Globally, illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing challenges economic development, as w... more Globally, illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing challenges economic development, as well as food and human security, and has done so for many years. Despite the implementation of legal responses to IUU fishing by the international community and many States, the problem continues. While political will, the vastness of oceans and limited human and financial resources hamper the effectiveness of these responses, fragmentation has also prevented effective control. IUU fishing is addressed by legal controls across fishing, shipping, labour and criminal law and existing research on IUU fishing has tended to focus on individual aspects of these, yet evidence indicates their interconnectedness. This research addresses a gap, critically analysing the range of international legal frameworks together. Within this context, this paper explores and analyses the how fragmentation of legal instruments, lack of interaction between actors and regimes, and piecemeal implementation of the law limits the control of IUU fishing drawing on the concept of regulatory pluralism to appropriately address the challenges.
Maritime crimes plague the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and disrupt the global trade that passes with... more Maritime crimes plague the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and disrupt the global trade that passes within it. These crimes affect not only those nations within the region but also countries that receive goods from it as cargo. Reportedly, maritime criminals operating in this region commit illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing; commit piracy; traffic in drugs; and smuggle people into forced and free labor. These transnational crimes attract criminal syndicates that pursue smaller-scale crimes to fund the clandestine movement of drugs bound for Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United States. Authorities intercept countless illicit drugs transiting the Indo-Asia-Pacific region each year. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC) estimates that East and Southeast Asia are the largest markets for amphetamine-type stimulants in the world. Trafficking of methamphetamine and heroin in this region alone generates more than U.S. $42 billion annually, according to UNODC data. While vast sea trade routes provide opportunities to commit these crimes, official corruption and lax legal frameworks enable criminals to undermine regulatory control. This article provides an overview of maritime crimes occurring within the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, explains existing legal and regulatory frameworks, and offers some best-practice solutions to enhance the security of food and people within that region.
Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after ... more Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after the hijackings of World Food Programme vessels. It remains a serious impediment to international maritime trade and a significant risk to seafarers. This thesis analyses Somali piracy from the perspectives of Routine Activity Theory and regulatory pluralism. The supply of motivated offenders is all but guaranteed by a number of persistent factors. Somalia has suffered almost a quarter century of limited governance, weak rule of law, ongoing civil conflict, and a feeble economy with few opportunities for lawful employment. Vulnerable targets for piracy, not all of which are capable of self-protection, abound in the Gulf of Aden and off the Horn of Africa. Capable guardianship has also been lacking; there is no effective Somali state to safeguard shipping in the region, requiring the involvement of assistance from foreign naval forces. Based on data from a range of sources, including published documents and in-depth interviews with representatives of industry, government, and international organisations, the thesis concludes that no one institution or policy will suffice to control Somali piracy. Accordingly, a number of different actors and institutions have a role to play in reducing the supply of motivated offenders, the vulnerability of prospective victims, and in enhancing guardianship. The thesis envisages a pluralistic model for the ideal configuration of institutions to control Somali piracy in both the immediate future and the longer term.
Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after t... more Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after the hijackings of World Food Programme vessels. It remains a serious impediment to international maritime trade and a significant risk to seafarers. Bringing a criminological perspective to the subject, this book presents an analysis of Somali piracy by means of Routine Activity Theory and regulatory pluralism. Based on data from a range of sources, including published documents and in-depth interviews with representatives of industry, government, and international organisations, the study concludes that no one institution or policy will suffice to control Somali piracy. Accordingly, a number of different actors and institutions have a role to play in reducing the supply of motivated offenders, the vulnerability of prospective victims, and in enhancing guardianship. The book envisages a holistic counter-piracy program based on a pluralistic regulatory model that is sustainable within the region, and managed by the region, providing the best opportunity for both the immediate future, and for long-term success. This study will be essential reading for criminologists, public policy and legal scholars, as well as policy makers and regulators in countries affected by and dealing with piracy, and international professional advocacy groups operating in the maritime space.
This report presents the results of surveys conducted in conjunction with the 2010 campaign, Onli... more This report presents the results of surveys conducted in conjunction with the 2010 campaign, Online Offensive—Fighting Fraud Online, and the 2011 campaign, Scams: It’s Personal. Overall, in both surveys it was found that a high proportion of respondents had received a scam invitation, however the majority did not respond. Dating scams attracted the highest number of victims in 2010, whereas in 2011, lottery scams were the most common way in which respondents were victimised.
