JSPR
Article
Friends with benefits
relationships as a start
to exclusive romantic
relationships
Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships
29(7) 982–996
ª The Author(s) 2012
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DOI: 10.1177/0265407512448275
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Jesse Owen1 and Frank D. Fincham2
Abstract
The current study examined whether young adults who start their exclusive romantic
relationship via Friends with Benefits (FWB) relationships differed in relationship functioning from those who did not. After controlling for other salient predictors of relationship functioning (e.g., alcohol use, attachment style), young adults who were in FWB
relationships prior to becoming exclusive reported lower relationship satisfaction
when compared to young adults who did not. There were no significant associations
between FWB status and communication quality or ambiguity in commitment levels.
FWB status was not associated with relationship termination over the course of 4
months. Collectively, starting exclusive romantic relationships via FWB relationships
had little apparent impact on later relationship functioning.
Keywords
Attachment, casual sex, commitment, friends with benefits, hooking up, relationship
satisfaction
Hooking up among young adults is common and typically is defined as physical intimacy,
ranging from kissing to intercourse, with a stranger, friend, or acquaintance without a
mutually agreed upon committed relationship (Fielder & Carey, 2010; Owen, Rhoades,
1
2
University of Louisville, USA
The Florida State University, USA
Corresponding author:
Jesse Owen, Counseling Psychology Program, College of Education and Human Development, University of
Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
Email: Jesse.owen@louisville.edu
Owen and Fincham
983
Stanley, & Fincham, 2010; Paul, McManus, & Hayes, 2000). Within this context,
approximately half of young adults hook up with friends, a relational style described as
friends with benefits (FWB) (Afifi & Faulkner, 2000; Bisson & Levine, 2009; Hughes,
Morrison, & Asada, 2005). These relationships are typified by friendship and sexual
encounters, but there is no implied or explicit relational exclusivity or commitment
between partners (Glenn & Marquardt, 2001). Consequently, FWB relationships share
aspects of traditional friendships (e.g., shared activities, trust, and mutual reliance) as
well as romantic relationships (e.g., sexual intimacy); however, they are a unique
variant of both.
Most research to date has examined psychological correlates of young adults who
engage in FWB relationships and hooking up encounters as well as young adults’
reactions to these new relational styles (Fielder & Carey, 2010; Gute & Eshbaugh, 2008;
Owen & Fincham, 2011a; Paul et al., 2000). For instance, young adults typically describe
their FWB relationships as being more positive than negative (Owen & Fincham, 2011b),
with notable advantages being sexual encounters while retaining a trusting relationship
with a friend (Bisson & Levine, 2009). However, young adults who engage in FWB
relationships also report increased alcohol use and less thoughtful relationship decisionmaking processes (Owen & Fincham, 2011b). Moreover, when navigated poorly FWB
relationships can lead to complicated friendships (Bisson & Levine, 2009).
Some young adults may see FWB relationships as an attractive way to explore a
future committed or exclusive romantic relationship. For instance, Owen and Fincham
(2011b) found approximately 25% of men and 40% of women hoped that their FWB
relationship would progress into a committed relationship. Yet, the social scripts for
engaging in FWB relationships are notably less formal and more ambiguous when
compared to the scripts for traditional dating relationships (Bogle, 2007; Glenn &
Marquardt, 2001; Stanley, 2002), and contemporary social norms may promote engaging
in FWB relationships (Fielder & Carey, 2010; Maticka-Tyndale, Herold, & Oppermann,
2003). These social scripts may have implications for young adults’ ability to form stable
romantic relationships – a key developmental task during young adulthood (Amato et al.,
2008; Conger, Cui, Bryant, & Elder, 2000). The stability and dissolution of romantic relationships in young adulthood can affect psychological well-being and shape attitudes about
romantic relationship (Collins & van Dulmen, 2006; Davila, Steinberg, Kachadourian,
Cobb, & Fincham, 2004; Raley, Criseey, & Muller, 2007). Indeed, it is easy to argue that
patterns of behavior learned in FWB relationships may hinder the development of relationship processes deemed critical to healthy relationships, specifically the development of
commitment. Accordingly, it is important to understand how young adults’ experience
in FWB relationships influence subsequent relational functioning.
