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels available at the British Library.
This paper examines English equivalents for Latin pronouns offered by the gloss translator of the... more This paper examines English equivalents for Latin pronouns offered by the gloss translator of the Lindisfarne Gospels. In particular, we are interested in the types of correspondence attested in the glosses, i.e., whether one Latin pronoun is glossed with the same Old English equivalent consistently throughout the text, or whether the choice of form is context- or language-structure dependent. If no such dependence can be identified in the case of numerous OE elements for a Latin form, the analysis focuses on the reasoning behind the scribal interpretation.
The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms ... more The present paper discusses the distribution of the two most common Mediaeval English euphemisms of Satan, i.e. fiend and enemy, in religious prose. We focus on the rivalry between the foreign word and the native word, comparing the contexts in which the two words tended to occur, and attempting to determine the semantic status of the French word enemy in relation to the sense originally denoted by fiend. The data come from the Middle English period, when French loanwords began to compete semantically with native words.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, 2016
The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTERin the glosses to the Lindis... more The present study aims at discussing the use of the Old English ÆFTERin the glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels, in order to establish patterns of equivalence between the OE gloss and an array of Latin source terms it renders. We are particularly interested in examining the consistency of such glossing, which would allow us to demonstrate the basic and pe-ripheral senses of ÆFTERas well as its synonyms used in the collection. In an attempt to provide ground for a wider discussion of possible patterns in Old English gloss translation, the study compares the Aldredian employment of æfter and its forms with their use in the Rushworth Gospels,reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection. The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (hence-forth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels available at Turning The Pages™, British Library.
The main goal of the paper is to show the value of texts preserved in more than ... more The main goal of the paper is to show the value of texts preserved in more than one version for studies aimed at identifying reasons for the demise of words. The data selected is a set of six non-surviving English preterite-present verbs. The analysis of the material shows that mediaeval manuscripts often exhibit orthographic and morphological variation as well as differ in lexemes. Such differences prove to be useful for the search of factors leading to the elimination of the verbs in question.
The volume, inspired by Professor Wełna’s life-long studies in historical linguistics, brings tog... more The volume, inspired by Professor Wełna’s life-long studies in historical linguistics, brings together scholars researching topics in various fields of the history of the English language. Nine chapters devoted to different linguistic disciplines gather articles covering sound and spelling changes, historical word-formation processes, selected semantic domains, and manuscript variants.
In the broader perspective the book addresses the history of linguistic thought with authors incorporating different tools of analysis in historical research.
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Papers by Anna Wojtyś
Rushworth Gospels, reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection.
The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (hence-forth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels available at the British Library.
for a Latin form, the analysis focuses on the reasoning behind the scribal interpretation.
word enemy in relation to the sense originally denoted by fiend. The data come from the Middle English period, when French loanwords began to compete semantically with native words.
Rushworth Gospels, reportedly based on the Lindisfarne collection.
The data for the present study come from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (hence-forth DOEC), analyzed with AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit developed by Laurence Anthony. The findings are further supplemented with a close analysis of the editions by Skeat (1970), as well as the digitalized manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels available at the British Library.
for a Latin form, the analysis focuses on the reasoning behind the scribal interpretation.
word enemy in relation to the sense originally denoted by fiend. The data come from the Middle English period, when French loanwords began to compete semantically with native words.
In the broader perspective the book addresses the history of linguistic thought with authors incorporating different tools of analysis in historical research.