- Social Scientistedit
Studying statistics during distance education is challenging due to limitations and communication problems. This has an impact on learning activities that could be more optimal. This research aims to analyze students' SQ3R level in... more
Studying statistics during distance education is challenging due to limitations and communication problems. This has an impact on learning activities that could be more optimal. This research aims to analyze students' SQ3R level in learning statistics and determine its significant predictors. This type of research is quantitative research. The research design of this study is complex correlational research. The data collection method uses a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques use descriptive and inferential statistics. Secondary data from existing research studies were used and summarized using standard statistical metrics. In addition, ordinal regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of students' SQ3R level in statistics learning and was tested at a standard significance level. Findings reveal that students usually use the SQ3R method to learn statistics during online learning. The statistical model illustrates that students' ability to read and review statistics is shaped by the learning environment, teaching attitudes, physical and emotional health, and free time activities. The study suggests that to improve students' learning of statistics in distance education, educational institutions and professors should create a conducive learning environment, use strategic teaching methods, and emphasize the importance of harmonious study habits due to the SQ3R method.
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Teachers need help teaching subjects in MTB-MLE and other subjects because the language used is Cebuano. This has an impact on learning activities that could be more optimal. This study aims to analyze the difficulties faced by grade 3... more
Teachers need help teaching subjects in MTB-MLE and other subjects because the language used is Cebuano. This has an impact on learning activities that could be more optimal. This study aims to analyze the difficulties faced by grade 3 students in implementing Cebuano-Visayan teaching and assess the management actions taken by school administrators and teachers. This research uses a descriptive research design. Data was collected using purposive sampling from 17 school administrators, 30 teachers, and 253 students. Data collection methods use observation and questionnaires. The arithmetic mean is used as a statistical tool. The research results show that school administrators often undertake various management actions to facilitate the implementation of Cebuano-Visayan. Speaking and grammar skills were moderately complex, while reading, comprehension, and vocabulary skills were identified as the most challenging for Grade 3 students. This research revealed that effective and adequate management strategies contribute to the learning difficulties encountered in Cebuano teaching Visayan. Despite efforts by school officials and teachers to address this situation, it continues and even worsens. Therefore, school leaders are advised to re-evaluate their school curricula and thoroughly assess the inclusion of the Cebuano-Visayan language in the lower elementary grades (Grades 1-3) to identify actual problems and provide appropriate interventions and practical solutions.
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Job satisfaction is a very crucial correlate for a teacher to stay in their current teaching assignment. This study looks into the significant factors of job satisfaction and intention to stay of teachers in a private school. In addition,... more
Job satisfaction is a very crucial correlate for a teacher to stay in their current teaching assignment. This study looks into the significant factors of job satisfaction and intention to stay of teachers in a private school. In addition, the study also aims to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and intention to stay among private teachers. Using a complete enumeration process, 34 private teachers were interviewed and primary data were collected from them. Necessary statistical measures were employed to describe the data collected and the Chi-square test for association was used to determine the relationship between the factors of satisfaction and intention to stay. Results indicated that most of the private teachers are just moderately satisfied with their current job and about 55.88% of them are not willing to stay in their job. This implies that working in a private institution is challenging and does not have enough economic security. This Chi-square test revealed that job satisfaction of private teachers is influenced by their civil status and employment status. Additionally, the factors that influence their willingness to stay are their age and employment status. The study suggests that teachers mu st be given incentives and the right compensation to increase their satisfaction and intention to stay in a private school.
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This article focuses on profiling the abaca stakeholders in Eastern Visayas and elucidates their various functions in the industry. Primary information was gathered from a random sample of abaca farmers and other stakeholders through a... more
This article focuses on profiling the abaca stakeholders in Eastern Visayas and elucidates their various functions in the industry. Primary information was gathered from a random sample of abaca farmers and other stakeholders through a researchers' developed survey questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive measures and presented in statistical tables and graphs. Results showed that the majority of abaca farmers are in their prime working years (25 to 54 years old), are married females, are elementary graduates, and are owners of small abaca farms with an average area of 1.88 hectares. The small traders are mostly married females in their prime working years and are college degree holders. The Local Government Unit (LGU) personnel are mostly municipal agriculturists, males, married, and college graduates. The majority of the Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority (PhilFIDA) personnel are married males who are of prime age and college degree holders. Half of the enablers were male and married, who finished graduate studies and either belonged to prime or mature working age. Moreover, findings revealed that several players in the abaca value chain have important roles and functions to play along the supply chain to make the industry vibrant. As they do their respective roles and functions, they also have needs, expectations, and concerns that should be addressed for them to function effectively in the system. Hence, the study recommends that an indepth training needs assessment should be conducted to determine their real needs as the basis for designing training programs.
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The study aimed to assess school-based In-Service Training (INSET) management for the personal and professional development of school heads and teachers of Southern Leyte, Philippines. The study utilized a quantitative approach... more
The study aimed to assess school-based In-Service Training (INSET) management for the personal and professional development of school heads and teachers of Southern Leyte, Philippines. The study utilized a quantitative approach specifically descriptive-correlational research design supported by qualitative data. The findings revealed 43% of school heads were aged 43, 60% female, 83% married; 38% have a BSED/BEED with master's units. Experience included 68% with 15+ years of training, 74% attending 15+ sessions. Significant correlations found between attributes and pre-/post-implementation of INSET. The results of the study revealed that school-based INSET was relevant and useful for the school heads and teachers for them to be able to perform their jobs better. Based on the findings of the study, a model for professional development and a training design on school-based INSET were developed. It has been concluded that a well-designed school-based INSET program that takes into consideration the contextual reality in which the teachers work, can make a difference in the lives of the teachers in the classroom and enhance their capacity on the different pedagogical principles and teaching techniques through school-based INSET is crucial in making the teaching-learning process more meaningful to the learners. Hence, the researcher will recommend that school-based INSET should be included in the School Improvement Plan (SIP) and Annual Implementation Plan (AIP) with corresponding budgetary appropriation.
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This article elucidated the level of abaca production in Eastern Visayas, Philippines, and developed a statistical model that determined its significant governing factors. A cross-sectional survey and primary data collection were done to... more
This article elucidated the level of abaca production in Eastern Visayas, Philippines, and developed a statistical model that determined its significant governing factors. A cross-sectional survey and primary data collection were done to gather sufficient information through a face-to-face interview with a random sample of 349 abaca farmers. The study used standard statistical metrics to describe the data and presented it in a tabular form. In addition, ordinal regression was employed to model the factors governing the level of abaca production in the Region and tested its significance at standard level. Results portrayed that, on average, the production of the abaca industry in Eastern Visayas is considered at a moderate level. This implies that the abaca production in the region has still room for improvement. It is found that abaca farmers in the region only interact with the traders and have no engagement with other players such as enablers (PhilFIDA, SUCs, and LGU) due to some constraints. The results of the first ordinal regression revealed that the factors affecting the level of abaca production are the age of farmers (1 =0.027, p-value=0.003) and the size of the farm (6 =-0.564, p-value<0.001). This implies that older farmers are more knowledgeable in applying innovative techniques that enhance production activities. Moreover, the smaller size of the abaca farm is easy to manage and apply technologies to improve production levels as opposed to bigger farms. The second ordinal regression showed that farming experience (4 =0.015, p-value=0.038) is a significant predictor of abaca production level which indicates that experienced farmers are more productive and competitive.