Researchers have found that approximately 10% to 20% of young adults who engage
in FWB relationships progress into an exclusive relationship (Bisson & Levine, 2009;
Eisenberg, Ackard, Resnick, & Neumark-Sztainer, 2009). Recently, Eisenberg et al.
(2009) found that young adults who started their relationships via FWB relationships did
not differ in psychological well-being when compared to those who did not. However,
for those young adults who do progress into an exclusive relationship, it is not known
whether being in a FWB relationship prior to exclusivity has an impact on subsequent
relationship functioning.
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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(7)
FWB and relationship functioning
There are several reasons to suspect that starting an exclusive romantic relationship via a
FWB relationship may have differential effects on subsequent relationship functioning
when compared to those who do not. Young adults who engage in FWB relationships
may be less committed to the idea of monogamy, which subsequently may affect their
relationship quality and clarity about the level of commitment in the relationship.
According to commitment theory, partners’ general agreement and clarity about commitment in the relationship provides a foundation for relational functioning (Owen,
Rhoades, Stanley, & Markman, 2011; Rusbult, 1983). For instance, young adults in FWB
relationships report low to moderate levels of commitment to their partner in absolute
terms and lower levels of commitment in comparison to individuals in exclusive relationships (Bisson & Levine, 2009). Additionally, Owen and Fincham (2011b) found that
young adults who hoped that their FWB relationship would progress into an exclusive
relationship also reported that they felt more constraint commitment or feeling trapped
with their FWB partner. Consequently, if ambiguity about the level of commitment
continues into their exclusive romantic relationship, then it is likely to affect negatively
their relationship quality. Alternatively, as young adults progress into an exclusive relationship the prior levels of ambiguity about the degree of commitment may change.
Another notable feature of FWB relationships is the lack of clear communication about
the ground rules for the relationship (Bisson & Levine, 2009; Hughes et al., 2005).
Moreover, communication patterns in FWB relationships are characterized by independence and conflict avoidance, such that self-disclosures are limited and discussions about
salient relational processes might be missed or ‘‘swept under the rug’’ (Bisson & Levine,
2009; Fitzpatrick, 1988; Glenn & Marquardt, 2001). Couple communication has been
extensively researched and across numerous studies, and distressed couples typically
report more negative communication patterns such as reciprocation of negative behaviors,
escalation, invalidation, negative interpretations, criticism, and withdrawal (Christensen &
Heavey, 1990; Fincham, 2003; Markman, Stanley, & Blumberg, 2010). Conversely, positive communication patterns have been described as partners’ willingness to discuss relational issues, working to gain clarity about and validating each other’s view points, and
providing affectional support (Fincham, 2004). The lack of clarity in the communication
patterns of young adults in FWB relationships may set a foundation or norm for their relationship; thus if this pattern continues then young adults’ relationship quality may suffer.
Attachment, alcohol use, and relationship functioning
Beyond examining relational factors that may explain potential differences in relationship functioning for young adults who start an exclusive relationship via a FWB relationship, it is also important to recognize that factors that relate to the propensity to
engage in a FWB relationship can also impact relationship functioning. Accordingly, we
included in our investigation attachment style and alcohol use based on prior research
demonstrating key associations with relationship functioning.
Adult attachment theory describes individuals’ internal working models, which guide
their desire and need for interpersonal relatedness with others (Hazen & Shaver, 1987).
Owen and Fincham
985
According to the theory, secure attachment reflects a sense of ease in developing romantic
relationships as well as a comfort with establishing healthy boundaries in relationships. In
contrast, insecure attachment reflects a sense of anxiety about or avoidance of developing
an emotionally close relationship. Developing a secure attachment between partners is at
the core of a committed relationship (Stanley, Rhoades, & Whitton, 2010), and this process
is typically more challenging for individuals with a propensity to develop more insecure
attachments. For example, several studies have found that individuals who reported
insecure attachment styles (i.e., avoidant and anxious styles) were less committed to their
partner and reported lower levels of relationship satisfaction and trust (e.g., Hazen &
Shaver, 1987; Owen, Rhoades, & Stanley, in press). Consistently, albeit not invariably,
insecure attachment styles have been related to engaging in casual sex encounters
(Gentzler & Kerns, 2004; Owen et al., 2010).
Alcohol use can impair individuals’ ability to successfully navigate the complexities
of romantic relationships. For instance, alcohol use has shown negative associations
with relationship functioning, such as communication quality and negative perceptions
of the relationship (Fischer et al., 2005; MacDonald, Zanna, & Holmes, 2000).
