Critical analysis of domestic violence Act

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Copyright © International Journal for Legal Research & Analysis www.ijlra.com Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 ISSN: 2582-6433 EDITORIAL TEAM EDITORS Megha Middha Megha Middha, Assistant Professor of Law in Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar Megha Middha, is working as an Assistant Professor of Law in Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar (Rajasthan). She has an experience in the teaching of almost 3 years. She has completed her graduation in BBA LL.B (H) from Amity University, Rajasthan (Gold Medalist) and did her post-graduation (LL.M in Business Laws) from NLSIU, Bengaluru. Currently, she is enrolled in a Ph.D. course in the Department of Law at Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur (Rajasthan). She wishes to excel in academics and research and contribute as much as she can to society. Through her interactions with the students, she tries to inculcate a sense of deep thinking power in her students and enlighten and guide them to the fact how they can bring a change to the society Dr. Samrat Datta Dr. Samrat Datta Seedling School of Law and Governance, Jaipur National University, Jaipur. Dr. Samrat Datta is currently associated with Seedling School of Law and Governance, Jaipur National University, Jaipur. Dr. Datta has completed his graduation i.e., B.A.LL.B. from Law College Dehradun, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand. He is an alumnus of KIIT University, Bhubaneswar where he pursued his post-graduation (LL.M.) in Criminal Law and subsequently completed his Ph.D. in Police Law and Information Technology from the Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur in 2020. His area of interest and research is Criminal and Police Law. Dr. Datta has a teaching experience of 7 years in various law schools across North India and has held administrative positions like Academic Coordinator, Centre Superintendent for Examinations, Deputy Controller of Examinations, Member of the Proctorial Board Page | 2 www.ijlra.com Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 ISSN: 2582-6433 Dr. Namita Jain Head & Associate Professor School of Law, JECRC University, Jaipur Ph.D. (Commercial Law) LL.M., UGC -NET Post Graduation Diploma in Taxation law and Practice, Bachelor of Commerce. Teaching Experience: 12 years, AWARDS AND RECOGNITION of Dr. Namita Jain are ICF Global Excellence Award 2020 in the category of educationalist by I Can Foundation, India. India Women Empowerment Award in the category of “Emerging Excellence in Academics by Prime Time & Utkrisht Bharat Foundation, New Delhi. (2020). Conferred in FL Book of Top 21 Record Holders in the category of education by Fashion Lifestyle Magazine, New Delhi. (2020).Certificate of Appreciation for organizing and managing the Professional Development Training Program on IPR in Collaboration with Trade Innovations Services, Jaipur on March 14th, 2019 Mrs.S.Kalpana Assistant professor of Law Mrs.S. Kalpana, presently Assistant professor of Law, VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi.Formerly Assistant professor of Law,Vels University in the year 2019 to 2020, Worked as Guest Faculty, Chennai Dr. Ambedkar Law College, Pudupakkam. Published one book. Published 8Articles in various reputed Law Journals. Conducted 1Moot court competition and participated in nearly 80 National and International seminars and webinars conducted on various subjects of Law. Did ML in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Administration.10 paper presentations in various National and International seminars. Attended more than 10 FDP programs. Ph.D. in Law pursuing. Avinash Kumar Avinash Kumar has completed his Ph.D. in International Investment Law from the Dept. of Law & Governance, Central University of South Bihar. His research work is on “International Investment Agreement and State's right to regulate Foreign Investment." He qualified UGC-NET and has been selected for the prestigious ICSSR Doctoral Fellowship. He is an alumnus of the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. Formerly he has been elected as Students Union President of Law Centre-1, University of Delhi. Moreover, he completed his LL.M. from the University of Delhi (2014-16), dissertation on "Cross-border Merger & Acquisition"; LL.B. from the University of Delhi (2011-14), and B.A. (Hons.) from Maharaja Agrasen College, University of Delhi. He has also obtained P.G. Diploma in IPR from the Indian Society of International Law, New Delhi. He has qualified UGC – NET examination and has been awarded ICSSR – Doctoral Fellowship. He has published six-plus articles and presented 9 plus papers in national and international seminars/conferences. He participated in several workshops on research methodology and teaching and learning. Page | 3 www.ijlra.com Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 ISSN: 2582-6433 ABOUT US INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH & ANLAYSIS ISSN 2582-6433 is an Online Journal is Monthly, Peer Review, Academic Journal, Published online, that seeks to provide an interactive platform for the publication of Short Articles, Long Articles, Book Review, Case Comments, Research Papers, Essay in the field of Law & Multidisciplinary issue. Our aim is to upgrade the level of interaction and discourse about contemporary issues of law. We are eager to become a highly cited academic publication, through quality contributions from students, academics, professionals from the industry, the bar and the bench. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH & ANALYSIS ISSN 2582-6433 welcomes contributions from all legal branches, as long as the work is original, unpublished and is in consonance with the submission guidelines. Page | 4 www.ijlra.com Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 ISSN: 2582-6433 PERILOUS EYE ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT ,2005(PROTECTION OF WOMEN AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT) Authored By - Ananya Sarka [B.A.Ll.B 5 Years(Honours) 2nd Semester] Indian Institute Of Legal Studies Coochbehar] Co-Author -Sunanda Das (Pursuing Ph.D Tata Institute Of Social Sciences,India & Assistant Professor Of Sociology Indian Institute Of Legal Studies Cooch Behar) Abstract Domestic abuse, also named "domestic violence" or "intimate partner violence", can be clear as a design of performance in any association that is rummage-sale to improvement or uphold power and switch over a close partner. Misuse is bodily, sensual, expressive, financial or mental movements or intimidations of movements that affect additional being. This comprises any actions that scare, threaten, terrify, operate, upset, chasten, responsibility, hurt, or wound somebody. Domestic abuse can occur to anybody of any competition, age, sensual location, faith, or sex. It can happen inside a variety of relations counting twosomes who are wedded, living together or courting. Domestic violence touches persons of all socioeconomic upbringings and teaching heights. Fatalities of domestic misuse may also comprise a child or other comparative, or any other domestic associate. Domestic abuse is characteristically established as a design of unmannerly performance near an intimate partner in a courting or family association, where the addict uses power and control ended the prey. Domestic abuse can be cerebral, bodily, financial or sexual in countryside. Events are infrequently remote, and frequently intensify in occurrence and sternness. Domestic abuse might conclude in solemn physical wound or death. Key Words:’’ intimate partner violence’’,’’ physical injury or death’’,’’ physical’’, sexual abuse’’ Page | 5 www.ijlra.com Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 ISSN: 2582-6433 Introduction The disappearing tints resuscitate with bright obviousness……. Your deliberate aide-mémoire of your nonstop prejudiced fact Persistently annoying to soothe and devour excavation! ….And so it enthusiasms…… the signal remainders. Janye Dough Domestic Violence can be labelled as when one mature in an association misappropriations control to switch additional. It is the founding of switch and terror in an association finished ferocity and other procedures of misuse. The ferocity may include physical misuse, sexual attack and intimidations. Occasionally it’s additional understated, like creation somebody feel insignificant, not leasing them have any currency, or not permitting them to consent the homespun. Social segregation and demonstrative manipulation can have continuing belongings as well as physical violence. It is one of the corruptions against womenfolk which are accompanying to their valuable situation in the culture. Domestic violence rises to violence against women exclusively in conjugal families. Therefore domestic violence is documented as a important fence to the authorization of womenfolk, with penalties for women’s fitness, their health-seeking performance and their acceptance of minor family standards. The question elevated in this object is in what way the Domestic Violence Act, 2005 has prospered in satisfying the supplies of passably important all events of domestic violence and as long as redressed and protection to its mortalities. The subject has been undertook on theoretical and applied estates, while the aforementioned performing is an significant first stage in footings of the ideas it presents into the Indian legal system, the feasibility of its application may be disputed on sure estates. Factually the term domestic mentions to a perfect domestic unit operative in an endangered method. Usually the family has been painstaking a scope of understanding, empty of battles between followers. Traditionally the personal is an idyllic domain converging uniqueness. This perfect beginning has all lengthways been defensive national ferocity. It is preserved chastely as a secluded substance amid people which is neither an anxiety of public inspection nor a subject to be interrogated by some outdoor activity. Certainly, it is seeming that the harmless home for menfolk to obligate violence against women is home-based. On the other hand home-grown is the smallest safe residence for Page | 6 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 womenfolk of all eternities. Though frequently, domestic violence is pragmatic as a sheltered family ingredient, the impression of it is so plentiful that it has convert a foremost public peril – as solemn as AIDS, tobacco, preparation misapplication, drunkenness etc. The possessions of vehemence can be