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Centeneray of Lausanne Treaty, whcih is the founding document of Turkish Republic. Complete text and maps of Lausanne Treaty signed by all the parties involved. (Copy from Lausanne Municipality Archives) Turkciye Cumhruieyteinin Kurucu belgelerinden olan Lozan natlasmasinin imzalanmis Fransizca tam metni (Haritalarla birlikte)
Center For Eurasian Studies
THE NINETY-SEVENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SIGNING OF THE PEACE TREATY OF LAUSANNE2020 •
24 July is the ninety-seventh anniversary of the signing of the Peace Treaty of Lausanne (shortly Lausanne Treaty) on 24 July 1923 which legally abolished and superseded the Treaty of Sèvres of 10 August 1920 that was designed by the Allies of the World War I for the liquidation of the Ottoman Empire and virtually abolishing the Turkish sovereignty. Thanks to the Turkish War of Liberation conducted under the supervision of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara and under the able command of Mustafa Kemal a new state was born. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the Sultanate on 1 November 1922. Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire left İstanbul aboard the British warship on 17 November 1922. The Turkish Nation acquired its sovereignty and shaped its destiny through the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The Peace Treaty of Lausanne confirmed the sovereign independence of Turkey on an international plane. It is the founding document of the Turkish state. The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, three months after the signing of the Lausanne Treaty. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s motto of “Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation” is written on the wall of the General Assembly Hall behind the Speaker of the Parliament in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey as the basic and founding principle of the Republic of Turkey.
Middle Eastern Studies
The mosul question and the Turkish republic: Before and after the frontier treaty, 19262006 •
Swiss American Historical Society Review
The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Dipomat's Assassination2023 •
The year 2023 marks the centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne. This treaty that many readers may not have heard of created the Republic of Turkey. More than that, it was a conference held in Switzerland where the Great Powers created new borders and made decisions about refugees, access to what are known as the “Turkish Straits” and led to British and French control of Palestine, Syria, and Iraq. The new mandate system showed that colonialism was still the mindset of most Europeans, along with a fear of Russia, which had become the Soviet Union. The conference and treaty that are being reexamined 100 years later had a great impact on Turkey, the Middle East, and especially Armenians, Kurds, and Greeks. It led to the rise of Turkey as a major global power that would join NATO three years after it was formed in 1949, and continues to play a major role in international affairs. The Treaty of Lausanne marked the birth of a new nation and essentially European colonial rule in most of the Middle East for several decades. It was the last treaty where the major European powers dominated and made decisions on the future of a non-Western state. In addition, the assassination of a Soviet diplomat by a Swiss-Russian man during the conference led to decades of non-relations between the new country of the Soviet Union and the Swiss Confederation.
Recently, the Treaty of Lausanne has come under cross-fire, because of its restricting provisions. It is simply labelled as a failure. But it is really? This work examines the treaty in its historic context and difficulties.
İnönü University Press
Revisiting Lausanne After 100 Years in the Context of the National Pact Goal2019 •
Preface History can be interpreted as the pursuit of solutions and harmony for the tension and struggle between the forces of status quo and the forces that are open to change, from among the options of war or politics and diplomacy. Each state, structure and society acts on this, depending on its sources of power and knowledge and according to its nature and requirements, and international treaties serve as a live platform for the negotiation of such requirements. The Treaty of Lausanne has such a nature as a title deed recognizing the existence and independence of Turkey at an international level. Among the geostrategic adjustments of the last century, the arrangements regarding the reorganization of geographical and political units after the collapse of the Ottoman State, particularly in Turkey, the Balkans and the Middle East, were made with the Treaty of Lausanne. With these border arrangements, attempts were made to resolve many matters and issues, particularly the jurisdiction of the Bosphorus, the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and their islands, waterways, etc. in the interest of the Allies through international law and diplomacy. Although Turkey came to the table as an equal sovereign state, holding its head high, to secure its existence and resolve its survival problem, once and for all, with a national spirit of unity and solidarity, it was forced into engage in a challenging diplomatic struggle with multifaceted conflicts of interest under the influence of the dominant states and new powers in international policy. Just as they had minimized