Rajeshkumar S

A B S T R A C T Nanotechnology is the formation, running and use of operation at the nanomaterial size scale (1–100 nm). Nanoscale materials can also be obtained by biological synthesis materials via eco-friendly green chemistry based technique. Current development and numerous strategies involved in the green synthesis of nanoparticles were focussed. This review mainly focused on plants which include scientific name, family name, common name, plant parts, its characterization, size and shape of the nanoparticles. Plant extract which was done experimentally gives its various characterization which leads to the identification of compounds of different nano size and shape. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles is in different shapes like spherical, rod, cubic, triangle and also in different sizes. Various application and importance of gold nanoparticles in numerous fields were discussed. The mark of the review is to provide an overview of recent learning in biosynthesized nanoparticles, its characterization and their potential applications.

Engineering a reliable and eco-accommodating methodology for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a crucial step in the field of nanotechnology. Plant-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been developed as a substitute to defeat the limitations of conventional synthesis approaches such as physical and chemical methods. Biomolecules, such as proteins, amino acids, enzymes, flavonoids, and terpenoids from several plant extracts have been used as a stabilising and reducing agents for the synthesis of AgNPs. Regardless of an extensive range of biomolecules assistance in the synthesis procedure, researchers are facing a significant challenge to synthesise stable and geometrically controlled AgNPs. In the past decade, several efforts were made to develop Plant-mediated synthesis methods to produce stable, cost effective and eco-friendly AgNPs. More than hundred different plants extract sources for synthesising AgNPs were described in the last decade by several researchers. Most of the reviews were focused on various plant sources for synthesis, various characterization techniques for characteristic analysis, and antibacterial activity against bacterial. There are many reviews are available for the plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs as well as antibacterial activity of AgNPs but this is the first review article mainly focused on biomolecules of plants and its various parts and operating conditions involved in the synthesis. Apart from, this review includes the characterisation of AgNPs and antibacterial activity of such nanoparticles with size, shape and method used for this study.

Brown seaweeds are the major nutritional resource used in throughout the globe. In this present study, the combination of two marine brown seaweeds (Padinatetrastromatica and Turbinariaconoides) formulation is used for antidiabetic activity on streptozotocin induced toxicity in male albino rats. Diabetic rats were treated with a 250 mg/kg of body weight and 500 mg/kg of body weight aqueous formulation and biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, insulin, total protein and total cholesterol. The histopatholgic changes in pancreatic cell morphology were analysed using haematoxylin and eosin strain by microscope. The results of the present investigation validate the antidiabetic activity of the algal formulation (P. tetrastromatica and T. conoides) in ancient pharmaceutical agents and contribute towards the developments of modern treatment opportunity based on natural products.

In modern science, Nanotechnology is an ablaze field for the researchers. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are known to be one of the most multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles with its application in treatment of urinary tract infection. Nanoparticles were synthesized using Passiflora caerulea fresh leaf extract and were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-ray (EDAX), Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Therefore, the study reveals an efficient, eco-friendly and simple method for the green synthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using P. caerulea. Urinary tract infection causing microbes were isolated from the disease affected patient urine sample. The synthesized nanoparticles have been tested against the pathogenic culture showed a very good zone of inhibition compared with plant extract. It indicates the biomedical capability of ZnO NPs.

