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Yishiha

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Yishiha
Tavalludi 1409
Vafoti 1451
Fuqaroligi Min sulolasi
Faoliyat yillari 1409-1451

Yishixa (xit. an’anaviy 亦失哈, pall.: Ishiha/I-shih-ha; shuningdek, Išiqa yoki Isiha[1] Jurchencha: i ʃï xa[2]) (1409—1451) — Xitoyning Min sulolasi davridagi jurchen amaldori. U Manjuriyaning Min hukmronligi davrida Songhua va Amur daryolari boʻylab bir necha ekspeditsiyalar uyushtirgan va Min imperatorlariga xizmat qilgan.[1][3] Min sulolasi hududida qurilgan yagona ikkita buddist ibodatxonasining qurilishida ishtirok etgan.

Yoshlik yillari

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Min sulolasining Yongle davridagi harbiy va diplomatik faoliyati kontekstida Yishixaning sayohatlari. Yishixaning marshruti koʻk rangda.

Yishixa kelib chiqishi boʻyicha Xaysi Jurchenlaridan boʻlgan.[1] U XIV asr oxirida Min qoʻshinlari tomonidan qoʻlga olingan deb ishoniladi.[1] U ikki muhim amaldor - Van Chjen va Cao Jixiang nazorati ostida ishlagan. Zamonaviy tarixchilar u imperator saroyi siyosatida aralashib, Manjur (Jurchen) millatiga mansub imperator Yonglening kanizaklariga xizmat qilib, mashhurlikka erishgan, deb taxmin qilishadi.[4][5]

Amur ekspeditsiyalari

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Yishixaning Amur ekspeditsiyalari imperator Yongle hukmronligi davriga (1402-1424) tegishli. Bu davrda boshqa admiral Chjan Xe Hind okeani boʻylab suzib oʻtgan va Xitoy elchisi Chen Cheng Temuriylar imperiyasining poytaxti Hirotda boʻlgan.[6]

1409-yilda janubiy Manjuriyadagi Xaysi va Jianchjou Jurchenlar bilan aloqalarni oʻrnatgan imperator Yongle hukumati Yishixaga Min imperiyasining kuchini Nurgan Jurchenlariga koʻrsatish uchun Amur daryosining quyi mintaqasiga ekspeditsiyaga tayyorgarlik koʻrishni buyuradi. Bundan koʻzlangan maqsad Min davlati Sharqiy Moʻgʻullar bilan urushga kirishganda, bu hududda aholini koʻpaytirish va ularni imperiya bilan aloqaga kirishishga undash va Ming davlatiga muammo tugʻdirmasligini ta'minlash edi.[1][7]

Ikki yillik tayyorgarlikdan soʻng 1411-yilda Yishixaning bortida 1000 kishi boʻlgan 25 ta kemasi[1] Jilin shahridan[1] Sungariga, undan Amurga suzib ketdi. "Nurgan Jurchenlari" Yishixaning ekspeditsiyasiga kam qarshilik koʻrsatdi. U ularning qabila boshliqlariga dabdabali sovgʻalar berdi va xitoylar Telin (特林) deb atagan joyda Nurgan viloyati harbiy komissiyasini[1] tuzdi. Bu hudud Rossiyaning Xabarovsk oʻlkasidagi hozirgi Tir qishlogʻi yaqinida. Bu joyda 1260—1320-yillarda moʻgʻullar boshchiligidagi Yuan sulolasining Sharq yurishlari marshalining qarorgohi joylashgan edi. Komissiya vakolati Amur havzasining katta qismini, jumladan Sungari, Ussuri, Urmi, Muling va Nen daryolari qirgʻoqlarini qamrab olgan.[8] Shundan soʻng Yishixa Min imperiyasiga qaytib keldi va oʻzi bilan 178 "Nurgan Jurchenlari"dan iborat soliq missiyasini olib ketdi.[1]

Tir qoyasining tepasidagi ustun. Aftidan, Yishixaning ikkinchi ekspeditsiyasidan qolgan. 1860-yil