the risks posed by being immediate neighbors in the struggle between Tsarist Russia and Britain in Asia by assigning Afghanistan the role of buffer state a century ago, it was apparent that there was an intention to assign Turkey a similar role in Lausanne. However, the main factor in this regard was the positions and statuses of the Allies, as the victors of World War I, among themselves. Turkey was engaged in a cold war with the former great powers in diplomacy lobbies under new conditions and in the new conjuncture. This was indeed a tense and challenging time, teeming with unarmed strategic and tactical struggles, resembling a game of chess. The greatest advantage for Turkey was that the national struggle had been won, and that following the Armistice of Mudanya after the victory, the Turkish party was able to take part in this dog-eat-dog world with self-confidence and a strong stance, fed by the spirit of the Grand National Assembly. The new National State Projection had drawn the interest of the public and the Western states, for whom it was important that Turkey did not ally itself to Soviet Russia, and to integrate it in to the Western System. However, Turkey was in the process of changing its appearance and essence in its entirety. There was also, to some extent, a need to subject New Turkey to a test by discovering and interpretation, and direct observation and experience. The fact that this cutthroat diplomatic war and struggle had been softened by emphasis on peace and moderateness did not prevent it from showing its real face. The aspects of the issue that had to be accepted under the actual conditions of the time, and which was remarkable along with all other aspects that failed to fully satisfy the public, as reflected in the quote of İsmet Pasha, “We have saved Turkey for a century,” seemed to have brought with it many unavoidable arguments. In this book, the issue is addressed within the dynamics of international relations and politics, and is described in a multidimensional and vigorous presentation, on the basis of Turkey’s long-term interests and rights.
Center For Eurasian Studies
PEACE TREATY OF LAUSANNE AND THE END TO ARMENIAN ASPIRATIONS2016 •
July 24th is the 93rd anniversary of the Peace Treaty of Lausanne. The Lausanne Treaty is an important international contract that was negotiated, signed, and ratified by almost all important participants of the First World War. It is not only a crucial treaty due to the identity of the participating countries, but it is also crucial due to the scope of subject areas it covers. It is a treaty that covers political, military, economic, and humanitarian issues that appertains to the Ottoman Empire and Eastern Front of the First World War. It would not be farfetched to argue that it does not only effect the signatory countries, but has wide ranging ramifications for third-party countries. This paper deals with the demands for revision, alteration, or termination for this treaty and how such demands should be evaluated.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Remembering And Reminding The Significance, Meaning, And Provisions Of The Lausanne Peace Treaty In Its Centenary2023 •
Journal of Danubian Studies and Research
Lausanne Peace Treaty -the Turkish-Romanian Joint Arbitration Court Case Study: Nikola Kalfa's Case2021 •
The aim of this study are the relationships between Turkey and Romania, states with strong political, economic and socio-cultural ties, deeply rooted in history. Romania, which remained under the administration of the Ottoman State for several centuries, gained its independence after the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878. Achieving its independence did not cause hostility between the two states, but Turkey-Romania relations were discontinued during World War I, when Romania joined the Allied Powers / Entente. Although relations between the two states cooled in 1916, they re-established in 1922. The new relations between the two states expressed not only good intentions and principles of assistance, but were based on a fair and solid basis of cooperation. After 1923, when the Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed, relations between Turkey and Romania headed a different direction. Lausanne Peace Traty established some joint courts, and one of them is the Joint Turkish-Romanian Arbitration Court, which aimed to reach solutions to old, contested issues between the two states, but also for issues between the state and its citizen. This paper is a novelty in the field, because so far not all aspects of legal and economic relations between the two states have been debated. Relationships between Romania and Turkey were restored after the First World War and the Lausanne Peace Treaty. The body of the study, based on Başkanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi (Directorate of the State Archives), BCA, and The National Archives of the United States, Washington deals with the functioning of joint courts, emphasizing the nature of the cases the courts deal with, and discusses in detail Nikola Kalfa's case, which was debated by the Turkish-Romanian Joint Arbitration Court. The final lines highlight the influences of the Lausanne Peace Treaty on social and economic relations between the two states, Romania and Turkey. The study, "Lausanne Peace Treaty and the Turkish-Romanian Joint Arbitration Court. Case Study: Nikola Kalfa's Case" is useful for domain researchers, for students
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