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This research article aims to give a description of the level of rice production in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines, and determine the statistically significant predictors affecting it. The study used primary and cross-sectional data from... more
This research article aims to give a description of the level of rice production in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines, and determine the statistically significant predictors affecting it. The study used primary and cross-sectional data from small-scale farmers (with 2-hectare rice farms or less) through a face-to-face interview with the aid of a constructed questionnaire. The gathered information was summarized with the assistance of descriptive metrics and presented in a tabular form. In addition, binary logistic modeling was constructed to extract influencing predictors of the level of rice production and tested its significance. Results portrayed that more farmers in Albuera, Leyte are experiencing a low level of rice production. The findings of the study depicted that small-scale farmers do not have enough capital to buy the necessary agricultural inputs due to their high prices in the market. Plus, farmers do not have sufficient credit facilities that they may use for their farming process and it is also shown that farmers are adversely affected by pests and diseases that destroy their rice cultivation. The binary logistic model shows that a married farmer, with a lower monthly income and with a smaller paddy farm tends to have a higher production level. Moreover, another regression model revealed that the presence of pests and diseases, and being provided with solutions by extension agents are significant predictors of high production levels in rice farming. The study suggests that small-scale farmers in rural areas must be supported regarding their capital and farming facilities, and must be guided and facilitated by expert extension agents in solving different problems.
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This study aimed to explore and characterize the contextual factors that affect academic performance in learning mathematics among high school students. The study employed an explanatory sequential mixed method research design, and... more
This study aimed to explore and characterize the contextual factors that affect academic performance in learning mathematics among high school students. The study employed an explanatory sequential mixed method research design, and primary data were collected with the aid of the adopted questionnaire for quantitative data, and the interview was done for qualitative data. The study used descriptive and inferential statistical methods in analyzing and interpreting the gathered data. In addition, qualitative data were analyzed through a thematic analysis approach. Results showed that the performance of students in mathematics is influenced by different factors such as students' attitudes towards mathematics, self-efficacy, parental support, and the learning environment. In addition, a thematized interview with the students supports the quantitative analysis that their performance in mathematics was governed by the said factors. Conclusively, students must be supported in their learning by providing doable tasks and exciting problems in mathematics to boost their attitude and self-efficacy. Parents are also advised to give them the appropriate support to motivate them in their studies. Moreover, teachers must integrate welfare and positive attitudes towards students to have a conducive learning experience.
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The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the various factors that impact the academic performance of students belonging to nuclear, extended, and single-parent families. The research methodology employed in this study... more
The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the various factors that impact the academic performance of students belonging to nuclear, extended, and single-parent families. The research methodology employed in this study was Descriptive Correlational Research Design. A purposive sampling technique was utilized to extract the sample consisting of pupils enrolled in grades 4, 5, and 6. Statistical techniques such as frequency count, percentage mean, standard deviation, and Spearman rank correlation were employed to analyze the collected data and to investigate the correlation between family structure and academic performance. The study identified Parental Education as an essential contributor to students' achievements in the context of this research. The results highlight the intricate interaction between demographic factors and academic performance, emphasizing the need for customized educational policies and interventions that cater to various family models. Hence, it is concluded that the findings emphasize income's pivotal role, especially within Single-Parent profiles, impacting academic outcomes. Parental education significantly influences students' achievements, revealing the intricate interplay of demographics and academic performance. Hence further, recommendations were tailored educational policies targeting economic support, parental engagement, and diverse family structures are crucial for effective interventions and optimal academic outcomes.
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This paper documents the lived experiences of homosexual students and their identity development in Southern Leyte. The informants were gathered through purposive sampling and were interviewed face-to-face. Data were collected from the... more
This paper documents the lived experiences of homosexual students and their identity development in Southern Leyte. The informants were gathered through purposive sampling and were interviewed face-to-face. Data were collected from the informants through a researcher-made questionnaire. A narrative inquiry method was utilized, where researcher-made questionnaires were used as a guide for the face-to-face interviews. It was identified that homosexuals have difficulty disclosing their sexuality to others due to various reasons. It was also noted that acceptance of homosexuals was a major factor in achieving their sexual identity. Some homosexuals disclosed that they believed their homosexuality was innate and inborn, indicating that they felt they were born to be homosexuals. Given the results of this study, it is recommended that respect for individuality, acceptance, and an open-minded attitude be extended to everyone, regardless of their sexual orientation.
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This qualitative study employed a descriptive phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of school principals who also serve as teachers in Leyte and Southern Leyte, Philippines. Thirty school heads, selected based on... more
This qualitative study employed a descriptive phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of school principals who also serve as teachers in Leyte and Southern Leyte, Philippines. Thirty school heads, selected based on experience, marital status, and willingness to participate, provided insights through a Pre-Survey form and semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis (Colaizzi's method) revealed challenges in teaching strategies, behavior management, technology integration, and parental communication, while strategic management skills included prioritization, planning, and stress management. Findings have implications for policy development, professional development programs, and curriculum design, benefiting scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. The study highlights the unique experiences of teacher-principals, contributing to scholarly dialogue on educational leadership. Recommendations emphasize ongoing strategic management training, selfassessment, and collaborative input. By exploring innovative teaching strategies and sharing insights, teacher-principals can enhance collective educational knowledge. This study offers valuable perspectives on educational leadership, guiding policies and practices for a more effective and responsive educational system.
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Soil acidity is an important factor in the yield of rice crops. This article aims to determine the effectiveness of alternative soil neutralizers in agricultural land in the form of utilizing the calcium carbonate and calcium oxide... more
Soil acidity is an important factor in the yield of rice crops. This article aims to determine the effectiveness of alternative soil neutralizers in agricultural land in the form of utilizing the calcium carbonate and calcium oxide content of pulverized eggshells and clam shells. This study used an independent T-test to determine the difference between the alternative soil neutralizer and commercially-made soil. A total of 45 samples were gathered: these are, along the side of the road, along the irrigation, and away from the road and irrigation. These sites are divided into 4 corners, 1 at the center, and then by 3 based on the depth of the soil sample, separated by 6 inches from top, middle, and bottom. The soil samples were mixed with these neutralizers with a 1:1:2 ratio and recorded a day, three days, and seven days. When mixed with the alternative neutralizers, the results showed a mean of 7.71 pH after seven days while the commercial neutralizers showed a mean of 7.84 pH. The result shows that the alternative neutralizers have a very close value to commercial neutralizers which indicates that they can be used to solve soil acidity at a lower expense. Although the T-test results showed that there is a significant difference between the two neutralizers with a 0.0044 pH value, the difference is just very little and still exhibits an effective result. This implies that the alternative soil neutralizer could be used as an effective, cost-efficient, and eco-friendly substitute.
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This research study is conducted to elucidate the effectiveness of the Gradual Release of Responsibility (GRR) Model in increasing students' academic performance in science class. The GRR model reflects this by scaffolding students'... more
This research study is conducted to elucidate the effectiveness of the Gradual Release of Responsibility (GRR) Model in increasing students' academic performance in science class. The GRR model reflects this by scaffolding students' learning experiences, starting with teacher modeling and gradually transitioning to student-centered activities and peer collaboration. A quantitative quasi-experimental research approach was used to test the effectiveness of the said learning model. A control and experimental group with 30 students were involved in this study utilizing the Inquiry-Based Seven (7) E's Method and GRR Model, respectively. Results show that there is no significant difference between the two groups in the pretest, given the values t(58)=0.345 and p-value=0.731, which signifies that both groups were at low-performing levels. There is a significant difference between the two groups on the result of the post-test, given the values t(58)=-9.309 and p-value<0.001. The experimental group got a mean percentage score of 87.22 at the high-performing level, while the control group got 59.11 at the low-performing level. Lastly, there is a significant difference between the incremental scores of the control and experimental groups with the values t(58)=-6.813 and p-value<0.001. It is concluded that using the GRR Model is very effective in increasing students' academic performance with the least learned competency (i.e., Newton's Second Law Motion). Students exposed to such a model significantly improved from low-performing to high-performing levels. Hence, this article recommended that the GRR model be applied, especially in the least learned areas, since it is an effective teaching method to improve students' academic achievement. Lastly, the researchers recommend that teachers undergo training in the GRR model to become competitive.
