This article deals with the origins of the Polish regulation on fulfilling an obligation to the p... more This article deals with the origins of the Polish regulation on fulfilling an obligation to the person bearing a!receipt issued by the creditor. The article focuses primarily on the regulation set forth in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933 and its impact on the Polish Civil Code of 1964. The authors of the Code of Obligations faced the challenge of unifying four different systems of private law after Poland regained its independence in 1918. At the same time, this mosaic of systems was a great opportunity for them to introduce new, original solutions. The importance of the way in which the authors of the Polish Code of Obligations addressed this issue can also be seen in the analyzed rules on the fulfillment of an obligation to the person bearing a!receipt issued by the creditor. This article first presents the origins of this legal construction in the first German Commercial Code (Allgemeines Handelsgesetzbuch of 1861) and then looks at codifications and drafts which were relevant to the provisions adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article seeks to demonstrate to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the provisions of the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
"The Origins of the Rules on Imputation of Payments in the Polish Law of Obligations"
This artic... more "The Origins of the Rules on Imputation of Payments in the Polish Law of Obligations"
This article deals with the origins of the rules on imputation of payments in the Polish law of obligations. These rules apply to the situation when there exist more contracts of the same type of performance between the same parties, and the performance of the debtor does not allow the discharge of all obligations. The article focuses primarily on the regulation existing in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. The authors of this Code faced the challenge of unifying four different systems of private law after Poland regained its independence in 1918. At the same time, this mosaic of systems was a"great opportunity to create original new solutions. The importance of the way in which the authors of the Polish Code of Obligations created it, can also be seen in the analyzed rules on imputation of payments. This article first outlines Roman solutions as a"common benchmark for European codifications of the Civil Law; then those codifications and drafts which were relevant to the rules got adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article is aimed to show to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the rules in the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
In this article, the author discusses the sources of the protection of the debtor regarding the a... more In this article, the author discusses the sources of the protection of the debtor regarding the assignment of claims under the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. In his study, he refers to Austrian, German, French, and Swiss law. The article considers also the regulation of the Franco-Italian Draft Code of Obligations of 1927. Subsequently, he presents the solution adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations in the context of the regulation of the aforementioned legal systems. For this purpose, the article is based on the legal state and the statements of the legal doctrine from the period before the entry into force of the Polish Code of Obligations.
This article deals with the question whether it is possible in the process of the imputation of p... more This article deals with the question whether it is possible in the process of the imputation of payment to take into account the time-barred debts. The aim is to contribute to the Polish legal discussion, which is basically limited to dogmatic considerations, by formulating a solution based on historical and comparative legal arguments. Therefore, the article describes the origins of the rule of imputation and the purpose of this institution, with particular focus on the Roman law and the views of the legal doctrine and jurisprudence in the selected European legal systems.
Zamierzeniem autora tego artykułu jest przedstawienie genezy zasady prawa cywilnego in dubio cont... more Zamierzeniem autora tego artykułu jest przedstawienie genezy zasady prawa cywilnego in dubio contra proferentem. Jej źródeł należy poszukiwać w klasycznym prawie rzymskim. Juryści, począwszy od Celsusa, uznawali, że w razie niejasnych postanowień stypulacji, wątpliwości należało rozstrzygać na korzyść promissora. To myślenie o polepszaniu sytuacji prawnej osoby niemającej wpływu na treść kontraktu rozszerzano na kontrakty locatio conductio czy emptio venditio.
The aim of this paper is to present the development of the legal concept of good faith in Europea... more The aim of this paper is to present the development of the legal concept of good faith in European legal tradition by means of claim in case of building on someone else’s land – art. 231 § 1 of Polish Civil Code. This claim pretends to be an exception to the superficies solo cedit – rule, offering some possibility to avoid its strict results. The paper takes particularly Polish and Austrian regulations into consideration. The author describes the history of meaning of good faith from roman law until today. He indicates the Germanic origins of the claim from art. 231 § 1 and the influences of Austrian Civil Code (ABGB) § 418. The paper contains a review of statements of doctrine and Polish Supreme Court in 20th century. The described example is also a model of application of historic-comparative method in legal sciences.
Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema der Eigentumsübertragung im polnischen Zivilrecht. ... more Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema der Eigentumsübertragung im polnischen Zivilrecht. Es geht um die Frage, ob das polnische Zivilgesetzbuch einem der herkömmlichen Modelle der Eigentumsübertragung folgt, das heißt dem österreichischen, französischen oder dem deutschen bürgerlichen Recht, oder vielleicht unter Verwendung dieser Einflüsse ein eigenes, originäres Modell schuf. Die Autoren sind der Meinung, dass die Problematik der Eigentumsübertragung nicht isoliert, also nicht nur sachenrechtlich, betrachtet werden sollte. Deswegen wenden sie sich dem Thema der Gefahrtragung beim Kaufvertrag zu, insoweit diese mit dem Eigentumsübergang eine wissenschaftlich nicht zu trennende Einheit bildet. Mögen die Regeln in ihrer Gesamtheit auch synkretistisch anmuten, so sind sie doch als ein eigenständiges – polnisches – System zu begreifen.
This article deals with the origins of the Polish regulation on fulfilling an obligation to the p... more This article deals with the origins of the Polish regulation on fulfilling an obligation to the person bearing a!receipt issued by the creditor. The article focuses primarily on the regulation set forth in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933 and its impact on the Polish Civil Code of 1964. The authors of the Code of Obligations faced the challenge of unifying four different systems of private law after Poland regained its independence in 1918. At the same time, this mosaic of systems was a great opportunity for them to introduce new, original solutions. The importance of the way in which the authors of the Polish Code of Obligations addressed this issue can also be seen in the analyzed rules on the fulfillment of an obligation to the person bearing a!receipt issued by the creditor. This article first presents the origins of this legal construction in the first German Commercial Code (Allgemeines Handelsgesetzbuch of 1861) and then looks at codifications and drafts which were relevant to the provisions adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article seeks to demonstrate to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the provisions of the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
"The Origins of the Rules on Imputation of Payments in the Polish Law of Obligations"
This artic... more "The Origins of the Rules on Imputation of Payments in the Polish Law of Obligations"
This article deals with the origins of the rules on imputation of payments in the Polish law of obligations. These rules apply to the situation when there exist more contracts of the same type of performance between the same parties, and the performance of the debtor does not allow the discharge of all obligations. The article focuses primarily on the regulation existing in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. The authors of this Code faced the challenge of unifying four different systems of private law after Poland regained its independence in 1918. At the same time, this mosaic of systems was a"great opportunity to create original new solutions. The importance of the way in which the authors of the Polish Code of Obligations created it, can also be seen in the analyzed rules on imputation of payments. This article first outlines Roman solutions as a"common benchmark for European codifications of the Civil Law; then those codifications and drafts which were relevant to the rules got adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article is aimed to show to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the rules in the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
In this article, the author discusses the sources of the protection of the debtor regarding the a... more In this article, the author discusses the sources of the protection of the debtor regarding the assignment of claims under the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. In his study, he refers to Austrian, German, French, and Swiss law. The article considers also the regulation of the Franco-Italian Draft Code of Obligations of 1927. Subsequently, he presents the solution adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations in the context of the regulation of the aforementioned legal systems. For this purpose, the article is based on the legal state and the statements of the legal doctrine from the period before the entry into force of the Polish Code of Obligations.
This article deals with the question whether it is possible in the process of the imputation of p... more This article deals with the question whether it is possible in the process of the imputation of payment to take into account the time-barred debts. The aim is to contribute to the Polish legal discussion, which is basically limited to dogmatic considerations, by formulating a solution based on historical and comparative legal arguments. Therefore, the article describes the origins of the rule of imputation and the purpose of this institution, with particular focus on the Roman law and the views of the legal doctrine and jurisprudence in the selected European legal systems.