1413—1414-yillarda Yishixa quyi Amurga ikkinchi ekspeditsiyalari davomida Tirda deyarli bir yil turdi.[4] U Tir qoyasida Guanyinga bagʻishlangan Yongning Si (ba'zan "monastir" deb ta'riflangan) buddistlar ibodatxonasini qurdirdi va ekspeditsiyasini tasvirlaydigan stella oʻrnatdi. Undagi matn xitoy, moʻgʻul va Jurchen tillarida yozildi.[1][9] Hozirda Vladivostokdagi Arseniev muzeyida saqlanayotgan stellada mahalliy aholining yaxshi kamonchilar va baliqchilar ekanligini, kiyimlari esa baliq terisidan tikilganligini bilish mumkin. Ba'zi dalillarga koʻra (imperiyaning Marosimlar vazirligi tomonidan chiqarilgan muhr. Heilongjiang, Yilan okrugida topilgan) 1413-yilda Yishixa Saxalin orolining qirgʻoqlariga ham tashrif buyurgan va mahalliy rahbarga Min imperiyasi unvonlarini bergan.[8]

Xitoy yozuvlarida “Nurgon jurchenlari” haqida batafsil etnografik ma’lumotlar topilmagan boʻlsa-da, ular taxminan tungus xalqlari yoki boshqa etnik guruhlarning umumiy nomi boʻlgan (masalan, Nivxlar). XIX asr oʻrtalarida Tir Nivx aholi punkti boʻlgan. Buni zamonaviy entsiklopediya va E. G. Ravenshteynning 1850-yillardagi rus tadqiqotchilari hisobotlariga asoslangan kitobi tasdiqlaydi.[10] Ulchskiy tumanida (Tir joylashgan) yashagan yana bir etnik guruh Ulch xalqi, tungus xalqi. Ammo ularning tarixiy yashagan joylari Tirning yuqori oqimida joylashgan.[11]

Imperator Yongle hukmronligining qolgan davrida Yishixa Nurganga yana uchta ekspeditsiyani amalga oshirdi. Nurganliklar esa Min saroyiga bir qancha soliq va savdo missiyalarini yubordilar.[1]

Imperator Yonglening vorisi (qisqa umr koʻrgan imperator Hongxi (1424—1425-y.) yoki imperator Syuande (1425—1435) Yonglening “yovvoyi jurchenlar”ga nisbatan siyosatini davom ettirdi. 1425-yilda Liaodong mintaqaviy komissari Liu Sin daryo boʻylab yangi ekspeditsiya uchun kemalar tayyorlashni buyurdi va 1426-yilda Yishixa yana sayohatga chiqdi.[1][12]

Yishixaning soʻnggi missiyasi Nurgan boshligʻining iste'foga chiqishi va oʻgʻlining rahbar sifatida "inauguratsiyasi" bilan bogʻliq edi. Yishixa 1432-yilda oʻsha tadbirda qatnashib, yangi boshliqqa hokimiyat muhrini taqdim etdi va unga boʻysunuvchi rahbarlarga sovgʻalar berdi.[1][13] Bu safar Yishixa flotida 2000 askardan iborat 50 ta katta kema bor edi. Ular aslida yangi boshliqni (Pekinda yashagan) Tirga olib kelishgan edi.[4] Yishixaning birinchi (1413) qurdirgan Yongning Si ibodatxonasi oʻsha paytda vayron boʻlganligi sababli, Yishixa xuddi shu nomdagi ikkinchi ibodatxonani qurdirgan. Zamonaviy arxeologlarning fikriga koʻra, uning ikkinchi ma'badi birinchi ma'bad oʻrnida emas (koʻpchilik ishonganidek), balki qadimgi oʻtmishdoshi - Yuan sulolasining Yongning Si ibodatxonasi oʻrnida qurilgan. Arxeologik tadqiqotlar shuni koʻrsatdiki, Tir qoyasining gʻarbiy yuqori qismida 90 metr balandlikda jami 1413 ma'bad joylashgan. 1430-yillardagi Yishixa ibodatxonasi (va uning yuandagi salafi) ham shu yerda joylashgan.[14] Ikkinchi ma'badning yoniga ikkinchi stela qoʻyilgan. Stel saqlanib qolgan va Vladivostokdagi Arsenyev Primorye muzeyida saqlash uchun ruslar tomonidan janubga koʻchirilgan.[15]

Zamonaviy tarixchilarning fikriga koʻra, Yishixa Quyi Amurga jami toʻqqiz[8] ta ekspeditsiya uyushtirgan.

