Inqilob

Inqilob (lotincha: revolutio, 'burilish')- bu jamiyat davlati, sinfiy, etnik yoki diniy tuzilmalarining tez, tubdan oʻzgarishi^[1]^[2]^[3]. Inqilob siyosiy rejimlarni oʻzgartirishga urinish, jiddiy ommaviy safarbarlik va institutsional boʻlmagan vositalar (masalan, ommaviy namoyishlar, norozilik namoyishlari, ish tashlashlar yoki zoʻravonlik) orqali oʻzgartirishga majburlash harakatlarini oʻz ichiga oladi^[1].

Inqiloblar insoniyat tarixi davomida sodir boʻlgan va usullari, muvaffaqiyati yoki muvaffaqiyatsizligi, davomiyligi va motivatsion mafkura nuqtai nazaridan juda xilma-xildir^[1]^[4]. Inqiloblar shahar qoʻzgʻolonlari va rejimning qulashi bilan boshlanishi mumkin yoki ular partizanlar urushi yoki dehqonlar qoʻzgʻolonlari orqali chekka hududlarda boshlanishi mumkin^[1]. Siyosiy rejimlar harbiy magʻlubiyatlar, milliy gʻurur va oʻziga xoslikni haqorat qilish, repressiya va korrupsiya tufayli inqiloblarga zaif boʻlishi mumkin^[1]. Inqiloblar inqilobning oldini olishga yoki davom etayotgan yoki muvaffaqiyatli inqilob yoʻnalishini oʻzgartirishga intilayotgan aksilinqiloblarga turtki berishi mumkin^[5].

Xalqaro tizim inqiloblarni ilhomlantiradigan millatchilik, oʻz taqdirini oʻzi belgilash, respublikachilik, liberalizm, demokratiya, fashizm va sotsializm kabi mafkura va boshqaruv modellarini tarqatishi mumkin^[6].

Soʻnggi asrlardagi eʼtiborga molik inqiloblar AQSH mustaqillik urushi (1775-1783), Buyuk fransuz inqilobi (1789-1799), Gaiti inqilobi (1791-1804), Amerikadagi ispaniyalikning mustaqillik urushlari (1808-1826), Yevropadagi 1848-yil inqiloblari, Meksika inqilobi (1910-1920), 1917-yildagi Rossiya inqilobi, 1940-yillardahi Xitoy kommunistik inqilobi, Afrikani mustamlakachilikdan chiqarish, 1959-yildagi Kuba inqilobi, 1979-yildagi Eron inqilobi va 1989-yilgi inqiloblarni oʻz ichiga oladi.

Etimologiyasi

Fransuz tili da"revolucion" soʻzi XIII asrdan, ingliz tilida esa „revolution“ soʻzi XIV asr oxiridan samoviy jismlarning aylanish harakati bilan bogʻliq holda maʼlum. Ijtimoiy tuzumdagi keskin oʻzgarishlarni ifodalovchi „inqilob“ kamida 1450-yil tomonidan tasdiqlangan^[7]^[8]. Ushbu atamaning siyosiy qoʻllanishi 1688-yilda James II ning William III bilan almashtirilishi tavsifida yaxshi aniqlangan. Bu voqea „Shonli inqilob“ deb ataldi^[9].