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Private schools are working tirelessly to provide a quality education without support from the government. This article aims to evaluate the internal and external job stress of high school teachers in private schools in Leyte,... more
Private schools are working tirelessly to provide a quality education without support from the government. This article aims to evaluate the internal and external job stress of high school teachers in private schools in Leyte, Philippines, and determine its governing factors. The study involved a complete enumeration process in selecting the participants and gathering primary data. In analyzing and extracting relevant information from the data, standard descriptive metrics, correlation analysis, and Chi-square test for independence were employed with the aid of statistical software. The findings of the study depicted that private teachers are both internally and externally moderately stressful in their jobs. The Chi-square test revealed that employment status and years in service are associated with the private teachers' internal job stress and it is significant at a 10% level. In addition, it is depicted that gender, monthly salary, and years in service are significantly dependent on the teachers' external job stress at a 10% level. Conclusively, the school heads and management of private schools must lessen the work assignments to avoid exhaustion and increase benefits to improve the well-being of teachers. Moreover, it is suggested that teachers in private schools must be provided with training and seminars, incentives, supplies for teaching, and other benefits that improve their productivity and become globally competitive educators.
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Learning mathematics through distance education can be challenging, with the "logical" and "rewarding" nature proving difficult to measure. This article aimed to articulate an argument explaining the "logical" and "rewarding" nature of... more
Learning mathematics through distance education can be challenging, with the "logical" and "rewarding" nature proving difficult to measure. This article aimed to articulate an argument explaining the "logical" and "rewarding" nature of online mathematics learning, elucidating their causal factors. Existing data from the literature that involving students at Visayas State University, Philippines, were utilized in this study. The study used statistical measures to capture descriptions from the data, and quantile regression analysis was employed to forecast the predictors of the logicality and rewarding nature of learning mathematics at a distance. Results indicate that learning mathematics in the new normal is perceived as "logical" and moderately "rewarding". The regression and correlation analyses revealed a significant positive association between the perceived "logical" nature and the rewarding experience of learning mathematics. The constructed statistical models depicted that the determinants of logicality in learning mathematics include family income, money spent on the internet, learning environment, household size, social status, and health. Moreover, causal factors such as family income, money spent on the internet, learning environment, leisure activities, social status, and health significantly determine the rewarding nature of learning mathematics online. Conclusively, institution must support college students with their online learning needs. Furthermore, mathematics instructors should create lively and exciting online discussions that boost their logical thinking. Providing problem-solving task that are intrinsically rewarding can contribute to a more fulfilling learning experience.
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The influence of parents on their children is vital in that it molds a cognitive behavior that will reflect on their academic performance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, high school students have to learn in the form of modular learning in... more
The influence of parents on their children is vital in that it molds a cognitive behavior that will reflect on their academic performance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, high school students have to learn in the form of modular learning in which they were just in their respective homes and their parents were taking the role of school teacher. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different parenting styles of parents on the student's performance under modular distance learning amid the lockdown of the pandemic. Primary data were collected from 87 high school students who responded to the Google survey such as profiles of students, grades, and parenting styles using the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). The data gathered were analyzed through standard descriptive measures and correlational analysis. Results depicted that, on average, students have a "very satisfactory" performance, that is, the grade point average is 93%. Moreover, students' mothers and fathers are both "authoritative" in their education. Based on the correlation analysis, the mother's strictness (opposite of permissive (p-value=0.027) can positively influence the student's academic achievement, but the relationship is revealed to be weak. In addition, the fathers' parenting styles have no association with their children's academic performance based on the correlation analysis (p-values>5%). This implies that most of the time students are learning independently from their respective parents at home. Hence, most of the high school students during modular learning amid the pandemic are learning without the aid and influence of their parents.
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Business resilience is the ability to quickly recover from difficulties and continue operating by applying innovative strategies. The article aims to document the resilience level of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the... more
Business resilience is the ability to quickly recover from difficulties and continue operating by applying innovative strategies. The article aims to document the resilience level of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the Pacific towns of Southern Leyte, Philippines, and capture its causal determinants amid the health crisis using descriptive correlational research design. Using a research-made questionnaire, cross-sectional and primary data were collected from a random sample of MSMEs and were summarized using statistical measures. The significant determinants of the resilience of MSMEs were determined using the Chi-square test for independence via cross-tabulation of categorical data. Results depicted that, on average, MSMEs during the pandemic are "resilient", particularly in their situational awareness, keystone vulnerabilities, and adaptive capacity as they combat the disruption of the health crisis. The Chi-square test reveals that age, civil status, business job position of the MSMEs' personnel, and the estimated monthly income of the enterprise are the highly significant factors that affect the resilience of MSMEs during the health crisis. In particular, younger age, single status, and owner of the enterprise are more active and creative in digital business technology, which increases their resilience in response to challenges brought about by the pandemic. Moreover, enterprises with lower incomes do adopt innovative business strategies that improve economic resilience and profit. Furthermore, the study suggests that enterprises must consider strategic plans and goals to enhance their capability in risk management as they will face future crises.
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This article aimed to pave an argument that explains the study habits in learning statistics and its influencing factors among students at Visayas State University during the new normal. Cross-sectional and primary data were gathered from... more
This article aimed to pave an argument that explains the study habits in learning statistics and its influencing factors among students at Visayas State University during the new normal. Cross-sectional and primary data were gathered from an available sample of students using a developed semi-structured questionnaire through a Google Form survey. The data were summarized using standard statistical measures and the ordinary least square (OLS) regression model was employed to depict the different causal factors of study habits in statistics. Results revealed that the students' study habit in statistics during distance education is "good" despite the challenges they are facing in online learning. The OLS models revealed that the significant factors of the student's study habits during the pandemic include "sex", "leisure activities", "social relationship", "physical health" and "availability of laptop". The study suggests that statistics teachers must encourage their students to develop time management to enhance their study habits.
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Burnout on a teaching job refers to exhaustion that leads to depression which can affect the teacher’s well-being and satisfaction. This article looks into the level of job burnout and satisfaction of high school teachers during modular... more
Burnout on a teaching job refers to exhaustion that leads to depression which can affect the teacher’s well-being and satisfaction. This article looks into the level of job burnout and satisfaction of high school teachers during modular distance learning and determines its association at different levels. Cross-sectional primary data were gathered from a random sample of secondary teachers in Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines. The gathered data were job burnout and satisfaction scores and described using standard statistical metrics. Moreover, correlation and regression analysis were employed to analyze its association, and K-means clustering was used to identify homogeneous categories of job burnout and satisfaction scores with similar characteristics. On average, results showed that the high school teachers were still “satisfied” despite the “high burnout” they were facing during the modular distance learning amid the pandemic. Using the correlation analysis, it is revealed that teachers’ satisfaction and burnout are significantly and inversely correlated to each other. This implies that the burnout level adversely affects the satisfaction in teaching. Based on regression analysis, there is a decrease of 0.653 units in the satisfaction perception score for every 1 unit increase in the burnout perception score and it is significant at a 1% level. It is depicted in K-means clustering that teachers’ satisfaction and burnout levels are compact and converge to the interpretation that they were highly burnout yet satisfied in modular distance learning. Hence, the study suggests that teachers' tasks during distance education must be lessened to increase their well-being as educators.
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This poetry reveals God's purpose of a family as a basic unit of our society. The poem is inspired by the text in the Holy Bible in the Book of Joshua chapter 24 verse 15 which says "And if it seems evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose... more
This poetry reveals God's purpose of a family as a basic unit of our society. The poem is inspired by the text in the Holy Bible in the Book of Joshua chapter 24 verse 15 which says "And if it seems evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD" (King James Bible).
