S TA TE S
W .
du
P le s s is
D e p a rtm e n t
and
o f
N .J .J .
Rom an
O F
EM ERG ENCY
O liv ie r
Law
and
Legal
P lu r a lis m ,
PU
fo r
CHE
A B S T R A C T
N O O D TO E S TA N D
N o o d to e s ta n d
d a a r
d ie
om
te
n ie
w o rd
w e r k lik
deesdae
s p ra k e
b e s ta a n ,
in h o u d
'n
oor
o o r s ig
gee.
d ie
w a t
k o n d ig .
D ie
n o r m a le
is
gedoen
opgehef
b e p e r k in g s
d a t
kan
is
w o rd
om
s ta te
o f
d is c u s s io n
th e
hoë
en
d a t
oor
a r tik e l b e o o g
in
S u id - A fr ik a
g e d e e lte lik e
A lg e m e n e
in
n o o d to e s ta n d
n o o d to e s ta n d
in
1987
v r y h e id ,
is
in
1988
u itg e b r e i.
'n
na
en
b e ro e p
d ie
J u n ie
h e ra fg e -
p e r s v r y h e id
n o o d to e s ta n d
u its o n d e r in g
o n d e rs o e k
beskou
b e s in n in g
H ie r d ie
n o o d to e s ta n d
ja a r lik s
v e rd e re
n ie .
'n
v e rb a n d h o u d e n d e
e m e rg e n c y
b y
le g a l
c o n tin u a tio n
e x e c u tiv e
p a r tia l
in
o f
a
A c t
y e a r.
fre e d o m
th e
o f
b e c o m in g
th e re o f
in
en
D ie
op
d ie
g e v o lg
d ie
how e
g e ld ig h e id
o w e r h e id s o p tr e d e s
novo
in
in
p re s s
and
th e
o n ly
in
fa c t
g e n e ra l
as
w e ll
ta k e s
p la c e
1985)
was
o f
as
van
te
s te l.
e v e ry d a y
to
th e
as
th e
b y
e x c e p tio n .
lifte d
e a r ly
th e
th e
p r o v is io n s
of
of
e m e rg e n c y
o n ly
a
s ta te
c o n tin u a tio n
and
June
p ro c e s s
1989
-2 2 6 -
of
of
th e
1988.
la w
of
S o u th
e m e rg e n c y
In d iv id u a l
have
been
-
and
o f
in
to
of
w h o le
a c ts
to
D ue
life
m e r its
( a p p lic a b le
1987
due
in
1986.
v a lid ity
June
a c c e p te d
m e a s u re s
( d e c la r e d
June
th e
an
w h ite s
now adays
e m e rg e n c y
1953
and
e m e rg e n c y
C o n s e q u e n tly
de
5 4 (2 )
of
o f
p r o c la im e d
K o e rs
th e
d e c la r e d
3
is
a c a d e m ic s
e m e rg e n c y
s ta te
how ever
S a fe ty
o f
te rm s
s ta te
g e n e ra l
w as
fo r
en
van
in d iv id u e le
b y
is
s le g s
’n
d it
g e m e e n p la s ig
IN T R O D U C T IO N
T h e
A
is .
m e t e lk e
s le g s
ja a r
d aar
is
op
d a a r
n o o d to e s ta n d m a a tr e ë ls
1.
is
en
g e s p r e k v o e r in g
d a a rv a n
v ie r
1985
s e d e r td ie n
re g s g a n g
h ie r v a n
a lle d a a g s
v o o r ts e ttin g
in
la te r
a fg e k o n d ig ;
so
d ie p g a a n d e
a fg e lo p e
A a n v a n k lik
a fg e k o n d ig
1986
en
as
van
th e
T he
1986.
A fr ic a )
th e
P u b lic
e x te n d s
had
to
lib e r ty ,
be
th e
in c r e a s in g ly
c u r ta ile d
(a n d
to
a
la r g e
d e g re e
e x c lu d e d )
in
th e
c o u rs e
o f
th e
s u c c e s s iv e
e m e r g e n c ie s .
In
th is
S o u th
w ill
r e v ie w
A fr ic a
be
a r tic le
fro m
g iv e n .
a
1985
th is
o u tlin e
th e
o f
th e
r e s u ltin g
fo u r
re g a rd
re fe re n c e
w ill
r e g u la tio n s ,
r e la te d
e x e c u tiv e
a c ts
th e
c o u rts
in
of
B ill
o f
2.