overwhelming for women’s bodily health as well as her cerebral happiness. Some persons label it as a widespread. More fatalities in detail go to medicinal help previous in the rude association somewhat than looking for assistance from the forces/law implementation activities. Definitions of Domestic Violence: Collins Dictionary describes ferocity as: (1) ―Performance which is destined to upset or slay people ;(2) ―a countless contract of vigour rummage-sale in responsibility something-usually since you are very annoyed; ―arguments ,movements or additional procedures of look which are dangerous or unhelpful. The Oxford Dictionary describes ferocity as (1) ―the excellence of existence fierce;(2) ―ferocious demeanour or behaviour, barbarity, wound;(a) ―the illicit exercise of corporeal strength;" (b)"bullying by the showing of this. The Roget's Thesaurus complements few scopes to the notion existing by the former two lexica. It shows that the noun violence implies passion, hastiness, vigorousness, additional, violence, destruction, disorder, confusion, coarseness, harshness, physical force, viciousness, violence, cruelty, exacerbation, and bang. The adjective 'violent' is clarified by the footings violent, accusing, disorderly, self-indulgent, excessive, revolutionary etc. The UN stretches the most complete definition of family ferocity – Accordingly,―ferocity in the family establishes himself as corporeal maltreatment, often monotonous, which is interconnected to the bodybuilding of mental torment, desertion of basic requirements and sexual molestation. Violence is usually drilled in the neighbouring personal element where there are dependence associations, and fallouts in grave wrong to the sufferers; monotonous vehemence may bed istinguished from the infrequent incidence of ferocity. The United States of America’s Law on Family Violence and Prevention of Services act describes family ferocity as – ―any performance or endangered act of fierceness, including any awful care of an distinct which (a) penalties or appears to importance in physical coiled and (b) is devoted by a existence in contradiction of extra distinct to whom such existence is legally be in. Page | 7 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 Domestic violence occurs in closely all attitudes and states crosswise all known partings of affluence, struggle, period and social period. There may not ever have endured an antediluvian when it did not be. It is intrinsic in the society of internal. Man is privileged to display violence against womenfolk. The dispersion of the disproportion in power among men and women is undeveloped in a post way by the truthfulness of domestic violence. Causes of violence: Fair as there is an absence of agreement on a solitary meaning for domestic violence, "there is no solitary documented fundamental theory for national ferocity. Why a woman develops more susceptible is to be clarified in relative to the exact socio cultural setting she has to be. It is frequently problematic for a lady to bang ferocity, follow legal act or finish the association since of: terror for her care or that of her broods, terror that her broods will be detained or occupied absent by the spouse if it is -*985unproven that she is in some way an unfit mother, influence of her extended family or children, emotional attachment and loyalty to the abuser, low self-esteem and self-blame, economic dependency on the abuser, religious values or pressure from the cultural community, for immigrant women, fear of deportation, social isolation and absence of a provision scheme, establishments repudiating, reducing or justifying the harshness of the ferocity and overhead all absence of legal info about preys' rights. The main reasons of domestic violence may be abridged as follows. 1.Male conquered society: Even however women had increased to top locations, India was and motionless leftovers as a male conquered republic. 2. Lack of awareness of Laws: Fatalities of domestic violence are frightened to complaint as there is lack of cognizance or relatively lack of resourcefulness to brand her mindful of her privileges. 3. Laxity in implementation of the existing Acts: No or less labours are complete to upsurge consciousness between the womenfolk by the establishments sent to device theAct. 4. Government & Terror: If a national violence is stated by a third gathering then he/she is inspected as an interloper and problematic creator by the public. The bureaucracy related with commentary of domestic violence, lack of capitals for backing group ads up to the continual domestic violence in India. There are numerous dissimilar philosophies as to the reasons of domestic violence. These comprise psychological philosophies that reflect character characters and cerebral physiognomies of the Page | 8 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 committer, as well as social theories which deliberate outside issues in the committer's setting, such as family construction, pressure, social knowledge. As with many marvels are binding human knowledge, no solitary method seems to cover all bags. Concept of Domestic violence The numerous philosophies put onward for domestic violence are as follows: Psychological theory: 80% of men have character complaint, psychopathology, poor instinct switch, low