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Sex education is important to educate young individuals that make them equipped with the right knowledge and attitude concerning healthy sex life. This research article aimed to analyze how parents perceive the integration of sex... more
Sex education is important to educate young individuals that make them equipped with the right knowledge and attitude concerning healthy sex life. This research article aimed to analyze how parents perceive the integration of sex education in the elementary curriculum of selected public elementary schools in Southern Leyte, Philippines. As for data collection, primary information from parents was considered that include demographic profiles such as age, civil status, educational attainment, religion, and socio-economic status because these factors were believed to affect parents' perceptions. In addition, parents' perceptions of sex education were gathered regarding intellectual, emotional, moral, psychological, and social aspects. The descriptive-correlational research design was employed to elucidate the significant relationship between parents' profile and their perception of the integration of sex education in the elementary curriculum using some standard statistical measures and the Chi-square test. Results showed that parents had strongly unfavorable perceptions of sex education in terms of intellectual, emotional, moral, psychological, and social aspects. Using the Chi-square test, the profile of parents was directly related to their perception of sex education. In conclusion, parents' negative perceptions of sex education at the elementary level are believed to be detrimental to their children because they may lack knowledge of sex education, and in fact, discussing sex education is still considered taboo in the Philippine culture, particularly at the elementary level.
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Statistics learning in the time of distance education makes students uneasy due to the difficulties in the learning environment and processes. This article aims to analyze the level of difficulty faced by students in statistics distance... more
Statistics learning in the time of distance education makes students uneasy due to the difficulties in the learning environment and processes. This article aims to analyze the level of difficulty faced by students in statistics distance education and captures the causal factors affecting it. Cross-sectional secondary data were used from a current study in literature and described by standard statistical measures. The study utilized the level of difficulty in learning statistics during online setup as the dependent variable in the form of a scale of 1 to 10. The study used standard descriptive measures. Moreover, this study also use quantile regression models were constructed. Results depicted that students were facing "difficulty" as they learn statistics during distance education. The quantile regression revealed that the learning environment, inaccessible places (rural areas), and more family members are the statistically significant factors that influence the difficulty level in learning statistics online. This implies that due to the distractive place of learning, students cannot focus and penetrate their lessons. In addition, students were struggling with communication technology and internet access wherein it is vital in classroom engagement and the acquisition of learning resources. Hence, the study suggests that students must be supported by the government in regard to their learning needs and teachers must promote a positive and interesting educational environment. Furthermore, teachers must undergo training and workshops on how to be equipped in teaching statistics online.
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Aquaculture farming in the country Philippines has played a vital role concerning employment and food security for every Filipino. This article aimed to look into a piece of information that explicate the factors of aquaculture technology... more
Aquaculture farming in the country Philippines has played a vital role concerning employment and food security for every Filipino. This article aimed to look into a piece of information that explicate the factors of aquaculture technology adoption among the 4-H club youth members. The study uses primary data gathered from selected members of 4-H club youth in Southern Leyte, Philippines. Standard descriptive measures were calculated to characterize and describe the collected information and a statistical model were engaged to capture the significant predictors of the adoption of aquaculture technologies among youth. Results revealed that there are only a few (10.17%) of the youth members are adopting aquaculture technology. The members are neutral on their perception of aquaculture technology concerning complexity, economically viable, and environmentally safe. In addition, they disagree on the compatibility and minimal risk of the said technology. The regression model reveals that older adults (p-value<0.1), males (p-value<0.1), and higher income (p-value<0.05) are more likely to adopt the technology. The inverse effect from 4-H coordinator influence (p-value<0.05) and environmental safety characteristics (p-value<0.1) was found in the model regarding adopting the technology. Moreover, youth members are likely to adopt the technology if it is economically viable (p-value<0.05) to them. Hence, it is concluded that if the technology is affordable and understood by the farmers, there is a strong likelihood that they will adopt it in their respective places. The study suggests that the local government must support and implement more training and workshop for aquaculture technology to encourage and educate more youth.
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The happiness of a teacher depends on some factors in the workplace including income and other benefits. This research paper examines the relationship between income inequality and happiness among college teachers. The study also aims to... more
The happiness of a teacher depends on some factors in the workplace including income and other benefits. This research paper examines the relationship between income inequality and happiness among college teachers. The study also aims to identify distinct clusters based on net income and happiness levels and explore their economic implications. The analysis involved secondary data from a current published study which were gathered through an adapted questionnaire from literature involving 101 college teachers. The gathered data were computed through statistical measures, regression analysis, and the K-means clustering method to make descriptions and draw conclusions. The results showed that, on average, faculty members are "happy" and with income relatively "low" based on Philippine standards. The regression analysis revealed that income and happiness are directly related but not significant association. Plus, the K-means clustering findings highlight the interconnections of income and happiness, with variations across clusters. Based on the significant Silhouette score of 0.631, the optimal number of clusters via K-means is 3. The three clusters represent the low, medium, and high levels of teachers' income and happiness. Cluster 1 represents few faculty with economically and emotionally well-off individuals, Cluster 2 depicts dominant faculty with lower income with high levels of happiness, and Cluster 3 faces challenges with lower income and happiness. Conclusively, income does not always influence the happiness of a college teacher. Hence, the research article strongly suggests that to improve the well-being of college teachers which is vital in quality teaching, the school heads must focus on professional development opportunities and incentives that compensate their efforts.
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The effectiveness of a coconut development officer (CDO) is an important factor in a coconut farmer's productivity and profitability. This article aimed to pave an explanation of the effectiveness of CDO in coconut farmers' view and... more
The effectiveness of a coconut development officer (CDO) is an important factor in a coconut farmer's productivity and profitability. This article aimed to pave an explanation of the effectiveness of CDO in coconut farmers' view and determine its influencing factors. Secondary data were utilized from the existing paper in the literature and analyzed using standard descriptive statistics and ordered logistic regression analysis. Results depicted that CDOs of PCPP are "effective" in their assigned task based on the farmers' point of view. This implies that CDOs are doing their responsibilities and farmers have experienced an improvement in coconut growing activities. Moreover, the ordered regression model revealed that being a young farmer, with low education attainment, and good economic income, a farmer who owned a coconut field, training and seminars, and membership in any agricultural organization are predictors of the effectiveness of CDO based on farmers' perspective. Conclusively, to further enhance the CDO's effectiveness in their responsibilities, they must undergo some rigorous training about the new technologies and techniques in coconut farming.
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The study aimed to pave an argument that exposes the causal factors of rice technology implementation and adoption among the members of 4-H club youth in Southern Leyte, Philippines. Primary data were gathered from 118 4-H club youth... more
The study aimed to pave an argument that exposes the causal factors of rice technology implementation and adoption among the members of 4-H club youth in Southern Leyte, Philippines. Primary data were gathered from 118 4-H club youth members selected at complete enumeration. Descriptive statistical measures were used to summarize the collected data and ordered regression models were constructed to determine the predictors of implementation and adoption of rice technology. Results portrayed that there are still more members who do not implement and adopt the rice technologies introduced by the 4-H club in their respective places. And very few of them have fully implemented and adopted the rice technologies. The first regression model revealed that the significant causal factors of implementation of rice technologies are attended training (at a 5% level), economically viable characteristics of rice innovative and new technology (at a 10% level), and minimal risk characteristics of rice technology (at a 10% level). Plus, the second-ordered logistic model represented that the only significant causal determinant of the adoption of rice innovative and new technologies among 4-H club youth is the training attended (at a 5% level). In conclusion, the youth members of the 4-H club must be trained and educated concerning the different functions, features, and benefits of adopting innovative rice technology. Furthermore, proper training will give them sufficient knowledge and information in implementing and adopting rice technology to improve their productivity as well as increase their economic profitability.