Keyingi mavqesi

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1430-yillarda Xuande hukumati dengiz va daryo ekspeditsiyalari joʻnatishni toʻxtatdi. Shu bilan Yishixaning dengiz (aniqrogʻi, daryo boʻyi) karyerasi hamkasbi Chjen Xe singari tugadi. Min imperatori Syuandening toʻqqizinchi yilida Min hukmronligi ostidagi Manjuriyada yashovchi Jurchenlar ocharchilikdan aziyat chekib, oʻz qizlarini qul qilib sotishga majbur boʻldilar. Ular Min hukumatidan yordam soʻrash uchun Lyaodunga koʻchib oʻtishdi.[16][17] 1435-yilda Yishixa Liaodong viloyati mudofaasiga rahbarlik qildi. U bu lavozimda 15 yildan ortiq vaqt qoldi.[1][12] Oyrot moʻgʻul boshligʻi Esen Tayisining bosqinlari paytidagi faoliyati qoniqarsiz deb topilib, 1449—1451-yillar oraligʻida bir muncha vaqt oʻz vazifasidan ozod qilingan. Uning keyingi taqdiri ma'lum emas.[1]

Manbalar

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 Rossabi, Morris „Isiha“, . Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Volume I (A-L) Goodrich: . Columbia University Press, 1976 — 685–686-bet. ISBN 0-231-03801-1. Rossabi, Morris (1976). "Isiha". In Goodrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying (eds.). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press. pp. 685–686. ISBN 0-231-03801-1.
  2. ↑ Jin Qicong (金啓孮), Jurchen script Dictionary (女真文辞典), Relics Press (文物出版社), China, 1984, pp.94
  3. ↑ Shih-shan Henry Tsai. The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press, 1996 — 129-bet. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Qaraldi: 2-mart 2012-yil. „While Hai Tong and Hou Xian were busy courting the Mongols and Tibetans, a Ming eunuch of Manchurian stock, Yishiha, also quietly carried the guidon in the exploration of Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. In 1375, the Ming dynasty established the Liaodong Regional Military Commission at Liaoyang, using twenty-five guards (each guard consisted of roughly 5,600 soldiers) to control Southern Manchuria. In 1409, six years after Yongle ascended the throne, he launched three campaigns to shore up Ming influence in the lower Amur River valley. The upshot was the establishment of the Nuerkan Regional Military Commission with several battalions (1,120 soldiers theoretically made up a battalion) deployed along the Songari, Ussuri, Khor, Urmi, Muling and Nen Rivers. The Nuerkan Commission, which parallelled that of the Liaodong Commission, was a special frontier administrations; therefore the Ming government permitted its commanding officers to transmit their offices to their sons and grandsons without any dimunition in rank. In the meantime, The Ming court periodically sent special envoys and inspectors to the region, making sure that the chiefs of various tribes remained loyal to the Ming emperor. But the one enboy who was most active and played the most significant role in the region was the eunuch Yishiha.“ 
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry. The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty. SUNY Press, 1996 — 129–130-bet. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996). The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4.
  5. ↑ Shih-shan Henry Tsai. The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press, 1996 — 129-bet. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Qaraldi: 2-mart 2012-yil. „Yishiha belonged to the Haixi tribe of the Jurchen race. The Ming shi provides no background information on this Manchurian castrato except that Yishiha worked under two powerful early Ming eunuchs, Wang Zhen and Cao Jixiang.16 It is also likely that Yishiha gained prominence by enrduring the hard knocks of court politics and serving imperial concubines of Manchurian origin, as Emperor Yongle kept Jurchen women in his harem. At any rate, in the spring of 1411, Yongle commissioned Yishiha to vie for the heart and soul of the peoples in Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. Yishiha led a party of more than 1,000 officers and soldiers who boarded twenty-five ships and sailed along the Amur River for several days before reaching the Nuerkan Command post. Nuerkan was located on the east bank of the Amur River, approximately 300 li from the river's entrance and 250 li form the present-day Russian town of Nikolayevka. Yishiha's immediate assignment was to confer titles on tribal chiefs, giving them seals and uniforms. He also actively sought new recruits to fill out the official ranks for the Regional Commission.17“ 