Moreover, alcohol use is one of the most consistent predictors of engaging in a FWB
relationship, and casual sex more generally (Owen et al., 2010; Paul et al., 2000). Thus,
attachment styles and alcohol use are a logical choice as viable alternative explanations
for potential relational differences between individuals who start a relationship via
FWB and those who do not.
The current study
We examined whether young adults’ relationship satisfaction, communication quality,
ambiguity in commitment level, and relationship separation differs as a function of
whether or not their relationship started out as a FWB one. These four facets of relationship functioning were selected as they have been shown to differentiate between
distressed and non-distressed relationships, and/or are predictors of separation and relationship stability (Fincham, 2004; Funk & Rogge, 2007; Heavey & Christensen, 1996).
Our first set of hypotheses was related to relationship functioning (e.g., satisfaction,
communication quality, and ambiguity in commitment). Specifically, we hypothesized
that exclusive relationships starting out as FWB exhibit lower relationship satisfaction
(Hypothesis 1a), poorer communication quality (Hypothesis 1b) and greater ambiguity
in commitment (Hypothesis 1c) than those that did not begin as FWB. Next, we tested
whether these associations were still present after controlling for attachment styles and
alcohol use. We posited that the differences between exclusive relationships that started
via FWB (or not) for relationship satisfaction (Hypothesis 2a), communication quality
(Hypothesis 2b), and ambiguity in commitment (Hypotheses 2c) would still be significant after controlling for young adults’ attachment styles and alcohol use. Finally, we
posited that relationships that begin via FWB would be more likely to end over the
course of four months when compared to relationships that do not begin as FWB
(Hypothesis 3). In our analyses, we also controlled for time spent dating and participants’
gender. Both variables have demonstrated effects on relationship functioning constructs,
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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(7)
thus, we wanted to control for some extraneous factors in our model (see Stanley, Whitton, Sadberry, Clements, & Markman, 2006; Whisman, Beach, & Snyder, 2008).
Method
Participants
A total of 2,008 college students participated in a study examining attitudes and beliefs
about casual and romantic relationships. Since we wanted to focus on individuals who
were in an exclusive relationship, we excluded 1209 participants who were single or
dating multiple partners, who were married/engaged (n ¼ 22), or who were older than 25
years old (n ¼ 13), as we wanted to focus our study on emerging adulthood which is
typically defined as 18–25 years of age (Arnett, 2004). Thus, our final sample included
764 young adults who were in an exclusive dating relationship. Of the 764 participants,
601 were female and 163 were male, with an average age of 19.37 years (SD ¼ 1.41;
range 17 to 25 years old). The majority of the sample identified as White (70.9%),
11.3% identified as African American, 11.9% identified as Latino(a), 1.8% identified
as Asian American, 0.3% identified as Native American, and 4.0% identified as
‘‘other.’’ Of the sample 37.6% identified as first year students, 25.8% identified as
sophomores, 25.7% identified as juniors, 10.5% identified as seniors, and 0.5% did not
indicate their year in college.
Measures
Friends with benefits prior to a committed relationship. We assessed whether young adults
started their relationship based on a FWB relationship using the following definition and
question: ‘‘Some people say that ‘‘friends with benefits’’ is a friendship in which there
are also physical encounters (e.g., kissing, petting, oral sex, intercourse), but no on-going
committed relationship (e.g., not boyfriend/girlfriend). Were you in a friends with benefits relationship with your current partner before there was a mutual understanding
that you and your partner were dating? (were boyfriend, girlfriend).’’ Based on the
response options (yes/no), 150 participants (19.6%) indicated that they were in a FWB
relationship with their partner prior to the relationship becoming an exclusive one
(FWB-prior) and 614 participants (80.4%) were not (FWB-no prior). Of young adults
who were FWB-prior, 24 (16%) were men and 126 (84%) were women and of those
who were FWB-no prior, 139 (22.6%) were men and 475 (77.4%) were women. The
differences for men and women in FWB-prior versus FWB-no prior was not statistically significant, w2(1, N ¼ 764) ¼ 3.17, p > .05.