The Routledge Handbook of International Criminology brings together the latest thinking and findi... more The Routledge Handbook of International Criminology brings together the latest thinking and findings from a diverse group of both senior and promising young scholars from around the globe. This collaborative project articulates a new way of thinking about criminology that extends existing perspectives in understanding crime and social control across borders, jurisdictions, and cultures, and facilitates the development of an overarching framework that is truly international.
The book is divided into three parts, in which three distinct yet overlapping types of crime are analyzed: international crime, transnational crime, and national crime. Each of these perspectives is then articulated through a number of chapters which cover theory and methods, international and transnational crime analyses, and case studies of criminology and criminal justice in relevant nations. In addition, questions placed at the end of each chapter encourage greater reflection on the issues raised, and will encourage young scholars to move the field of inquiry forward.
This handbook is an excellent reference tool for undergraduate and graduate students with particular interests in research methods, international criminology, and making comparisons across countries.
As part of the Australian Government’s response to trafficking in persons, the Australian Institu... more As part of the Australian Government’s response to trafficking in persons, the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) has undertaken preliminary research to assess the risks and protective factors for labour trafficking and to identify matters for priority research. In this context, a literature review is presented of Australia’s Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme (PSWPS), which is designed to enable Pacific Islanders to temporarily work in the horticultural sector and following a recent announcement, to also allow East Timorese access to tourism work in Australia. The paper is informed by literature relating to the longer running New Zealand recognised Seasonal Employment (RSE) Program, supplemented with targeted stakeholder consultations conducted between 2008 and 2010 in the Pacific. At this early stage, the PSWPS is regarded as a positive development in the legal sourcing and use of overseas temporary labour but its planned growth will nonetheless be challenging. The RSE may provide valuable lessons for the recently announced expansion of the PSWPS and other temporary workers schemes for Pacific Islanders.
There is emerging evidence that the Pacific Island region is vulnerable to the crime of trafficki... more There is emerging evidence that the Pacific Island region is vulnerable to the crime of trafficking in persons. Using information from a range of Pacific Island stakeholder forums and consultations conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), together with a review of the literature, key issues relevant to trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region are identified in this paper. Existing patterns of people movement, weak border and immigration controls, states affected by poor governance, failing rule of law and corruption, the impact of cultural practices entwined with poverty and a limited capacity to respond to natural disasters are identified as key vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons. It is noted that the factors that facilitate susceptibility to trafficking also provide focal areas for strategies to prevent and suppress trafficking in persons and to address transnational crime in the Pacific Islands region more generally. This paper provides a foundation for ongoing research on trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region and the identification of effective prevention strategies, which will be undertaken by the AIC in the future.
Globally, illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing challenges economic development, as w... more Globally, illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing challenges economic development, as well as food and human security, and has done so for many years. Despite the implementation of legal responses to IUU fishing by the international community and many States, the problem continues. While political will, the vastness of oceans and limited human and financial resources hamper the effectiveness of these responses, fragmentation has also prevented effective control. IUU fishing is addressed by legal controls across fishing, shipping, labour and criminal law and existing research on IUU fishing has tended to focus on individual aspects of these, yet evidence indicates their interconnectedness. This research addresses a gap, critically analysing the range of international legal frameworks together. Within this context, this paper explores and analyses the how fragmentation of legal instruments, lack of interaction between actors and regimes, and piecemeal implementation of the law limits the control of IUU fishing drawing on the concept of regulatory pluralism to appropriately address the challenges.
Maritime crimes plague the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and disrupt the global trade that passes with... more Maritime crimes plague the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and disrupt the global trade that passes within it. These crimes affect not only those nations within the region but also countries that receive goods from it as cargo. Reportedly, maritime criminals operating in this region commit illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing; commit piracy; traffic in drugs; and smuggle people into forced and free labor. These transnational crimes attract criminal syndicates that pursue smaller-scale crimes to fund the clandestine movement of drugs bound for Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United States. Authorities intercept countless illicit drugs transiting the Indo-Asia-Pacific region each year. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC) estimates that East and Southeast Asia are the largest markets for amphetamine-type stimulants in the world. Trafficking of methamphetamine and heroin in this region alone generates more than U.S. $42 billion annually, according to UNODC data. While vast sea trade routes provide opportunities to commit these crimes, official corruption and lax legal frameworks enable criminals to undermine regulatory control. This article provides an overview of maritime crimes occurring within the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, explains existing legal and regulatory frameworks, and offers some best-practice solutions to enhance the security of food and people within that region.
Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after ... more Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after the hijackings of World Food Programme vessels. It remains a serious impediment to international maritime trade and a significant risk to seafarers. This thesis analyses Somali piracy from the perspectives of Routine Activity Theory and regulatory pluralism. The supply of motivated offenders is all but guaranteed by a number of persistent factors. Somalia has suffered almost a quarter century of limited governance, weak rule of law, ongoing civil conflict, and a feeble economy with few opportunities for lawful employment. Vulnerable targets for piracy, not all of which are capable of self-protection, abound in the Gulf of Aden and off the Horn of Africa. Capable guardianship has also been lacking; there is no effective Somali state to safeguard shipping in the region, requiring the involvement of assistance from foreign naval forces. Based on data from a range of sources, including published documents and in-depth interviews with representatives of industry, government, and international organisations, the thesis concludes that no one institution or policy will suffice to control Somali piracy. Accordingly, a number of different actors and institutions have a role to play in reducing the supply of motivated offenders, the vulnerability of prospective victims, and in enhancing guardianship. The thesis envisages a pluralistic model for the ideal configuration of institutions to control Somali piracy in both the immediate future and the longer term.
Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after t... more Maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia was first recognised as a global concern in 2008 after the hijackings of World Food Programme vessels. It remains a serious impediment to international maritime trade and a significant risk to seafarers. Bringing a criminological perspective to the subject, this book presents an analysis of Somali piracy by means of Routine Activity Theory and regulatory pluralism. Based on data from a range of sources, including published documents and in-depth interviews with representatives of industry, government, and international organisations, the study concludes that no one institution or policy will suffice to control Somali piracy. Accordingly, a number of different actors and institutions have a role to play in reducing the supply of motivated offenders, the vulnerability of prospective victims, and in enhancing guardianship. The book envisages a holistic counter-piracy program based on a pluralistic regulatory model that is sustainable within the region, and managed by the region, providing the best opportunity for both the immediate future, and for long-term success. This study will be essential reading for criminologists, public policy and legal scholars, as well as policy makers and regulators in countries affected by and dealing with piracy, and international professional advocacy groups operating in the maritime space.
This report presents the results of surveys conducted in conjunction with the 2010 campaign, Onli... more This report presents the results of surveys conducted in conjunction with the 2010 campaign, Online Offensive—Fighting Fraud Online, and the 2011 campaign, Scams: It’s Personal. Overall, in both surveys it was found that a high proportion of respondents had received a scam invitation, however the majority did not respond. Dating scams attracted the highest number of victims in 2010, whereas in 2011, lottery scams were the most common way in which respondents were victimised.
The Routledge Handbook of International Criminology brings together the latest thinking and findi... more The Routledge Handbook of International Criminology brings together the latest thinking and findings from a diverse group of both senior and promising young scholars from around the globe. This collaborative project articulates a new way of thinking about criminology that extends existing perspectives in understanding crime and social control across borders, jurisdictions, and cultures, and facilitates the development of an overarching framework that is truly international.
The book is divided into three parts, in which three distinct yet overlapping types of crime are analyzed: international crime, transnational crime, and national crime. Each of these perspectives is then articulated through a number of chapters which cover theory and methods, international and transnational crime analyses, and case studies of criminology and criminal justice in relevant nations. In addition, questions placed at the end of each chapter encourage greater reflection on the issues raised, and will encourage young scholars to move the field of inquiry forward.
This handbook is an excellent reference tool for undergraduate and graduate students with particular interests in research methods, international criminology, and making comparisons across countries.