  6. ↑ Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry. Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press, 2002 — 161-bet. ISBN 0-295-98124-5. 
  7. ↑ Shih-shan Henry Tsai. The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press, 1996 — 129-bet. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Qaraldi: 2-mart 2012-yil. „While Hai Tong and Hou Xian were busy courting the Mongols and Tibetans, a Ming eunuch of Manchurian stock, Yishiha, also quietly carried the guidon in the exploration of Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. In 1375, the Ming dynasty established the Liaodong Regional Military Commission at Liaoyang, using twenty-five guards (each guard consisted of roughly 5,600 soldiers) to control Southern Manchuria. In 1409, six years after Yongle ascended the throne, he launched three campaigns to shore up Ming influence in the lower Amur River valley. The upshot was the establishment of the Nuerkan Regional Military Commission with several battalions (1,120 soldiers theoretically made up a battalion) deployed along the Songari, Ussuri, Khor, Urmi, Muling and Nen Rivers. The Nuerkan Commission, which parallelled that of the Liaodong Commission, was a special frontier administrations; therefore the Ming government permitted its commanding officers to transmit their offices to their sons and grandsons without any dimunition in rank. In the meantime, The Ming court periodically sent special envoys and inspectors to the region, making sure that the chiefs of various tribes remained loyal to the Ming emperor. But the one enboy who was most active and played the most significant role in the region was the eunuch Yishiha.“ 
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry. Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press, 2002 — 158–159-bet. ISBN 0-295-98124-5. Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-295-98124-5.
  9. ↑ Shih-shan Henry Tsai. The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press, 1996 — 129-bet. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Qaraldi: 2-mart 2012-yil. „While Hai Tong and Hou Xian were busy courting the Mongols and Tibetans, a Ming eunuch of Manchurian stock, Yishiha, also quietly carried the guidon in the exploration of Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. In 1375, the Ming dynasty established the Liaodong Regional Military Commission at Liaoyang, using twenty-five guards (each guard consisted of roughly 5,600 soldiers) to control Southern Manchuria. In 1409, six years after Yongle ascended the throne, he launched three campaigns to shore up Ming influence in the lower Amur River valley. The upshot was the establishment of the Nuerkan Regional Military Commission with several battalions (1,120 soldiers theoretically made up a battalion) deployed along the Songari, Ussuri, Khor, Urmi, Muling and Nen Rivers. The Nuerkan Commission, which parallelled that of the Liaodong Commission, was a special frontier administrations; therefore the Ming government permitted its commanding officers to transmit their offices to their sons and grandsons without any dimunition in rank. In the meantime, The Ming court periodically sent special envoys and inspectors to the region, making sure that the chiefs of various tribes remained loyal to the Ming emperor. But the one enboy who was most active and played the most significant role in the region was the eunuch Yishiha.“ 
  10. ↑ E.G.Ravenstein "The Russians on the Amur". Full text can be found on Google Books.
  11. ↑ „Ульчи“. 1-aprel 2012-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. (Ulchi data, at the site of the Associations of the Indigenous Peoples of Siberia; most of the villages can be found on Wikimapia.org)
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Shih-shan Henry Tsai. The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press, 1996 — 130-bet. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Qaraldi: 2-mart 2012-yil. „By 1420, Yishiha's experience, character, record, and judgement had certainly made him not only an expert on the frontier defense of the region, but also might well have provided him a coat of armor that protected him against jealous and wily court rivals. His next mission to the Nuerkan Command post ended in 1425 as he and his party were awarded by Yongle's successor, the Emperor Hongxi. During the reign of the fifth Ming sovereign, Emperor Xuande, Yishiha was dispatched at least three more times to the lower Amur River, inspecting, spreading imperial will and Ming policies, and reporting on the frontier defense and general conditions of