self-esteem. Behavioral, Social theories: External influences in the criminal's atmosphere such as: family construction, anxiety &social learning. Social stress theory Insufficient moneys or other such glitches in a family may additional upsurge strains. Violence is not continuously produced by pressure, but may be one way that particular folks reply to pressure. Some gamble that deficiency may deter a man's aptitude to live up to his idea of "fruitful men", thus he doubts behind respect and admiration. Theory proposes that when he is powerless to frugally provision his wife, and uphold switch, he may turn to misogyny, material abuse, and corruption as ways to fast maleness. Amount of Domestic Violence in New Years – World Wide: The next are a few truths about the domestic violence in recent years. • According to a 2013 global assessment of available data, 35 per cent of women world wide have practiced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence. Nevertheless, some national violence scholarships show that up to 70 per cent of women have practiced physical and/or sexual violence in their era from an intimate partner. Page | 9 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 It is projected that of all womenfolk killed in 2012, almost half were slayed by intimate partners or family memberships. Further often than not, bags of violence against women go unreported. For example, a scholarship grounded on conferences with 42,000 womenfolk’s crossways the 28 Member States of the European Union exposed that only 14 per cent of females stated their most thoughtful event of intimate partner violence to the police, and 13 per cent stated their most thoughtful event of non-partner violence to the police. Universal, more than 700 billion womenfolk animated today were wedded as children (below18 years of age). Additional than one in three—or some 250 million—were wedded before 15.Child fiancées are repeatedly powerless to successfully exchange harmless sex, parting themselves defenceless to sexually communicated contaminations, counting HIV, lengthways with early pregnancy. The circumstance that girls are not materially developed abundant to elasticity biological, chairs both mothers besides their offspring at danger. Poor lassies are also 2.5 eras more probable to marry in infantile than those alive in the richest quintile. Amongst ever-married girls, present besides/or previous intimate partners are the greatest usually stated committers of physical violence in all the republics with obtainable data. About 120 million girls universal (somewhat more than 1 in 10) have knowledgeable involuntary communication or other involuntary sexual acts at some point in their exists. The Extent of Domestic violence in India It is problematic to approximation the degree of domestic violence in India. There are two rudimentary glitches which multiple to the trouble. Initially, tells to the wildlife of domestic violence. It receipts home behindhand closed doors, is hidden from the civic eye and is frequently unidentified to anybody outdoor the near family associations. Also, non-governmental action is implementation answerable to gather data on the subject. This consequences in the nonappearance of macro level data. Though, the data by National Crime Record Bureau and National Family HealthSurvey are revealing of the degree of the occurrence of domestic violence in India. Crime Record Bureau, which greatest all kind of corruptions in India do not have any detailed collection of domestic ferocity. Even the IPC categorize the following procedures of corruptions against women Rape (section 376, IPC), (Abduction and Kidnapping for dissimilar drives (section 363-373 IPC), Killing for present, dowry Page | 10 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 deaths or effort to obligate such corruptions (section302/304-B, IPC), Unkindness to wedded women (section 498-A, IPC), Molestation(section 354 IPC), Sexual harassment (section 354 A IPC). Import of Girls up to 21 years of age (section 366, IPC), IPC do not know domestic violence as corruption. Obtainable indications from the Crime Record Bureau designate that domestic violence supremacies lush within Indian families. Not only has this consumed the general amount of cases of crimes against womenfolk gone up in the past five centuries. There has been melodramatic growth in violence against women in the family. Agony (cruelty by spouse and families) form the largest group of stated crime against women, establishing 32.3 per cent of the total chronicled crime against women in 1999, presentation 5.9 per cent upsurge over the previous year). Fig-1-1: State wise Percentage of Ever Married Women with Physical Experience M.P 1: State wise Percentage of Ever Married Women with Physical Experience Bihar U.P RAJASTHAN 40.4 26.6 22.4 21.2 10.9 Y-Values Source: computed from different tables of NFHS -2 From Fig:1 we can see among four States , the rate of domestic violence is very high in Bihar which are 26.6%.And percentages of other States are in Madhya Pradesh 21.2%,in U.P22.4%,in Rajasthan 10.9%. Page | 11 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 Fig-2- State wise Percentage of Ever Married Women with Physical Experience 17.6 Series 2 Series 3 MAHARASTRA, 18.1 HARYANA, 13.2 PUNJAB, 13.7 3.5 4.5 GUJRAT, 10.1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 