Ambiguity of relationship status. We developed a four item measure to assess participants’
views about the level of commitment ambiguity in their relationship. Example items
include: ‘‘I would rather things be kind of vague about what our relationship is’’, ‘‘It is
important to me to know what this relationship means to us so we have a good sense of its
future’’ (reverse coded). These four items were rated on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1
(Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree). The items were based, in part, on commitment
Owen and Fincham
987
theory and research exploring how individuals approach relationship decisions (see Fincham, Stanley, & Rhoades, 2011). Cronbach alpha in the current study was .71.
Relationship satisfaction. Starting with 180 items previously used to assess relationship
satisfaction, Funk and Rogge (2007) conducted an item-response theory analysis to
develop a four-item measure of relationship satisfaction with optimized psychometric
properties. Sample items include, ‘‘How rewarding is your relationship with your partner?’’ (answered on a 6-point scale ranging from not at all to extremely) and ‘‘I have a
warm and comfortable relationship with my partner’’ (answered on a 6-point scale ranging from not at all true to very true). Their measure correlates r ¼ .87 with the widely
used Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) and r ¼ –.79 with the Ineffective Arguing
Inventory (Kurdek, 1994). Cronbach alpha in the current study was .93.
Communication quality. We assessed young adults’ communication quality using the
Communication Patterns Questionnaire-constructive communication (CPQ-CC) subscale (Heavy, Larson, Zumtobel, & Christensen, 1996). Specifically, this 7-item subscale
assesses how individuals behave when faced with relational problems. The items were
rated on a 9-point scale ranging from 1 (very unlikely) to 9 (very likely). Scores are
derived by subtracting the constructive communication items (3 items) from the
destructive communication items (4 items). Higher scores indicate better communication quality. Example items for constructive and destructive communication include:
‘‘Mutual Discussion – Both members try to discuss the problem’’ and ‘‘Mutual Blame
– Both members blame, accuse, and criticize each other’’, respectively. Support for the
CPQ-CC has been demonstrated with positive correlations with observer ratings of
positive communication and relationship adjustment (Heavy et al., 1996). Cronbach
alpha in the current study was .82.
Alcohol use. We used three items to assess alcohol use. The first question, ‘‘Within the last
30 days, on how many days did you have a drink containing alcohol?’’, was rated on
7-point scale ranging from 1 (Never drank all 30 days) to 7 (20–30 days). The median
number of days drinking was 3–5 days. The second question, ‘‘How many drinks containing alcohol did you have on a typical day when you were drinking?’’, was rated
on a 6-point scale ranging from 1 (Never drank) to 6 (10 or more). The median number
of drinks was 3 (3 or 4 drinks). The last question, ‘‘How often in the last 30 days did you
have five or more drinks on one occasion?’’, was rated on 9-point scale ranging from 1
(Never happened) to 9 (More than 10 times). The median number of times participants
had drank five or more drinks on one occasion was ‘‘one time.’’ These items are commonly used in measures of alcohol use (Saunders, Aasland, Babor, de la Fuente, & Grant,
1993) and in the prediction of casual sex behaviors (Owen et al., 2010). These items were
highly correlated (rs ¼ .67–.73), so we created a composite score. Cronbach alpha in the
current study was .84.
Experiences in Close Relationship scale. – Short Form. The Experiences in Close Relationship scale – Short Form (ECR-SF) (Wei, Russell, Mallinckrodt, & Vogel, 2007)
was used to assess participants’ attachment styles. Specifically, the scale has two
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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(7)
subscales – Anxiety, and Avoidance – with six items per subscale. The items are rated
on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Definitely not like me) to 7 (Definitely like me). Wei
et al. (2007) reported support for the validity for this shortened measure through correlations with psychological well-being, loneliness, fear of intimacy, and comfort with
self-disclosure measures. In the current study, Cronbach alphas for the Avoidance and
Anxiety subscales were .85 and .74, respectively.
Separation status. Separation status was assessed with a one-item measure: ‘‘Have you
ended a romantic relationship since you completed the last survey?’’ The rating options
were yes and no. Of the original 764 participants, we had valid data for this item for 746
as 18 students did not respond to this item. Thus, this item assessed whether young adults
separated over the course of the 4-months of the study.
Procedure
Participants were recruited through an introductory course on families across the lifespan
that fulfills a social studies requirement and therefore attracts students from across the
university. The current sample includes students from two different semesters. Students
were offered multiple options to obtain extra credit for the class, one of which comprised
the survey used in this study. Ninety-eight percent of the class participated in the study.