IN D IV ID U A L
th e
lig h t
L IB E R T Y ,
lib e r ty ,
r ig h ts
fo rm
T he
e n c ro a c h m e n t
on
p r o m u lg a tio n
m a in
c h a r a c te r is tic
fu n d a m e n ta l
A fr ic a n
be
e n a c te d
fu n d a m e n ta l
fre e d o m s .
o f
th e
decades
annual
th e
In
c o n tin u e d
te rm s
a
B ill
o f
o f
u p h o ld in g
in
fre e d o m
c o n te n t
o f
th e
in te r p r e ta tio n
th e
th e
of
p ro p o s e d
o f
o f
th e s e
T he
s e r io u s
th e s e
o f
on
le g a l
in c r e a s in g
an
(a n d
o f
apex
c o u rt
( its
o th e r)
th e
(a m o n g s t
th e
in r o a d
p r o v is io n s
b a s ic
e m e rg e n c y
s u p re m e
and
a re
re a c h e d
o f
r ig h ts
B ill
la w
e ve r
has
s ta te
PRO CESS
A fr ic a n
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s
th is
a
DUE
S o u th
an
e r o s io n
R ig h ts .
fo llo w in g
A N D
p ro c e s s
th e
seen
o f
th e
o f
e m b o d ie s
o f)
due
o f
c u r ta ilm e n t
S o u th
o th e rs )
w ill
p r o te c tio n
(a n d
th e
to
a
be
of
la r g e
e n v is a g e d
B ill
R ig h ts :
1.
A r tic le
4:
R ig h t
2.
A r tic le
8:
F re e d o m
3 .
A r tic le
12:
F re e d o m
o f
m o v e m e n t.
4.
A r tic le
16:
F re e d o m
of
a s s o c ia tio n .
5.
A r tic le
18:
F re e d o m
o f
p o litic a l
6.
A r tic le
r ig h t
7.
on
C o m m is s io n 's
PRESS
have
(1 9 8 9 :4 7 6 -4 8 5 )
e m e rg e n c y
a b r o g a tio n
and
p a rc e l
T h is
in
th e
p re s s
and
re n e w a l
C o m m is s io n
fo r
o f
e m e rg e n c y
to
th e
Law
TH E
fre e d o m s .
b e in g
r e s p o n s ib le
th e
O F
and
fre e d o m s ).
Law
s ta te
fe w
th e s e
th e
of
p a rt
past
w ith
e x te n t
m ade
and
A fr ic a n
FREEDO M
fre e d o m
th a t
h e r ita g e .
T h e
S o u th
be
o f
im p o s e d
R ig h ts .
In d iv id u a l
s h o u ld
th e
s ta te s
lim ita tio n s
e m e rg e n c y
hum an
In
b r ie f
and
A r tic le
on
19:
to
p h y s ic a l
o f
F re e d o m
in te g r ity .
e x p r e s s io n
to
g a th e r
and
o f
in fo r m a tio n .
a s s o c ia tio n .
and
d e m o n s tra te
p e a c e fu lly
and
th e
p e titio n .
23:
R ig h t
a r b itr a r y
ta k e
to
p la c e
in
to
a rre s t
p e rs o n a l
and
a c c o rd a n c e
fre e d o m .
d e te n tio n .
w ith
g e n e r a lly
-2 2 7 -
T h is
A rre s t
in c lu d e s
and
a c c e p te d
th e
d e te n tio n
( n o r m a l)
p r o h ib itio n
m ay
o n ly
p ro c e d u re s
as
p r e s c r ib e d
on
a
p re v e n t
8.
a
A r tic le
c iv ilis e d
upon
b y
T h e
and
d e g r a d in g
T he
r ig h t
o f
A fr ic a n
and
Law
fre e d o m s
m ay
be
p u b lic
o n ly
to
o f
th a t
d e m o c r a tic
A r tic le
c o u rt
chaos
e x te n t
s o c ie ty
31
to
fre e d o m s
a c ts
C o m m is s io n
c o n ta in e d
in
e x e c u tiv e
a c ts
e x p lic it
c r im e .