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Growing scallion plants using organic farming is one of the healthy ways that reduce agrochemicals. One of the interesting problems in organic farming is the right amount of fertilizer that maximizes the growth and yield of plants. This... more
Growing scallion plants using organic farming is one of the healthy ways that reduce agrochemicals. One of the interesting problems in organic farming is the right amount of fertilizer that maximizes the growth and yield of plants. This study intended to evaluate the growth of scallions (Allium fistulosum L.) using eggshells and wood ashes as organic fertilizer. It aims to assess and determine the optimal fertilizer material combination that is compatible with the growth performance of scallions using eggshells and wood ashes. Four different treatment combinations were considered in this study as follows: T1 (consisting of 100% garden soil), T2 (consisting of 75% garden soil, 25% wood ash), T3 (consisting of 75% garden soil and 25% eggshells) and T4 (consisting of 70% garden soil, 15% wood ash, and 15% eggshells). The height and number of leaves per experimental unit were gathered as the variables of interest. A Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was employed in this study as an experimental design under a one-way ANOVA. The finding of the study shows that T2 (consisting of 75% garden soil and 25% wood ash) has a small effect (p=0.15) on the growth performance of scallions concerning the number of leaves. Moreover, the results showed that organic fertilizer T4 significantly (p<0.01) affected the plant height of scallions at the last of the month. In particular, scallion plants treated with wood ash mixed with eggshells as fertilizer were higher in terms of plant height. Hence, the study recommends that egg shells and wood ash are suitable fertilizers to enhance the growth performance of scallions.
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Online learning is a difficult type of educational process due to its limitations, particularly in college mathematics courses. The essential aim of this article is to elucidate the students' difficulty level in learning mathematics amid... more
Online learning is a difficult type of educational process due to its limitations, particularly in college mathematics courses. The essential aim of this article is to elucidate the students' difficulty level in learning mathematics amid online learning and predict its statistically significant influencing factors. The data used in this study is secondary from a paper in the mathematics education literature on the form of cross-sectional. The data were summarized employing some descriptive measures and regression modeling as an inference. The result of the study showed that, on average, students are facing "difficulty" in learning their mathematics lessons during distance learning due to some problems. The quantile regression revealed that younger and female students are experiencing higher levels of difficulty. Plus, students who spent more money on the internet are facing higher difficulty in learning. In addition, a not conducive learning environment and social distractions are predictors of difficulty in learning. Conclusively, the difficulty in learning mathematics which adversely affects their performance is due to the distractions and problems in the learning environment, low coping mechanisms, and unprecedented educational process in the form of online setup. Hence, the study suggested that teachers must be flexible with students and provide digital simulations of mathematical problems, and use interactive models in their classes.
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Plastic pollution has become a global concern, and the country Philippines is one of the plastic waste generators worldwide. The accumulation of non-recyclable, single-use plastics threatens marine life and contributes to global warming.... more
Plastic pollution has become a global concern, and the country Philippines is one of the plastic waste generators worldwide. The accumulation of non-recyclable, single-use plastics threatens marine life and contributes to global warming. This study aimed to contribute to reducing plastic pollution and provide insights into sustainable alternatives to single-use plastics. Hence, this research explores the potential of bioplastics as an alternative to traditional plastics. Specifically, this study primarily focused on developing bioplastics using taro and sea grapes as raw materials to provide an eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastics. The researcher aimed to investigate three different concentrations of bioplastic made from taro and sea grapes and evaluate their tensile strength, water absorbency, and biodegradability. The findings revealed that the second sample, consisting of 20 grams of taro starch, 15 mL of sea grape extract, two tablespoons of vinegar, 7.5 mL of glycerine, and 40 mL of water, exhibits the best outcome regarding its tensile strength, water absorbency, and biodegradability. Based on the results, the researchers concluded that bioplastics derived from taro starch and sea grape extract possess promising properties. The study highlights the importance of optimizing the concentration of raw materials to achieve desired characteristics in bioplastic production.
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This study looks into the influence of Farmer Field School (FFS) in enhancing rice farmers' income in Babatngon, Leyte, Philippines. The article also aimed to determine the significant factors that affect the rice income in the aspect of... more
This study looks into the influence of Farmer Field School (FFS) in enhancing rice farmers' income in Babatngon, Leyte, Philippines. The article also aimed to determine the significant factors that affect the rice income in the aspect of the rice production process under the FFS program. Secondary data were considered from the existing current study in the literature that dealt with rice farmers who finished their training in FFS. This study used some standard statistical measures to summarize and describe the data collected and employed quantile regression to capture the significant factors affecting the income of rice farming as influenced by FFS. The results of the survey depicted that the farmers who graduated with FFS training have high knowledge, positive attitude, and very great extent in their practices on what they have learned from crop management and the PalayCheck system. Based on the quantile regression models, the level of income in rice farming is influenced by a lower number of years in farming. This implies that younger farmers are more productive and efficient in enhancing their economic income since they are more competitive than traditional farmers. In addition, the regression models revealed that knowledge and attitude toward FFS do not influence their rice income unless it is implemented and adopted. Moreover, it is depicted that the practices of FFS farmers significantly influenced their level of income at a 10% level. Hence, FFS training has improved the productivity of farmers, and positively impacted their economic income and decisionmaking process. Furthermore, the study suggested that the FFS program must continually reach out to more smallscale farmers, especially in rural areas to attain sustainability in the country.
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Students during the distance education were experiencing solitude and depression in their studies due to no social interaction which led to psychological suffering. In this article, college students' attitudes toward statistics learning... more
Students during the distance education were experiencing solitude and depression in their studies due to no social interaction which led to psychological suffering. In this article, college students' attitudes toward statistics learning were investigated, and its predictors by statistical modeling. This study used a complex-correlational research design and primary data were utilized and gathered through complete enumeration. The data were summarized using descriptive statistics, and presented in tabular form. As for modeling the predictors of students' attitudes in learning statistics, it was done through multiple linear regression via the Ordinary Least Square Approach. The finding of statistical calculations revealed that, on average, students possess a "neutral attitude" towards learning statistics online. This suggests that students do not show active involvement and positive engagement in the classroom environment due to some challenges they have encountered during online learning. The regression model I revealed that students who are using mobile phones, fewer study hours in statistics, and intimate relationships with teachers are the significant factors of positive attitude in learning. Regression model II showed that low internet signal and low mental health are significant determinants of positive behavior in learning statistics online. Conclusively, students who have suitable gadgets for online learning and with good vibes with their teachers have good performance in class even if they study less, however, effective. Moreover, students with less distraction on social media and with mental stress, tend to deviate their attention in studying their lessons in statistics which positively increases their learning attitude and wellbeing.
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This study aimed to elucidate the job satisfaction level and capture its governing factors among high school teachers in Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines. In selecting the participants, a simple random sampling was applied to three chosen... more
This study aimed to elucidate the job satisfaction level and capture its governing factors among high school teachers in Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines. In selecting the participants, a simple random sampling was applied to three chosen high schools in Ormoc City, and primary data were gathered from them. Some descriptive statistics were computed to describe the data and the Chi-square test for association was employed to determine the relationship between any two variables. Results of the calculation depicted that, on average, teachers are "satisfied" with their jobs despite the challenges of modular distance education amid the lockdown brought on by the health crisis. The Chi-square test has revealed that if the highest educational attainment is a bachelor's degree, conducive workplace assignment, and lower job categorization are determinants of work satisfaction among high school teachers during modular distance education. This implies that teachers with minimal and doable workloads are more satisfied in their jobs during the new normal. In addition, if the teachers are comfortable in their workplace, they are motivated to work despite the difficulties they have encountered during the pandemic. Hence, the study suggests that school leaders must adjust to lessening the workload of teachers to avoid stress and burnout.