They completed informed consent and were told how to access the on-line survey. All
variables were assessed at the beginning of the semester, with one exception. We
assessed whether the participants were still in their romantic relationship at the end of
the semester. They were given a five day window in which to complete the survey. All
procedures were approved by the university Institutional Review Board (IRB).
Results
Table 1 displays the means, SDs, and effect sizes for the differences between young
adults who reported being in a FWB relationship prior to becoming exclusive with their
partner and those who did not.1 We tested hypotheses 1a–1c and 2a–2c via three hierarchal linear regressions with Ambiguous Commitment, Relationship Satisfaction, and
Communication Quality as the dependent variables, respectively. In the first step of the
regression we included the control variables: gender (coded 1 ¼ women, –1 ¼ men)
and length of the relationship. In the second step, we included FWB status (coded 1 ¼
FWB-prior, –1 ¼ FWB-no prior). This step addressed whether young adults who
started an exclusive relationship via FWB or not differed in their relationship functioning (e.g., satisfaction, Hypothesis 1a; communication quality, Hypothesis 1b; and
ambiguity in commitment, Hypothesis 1c).
Next, we tested whether the differences in relationship functioning (e.g., satisfaction
Hypothesis 2a; communication quality, Hypothesis 2b; and ambiguity in commitment,
Hypothesis 2c) would still be evident after controlling for alcohol use, avoidant
attachment, and anxious attachment. Thus, in the third step of the regression model, we
included alcohol use, avoidant attachment, and anxious attachment. The relationship
between FWB status and the relationship functioning variables in this final step
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Owen and Fincham
Table 1. Means, SDs, and effect sizes for relationship and personal variables by gender and FWB
status
Men M SD
No FWB
prior n ¼ 139
Relat. Satisf.
Comm. Quality
Ambig. Commit.
Avoid. Att.
Anxious Att.
Alcohol Use
5.42 0.81
4.95 2.26
2.00 1.17
2.02 1.13
2.85 1.14
3.81 1.83
Women M SD
FWB prior
n ¼ 24
4.91
4.03
2.91
1.86
3.01
3.35
1.50
2.31
1.67
1.08
1.37
1.66
No FWB prior
vs FWB prior
No FWB
prior n ¼ 475
FWB prior
n ¼ 126
d
5.43 0.79
5.28 2.51
1.73 0.92
1.80 1.02
3.14 1.19
2.68 1.29
5.07 1.02
4.86 2.80
2.00 1.20
2.13 1.28
3.27 1.28
3.22 1.35
0.51
0.26
–0.56
–0.07
–0.12
–0.03
Notes. The means are adjusted controlling for length of relationship M ¼ 18.18 months. Relat. Satisf. ¼
Relationship Satisfaction (possible range 1 to 6.25), Comm. Quality ¼ Communication Quality (possible range
¼ –6.50 to 8.00), Ambig. Commit. ¼ Ambiguous Commitment (possible range 1 to 7), Avoid. Att. ¼ Avoidant
Attachment (possible range 1 to 7), Anxious Att. ¼ Anxious Attachment (possible range 1 to 7), Alcohol Use
(possible range 1 to 7). d ¼ effect size where 0.20 ¼ small effect, 0.50 ¼ medium effect, 0.80 ¼ large effect.
addressed Hypotheses 2a–2c, as it tested whether differences between FWB-prior and
FWB-no prior on relationship functioning variables were present after controlling for the
variance in the other variables.
Additionally, to establish the incremental validity of FWB status, we also reversed
the order of step 2 and step 3 and examined the change in adjusted R2 when FWB
status was entered in the final step of the model (see Blais, Hilsenroth, Castlebury,
Fowler, & Baity, 2001). Given our sample size we decided to use a p-value of .001 to
determine statistical significance and adjusted R2 was our measure of effect size (see
Table 2).
Relationship satisfaction: Hypotheses 1a & 2a
The results for the first model with relationship satisfaction as the dependent variable
were statistically significant, Ffullmodel(6, 757) ¼ 28.23, p < .001, adjusted R2 ¼ .18. The
adjusted DR2 at steps 1–3 were .00, .03, and .16, respectively (p > .05 for step 1, ps < .001
for steps 2 and 3). When the order was reversed for steps 2 and 3, the DR2 for FWB status
was .02, p < .001. Thus, FWB status was a significant predictor of relationship satisfaction (supporting Hypothesis 1a), even after controlling for attachment styles and
alcohol use (supporting Hypothesis 2a). In other words, young adults who started their
relationships via FWB relationships reported lower relationship satisfaction when
compared to those who did not. The effect size was small, accounting for 2% of the
variance in relationship satisfaction.