Source: computed from different tables of NFHS-2 From Fig-2 we can see that among four States the rates of Domestic Violence are very high in Maharashtra which are 18.1 and the rates of violence of other States are Gujrat 10.1,Haryana13.2, Punjab 13.7. Levels of Domestic Violence Fig 1 and 2 obviously demonstration that greatness of physical violence has full-grown up by bounds .NFHS-2(1997-1998) projected it at 21.0 per cent for the republic as a whole which rose up to 35.1 per cent in NFHS -3(2005-06) approximations ,a development of about 67 per cent. Besides Bihar at the top of the list. Domestic Violence Act 2005 The Domestic Violence Act 2005 is a piece of legislature meant to deliver additional real defence to the correct of women certain under the constitution who are fatalities of violence of any caring happening inside the family. The very terminology of the Act designates that it is not limited to violence continued against women by her husband or in-laws. It comprises below its defensive Page | 12 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 umbrella each women breathing in a domestic relationship as an associate of family with the being spoiling in violence. Thus the law defends women who are fatalities of violence happening within family or in domestic connotation. Also the Act has been envisioned to brand unquestionable civil freedoms, some declaratory (e.g., right to defence against Domestic Violence) and some practical (e.g., right to upkeep, right to recompense, right to communal domestic). But the law fundamentally waterfalls under the criminal jurisprudence not just since it is compulsory by judge under CPC 1973 but also and mostly since the penalties of opening of sure instructions approved by criminal court for pay for to the upset women the due defence of law has been complete a novel penal crime. The Indian Constitution providing for a medicine below the civil law which is envisioned to defend the women from actuality fatalities of domestic violence and to avoid the amount of domestic violence in the civilisation complete this act. Occurrence of Domestic Violence below Section 9 of the Act: I. Physical Violence: 1. Beating 2. Slapping 3. Hitting 4. Biting 5. Kicking 6. Punching 7. Pushing 8. Shoving or 9. Causing bodily pain or injury in any other member. II. Sexual Violence 1. Forced Sexual Intercourse. 2. Forced to watch pornography or other obscene material. 3. Forcibly using you to entertain others. 4. Any other act of sexual nature, abusing humiliating, degrading or otherwise violative of your dignity (please specify details). 5. Accusation / aspersion your character or conduct, etc. 6. Insult for not bringing dowry. Page | 13 www.ijlra.com Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 7. Insult for not having a male child. ISSN: 2582-6433 8. Insult for not having any child. 9. Demeaning, humiliating or undermining remarks / statement. 10. Name calling 11. Forcing you to not attend school, college or any other educational institution. 12. Preventing you from taking up a job. 13.. Preventing you from leaving the House. 14. Preventing you from meeting any particular person. 15. Forcing you to get married against your will. 16. Preventing you from marrying a person of his/their own choice. 17. Forcing you to marry a person of his/their own choice. 18. Any other verbal or emotional abuse. III. Economic Violence: 1. Not providing money for maintaining you or your children. 2. Not providing food, clothes, medicines etc. for you and your children. 3. Forcing you out of the house you live in. 4. Preventing you from accessing or using any part of the house. 5. Preventing or obstructing you from carrying on your employment. 6. Not allowing you to take upon employment. 7. Non-payment of rent in case of a rented accommodation. 8. Not allowing you to use clothes or articles of general household use. 9. Selling or pawing, your stridhanor any other valuables without informing you and without your consent. 10. Forcibly taking away your salary income or wages etc. IV. Dowry Connected Harassment Demands for dowry. Page | 14 www.ijlra.com Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 ISSN: 2582-6433 Defence under Domestic Violence Act Domestic Violence Act defines ―domestic violence to comprise ―any act oversight or command or behaviour of the man in inquiry in relative to the angry woman in case it entices any of the two sections: a) Problems or wounds or jeopardizes the health, security, life, member or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the angry individual or inclines to do so and comprises producing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse. b) Annoys, evils hurts or imperils the hurt being with a opinion to force her or any other being connected to her to encounter any illegal request for any dowry or additional stuff or valuable safety.. Legal procedure under the Domestic Violence Act: Constitutionally, each crime should be stated, and every being whose privileges have been dishonoured should get fairness. Yet relegated groups in India, counting the deprived, womenfolk, Muslims, Dalits, Adivasis, or inhabitants of convinced parts, face irresistible difficulties in procurement fairness. These problems comprise unreachability or aggression of the constabularies besides the criminal justice organization; social authorisation or the hazard of vengeance; nuisance by unresponsive law implementation interventions; nonexistence of possessions to report corruptions and follow cases; lack; and extreme switch in the pointers of equipped and guerrilla militaries in conflict-affected parts. Patriarchy as well as ideas of disgrace and ―respect related with women's sexuality syndicates to make the chase of fairness smooth more problematic in events of violence against women. As a consequence, a large amount of such events are never stated to the forces. The efficiency of any legislature can be measured to some degree from the legal reply to it. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 delivers preparation in the civil law to the fatalities of domestic violence. On the one hand, the Act has complete important developments to the current laws relating to violence against women, and has efficiently related all procedures of domestic violence to stresses for dowry. On the other hand, the growth of the Act finished legal clarification seems to be blemished by misperception and discrepancy ―Domestic violence is a universal wonder and has been deliberated in International spaces , counting the Vienna Accord of 1994 and the Beijing Declaration and the Page | 15 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 Platform for Action (1995). The United Nations Committee Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has optional that States would act to defend women against violence of any sympathetic, particularly that stirring within the family. There is a awareness, not unsupported or baseless, that the portion and chance of women in India is an desolately miserable one, which necessitates transporting into home, on an crucial foundation, defensive and ameliorative events in contradiction of misuse of women. The quarrel that the Act is ultra vires the Constitution of India since it consensuses defence only to womenfolk and not to menfolk is consequently, wholly empty of any value. We do not instruction out the likelihood of a man flattering the prey of domestic violence, but such bags would be insufficient and far amid, thus not needful or mitigating the defence of Assembly. Conclusion Domestic violence is a shame to humanoid civilization and insult on civilization. In any situation domestic violence in this noiseless and indistinguishable arrangement is captivating place behindhand the shut entrances thus continuing gender unfairness. The inside violence against womenfolk does not see the day bright. Even today domestic violence is watched as a secluded matter and not as a communal problem. Henceforth, domestic violence repudiates female an enjoyment of her privileges and delays her growth. Reference(s): 1) DwarkanathMitter (1984), The Position of Women in Hindu Law, Inter India Publications,New Delhi, p. 127. 2) The U.N. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 1993, Art. 1. 3) AmeeYajnik (1999), ―Domestic Violence and Protection of Human Rights‖, a145, AIR. 4) Jeff Heam, (1998), The Violence of Men, Sage Publication, pp.4-5. 5) Shem L. Schomstein, (1997), Domestic Violence and Healthcare, SagPublications, pp. 2-3. 6) Shirin Kudchedkar, Sabiha Al-Issa (Eds.), (1998), Violence Against Women: WomenAgainst Violence, Pencraft International, Delhi, p. 13. 7) Multiple Action Research Group (ed.) (1998), Within the Four Wall – A Profile of Domestic Violence, 2nd Ed. Imprint, New Delhi, pp. 6-7. 8) The US Federal Law –―Family Violence Prevention of Services Act. 1984. Page | 16 www.ijlra.com ISSN: 2582-6433 Volume 2 Issue 7| May 2023 9) Maya Majumadar, (2004), Social Status of Women in India, Dominant Publishers andDistributors, New Delhi, p. 23. 10) MitaBhadra (ed.) (1999), Girl Child in Indian Society, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, p.23. 11) C.K. Parikh, (1999), Parikh’s Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence Forensic Medicine &Toxicology, CBS Publisher's & Distributors; 6th edition, p. 4. 12) State vs. Sushil Sharma on 19 February, 2007, indiankanoon.org/doc/504254/ 13) World Health Organization, Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85239/1/9789241564625_eng.pdf, p. 2 14)UNODCGlobalStudyonHomicide:2013http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014,pdf 15) Violence against women: an EU-wide survey, European Union, 2014, Foreword, p3. 16) Ending Child Marriage: Progress and Prospects http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ Child_Marriage_Report_7_17_LR..pdf . 17) UNICEF, Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence against Childrenhttp://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Hidden_in_plain_sight_statistical_analysis_Su mmary_EN_2_Sept_2014.pdf 18) Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence against Children (UNICEF) http://www.unicef.org/ publications/files/Hidden_in_plain_sight_statistical_analysis_Summary_EN_2_Sept_2014.pdf 19) UNICEF, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: What might the future hold, http://www.unicef.org/ media/files/FGM-C_Report_7_15_Final_LR.pdf 20)i Figure derived from data based on a 2002-2011 reference period. International LabourOrganization, 2012, ―ILO Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Results and Methodology,‖ p.14, Geneva. i Page | 17