Yana qarang

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 Goldstone, Jack (2001). "Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory". Annual Review of Political Science 4: 139–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139. ISSN 1094-2939.
↑ Beck, Colin J. (2018). "The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution" (en-US). Sociological Theory 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. ISSN 0735-2751. https://osf.io/x8bf7/download.
↑ Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press, 1979. DOI:10.1017/cbo9780511815805. ISBN 978-0-521-22439-0.
↑ Stone, Lawrence (1966). "Theories of Revolution" (en). World Politics 18 (2): 159–176. doi:10.2307/2009694. ISSN 1086-3338. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/theories-of-revolution/66CDA67FF55E08E0620257F0FDE14876.
↑ Clarke, Killian (2023). "Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution". American Political Science Review 117 (4): 1344–1360. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001174. ISSN 0003-0554.
↑ Gunitsky 2018; Gunitsky 2017; Gunitsky 2021; Reus-Smit 2013; Fukuyama 1992; Getachew 2019
↑ OED vol Q-R p. 617 1979 Sense III states a usage „Alteration, change, mutation“ from 1400 but lists it as „rare“. „c. 1450, Lydg 1196 Secrees of Elementys the Revoluciuons, Chaung of tymes and Complexiouns.“ Itʼs clear that the usage had been established by the early 15th century but only came into common use in the late 17th century in England.
↑ „Revolution“. onlineetymology.com.
↑ Pipes, Richard „A Concise History of the Russian Revolution“. 2011-yil 11-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

Adabiyotlar

Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man (en). Penguin, 1992. ISBN 978-0-14-013455-1.
Getachew, Adom. Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination (en). Princeton University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-0-691-17915-5.
Gunitsky, Seva. Aftershocks. Princeton University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-691-17233-0.
Gunitsky, Seva (2018). "Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective" (en). Perspectives on Politics 16 (3): 634–651. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001044. ISSN 1537-5927.
Gunitsky, Seva (2021), Bartel, Fritz; Monteiro, Nuno P. (muh.), „Great Powers and the Spread of Autocracy Since the Cold War“, Before and After the Fall: World Politics and the End of the Cold War, Cambridge University Press, 225–243-bet, doi:10.1017/9781108910194.014, ISBN 978-1-108-84334-8, S2CID 244851964
Katz, Mark N.. Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves. St Martin's Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0312173227.
Reus-Smit, Christian. Individual Rights and the Making of the International System. Cambridge University Press, 2013. DOI:10.1017/cbo9781139046527. ISBN 978-0-521-85777-2.
Strang, David (1991). "Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987". International Studies Quarterly 35 (4): 429–454. doi:10.2307/2600949. ISSN 0020-8833. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600949.
Beissinger, Mark R. (2024). „The Evolving Study of Revolution“. World Politics.
Beck, Colin J. (2018). "The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution". Sociological Theory 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0735275118777004?journalCode=stxa.
Goldstone, Jack A. (1982). „The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions“. Annual Review of Sociology. 8: 187-207
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present. Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9.

Havolalar

Arendt, Hannah (1963). IEP.UTM.edu. On Revolution. Penguin Classics. New Ed edition: February 8, 1991. ISBN 0-14-018421-X.

[Goldstonet4-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 Goldstone, Jack (2001). "Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory". Annual Review of Political Science 4: 139–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139. ISSN 1094-2939.

[2] Beck, Colin J. (2018). "The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution" (en-US). Sociological Theory 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. ISSN 0735-2751. https://osf.io/x8bf7/download.

[3] Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press, 1979. DOI:10.1017/cbo9780511815805. ISBN 978-0-521-22439-0.

[:1-4] Stone, Lawrence (1966). "Theories of Revolution" (en). World Politics 18 (2): 159–176. doi:10.2307/2009694. ISSN 1086-3338. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/theories-of-revolution/66CDA67FF55E08E0620257F0FDE14876.

[:0-5] Clarke, Killian (2023). "Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution". American Political Science Review 117 (4): 1344–1360. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001174. ISSN 0003-0554.

[6] Gunitsky 2018; Gunitsky 2017; Gunitsky 2021; Reus-Smit 2013; Fukuyama 1992; Getachew 2019

[7] OED vol Q-R p. 617 1979 Sense III states a usage „Alteration, change, mutation“ from 1400 but lists it as „rare“. „c. 1450, Lydg 1196 Secrees of Elementys the Revoluciuons, Chaung of tymes and Complexiouns.“ Itʼs clear that the usage had been established by the early 15th century but only came into common use in the late 17th century in England.

[8] „Revolution“. onlineetymology.com.

[9] Pipes, Richard „A Concise History of the Russian Revolution“. 2011-yil 11-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

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