and
in
if
q u e s tio n
s e c u r ity
a
a lia
th e
p u rp o rte d
s ta n d a rd s
fo r
a rre s t
b e fo re
c r im e
c o u rt
a d ju d ic a te d
r e p r e s e n ta tio n ,
a g a in s t
a
of
and
to
to rtu re ,
r e c e iv e
a s s a u lt
and
c iv il
a c tio n
a c k n o w le d g e s
in te r e s t,
a
th a t th e
c o n ta in e d
re g a rd
Such
a g a in s t
th e
e x e c u tiv e
a c ts .
c o n f lic t
in
to
th e
w ith
b o n i
th e
as
its
a b o v e - m e n tio n e d
p ro p o s e d
c o n s id e r a tio n s
m o re s ,
r ig h ts
c u r ta ilm e n t
m anner
fo r
of
in c o m p a tib le
is
is ,
p u b lic
o f
g e n e r a lly
of
s ta te
h e a lth ,
o th e rs
h o w e v e r,
B ill
o f
and
th e
p e r m is s ib le
a c c e p ta b le
in
a
th e
is
R ig h ts
to
u n a s s a ila b le
pow er of
e n c ro a c h m e n ts
R ig h ts
as
w e ll
as
on
to
th e
th e
s u p re m e
r ig h ts
in v a lid a te
and
le g is la tio n
th e r e w ith .
of
th e
m ay
o p in io n
be
s ta te
th a t
c u r ta ile d
s e c u r ity .
th e
b y
r ig h ts
and
le g is la tio n
T h is ,
fre e d o m s
and
r e la te d
is
s u b je c t
h o w e v e r,
c o n d itio n s :
and
m a c h in e r y
w hen
th e
(1 9 8 9 :4 3 9 ),
le g is la tio n
to
to
in n o c e n c e .
a lle g e d
B ill
p e r ta in in g
o r
3 0 ).
th e
B ill o f
to
th e
le g a l
o th e r
such
( a r tic le
e x tr a o r d in a r y
u tilis e d
needed
p u b lic
ju s t ic e ,
(1 9 8 9 :4 4 0 )
th e
of
h a v in g
and
in
b ro u g h t
have
to
as
p ro v id e s
T he
in
w e ll
upon
c o n ta in e d
be
s ile n t,
in s titu te
a d ju d ic a te
e x e c u tiv e
T he
to
s p e c ific a lly
and
tw o
of
re a s o n s
p r o h ib itio n
C o m m is s io n
o rd e r,
fo llo w
tre a tm e n t.
c u r ta ile d
a d m in is tr a tio n
o n ly
c o m m itte d
of
a d m in is tr a tiv e
(a s
m ay
been
in te r
to
P r e s u m p tio n
r e v ie w
p r e v e n tio n
2.
th e
27:
S o u th
d e te n tio n
h a v in g
d e ta in e e s ,
c o u rt,
as
th e
s e c u r ity ,
1.
w e ll
and
c r im e
fu r n is h in g
r e m a in
a rre s t,
A r tic le
R ig h ts )
to
to
and
to
of
tre a tm e n t,
a fte r
2 5 (b ):
a
c o m m itte d .
im p a r tia l
in h u m a n
r ig h ts
th e
an
as
a rre s t
o f
r ig h ts
r ig h t
h o u rs
v is ito r s
A r tic le
10.
th e
48
L a w fu l
b e in g
V a r io u s
d e te n tio n ,
w ith in
la w .
p r e s u m p tio n
c r im e
24:
d e te n tio n ,
9 .
b y
r e a s o n a b le
m a in ta in
in h e r e n t
c o n tin u e d
in
s ta te
e x is te n c e
s e c u r ity
o f
th e
m ay
s ta te
as
o n ly
such
be
is
and
its e lf
m ust
fre e d o m ,
be
b u t
-2 2 8 -
lim ite d :
v ig o r o u s
"O rd e r
r e s tr a in ts
and
a re
r u le
needed
a re
to
c o n ta in
r u le r s
p ro te c ts
w ith in
hum an
th e
r ig h ts "
bounds
(C a rl J
of
a
c o n s titu tio n a l
F r ie d r ic h
as
q u o te d
in
o rd e r
th e
w h ic h
1 9 8 9 -re p o rt
(4 4 0 )).