Zamierzeniem autora tego artykułu jest przedstawienie genezy zasady prawa cywilnego in dubio cont... more Zamierzeniem autora tego artykułu jest przedstawienie genezy zasady prawa cywilnego in dubio contra proferentem. Jej źródeł należy poszukiwać w klasycznym prawie rzymskim. Juryści, począwszy od Celsusa, uznawali, że w razie niejasnych postanowień stypulacji, wątpliwości należało rozstrzygać na korzyść promissora. To myślenie o polepszaniu sytuacji prawnej osoby niemającej wpływu na treść kontraktu rozszerzano na kontrakty locatio conductio czy emptio venditio.
The aim of this paper is to present the development of the legal concept of good faith in Europea... more The aim of this paper is to present the development of the legal concept of good faith in European legal tradition by means of claim in case of building on someone else’s land – art. 231 § 1 of Polish Civil Code. This claim pretends to be an exception to the superficies solo cedit – rule, offering some possibility to avoid its strict results. The paper takes particularly Polish and Austrian regulations into consideration. The author describes the history of meaning of good faith from roman law until today. He indicates the Germanic origins of the claim from art. 231 § 1 and the influences of Austrian Civil Code (ABGB) § 418. The paper contains a review of statements of doctrine and Polish Supreme Court in 20th century. The described example is also a model of application of historic-comparative method in legal sciences.
Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema der Eigentumsübertragung im polnischen Zivilrecht. ... more Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema der Eigentumsübertragung im polnischen Zivilrecht. Es geht um die Frage, ob das polnische Zivilgesetzbuch einem der herkömmlichen Modelle der Eigentumsübertragung folgt, das heißt dem österreichischen, französischen oder dem deutschen bürgerlichen Recht, oder vielleicht unter Verwendung dieser Einflüsse ein eigenes, originäres Modell schuf. Die Autoren sind der Meinung, dass die Problematik der Eigentumsübertragung nicht isoliert, also nicht nur sachenrechtlich, betrachtet werden sollte. Deswegen wenden sie sich dem Thema der Gefahrtragung beim Kaufvertrag zu, insoweit diese mit dem Eigentumsübergang eine wissenschaftlich nicht zu trennende Einheit bildet. Mögen die Regeln in ihrer Gesamtheit auch synkretistisch anmuten, so sind sie doch als ein eigenständiges – polnisches – System zu begreifen.
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Papers by Igor Adamczyk
Handelsgesetzbuch of 1861) and then looks at codifications and drafts which were relevant to the provisions adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article seeks to demonstrate to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the provisions of the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
This article deals with the origins of the rules on imputation of payments in the Polish law of obligations. These rules apply to the situation when there exist more contracts of the same type of performance between the same parties, and the performance of the debtor does not allow the discharge of all obligations. The article focuses primarily on the regulation existing in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. The authors of this Code faced the challenge of unifying four different systems of private law after Poland regained its independence in 1918. At the same time, this mosaic of systems was a"great opportunity to create original new solutions. The importance of the way in which the authors of the Polish Code of Obligations created it, can also be seen in the analyzed rules on imputation of payments. This article first outlines Roman solutions as a"common benchmark for European codifications of the Civil Law; then those codifications and drafts
which were relevant to the rules got adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article is aimed to show to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the rules in the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
Comparative law by Igor Adamczyk
Handelsgesetzbuch of 1861) and then looks at codifications and drafts which were relevant to the provisions adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article seeks to demonstrate to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the provisions of the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
This article deals with the origins of the rules on imputation of payments in the Polish law of obligations. These rules apply to the situation when there exist more contracts of the same type of performance between the same parties, and the performance of the debtor does not allow the discharge of all obligations. The article focuses primarily on the regulation existing in the Polish Code of Obligations of 1933. The authors of this Code faced the challenge of unifying four different systems of private law after Poland regained its independence in 1918. At the same time, this mosaic of systems was a"great opportunity to create original new solutions. The importance of the way in which the authors of the Polish Code of Obligations created it, can also be seen in the analyzed rules on imputation of payments. This article first outlines Roman solutions as a"common benchmark for European codifications of the Civil Law; then those codifications and drafts
which were relevant to the rules got adopted in the Polish Code of Obligations. Finally, the article is aimed to show to what extent the regulations of the Code of Obligations have influenced the rules in the Polish Civil Code of 1964.
This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.