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Being a happy student during unprecedented times depends on coping behavior that lessens their anxiety level while learning. This article stresses to explain the level of happiness and coping behavior amid the COVID-19 pandemic while... more
Being a happy student during unprecedented times depends on coping behavior that lessens their anxiety level while learning. This article stresses to explain the level of happiness and coping behavior amid the COVID-19 pandemic while learning mathematics online. The study also determines the different factors of happiness and coping behavior using a statistical model. Primary data were gathered through a Google form survey of 233 students at Visayas State University during the second semester of the academic year 2021-2022. Results showed that students are moderately happy and coping with learning mathematics amid the challenges they have experienced in distance learning. The findings revealed that the students’ happiness level is dependent on their coping strategies in learning. Hence, students coping behavior in the learning process will positively influence their well-being and cognitive thinking. The regression model (I) reveals that the factor of being a happy student in learning mathematics is to have an older age or more experience. In addition, students are happy if their teachers are helping them with their learning activities online. Meanwhile, the regression model (II) depicted that the students’ coping behavior is influenced by study habits, money spent on their internet load, teacher support, and teachers’ strategies on how the learning environment is comfortable. Hence, teachers must develop a positive attitude towards their students and give them activities that are suitable and appropriate for online learning. Furthermore, it is recommended that the mathematics curriculum must be enhanced concerning distance education and students’ well-being.
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Statistics education amid the new normal faced a lot of challenges and barriers where students cannot seriously experience the logical and rewarding nature of statistics. This research article aimed to describe the logical and rewarding... more
Statistics education amid the new normal faced a lot of challenges and barriers where students cannot seriously experience the logical and rewarding nature of statistics. This research article aimed to describe the logical and rewarding nature of statistics experienced by students in the new normal and elucidate the causal determinants. The study dealt with secondary and cross-sectional data from the current study in the literature. Standard descriptive measures, frequency table, and chi-square test were calculated to summarize the selected variables, and ordered logistic regression was employed to capture the influencing factors of how logical and rewarding learning statistics is. Results showed that, on average, statistics learning during distance education is both logical and rewarding. The regression models revealed that the predictors of the logical nature of statistics are younger students, male students, money for the internet, and a conducive place for learning. Meanwhile, the predictors of the rewarding nature of statistics are male students, household assets, physical health, money for the internet, and a conducive place for learning. Conclusively, students with more resources and a comfortable place for learning are likely to perform better and satisfied with learning. Hence, students in distance education must be provided with suitable tools for learning, and a healthy and conducive environment for studying.
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The new normal has shifted high school teachers' jobs from face-to-face to modular distance learning which requires more paperwork. This research article investigated job burnout among secondary teachers in Ormoc City Division, Leyte,... more
The new normal has shifted high school teachers' jobs from face-to-face to modular distance learning which requires more paperwork. This research article investigated job burnout among secondary teachers in Ormoc City Division, Leyte, Philippines, and elucidated the statistically significant factors affecting it. Primary data were gathered from a simple random sample of 132 high school teachers in the City of Ormoc. To summarise the acquired survey results, typical descriptive metrics such as frequency tables, percentages, mean average, and standard deviation were used to summarize the gathered survey data. The Chi-square test of independence was employed to capture the different factors influencing job burnout. The findings revealed that, on average, secondary teachers are "highly burnout" in modular and distance learning amidst the COVID-19 pandemic setup. The Chi-square test showed that marital status and department/school assignment are the factors influencing teachers' burnout levels. In particular, the cross-tabulation of marital status and burnout category revealed that married teachers are mostly highly burnout. Finally, responsibilities and duties in their household contribute to the teachers' working stress and tiredness. Furthermore, different schools have varying job assignments, with some schools assigning heavier loads, resulting in severe teacher burnout. According to the report, school leaders should prioritize teachers' well-being by reducing their responsibilities and implementing leisure school activities to alleviate stressful circumstances.
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This article exposes the combinatorial formula that determines the path domination number in a grid graph and discusses some of its properties. Seven properties are derived regarding the path domination number of grid graphs. Furthermore,... more
This article exposes the combinatorial formula that determines the path domination number in a grid graph and discusses some of its properties. Seven properties are derived regarding the path domination number of grid graphs. Furthermore, some additional properties as direct consequences of the derived main properties are also discussed.
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, schools, particularly in rural areas, employed Modular Distance Learning (MDL) to ensure educational continuity. Modular distance learning is the current learning modality of primary education, where parents... more
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, schools, particularly in rural areas, employed Modular Distance Learning (MDL) to ensure educational continuity. Modular distance learning is the current learning modality of primary education, where parents serve as parent-teachers to their children. This study seeks to evaluate the experiences of students and teachers of Elementary School, on modular distance learning during the pandemic. This study used the qualitative method of interviewing nine students and six teachers to learn about their MDL experiences. Data process involves combining related concepts and themes to produce a more structured and organized picture of the data. MDL strengthens family bonding, promotes independent learning, and economizes money and time. However, it is an additional workload for working parents; there needs to be more teacher-student interaction, preventing pupils from socializing and gadget distractions. The article revealed that MDL has positive and negative experiences for teachers and students. Therefore, the impact may vary depending on individual circumstances and adaptability. The study suggests that suitable strategies should address any challenges during implementation and evaluation. Furthermore, teachers must undergo training related to MDL to address existing problems in delivering their lessons.
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Students have different kinds of acquisition styles depending on their convenience in the learning environment. This study aims to look into the different kinds of learning styles (visual, auditory, and tactile) among students in learning... more
Students have different kinds of acquisition styles depending on their convenience in the learning environment. This study aims to look into the different kinds of learning styles (visual, auditory, and tactile) among students in learning statistics during the new normal at Visayas State University, Leyte, Philippines. In addition, the article tends to determine the various correlating factors that significantly influence their learning styles. Secondary data were utilized from an existing current paper in the literature and analyzed using standard descriptive statistics and ordinal regression. Results of the analysis showed that students' learning styles as visual, auditory, and tactile are rated "sometimes." This indicates that the learning ability of students is adversely affected by the pandemic. On average, students preferred a visual learning style during the new normal in their acquisition of distance statistics education. This means that students prefer to read visual representations like books, handouts, and modules, among others, of their lessons in statistics online. Regression revealed that younger students are more likely visual learners, higher family income governing the students to auditory learners, and the number of hours in studying and leisure time makes the students tactile learners. In conclusion, students must be provided with detailed learning materials for their statistics lessons, and encourage them to study by providing realistic and interesting activities. Furthermore, statistics teachers must show positive vibes to lessen the students' stress and advise the students a good time management on how to correctly study in that suits their learning styles during the new normal.
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This article aimed to investigate the unheard sentiments among Mamanwa learners in mainstream education to create a suitable educational policy for indigenous learners in the Philippines. The study utilized purposive (nonprobability)... more
This article aimed to investigate the unheard sentiments among Mamanwa learners in mainstream education to create a suitable educational policy for indigenous learners in the Philippines. The study utilized purposive (nonprobability) sampling comprising fifteen participants residing in Panaon Area, Southern Leyte, Philippines. Since the study involved the indigenous people community, free prior informed consent (FPIC) was secured from authorities. This study focused on the lived experiences of Mamanwa learners, particularly the barriers, challenges, and coping mechanisms for handling the struggles they faced in mainstream education. A face-to-face semi-structured interview was employed to gather meaningful responses analyzed through Colaizzi's strategy. The findings revealed that the Mamanwa learners' social isolation, the inadequacy of learning materials, lack of access to educational services, and limited support resources and educational funds from the government have contributed to their ongoing challenge to completion in mainstream education. These factors have all affected their personal and social well-being. Conclusively, despite the barriers and challenges, however, the Mamanwa learners are becoming resilient and diversely unique individuals who need to be understood, accepted, and embraced just like any other member of society. Furthermore, the fueling mechanisms of every indigenous group to cross mainstream education are in the hopes of building growth, promoting connections through intense exposure in the community, and as individuals of disadvantaged groups with a social change mindset aimed to improve their social status.