A
b a la n c e
m ust
C o m m is s io n
a c c e p ta b le
to
in
a
p ro n o u n c e
T h is
to
d e m o c r a tic
th e
v a lid ity
s h o u ld
o f s e c u r ity
e s p e c ia lly
s tr o n g ly
H o w e v e r,
fa v o u r
o f
th e re o f
p r o h ib it
th e
( W e s e n s g e h a lt
-
to o
s ta te
b y
o u r
a
m e a s u re s
th e
to
and
e x c lu d e
th e
1 9 (2 ))
b a s ic
hum an
o f
th a t
o n ly
to
o f
a c c e p ta b ility
c o n s e q u e n tly
ra th e r
th a t
o r
th e
a c ts .
p e r ta in in g
a b o v e - m e n tio n e d
o f
G e n e r a lk la u s u l)
o f
is
y a r d s tic k
s itu a tio n
W e w o u ld
any
The
w h ic h
a d m in is tr a tiv e
th e
(te m p o ra ry
a r tic le
th e
m ay
s im ila r
1 (th e
s e c u r ity .
o f
c r ite r io n
and
a b s o lu tis m .
a b r o g a tio n
as
p re s e n t
v ie w ,
p ro v is io n
s ta te
c r ite r io n
used
vague
A r tic le
and
th e
be
as
te n d s
in
is
r ig h ts
th a t
re c o m m e n d
th e
and
G e rm a n
19
p e rm a n e n t)
r ig h ts
be
o f
th e
o f
th e
c o n ta in e d
in
C o n s titu tio n .
T he
a b o v e - m e n tio n e d
p ro c e d u ra l
h o w e v e r,
m o d ify
s ta te ).
1.
hum an
v ie w
s o c ie ty
(G ru n d g e s e tz ).
G ru n d g e s e tz
essence
th e
s o c ie ty
in
s u b s titu tio n
C o n s titu tio n
of
w e lc o m e d
r ig h ts .
m is in te r p r e te d
th e
b e tw e e n
is
m e a s u re s
hum an
a
th e
is
e m e rg e n c y
in
s tru c k
d e m o c r a tic
on
p ro p o s a l
b a s ic
be
(1 9 8 9 :4 4 0 )
r ig h ts )
been
a
r u le s
fo llo w in g
R u le s
fo r m in g
c u r ta il
b a s ic
a.
d e r
b .
on
fo r
W a lt,
Du
th e
r u le s
s h iftin g
th e
a re
( in d iv id u a l
A fr ic a n
of
o f
th e
la w
n a tu ra l
o n u s)
in s ta n c e s
o r d in a r y
la w .
o f
o f
in
such
th e
r ig h ts
and
T h e re
has,
ju s tic e
and
fa v o u r
o f
to
th e
e n c ro a c h m e n t:
la n d
th a t
s e v e r e ly
r ig h ts :
in d iv id u a l
lib e r ty
and
In te r n a l S e c u r ity
in d e fin ite
A c t
d e te n tio n
52
o f
1951
due
A c t
(s
(s e e
p ro c e s s
74 o f
2 9 ))
and
O liv ie r ,
1982
th e
o f
la w
th a t
eg
p r o v id e s
P r e v e n tio n
P ie n a a r
and
of
V an
1 9 8 8 :1 -1 5 ).
c o n tro l
R e g is tr a tio n
(s e e
r ig h ts
S o u th
e x c lu d e
th e
of
S q u a ttin g
P re s s
in
c a te g o r ie s
le g is la tio n
a lia
Ille g a l
(e g
p a rt
L im ita tio n s
to
tw o
hum an
s e c u r ity
in te r
e m b o d ie d
te n d e n c y
p ro c e d u ra l
T he
is
A c t
P le s s is ,
m e a s u re s
eg
63
and
of
1971
1 9 8 6 :2 8 8 -3 7 5 ;
-2 2 9 -
th e
th e
Lane,
N ew spaper
P u b lic a tio n s
1 9 8 6 :1 -2 6 4 ).
and
A c t
42
Im p r in t
o f
1974
2.
E x tr a o r d in a r y
(s e e
th e
la w
(e v e n
T hese
B ill
o f
as
s ta te s
th e y
th e
O F
o f
A
o f
th e
of
o th e r
in
hand
do
and
not
a b ro g a te s
m a r tia l
fo rm
th e
la w
p a rt
r u le s
of
th e re o f
to
th e
of
m any
p ro v is io n s
th e
fa c t
in s ta n c e s
c o u rt
have
been
been
of
th a t
th e
th e
p ro p o s e d
fu n d a m e n ta l
a b ro g a te d
e x p lic itly
and
th a t
e x c lu d e d .