the region. In 1432, when the commissioner in chief Kang Wang retired, Yishiha escorted Kang's son Kang Fu, who resided in Beijing at the time, to assume his inherited position. A part of 2,000 soldiers and an armada of fifty big ships arrived at the Siberian frontier fortress during the summer season. Almost immediately, Yishiha ordered the refurbishing of the Yunning Temple and the erection of yet another stone stele to commemorate the occasion. All told, Yishiha had made a total of nine missions to this desolate but strategically important region, pacifying the minority groups and serving as Ming's expansionist agent.18 Yishiha was later promoted to grand defender, or zhenshou, of Liaodong and received an annual salary of forty piculs of rice in 1444. Three years later, he was awarded an annual increment of thirty-six piculs of rice as a consequence of a memorable military campaign.19“ Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Retrieved March 2, 2012. By 1420, Yishiha's experience, character, record, and judgement had certainly made him not only an expert on the frontier defense of the region, but also might well have provided him a coat of armor that protected him against jealous and wily court rivals. His next mission to the Nuerkan Command post ended in 1425 as he and his party were awarded by Yongle's successor, the Emperor Hongxi. During the reign of the fifth Ming sovereign, Emperor Xuande, Yishiha was dispatched at least three more times to the lower Amur River, inspecting, spreading imperial will and Ming policies, and reporting on the frontier defense and general conditions of the region. In 1432, when the commissioner in chief Kang Wang retired, Yishiha escorted Kang's son Kang Fu, who resided in Beijing at the time, to assume his inherited position. A part of 2,000 soldiers and an armada of fifty big ships arrived at the Siberian frontier fortress during the summer season. Almost immediately, Yishiha ordered the refurbishing of the Yunning Temple and the erection of yet another stone stele to commemorate the occasion. All told, Yishiha had made a total of nine missions to this desolate but strategically important region, pacifying the minority groups and serving as Ming's expansionist agent.18 Yishiha was later promoted to grand defender, or zhenshou, of Liaodong and received an annual salary of forty piculs of rice in 1444. Three years later, he was awarded an annual increment of thirty-six piculs of rice as a consequence of a memorable military campaign.19
  13. ↑ Tsai (1996) describes the person being retired as "the commissioner in chief Kang Wang"; one has to assume that it was a Chinese title, and Chinese name, bestowed to a local (probably, Nivkh) chief.
  14. ↑ Shih-shan Henry Tsai. The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press, 1996 — 129-bet. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Qaraldi: 2-mart 2012-yil. „Two years later, in 1413, Yishiha undertook a second mission to the area, bringing with him large quantities of foods, clothes, and agricultural tools. That mission did a great deal to mollify some of the tribes who continued to make contact with the Mongols. Yishiha stayed there for nearly a“ 
  15. ↑ A. R. Artemyev. Archaeological sites of Yuan and Ming epochs in Transbaikalia and the Amur basin (Wayback Machine saytida 2012-06-09 sanasida arxivlangan)
  16. ↑ „宣德九年，女真地區災荒，女真人被迫賣兒鬻女，四處流亡，逃向遼東的女真難民，希望得到官府的賑濟。“. itsfun.com.tw. 2020-yil 12-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 24-dekabr.
  17. ↑ „亦失哈八下东洋“. Ifeng.com (2014-yil 8-iyul). 2015-yil 28-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

Qoʻshimcha oʻqish uchun

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    • Rossabi, Morris. 1976. “Two Ming Envoys to Inner Asia”. T'oung Pao 62 (1/3). BRILL: 1–34. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528048.
    • Morris Rossabi. From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL, 28-noyabr 2014-yil — 109–-bet. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3. 
    • Yuen, Chee-ying (袁持英) (2007). Eunuchs and the consolidation of the North-eastern frontier during the period of Yongle (1403–1424) = 明永樂年間的東北經營與宦官. doi:10.5353/th_b3862142. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38621423.  (Full text of a M.A. Thesis (xitoycha); abstract (English))
    • Rossabi, Morris (1976). „Two Ming Envoys to Inner Asia“. T'oung Pao. Second Series. 62-jild, № Livr. 1/3. 1–34-bet. doi:10.1163/156853276X00016. JSTOR 4528048.
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