In the present study, the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was achieved by using marine brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica (PT) as a reducing and capping agent. The optimized Au Nps were performed by changing the concentration of algae extract, pH and temperature was analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The synthesized Au NPs were characterized byXRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX and SAED. The X-ray diffraction showed the Au NPs which can state by the presence of peaks at (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (2 2 2). The FTIR result clearly showed that the extracts containing-OH as a functional group (sugar molecules) act in capping the nanoparticles synthesis. SEM images revealed that all particles were spherical in shape. TEM image confirms the spherical in shape with an average size ranges from 8-10 nm. Synthesized Au NPs were evaluate for the in vitro cytotoxic activity of human liver cancer (HepG2) and lung cancer (A549) cell line at the different concentrations compared with standard drug cyclophosphamide. Introduction.The Metal nanoparticles are acquired great interest in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine due to their unique properties such as optical, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties which have exhibit diverse sizes and shapes than the bulk state of the metal [1-3]. Thus, the activity of nanoparticles was mainly determined by their size, small size of nanoparticles exhibit high surface area due to the large fraction of the atoms and generates the active sites on the surface of nanoparticles [4]. The unique size and shape of nanoparticles were extensively used in catalysis, electronics, plasmonics and sensing [1, 5, 6]. Among the metal nanoparticles, gold has been used to cure various diseases in several centuries ago. Gold is inert, less toxic, highly thermal stability which has been used in various applications including biolabeling, gene and drug delivery system [7]. Many of the methods are available to synthesis of metal nanoparticles which has been exhibits inevitable due to the use of harmful and toxic chemicals [8]. Among the synthesis methods, green synthesis methods using biological probes predicted to avoid the using the toxic chemicals in the fabrication of nanoparticles. The biological probes are bacteria, fungi, yeast, actinomycetes, plants and algae involved in the green chemistry of nanoparticles; they provide large scale production, less time consumption and eco benign. Algae mediated synthesis nanoparticles were better reflection compare to the other biological probes. Algae have many phytochemicals could acts as both reducing and stabilizing agent for the nanoparticles and they are easily available marine sources [9-10]. The compounds isolated from PT like sulphated polysaccharides are having good medicinal properties such as anti-inflamtery activity, anti-oxidant effect, anti-hyper glycemic activity and hypo lipedemic properties [25-27]. In this study we report that green reduction of gold ions to AuNPs using the algae extract of PT, which is available throughout the year. This brown algae exhibits medicinal properties

A new approach for simple, competitive and sensitive, dipstick immunoassay (DIA) was developed to detect organophosphorus pesticide. Residual pesticides such as kitazine in fruits and vegetables are one of the major food safety concerns for consumers in the world. It is the alternative method to nitrocel-lulose strip (NC) for the detection of harmful pesticides. The matrix effects of different food samples (tomato, cucumber, grapes and orange) were studied in flow through ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-assay) and DIA method. Different size morphology was synthesized from gold nanoparticles and bio-conjugated to Ig G, which served as the detecting agent confirmed by AFM. The different concentration of organophosphorus in the food sample was detected by the development of purple color in the membrane strips. Among four fruit juices, the grape juice exhibits increased absorbance resulted that the bioconjugated gold nanoparticle is actively detected the kitazine present in the grape juice evidenced by ELISA method has good reproducibility and satisfactory accuracy. The interpretation of the results was visual, and these ELISAs can be used as convenient qualitative tools for the rapid screening ofkitazine residues in food samples.

This study aims to provide a simple and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of Ag NPs using medicinal plant Solanum nigrum aqueous leaf extract. Fresh leaf extract mediated the reduction of silver from higher excited state to the ground extract when mixed with 1 mM silver nitrate solution. Reduction led the synthesis of silver nanoparticle with the size range of 20-40 nm was confirmed by TEM analysis. UV-Vis analysis demonstrates the synthesis of Ag NPs by its standard peak due to SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance). XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of Ag NPs. It was further characterized by FT-IR for the confirmation of functional groups responsible for Ag NPs synthesis and elements analyzed using EDX. Our study also showed the high antibacterial effect of nanoparticle against disease causing virulent bacterial strains (Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus).

Nanotechnology deals with the production and usage of material with nanoscale dimension. Nanoscale dimension provides nanoparticles a large surface area to volume ratio and thus very specific properties. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) had been in recent studies due to its large bandwidth and high exciton binding energy and it has potential applications like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidant and optic properties. Due to the large rate of toxic chemicals and extreme environment employed in the physical and chemical production of these NPs, green methods employing the use of plants, fungus, bacteria, and algae have been adopted. This review is a comprehensive study of the synthesis and characterization methods used for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using different biological sources.

Green synthesis method of nanomaterials is rapidly growing in the nanotechnology field; it replaces the use of toxic chemicals
and time consumption. In this present investigation we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using the
leaf extract of medicinally valuable plant Solanum trilobatum. The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the silver
nanoparticle fabrication such as incubation time, silver nitrate concentration, pH, and temperature is also studied in this present
context. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning
electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM and TEM
confirm the synthesis of spherical shape of nanocrystalline particles with the size range of 2–10 nm. FTIR reveals that the carboxyl
and amine groups may be involved in the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of synthesized
silver nanoparticles was done by agar well diffusion method against different pathogenic bacteria. The green synthesized silver
nanoparticles can be used in the field of medicine, due to their high antibacterial activity.