1 9 8 5 -1 9 8 8
fro m
1985
to
on
An
be
1987
w ill
in d iv id u a l
o v e r v ie w
g iv e n .
r e g u la tio n s
b a s ic
r e g u la tio n s
one
hand
account
s u p re m e
w ill
th e
le g is la tio n ) .
p re s s .
th e
a b o v e - m e n tio n e d
th e
e n c ro a c h e d
r e g u la tio n s
in te r p r e ta tio n
3 .1
have
e m e rg e n c y
e m e rg e n c y
on
c o n tra ry
on
EM ERG ENCY
o f
fre e d o m
a ls o
a lia
th e
s y s te m a tic a lly
e m e rg e n c y
th e
of
on
s e c u r ity
above
p o w e rs
th e
th a t
and
a re
in te r
d e s c r ib e d
S TA TE S
T he
e x is tin g
c a te g o r ie s
r e v ie w
3
la n d
R ig h ts ,
fre e d o m s
a re
1 9 8 8 :1 -2 2 )
th e
th e
tw o
of
th e
m e a s u re s
V e n te r,
b y
of
be
th e
R e fe re n c e
th e
c o u rts
d is c u s s e d
lib e r ty ,
so
fa r
p ro c e s s
and
c o n te n ts
w ill
and
due
a ls o
th e
in
of
be
th e
m ade
e ffe c t
1988
to
th e
th e re o f
on
r ig h ts .
1985
p a r tia l
s ta te
o f e m e rg e n c y
1 9 8 5 -0 7 -2 1
-
T h e
e m e rg e n c y
T he
s e c u r ity
p r o v is io n s
o f
r e g u la tio n s
th e
r u le s
la n d
re s p e c t
s e v e re
T w o
th a n
&
in te r
In te rn a l
on
th e
d e c la re d
O liv ie r ,
a p p lie d
o n ly
21
51
of
m e a s u re s
and
S e c u r ity
A c t
fre e d o m
of
J u ly
74
1985
th e
m a g is te r ia l
d e ta in
1977
and
th e
a b ro g a te d
th e
and
&
PR121
1 9 8 6 :2 9 0 -2 9 4 ).
and
d e te n tio n
of
(P R 1 2 0
Lane,
s p e c ifie d
a rre s t
A c t
T hese
a rre s t
in
to
P ro c e d u re
a lia
on
1987a: 129;
e m p o w e re d
e x c lu d e d .
o f
r e s tr ic tio n s
p r o h ib itio n
w e re
C r im in a l
w e re
th e
was
P le s s is
fo rc e s
p ro c e s s
in
Du
d is tr ic ts .
p e o p le ;
w e re
n o rm a l
la w
of
th e
due
th e
m uch
m o re
in tr o d u c e d :
th e
1982.
p re s s
w e re
on
1.
p u b lic a tio n
2.
th e
of
film in g ,
c e r n in g
d r a w in g s
in f o r m a t io n
r e c o r d in g ,
p u b lic
and
r e g a r d in g
p u b lis h in g
d is tu r b a n c e s
sound
and
d e ta in e e s ;
and
th e
r e c o r d in g s .
-2 3 0 -
b r o a d c a s tin g
d is s e m in a tio n
o f
of
m a te r ia l
co n
p h o to g ra p h s ,
3 .2
A
1986
g e n e ra l
s ta te
1 9 8 6 -0 6 -1 2 ).
o f
e m e rg e n c y
In itia lly
1 9 8 5 - r e g u la tio n s .
1 9 8 6 -1 2 -1 1 )
th e
r o le
as
p re s s
e m e rg e n c y .
r e s tr ic tio n s
on
p u b lic a tio n
3 .3
1 .
m ost
of
such
im p o r ta n t
An
b y
as
s e v e re
of
u n re s t
as
on
1986
w e re
s im ila r
as
th e
a im s ,
re p o rts
was
and
of
of
th e
(P R 2 2 4
C o u n c il
of
about
a g g r a v a tin g
J a n u a ry
R 101
p o lic y
and
in
to
c o n c e rn
M e d ia
In
(G N
(P R 1 0 9
r e s tr ic tio n s
w e ll
G o v e rn m e n t.