Communication quality: Hypotheses 1b & 2b
The second model with communication quality as the dependent variable was also
statistically significant, Ffullmodel(6, 756) ¼ 19.74, p < .001, adjusted R2 ¼ .13. The
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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(7)
Table 2. Hierarchal linear regressions predicting relationship functioning by FWB status, alcohol
use, attachment styles, gender, and length of relationship
Relat. Satisf.
Step 1
Gender
Relat. Length
Step 2
Gender
Relat. Length
FWB
Step 3
Gender
Relat. Length
FWB
Alcohol Use
Avoid. Att.
Anxious Att.
Comm. Quality
Ambig. Commit.
B
SE
b
B
SE
b
B
SE
b
0.01
0.00
.04
.01
.01
.01
0.19
–0.02
.11
.01
.06
–.11
–0.17
–.01
.05
.01
–.13*
–.14*
0.02
0.00
–0.18
.04
.01
.04
.02
–.01
–.16*
0.20
–0.02
–0.25
.11
.01
.11
.07
–.12
–.08
–0.18
–0.01
0.18
.05
.01
.05
–.14*
–.13*
.13*
0.03
–0.01
–0.14
0.03
–0.25
–0.15
.04
.01
.04
.02
.03
.02
.03
–.11
–.13*
.05
–.31*
–.21*
0.27
–0.03
–0.17
0.04
–0.36
–0.57
.11
.01
.11
.06
.08
.07
.09
–.20*
–.05
.03
–.16*
–.28*
–0.12
–0.01
0.12
0.07
0.39
–0.01
.04
.01
.04
.02
.03
.03
–.09
–.03
.09
.09
.40*
–.01
Notes. *p < .001. FWB was coded 1 ¼ FWB-prior and –1 ¼ FWB-no prior. Gender was coded 1 for women and
–1 for men. Relat. Satisf. ¼ Relationship Satisfaction, Comm. Quality ¼ Communication Quality, Ambig. Commit. ¼ Ambiguous Commitment, Avoid. Att. ¼ Avoidant Attachment, Anxious Att. ¼ Anxious Attachment.
adjusted DR2 at steps 1–3 were .02, .01, and .11, respectively (only step 3 was statistically significant, p < .001). FWB status was not significantly associated with Communication Quality prior to accounting for attachment style and alcohol use (not supporting
Hypothesis 1b). The DR2 for FWB status when steps 2 and 3 were switched in order was
.003 (p > .05). Not surprisingly, after controlling for attachment style and alcohol use,
FWB status was not significantly associated with communication quality (not supporting
Hypothesis 2b).
Ambiguous commitment: Hypotheses 1c & 2c
The results for the third regression analysis with ambiguous commitment as the
dependent variable were statistically significant, Ffullmodel(6, 758) ¼ 33.28, p < .001,
adjusted R2 ¼ .20. The adjusted DR2 at steps 1–3 were .04, .02, and .16, respectively (all
steps were statistically significant, ps < .001). FWB status was a significant predictor in
the second step, prior to accounting for attachment style and alcohol use (supporting
Hypothesis 1c). However, after controlling for attachment style and alcohol use, the
association between FWB status and ambiguous commitment was no longer statistically
significant (not supporting Hypothesis 2c). Specifically, when we reversed the order for
steps 2 and 3, the DR2 for FWB status was .01 (p > .001), suggesting that FWB status
accounted for 1% of the variance in ambiguous commitment. Thus, while FWB status
was related to ambiguous commitment, this association was no longer significant after
accounting for attachment style and alcohol use.