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Farmers' subjective satisfaction can be a basis for the improvement of any development programs in agriculture. This paper intended to evaluate the farmers' satisfaction with Participatory Coconut Planting Project (PCPP) and predict its... more
Farmers' subjective satisfaction can be a basis for the improvement of any development programs in agriculture. This paper intended to evaluate the farmers' satisfaction with Participatory Coconut Planting Project (PCPP) and predict its governing factors using a statistical model. This study utilized secondary and cross-sectional data from a current study in the literature to quantify the farmers' perception and its factors to PCPP that is organized by Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA). Hence, the study involved 145 coconut farmers who participated in the PCPP to increase their productivity and income level. The data were summarized through descriptive calculations and determine the association of variables with the aid of regression analysis. Results of the study have depicted that coconut farmers, on average, are satisfied with the different functions of PCPP in regard to their farming activities. This implies that farmers are being assisted with their needs and concerns involving the production process. The regression model has revealed that younger farmers are more likely satisfied with the project. In addition, farmers with higher incomes tend to appreciate the PCPP functions. Moreover, farmers who experienced some training and a member of some agricultural associations are more satisfied with PCPP. Conclusively, young and active farmers who involved themselves in government programs in agriculture are more productive, efficient, and appreciative of farming projects. Hence, it is suggested that PCPP must be strengthened to reach out to more coconut farmers to improve their production, income, and their lives.
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Rice farming is one of the main sources of income in many rural areas in the Philippines. The purpose of this study is to model the different constraints that influence the level of rice farmers' income in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines.... more
Rice farming is one of the main sources of income in many rural areas in the Philippines. The purpose of this study is to model the different constraints that influence the level of rice farmers' income in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines. Survey data from an available sample of participants were gathered through a face-to-face interview consisting of the rice farmers' income and its determining constraints. Some descriptive measures were calculated to summarize the gathered variables and ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was employed to predict the significant constraints of farmers' monthly income. Results revealed that the rice farmers' monthly income is below the poverty line as the Philippine poverty threshold is concerned, that is, rice farmers in rural areas are considered "poor". The farmers have said that their rice production and income level are "affected" by the following constraints: "high prices of agricultural inputs", "inadequate capital", and "pest and diseases". Additionally, their rice production and income are moderately affected by "lack of credit facilities", "lack of technical services", and "weeds". Moreover, the two constructed statistical models showed that the following constraints are significant factors affecting the income level of rice farmers: "high prices of agricultural inputs", "lack of credit facilities", "high cost of transportation", "low educational attainment", and "land rent". Conclusively, farmers are in need of assistance from the local government concerning access to credit for capital, adoption of new technologies in farming, and other facilities that might improve their production. Furthermore, farmers must undergo some seminars and training to strengthen their knowledge of rice farming and improve their practices to increase their level of production, well-being, and monthly income.
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Rice is the most important crop grown in the Philippines since it is an essential food and a source of income for many Filipinos. The study's purpose is to determine the various influencing factors affecting the rice production of... more
Rice is the most important crop grown in the Philippines since it is an essential food and a source of income for many Filipinos. The study's purpose is to determine the various influencing factors affecting the rice production of small-scale farmers in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines. Using Slovin's formula, a total of 73 rice farmers were randomly selected as respondents to the survey. Some descriptive techniques were employed to summarize the different variables. A categorical relationship analysis using a Chi-square test was used to analyze the significant factors of rice production. Results showed that about 57.53% and 42.47% of the farmers are experiencing low and high production levels, respectively. On average, rice farmers are "moderately affected" (M=23.00, SD=4.55) by the different constraints in the rice production process from planting to harvesting. In addition, farmers are "uncertain" (M=19.67, SD=3.01) about the effectiveness and usefulness of extension agents' role in their production process. Moreover, it is revealed that the demographic profile, constraints in rice farming, and extension agents' role does not affect the farmers' rice production level. On the other hand, other sources of income (p=0.034), monthly income in farming (p=0.13), and farm size (p<0.001) are the only significant determinants in the rice production level. Hence, the study suggested that rural farmers must be supported by the government concerning their agricultural inputs, capital, and equipment, among others. Furthermore, the local government must train their extension agents rigorously to appropriately disseminate the new technologies to farmers so that they can adopt them systematically to improve their level of rice production.
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Students in distance education are expected to have low levels of happiness in learning. As such, they must possess coping behaviour and self-efficacy to become motivated in school. This article aims to depict the level of students'... more
Students in distance education are expected to have low levels of happiness in learning. As such, they must possess coping behaviour and self-efficacy to become motivated in school. This article aims to depict the level of students' coping behaviour, happiness, and self-efficacy in learning mathematics amid the COVID-19 pandemic and determine their association. Primary data were gathered through Google Forms from 233 available samples of mathematics students at Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines. The data were summarized through selected descriptive statistics and depicted their relationship with the aid of Spearman rho correlation. In addition, Kmeans clustering was employed to categorize the students into similar characteristics in regard to coping, happiness, and efficacy. The results showed that students during the pandemic are coping, moderately happy, and possess moderate self-efficacy. The correlation analysis revealed that students' coping behaviour, happiness level, and selfefficacy are highly and directly associated with each other. This suggests that the students' coping, happiness, and efficacy levels must go together to achieve a good academic performance in mathematics during distance education. Moreover, the Kmeans clustering analysis revealed that there are a group of students with significantly lower coping behaviour, happiness level, and self-efficacy in learning. In conclusion, mathematics teachers must encourage their students to engage in the classroom to boost their coping, happiness, and efficacy. Furthermore, teachers must give interesting and realistic mathematics activities, however, doable and suitable for online learning amid the health crisis.
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During the pandemic, submitting students' outputs in mathematics is seldom on time because of a lack of focus on doing their activities before the deadline. In fact, several causal factors cause the students' submission process of... more
During the pandemic, submitting students' outputs in mathematics is seldom on time because of a lack of focus on doing their activities before the deadline. In fact, several causal factors cause the students' submission process of mathematics outputs. Hence, this study focused on investigating the factors of outputs submission on time among students at Visayas State University taking a mathematics course online amid the new normal. The study involved statistical measures to summarize the variables of interest and employed binary logistic regression to model the causal factors affecting the students' submission on time. Results revealed that only 26.15% of the students are submitting their mathematics outputs on time. This means that during the pandemic, several students are having difficulty submitting their outputs on or before the given deadline. The logistic regression model showed that the significant factors that influence the students' submission on time include the availability of laptops (p-value=0.011), money spent on internet load (p-value=0.062), small household size (p-value=0.087), and internet signal strength (p-value=0.020). It is concluded that appropriate gadgets (technology) for online learning are a great help in accomplishing learning tasks on time. Additionally, less distraction at home, enough budget, and a good internet signal can progress their required mathematics activities and sustain an effective learning behavior amid the distance learning process. Hence, students must be supported by the Philippine government in terms of their need for learning tools that are suitable for online learning. Furthermore, teachers must provide attainable learning tasks given the deadline of submission and encourage their students to develop time scheduling management for their mathematics activities.
