Gender roli

Gender roli yoki jinsiy rol^[1] — bu shaxsning jinsiga qarab, yaʼni ayollarga, erkaklarga yoki boshqa jinsga tegishli boʻlgan maqbul, mos yoki munosib deb hisoblangan xatti-harakatlar va munosabatlarni belgilaydigan ijtimoiy normalar jamlanmasi^[2]^[3]^[4]. Gender rollari asosan erkaklik va ayollik tushunchalariga qaratiladi^[3]. Shaxsning xulq-atvori va gender roli oʻrtasidagi nomuvofiqlik gender nomuvofiqligi deb ataladi. Turli madaniyatlarda gender rollarining soni va oʻziga xos mazmuni sezilarli darajada farq qiladi, ammo madaniyatlararo oʻxshashliklar ham mavjud^[5].

Fanda gender rollari va ularning xilma-xilligi biologik tomonidan qay darajada aniqlanishi va jamiyat tomonidan qay darajada qabul qilinganligi haqida yagona nuqtai nazar yoʻq. Gender rollari kelib chiqishi jihatidan qatʼiy biologik nazariyalar, xususan, evolyutsion psixologiya, empirik maʼlumotlar orqali qoʻllab-quvvatlanmaydi. Lekin insonning keng doiradagi xulq-atvoriga taʼsir qiladi. Masalan, shaxsning tanlagan kiyimi, kasbi, narsalarga yondashuv uslubi, shaxsiy munosabatlar hamda ushbu munosabatlarda oʻzini qanday tutishi hisobga olinadi. Umuman olganda, mavjud ilmiy dalillar shuni koʻrsatadiki, gender rivojlanishiga nafaqat biologik, balki kognitiv va ijtimoiy omillar ham taʼsir qiladi. Gender roli atamasi keng tushuncha boʻlishiga qaramay, anʼanaviy tarzda ayollarni xususiy sohada, erkaklarni esa ijtimoiy sohada ushlab turadi^[6]. Baʼzan turli guruhlar, ayniqsa feministik harakatlar oʻzlari zulmkor va zoʻravonlik deb hisoblaydigan gender rollari aspektlarini oʻzgartirishga harakat qilishadi.

Manbalar

↑ „Sex Roles and Gender Roles“. Qaraldi: 15-avgust 2023-yil.
↑ Lindsey, Linda L.. Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective (en). Routledge, 14 October 2015 — 5-bet. ISBN 978-1-317-34808-5. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 19-dekabr. „Gender roles, therefore, are the expected attitudes and behaviors a society associates with each sex.“
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Alters, Sandra; Schiff, Wendy. Essential Concepts for Healthy Living. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2009 — 143-bet. ISBN 978-0763756413. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-yanvar. „gender role - patterns of behavior, attitudes, and personality attributes that are traditionally considered in a particular culture to be feminine or masculine.“
↑ David S. Gochman. Handbook of Health Behavior Research II: Provider Determinants. Springer Science & Business Media, 1997 — 424-bet. ISBN 978-1489917607. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-yanvar. „The social roles, behaviors, attitudes, and psychological characteristics that are more common, more expected, or more accepted for one sex or the other; includes a group of interrelated behaviors, attitudes, and psychological characteristics that influence a variety of risk and risk-taking behaviors as well as care-seeking behaviors.“
↑ Scott Carter, J.; Corra, Mamadi; Carter, Shannon K. (March 2009). „The Interaction of Race and Gender: Changing Gender-Role Attitudes, 1974-2006“. Social Science Quarterly. 90-jild, № 1. 196–211-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00611.x. ISSN 0038-4941.
↑ Miller, Andrea L.; Borgida, Eugene (2016-01-22). „The Separate Spheres Model of Gendered Inequality“. PLOS ONE. 11-jild, № 1. e0147315-bet. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147315M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147315. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4723260. PMID 26800454.

[1] „Sex Roles and Gender Roles“. Qaraldi: 15-avgust 2023-yil.

[2] Lindsey, Linda L.. Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective (en). Routledge, 14 October 2015 — 5-bet. ISBN 978-1-317-34808-5. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 19-dekabr. „Gender roles, therefore, are the expected attitudes and behaviors a society associates with each sex.“

[Alters-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Alters, Sandra; Schiff, Wendy. Essential Concepts for Healthy Living. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2009 — 143-bet. ISBN 978-0763756413. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-yanvar. „gender role - patterns of behavior, attitudes, and personality attributes that are traditionally considered in a particular culture to be feminine or masculine.“

[Gochman-4] David S. Gochman. Handbook of Health Behavior Research II: Provider Determinants. Springer Science & Business Media, 1997 — 424-bet. ISBN 978-1489917607. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 3-yanvar. „The social roles, behaviors, attitudes, and psychological characteristics that are more common, more expected, or more accepted for one sex or the other; includes a group of interrelated behaviors, attitudes, and psychological characteristics that influence a variety of risk and risk-taking behaviors as well as care-seeking behaviors.“

[5] Scott Carter, J.; Corra, Mamadi; Carter, Shannon K. (March 2009). „The Interaction of Race and Gender: Changing Gender-Role Attitudes, 1974-2006“. Social Science Quarterly. 90-jild, № 1. 196–211-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00611.x. ISSN 0038-4941.

[6] Miller, Andrea L.; Borgida, Eugene (2016-01-22). „The Separate Spheres Model of Gendered Inequality“. PLOS ONE. 11-jild, № 1. e0147315-bet. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147315M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147315. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4723260. PMID 26800454.

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