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Owen and Fincham
Table 3. Separation status over 4 months by FWB status
Full Sample
FWB-no prior
Together
Separated
N
Together
Separated
N
FWB-prior
440 (75.9%)
130 (78.3%)
140 (24.1%)
36 (21.7%)
580
166
In exclusive relationship < 12 months at start of study
182 (70.8%)
73 (79.3%)
75 (29.2%)
19 (20.7%)
257
92
Relationship termination: Hypothesis 3
Finally, we tested whether FWB status was related to separation status over the 4-month
span of the study. We initially conducted a 2 (FWB-prior, Yes/No) x 2 (Separation, Yes/
No) chi-square analysis with all participants. The results were not statistically significant
w2(1, N ¼ 746) ¼ 0.43, p ¼ .51. However, since FWB status may be more salient in the
early months of a relationship we re-ran our chi-square analysis for young adults who
were in a relationship for 12 months or fewer at the start of the study. Consistent with
our last analysis, the results were not statistically significant, w2(1, N ¼ 349) ¼ 2.51,
p ¼ .11. Table 3 shows the percentages of young adults who separated by FWB status.
For those who were in an exclusive relationship for less than one year at the start of the
study, 20.7% separated over the next four months when they started that relationship via
FWB. In comparison, 29.2% separated over the next four months when they did not start
their relationship via FWB. These results do not support Hypothesis 3.
Collectively, these results suggest that FWB status has a weak association with
young adults’ relationship functioning and separation status. Additionally, there were
no significant interaction effects for FWB status and length of relationship in any of the
models.
Discussion
The purpose of the current study was to examine whether young adults who start their
exclusive relationships via a FWB relationship exhibit worse (or better) relationship
functioning when compared to those who do not. Although many young adults report
wanting to start a relationship through traditional dating as compared to casual sex
encounters (Bradshaw, Kahn, & Saville, 2010), a sizeable minority of young adults who
engage in FWB relationships still want to progress into an exclusive relationship (Owen
& Fincham, 2011b). Indeed, in the current study, of those young adults who were in an
exclusive relationship at the time, approximately 20% started via a FWB relationship,
which is consistent with prior research (Bisson & Levine, 2009; Eisenberg et al., 2009).
Clearly, FWB relationships are not a common entry point into an exclusive relationship;
however, it does occur in a substantial minority of cases and thus warrants the question:
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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(7)
does starting the relationship via FWB have an impact on subsequent relationship
functioning?
Although the effect size for differences between young adults who started their
relationship via FWB and those who did not (controlling for length of relationship) for
relationship satisfaction, communication quality, and ambiguous commitment were in
the small to medium range, these differences diminished after controlling for other
theoretically relevant variables. Specifically, for communication quality and ambiguous
commitment there were no differences between young adults who started their exclusive
relationship via FWB relationships and those who did not when controlling for relationship length, attachment style and alcohol use. Moreover, young adults who started
their exclusive romantic relationships via FWB were not more likely to separate over the
course of the study. The differences in separation rates for FWB status were not statistically significant and were in the opposite direction to that predicted. Thus, young
adults who start an exclusive romantic relationship via a FWB relationship may not have
some of the hallmark risk factors that are typically reported in FWB relationships, such
as avoidant communication patterns, and lack of clarity about the commitment levels
(e.g., Bisson & Levine, 2009; Owen & Fincham, 2011b). Alternatively, young adults
who desire clear commitment boundaries and who do not favor avoiding meaningful
communication with their partner may be more likely to progress into an exclusive
relationship with a FWB partner. Given the cross-sectional nature of our data, we cannot
fully disentangle the directionality of these effects.
FWB status significantly predicted relationship satisfaction, over and beyond the
variance accounted for by the other predictors. However, the effect size was small, with
FWB status accounting for only 2% of the variance in relationship satisfaction. Nonetheless, young adults who started a relationship via FWB may feel the relationship is
more vulnerable and less stable when compared to those who did not start their relationship via a FWB relationship. Given that relationship satisfaction develops through
couples’ ability to form a mutually shared couple identity, which is expressed within the
relationship and to others (Stanley et al., 2010), the initial foundation of a FWB may
have impacted this process. Future research examining the trajectory of young adults’
relationships, which start via FWB, is needed to better understand this premise.
Notwithstanding the significant but small association between FWB status and
relationship satisfaction, our findings provided no convincing evidence that starting an
exclusive relationship via a FWB strongly affects subsequent relationship functioning.
However, we also found no evidence that starting an exclusive relationship via a FWB
relationship increases relationship functioning either. Simply, FWB relationships do
not provide a window into how young adults’ relationships will function after they
become exclusive. That is, other personal and relational dynamics such as attachment
styles, are more potent predictors of subsequent relationship functioning. Our findings
also complement Eisenberg et al.’s (2009) study wherein young adults who started
their relationships via a FWB relationship did not differ in psychological well-being
when compared to those who did not.
