Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to contro... more Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to control elevated cholesterol, or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. Okra mucilage is used to reduce the cholesterol level since these formulations developed a synergistic effect. The half life of simvastatin is 2h for simvastatin acid. Simvastatin microspheres were prepared by using sodium alginate in combination with Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), as drug release modifiers in various proportions to overcome the drug related adverse effects. The drug entrapment efficiency increased progressively with increasing concentration of both sodium alginate and okra mucilage resulting in the formation of larger microspheres entrapping greater amounts of the drug. The prepared microspheres were subjected to various evaluation and in vitro release studies. The particle sizes of the prepared microspheres were determined by optical microscopy and SEM analysis. The prepared microspheres had good spherical geometry with smooth surface as evidence by SEM. Study the capability of the formulation to withstand the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine.
Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to contro... more Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to control elevated cholesterol, or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. Okra mucilage is used to reduce the cholesterol level since these formulations developed a synergistic effect. The half life of simvastatin is 2h for simvastatin acid. Simvastatin microspheres were prepared by using sodium alginate in combination with Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), as drug release modifiers in various proportions to overcome the drug related adverse effects. The drug entrapment efficiency increased progressively with increasing concentration of both sodium alginate and okra mucilage resulting in the formation of larger microspheres entrapping greater amounts of the drug. The prepared microspheres were subjected to various evaluation and in vitro release studies. The particle sizes of the prepared microspheres were determined by optical microscopy and SEM analysis. The ...
Educational success is often synonymous with attainment of academic qualifications. However for s... more Educational success is often synonymous with attainment of academic qualifications. However for some students, simply continuing to attend school rather than dropping out may represent an important attainment, and completion of secondary school significantly reduces chances of subsequent chronic poverty. The longitudinal US NELS dataset was assessed to examine predictors of dropout. Results supported a differentiated perspective of student outcomes whereby dropout before Grade 12 was predicted far less by prior academic ...
Sacred or protected values have important influences on decision making, particularly in the cont... more Sacred or protected values have important influences on decision making, particularly in the context of intergroup disputes. Thus far, we know little about the process of a value becoming sacred or why one person may be more likely than another to hold a sacred value. We present evidence that participation in religious ritual and perceived threat to the group lead
We explore how Darwinian notions of moral virtue and parochial altruism may relate to the emergin... more We explore how Darwinian notions of moral virtue and parochial altruism may relate to the emerging cognitive framework of the devoted actor who undertakes extreme actions in defense of group values. After a brief discussion of the theoretical framework, we present exploratory data resulting from interviews of 62 Lebanese individuals of varying religious backgrounds (Sunni, Shia and Christian) in Beirut and Byblos (Jbeil) in a time of heightened tension owing to spillover from the Syrian civil war. Analytic measures focused on willingness to make costly sacrifices for confessional (religious) groups and sectarian values, as a function of the degree to which people perceived universal and parochial values to be morally important, and considered their personal selves “fused” with their group. Sectarian moralists who fused with their religion expressed strong willingness to support costly sacrifices for the group, whereas people who fused with their religion but moralized universal valu...
Recent cross-cultural experiments and fieldwork related to violent extremism in hotspots around t... more Recent cross-cultural experiments and fieldwork related to violent extremism in hotspots around the world suggest that the most dangerous and effective terrorists today are “devoted actors.” Devoted actors are chiefly motivated by “sacred values” (SVs), which are operationally identified in terms of immunity or resistance to material trade-offs, to normative social influence, and to exit strategies. Devoted actors are particularly likely to make costly and extreme sacrifices in defense of SVs when their personal identities are “fused” with the collective identity of a primary reference group, such as a tight-knit religious “brotherhood” of imagined kin. There is an evolutionary rationale for the willingness to make costly sacrifices (e.g., death) for the group. When a perceived outside threat to one’s primary reference group is very high, and survival prospects very low, then only if sufficiently many members of a group are endowed with such a willingness to extreme sacrifice can the group hope to parry stronger but less devoted enemies. SVs mobilized for collective action by devoted actors enable outsize commitment in low-power groups to resist and often prevail against materially more powerful foes who depend on standard material incentives, such as armies and police that rely on pay and promotion. Recent changes in the composition of some terrorist groups from fairly well-educated and well-off founders to increasingly marginalized youth in transitional stages of life follow this evolutionary rationale.
Most current approaches to negotiation of resource and political conflicts assume that parties to... more Most current approaches to negotiation of resource and political conflicts assume that parties to these conflicts are rational actors that weigh the costs and benefits of their choices, treat values as though they are fungible, and then act in a way that maximizes their benefits. However, recent research suggests that this is not the case. In other words, people do not treat all values as amenable to tradeoffs, but rather they distinguish between material values having to do with resource pricing and markets and sacred values that reside in the moral realm. Moreover, people seem to apply different reasoning to sacred vs. material values. Even more crucially, what is considered sacred and what is considered material varies among cultures. In this chapter we discuss research by us and others into the nature of sacred values in real world conflicts and the implications of the findings for ongoing political conflicts.
Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to contro... more Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to control elevated cholesterol, or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. Okra mucilage is used to reduce the cholesterol level since these formulations developed a synergistic effect. The half life of simvastatin is 2h for simvastatin acid. Simvastatin microspheres were prepared by using sodium alginate in combination with Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), as drug release modifiers in various proportions to overcome the drug related adverse effects. The drug entrapment efficiency increased progressively with increasing concentration of both sodium alginate and okra mucilage resulting in the formation of larger microspheres entrapping greater amounts of the drug. The prepared microspheres were subjected to various evaluation and in vitro release studies. The particle sizes of the prepared microspheres were determined by optical microscopy and SEM analysis. The prepared microspheres had good spherical geometry with smooth surface as evidence by SEM. Study the capability of the formulation to withstand the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine.
Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to contro... more Simvastatin potassium is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to control elevated cholesterol, or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. Okra mucilage is used to reduce the cholesterol level since these formulations developed a synergistic effect. The half life of simvastatin is 2h for simvastatin acid. Simvastatin microspheres were prepared by using sodium alginate in combination with Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), as drug release modifiers in various proportions to overcome the drug related adverse effects. The drug entrapment efficiency increased progressively with increasing concentration of both sodium alginate and okra mucilage resulting in the formation of larger microspheres entrapping greater amounts of the drug. The prepared microspheres were subjected to various evaluation and in vitro release studies. The particle sizes of the prepared microspheres were determined by optical microscopy and SEM analysis. The ...
Educational success is often synonymous with attainment of academic qualifications. However for s... more Educational success is often synonymous with attainment of academic qualifications. However for some students, simply continuing to attend school rather than dropping out may represent an important attainment, and completion of secondary school significantly reduces chances of subsequent chronic poverty. The longitudinal US NELS dataset was assessed to examine predictors of dropout. Results supported a differentiated perspective of student outcomes whereby dropout before Grade 12 was predicted far less by prior academic ...
Sacred or protected values have important influences on decision making, particularly in the cont... more Sacred or protected values have important influences on decision making, particularly in the context of intergroup disputes. Thus far, we know little about the process of a value becoming sacred or why one person may be more likely than another to hold a sacred value. We present evidence that participation in religious ritual and perceived threat to the group lead
We explore how Darwinian notions of moral virtue and parochial altruism may relate to the emergin... more We explore how Darwinian notions of moral virtue and parochial altruism may relate to the emerging cognitive framework of the devoted actor who undertakes extreme actions in defense of group values. After a brief discussion of the theoretical framework, we present exploratory data resulting from interviews of 62 Lebanese individuals of varying religious backgrounds (Sunni, Shia and Christian) in Beirut and Byblos (Jbeil) in a time of heightened tension owing to spillover from the Syrian civil war. Analytic measures focused on willingness to make costly sacrifices for confessional (religious) groups and sectarian values, as a function of the degree to which people perceived universal and parochial values to be morally important, and considered their personal selves “fused” with their group. Sectarian moralists who fused with their religion expressed strong willingness to support costly sacrifices for the group, whereas people who fused with their religion but moralized universal valu...
Recent cross-cultural experiments and fieldwork related to violent extremism in hotspots around t... more Recent cross-cultural experiments and fieldwork related to violent extremism in hotspots around the world suggest that the most dangerous and effective terrorists today are “devoted actors.” Devoted actors are chiefly motivated by “sacred values” (SVs), which are operationally identified in terms of immunity or resistance to material trade-offs, to normative social influence, and to exit strategies. Devoted actors are particularly likely to make costly and extreme sacrifices in defense of SVs when their personal identities are “fused” with the collective identity of a primary reference group, such as a tight-knit religious “brotherhood” of imagined kin. There is an evolutionary rationale for the willingness to make costly sacrifices (e.g., death) for the group. When a perceived outside threat to one’s primary reference group is very high, and survival prospects very low, then only if sufficiently many members of a group are endowed with such a willingness to extreme sacrifice can the group hope to parry stronger but less devoted enemies. SVs mobilized for collective action by devoted actors enable outsize commitment in low-power groups to resist and often prevail against materially more powerful foes who depend on standard material incentives, such as armies and police that rely on pay and promotion. Recent changes in the composition of some terrorist groups from fairly well-educated and well-off founders to increasingly marginalized youth in transitional stages of life follow this evolutionary rationale.
Most current approaches to negotiation of resource and political conflicts assume that parties to... more Most current approaches to negotiation of resource and political conflicts assume that parties to these conflicts are rational actors that weigh the costs and benefits of their choices, treat values as though they are fungible, and then act in a way that maximizes their benefits. However, recent research suggests that this is not the case. In other words, people do not treat all values as amenable to tradeoffs, but rather they distinguish between material values having to do with resource pricing and markets and sacred values that reside in the moral realm. Moreover, people seem to apply different reasoning to sacred vs. material values. Even more crucially, what is considered sacred and what is considered material varies among cultures. In this chapter we discuss research by us and others into the nature of sacred values in real world conflicts and the implications of the findings for ongoing political conflicts.
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Papers by Hammad Sheikh