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In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, a direct shift from face-to-face classes to online learning causes various challenges for students. This article aimed to assess the different challenges of students that they are experiencing during... more
In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, a direct shift from face-to-face classes to online learning causes various challenges for students. This article aimed to assess the different challenges of students that they are experiencing during the pandemic and correlates them with their profile. Cross-sectional and primary data from 190 random samples of senior high students were gathered at Visayas State University-Senior High School, Leyte, Philippines. The data concerning students' profiles and challenges were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, percentages, and graphs, and Chi-square tests were employed to determine a uniform distribution and association among variables. The results showed that students are "rarely" challenged with a lack of usable gadgets and technology illiteracy. Students are "sometimes" challenged with poor internet connectivity, lack of a conducive place, and poor cognitive thinking. And "often" challenged with extraneous distractions, social expectations, and poor health. The Chi-square revealed that poor health is associated with the student's grade level, gender, and household size. Moreover, the family monthly income of students is correlated to poor internet connectivity, lack of a conducive place, technology illiteracy, and poor health. Plus, gender is significantly related to social expectations. Conclusively, students' poor mental and physical health must be addressed by the teachers by giving them lively, doable, and interesting activities. Teachers also must provide printed modules and tasks so that students may not spend more on gadgets and the internet. Furthermore, teachers must undergo some training in online learning to remedy the challenges, poor health, and well-being of students while learning online.
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Self-efficacy in learning mathematics helps the student to overcome difficulties and challenges in problem-solving during unprecedented times. This article aims to measure the level of students' self-efficacy and its determinants during... more
Self-efficacy in learning mathematics helps the student to overcome difficulties and challenges in problem-solving during unprecedented times. This article aims to measure the level of students' self-efficacy and its determinants during the COVID-19 pandemic in learning mathematics online. The study considered primary data from 233 students selected in a non-random approach at Visayas State University, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines through the aid of an online survey. The data were analyzed using some descriptive statistics calculation and regression analysis was used to model the students' self-efficacy and its factors. Results showed that, on average, the students' self-efficacy level is considered "moderate" amidst the pandemic. This means that most of these students are still having mathematical anxiety and experiencing hindrances in achieving good academic performance in mathematics online. The statistical model revealed that the demographic and learning profile of students is not significantly influencing the level of self-efficacy. In addition to that, the mathematics teachers' intervention has shown also an insignificant influence on the students' self-efficacy. In conclusion, students during the pandemic are having difficulty adopting a new type of learning (distant/online) due to their moderate level of self-efficacy. Hence, the study recommends that teachers must make the learning environment exciting and interesting to boost the students' motivation and self-efficacy in doing their mathematics tasks. Furthermore, teachers must give mathematics activities that are suitable and doable for online learning that enhances students' creative thinking.
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The good qualities of a calculus teacher are an asset in producing great results for students and themselves. This study aimed to investigate the different competencies of a calculus teacher as correlates of students' experiences in... more
The good qualities of a calculus teacher are an asset in producing great results for students and themselves. This study aimed to investigate the different competencies of a calculus teacher as correlates of students' experiences in learning at Visayas State University, Philippines. The study employed selected secondary data from the existing study in literature such as competencies in teaching calculus subjects and different types of learning experiences of students. The study used some descriptive statistical measures to summarize the selected data and employed Spearman rho correlation to predict significant factors (teacher's competencies) that might influence the student's learning experiences. Results showed that teachers' competencies such as "prepared", "knowledgeable", "mastery", "organized", "decent", and "approachable" are highly correlated to the different learning experiences of students at a 1% level of significance. Hence, calculus teachers must be always knowledgeable in a class through rigorous preparation and studying. It is also concluded that teachers must develop a mastery of calculus subjects and apply an organized routine during class discussions to obtain desired academic performance for students. In addition, a well-groomed and professional may be integrated in front of students as well as open-mindedness and good personality to make interactive and stimulating class discussions. It is recommended that calculus teachers may undergo some rigorous training for calculus teaching to become a knowledgeable and competitive educators. Furthermore, teachers who will teach college calculus must be holding at least a master's degree in line with mathematics education or pure mathematics.
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This article aimed to present the role of extension agents in improving rice farmers' income in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines. It also predicts the significant factors that influence the rice farmers' income to make policies that might... more
This article aimed to present the role of extension agents in improving rice farmers' income in Albuera, Leyte, Philippines. It also predicts the significant factors that influence the rice farmers' income to make policies that might improve the well-being of farmers as well as their rice production. Primary data were gathered through a developed structured questionnaire as a guide for a face-to-face interview of the sample farmers. The gathered data were summarized through some descriptive statistics and constructed an inference using econometric analysis in the form of a regression model. Results depicted that the average monthly income of rice farmers in Albuera, Leyte is close to 5,047.95 (₱) (SD=2,208.20 (₱)). On average, farmers' perception score towards extension agents' role revealed that they are "undecided" (Mean=3.28; SD=0.85) (score of 1 to 5) in regards to satisfaction. Additionally, the econometric model showed that farmer's ownership of the rice field (p-value=0.003), educational attainment of farmers (p-value=0.001), perception of farmers to extension agents as "organizers" (p-value=0.100), and perception of farmers to extension agent as "facilitator" (p-value=0.080) are the significant predictors of their monthly income. In conclusion, farmers in Albuera need assistance in regard to their agricultural production especially knowledge about new technologies and innovation to increase their economic profit. Hence, the study recommends that the Philippine local government must initiate organizing farmers' associations and cooperatives to address farmers' constraints and lack of agricultural training. Furthermore, the agricultural sector in the country must strengthen the agricultural extension agents by giving them proper training and education to effectively aid farmers.
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Good economic profitability in rice farming is known to have a positive influence on the happiness or well-being of farmers. This study investigated the relationship between profit and happiness of rice farmers in Leyte, Philippines under... more
Good economic profitability in rice farming is known to have a positive influence on the happiness or well-being of farmers. This study investigated the relationship between profit and happiness of rice farmers in Leyte, Philippines under the carrying out of Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) in the country. The study employed cross-sectional and secondary data from an existing study from rice farming literature that measures the profit and corresponding happiness of a farmer in one cropping season. Regression modeling was used to elucidate the correlation between profit and happiness, and K-means clustering was employed to categorize a group of farmers that have more or less the same characteristics. Results showed that, on average, profit and happiness are relatively low during the implementation of RTL. The bivariate linear regression model has shown that there is a positive relationship between profit and happiness. This implies that as profit increases, the happiness of a farmer also increases. In addition, the logistic regression has revealed that the likelihood of a farmer being happy increases by 0.324% when the profit increases by 1%. Moreover, the ordered logistic regression has shown that as profit increases by 1%, farmers' log odds of being happy increase by 0.0129. Furthermore, by K-means clustering, the dominant of the farmers (45.76%) are grouped as low profit and happiness, and only 7.91% are categorized as high profit and happiness under RTL. Hence, the study recommends that the Philippine government must subsidize the local farmers' needs to increase their economic profit and improve their well-being as a farmer.
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In any school, creative learning as an enjoyable experience for students signals effective cognitive thinking in the teaching-learning environment. This study targets to explain the level of how creative and enjoyable learning statistics... more
In any school, creative learning as an enjoyable experience for students signals effective cognitive thinking in the teaching-learning environment. This study targets to explain the level of how creative and enjoyable learning statistics and determine its cognitive factors among students amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The study exploited secondary data from an existing study and analyzed it using descriptive statistics and regression modeling. Results showed that learning statistics during the pandemic is "moderately" creative (M=6.07, SD=1.86) and "moderately" enjoyable (M=5.78, SD=1.98). Based on Pearson correlation and simple regression, if the level of creativity increases, it is more enjoyable to learn statistics online. The regression model reveals that internet signal, students using cell phones, and how rewarding learning statistics is as significant predictors of creativity. Additionally, for older students, how rewarding learning statistics, physical health, and lower statistics anxiety are the significant determinants of enjoyment level in learning statistics online. In that case, to maintain creativity and enjoyment in learning statistics amid the pandemic, it is suggested that teachers must encourage and show a positive attitude to the students to lower their anxiety levels. Furthermore, teachers must consider interesting and healthy learning activities to step up the creative ideas of students and enjoy learning despite the adverse effect of the pandemic.