Our findings also have implications for relationship formation theory and research.
FWB relationships may be an attractive (or at least not formidable) pathway for young
adults to enter into a romantic relationship. However, most research examining FWB
Owen and Fincham
993
relationships would suggest these relationships are not ideal for setting the foundation for
a healthy exclusive relationship. For instance, FWB relationships are typified by limited
communication about the ground rules for the relationship and low levels of commitment
(Bisson & Levine, 2009). Yet, how relationships transition may be an essential factor to
consider, as making thoughtful relationship decisions can assist individuals to experience healthy relationships (Owen, Rhoades, & Stanley, in press). More research is
needed to understand how FWB relationships transition into an exclusive relationship. In
particular, there are two likely mechanisms to consider: selection and experience factors.
For instance, some individuals may start FWB relationships with the clear intent to enter
an exclusive relationship. Thus, there may be pre-existing attitudes or personality traits
that are notably different for these young adults than those who enter FWB relationships
due to the lack of commitment involved in these relationships. On the other hand, there
may be unique interactions or experiences that occur within FWB relationships that
shape young adults’ decision to enter an exclusive romantic relationship (or not). There
may be experiences within FWB relationships that are formative in this process, such as
friendship quality, attributions, trustworthiness, or social pressures that help shape the
decision to enter into a romantic relationship. Clearly, more research is needed to understand these processes.
Limitations and directions for future research
The strengths of the current study should be understood within the context of its
methodological limitations. First, the sample comprised university students who were
enrolled in a course on families, which may introduce a selection bias. Thus, the degree
to which our results will generalize to other young adults who are not in college or
adolescents is unknown. Second, although our sample was large, the proportion of
students who entered an exclusive relationship via a FWB relationship was relatively
small. However, base-rates for young adults who start their exclusive relationship via a
FWB are likely to be low in most studies (Bisson & Levine, 2009; Eisenberg et al.,
2009). Third, our sample was primarily female, which limited our ability to test for gender interactions. Fourth, even though we attempted to capture the association between
starting an exclusive relationship via FWB (or not) and separation status, to fully
examine this association, research would need to identify young adults who are currently in a FWB relationship, transition into an exclusive relationship, and then track
them over a longer period of time. Given the challenges of conducting such research,
our study provides the first known evidence relevant to this vital question. Fifth, all of
the measures were self-report, which may have introduced common method bias. Further, we assessed relationship functioning at the individual level and not at the couple
level. Thus, future research could examine young adults’ relationship functioning at
the couple-level to compare couples who started their relationships via FWB relationships and those who did not. To date, we do not know of any studies that have examined FWB relationships at the couple-level.
Our study also illuminates some potential areas to explore for FWB relationships and
romantic relationships more generally. Although we examined young adults who transitioned from FWB to exclusive romantic relationships, it is unclear how this transition
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Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(7)
occurred. The impact and process of relationship transitions (e.g., deciding on being
exclusive or living together) has garnered more attention recently (Fincham et al., 2011;
Owen et al., in press; Stanley et al., 2010) and could be important for facilitating healthy
transitions from FWB relationships to exclusive romantic relationships.
Although previous studies have found an array of positive and negative correlates
with, and consequences of, hooking up and FWB relationships, the current study does
not continue this trend. That is, it appears that the positive elements as well as the risk
factors associated with FWB relationships do not continue into the relationship to the
degree that they materially affect relationship functioning. This does not preclude the
possibility that behaviors learned in FWB relationships affect subsequent exclusive
relationships that do not involve a FWB partner. In any event, it is important to conduct
more research in order to understand the nuances of how the transition occurs from
FWB relationships to exclusive relationships and what its potential impact on the
relationship might be.
Funding
This research was support in part by a grant from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Grant 90FE0022) awarded to Frank D. Fincham.
Notes
1. We anticipated a low base-rate for the number of young adults who started their exclusive
romantic relationships via FWB relationships, which was observed (i.e., approximately a 4:1
ratio). Moreover, the number of men who reported that their exclusive relationships started via
a FWB was low, which is to be expected based on previous research. As such, tests of mean
differences via MANCOVAs were deemed inappropriate and our ability to test gender interactions was also hampered.
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