As part of the Australian Government’s response to trafficking in persons, the Australian Institu... more As part of the Australian Government’s response to trafficking in persons, the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) has undertaken preliminary research to assess the risks and protective factors for labour trafficking and to identify matters for priority research. In this context, a literature review is presented of Australia’s Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme (PSWPS), which is designed to enable Pacific Islanders to temporarily work in the horticultural sector and following a recent announcement, to also allow East Timorese access to tourism work in Australia. The paper is informed by literature relating to the longer running New Zealand recognised Seasonal Employment (RSE) Program, supplemented with targeted stakeholder consultations conducted between 2008 and 2010 in the Pacific. At this early stage, the PSWPS is regarded as a positive development in the legal sourcing and use of overseas temporary labour but its planned growth will nonetheless be challenging. The RSE may provide valuable lessons for the recently announced expansion of the PSWPS and other temporary workers schemes for Pacific Islanders.
There is emerging evidence that the Pacific Island region is vulnerable to the crime of trafficki... more There is emerging evidence that the Pacific Island region is vulnerable to the crime of trafficking in persons. Using information from a range of Pacific Island stakeholder forums and consultations conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), together with a review of the literature, key issues relevant to trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region are identified in this paper. Existing patterns of people movement, weak border and immigration controls, states affected by poor governance, failing rule of law and corruption, the impact of cultural practices entwined with poverty and a limited capacity to respond to natural disasters are identified as key vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons. It is noted that the factors that facilitate susceptibility to trafficking also provide focal areas for strategies to prevent and suppress trafficking in persons and to address transnational crime in the Pacific Islands region more generally. This paper provides a foundation for ongoing research on trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region and the identification of effective prevention strategies, which will be undertaken by the AIC in the future.
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Papers by Jade Lindley
The book is divided into three parts, in which three distinct yet overlapping types of crime are analyzed: international crime, transnational crime, and national crime. Each of these perspectives is then articulated through a number of chapters which cover theory and methods, international and transnational crime analyses, and case studies of criminology and criminal justice in relevant nations. In addition, questions placed at the end of each chapter encourage greater reflection on the issues raised, and will encourage young scholars to move the field of inquiry forward.
This handbook is an excellent reference tool for undergraduate and graduate students with particular interests in research methods, international criminology, and making comparisons across countries.
Seasonal Employment (RSE) Program, supplemented with targeted stakeholder
consultations conducted between 2008 and 2010 in the Pacific. At this early
stage, the PSWPS is regarded as a positive development in the legal sourcing and use of overseas temporary labour but its planned growth will nonetheless be challenging. The RSE may provide valuable lessons for the recently announced expansion of the PSWPS and other temporary workers schemes for Pacific Islanders.
Existing patterns of people movement, weak border and immigration controls,
states affected by poor governance, failing rule of law and corruption, the impact of cultural practices entwined with poverty and a limited capacity to respond to natural disasters are identified as key vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons.
It is noted that the factors that facilitate susceptibility to trafficking also provide
focal areas for strategies to prevent and suppress trafficking in persons and to address transnational crime in the Pacific Islands region more generally. This paper provides a foundation for ongoing research on trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region and the identification of effective prevention strategies, which will be undertaken by the AIC in the future.
The book is divided into three parts, in which three distinct yet overlapping types of crime are analyzed: international crime, transnational crime, and national crime. Each of these perspectives is then articulated through a number of chapters which cover theory and methods, international and transnational crime analyses, and case studies of criminology and criminal justice in relevant nations. In addition, questions placed at the end of each chapter encourage greater reflection on the issues raised, and will encourage young scholars to move the field of inquiry forward.
This handbook is an excellent reference tool for undergraduate and graduate students with particular interests in research methods, international criminology, and making comparisons across countries.
Seasonal Employment (RSE) Program, supplemented with targeted stakeholder
consultations conducted between 2008 and 2010 in the Pacific. At this early
stage, the PSWPS is regarded as a positive development in the legal sourcing and use of overseas temporary labour but its planned growth will nonetheless be challenging. The RSE may provide valuable lessons for the recently announced expansion of the PSWPS and other temporary workers schemes for Pacific Islanders.
Existing patterns of people movement, weak border and immigration controls,
states affected by poor governance, failing rule of law and corruption, the impact of cultural practices entwined with poverty and a limited capacity to respond to natural disasters are identified as key vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons.
It is noted that the factors that facilitate susceptibility to trafficking also provide
focal areas for strategies to prevent and suppress trafficking in persons and to address transnational crime in the Pacific Islands region more generally. This paper provides a foundation for ongoing research on trafficking in persons in the Pacific Islands region and the identification of effective prevention strategies, which will be undertaken by the AIC in the future.