th e
June
a u th o r itie s '
o f
p r o m u lg a te d
o f
12
m e d ia
th e
p r o p o s a ls
th e
w e re
on
r e g u la tio n s
r e s u lt
o rg a n is a tio n s
T he
and
changes
can
im p r o v e m e n t
som e
o f
T r a in in g
P r o v is io n
was
fo r
r e p e a le d
on
M e d ic a l
PR106
th e
of
and
to
1987
act
fu rth e r
1 9 8 7 -0 1 -0 8 ).
s tra te g y
a d v e r tis e m e n ts
of
banned
p r o m o tin g
th e
p r o h ib ite d .
in
and
th e
te rm s
of
p ro v is io n s
e x c lu d e d
eg
in
v is its
v a r io u s
b y
th e
p e r ta in in g
c o n tro l
of
of
(P R 9 5 ,
96,
97,
r e g u la tio n s
in
o rd e r
to
c o u rts .
to
th e
and
th e
s c h o o ls
and
D e p a rte m e n t
A c t
e m e rg e n c y
P r is o n
8
te a c h e rs '
o f
r e la tiv e s
and
-2 3 1 -
b y
by
in te r
PR 106
of
1959
E d u c a tio n
a lia
of
th e
to
(G N
S o u th
R2080
to
w e re
r e c e iv e
of
was
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -2 6 .
how ever
p r is o n e r s
r ig h t
M in is te r
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1
a p p lic a b le
r e g u la tio n s ;
th e
th e
of
R e g u la tio n s
tr ia l- a w a itin g
fo o d .
b y
G N 1300
o p p o s itio n
n o rm a l
of
r u le s
s u b s titu te d
P r is o n s
th e
of
d e ta in e e s .
v o c ife r o u s
fa v o u r
b y
o f
p r o m u lg a tio n
S o c ie ty
m ade
r e g u la tio n s
fo llo w s :
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1 ).
fo r
of
as
id e n tifie d
th e
of
account
1 9 6 5 -1 2 -3 1 )
e m e rg e n c y
m e a s u re s
tre a tm e n t
o s te n s ib ly
d e ta in e d
th e
fo r m u la tio n
u n d e r
m ade
th e
to
s u m m a r is e d
lo o p h o le s
(P R 9 8
A fr ic a n
and
in
th e
c o lle g e s
J u s tic e
o f
be
in tr o d u c tio n
tr a in in g
3.
of
a
T he
com m ent
w e ll
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1 )
c lo s e
2.
of
as
1986
as
p r o m o tin g
p re s s
d e c la r e d
1987
T he
98
im a g e
in
r e je c te d
th e
o rg a n is a tio n s
p u b lic
D ecem ber
th e
w e re
was
e m e rg e n c y
in tr o d u c e d
th e
w a tc h d o g
T he
In
w e re
of
p r o lo n g in g
th e
of
p e rs o n s
a
num ber
e x p lic itly
n e w s p a p e rs
4.
O n
28
A u g u s t
p r o c la m a tio n
in
o rd e r
o f
to
m ade
a lte r n a tiv e
s u b s e q u e n tly
m o n th s .
n o tic e
5.
PR 123
hand
fo r
was
w a r n in g
n is t e r 's
C o u rt
and
r e v ie w
in tr o d u c tio n
D u r in g
in
-
th e
th e
see
Du
c o u rts
1.
o f
P le s s is
d iffe r e d
w h e th e r
a rre s t
th e
SA
296
2.
th e
201
Law
o f
and
3 .4
1988
T he
th ir d
th e
o f th e
th e
t
on
no
to
a c tio n
a
was
w e ll
as
w a rn
p e r io d
th e
and
of
th e
th re e
g iv in g
of
needed
to
be
s tre n g th e n
M in is te r
to
c o u ld
be
o f
e ffe c tu a lly
th e
r e ly
s p e c ific a lly
in fo r m e d
c o m p e te n c y
was
as
to
and
fu rth e r
lo n g e r
in h e r e n t
PR123
e x c lu d e d .
w h ic h
needed
1 9 8 7 -e m e rg e n c y
d iv is io n s
on
o f
onus
in te r
o f
th e
th e
M i
S u p re m e
e x c lu d e d
b y
th e
O rd e r
and
th e
be
Law
4
SA
e m e rg e n c y
e m e rg e n c y
e m e rg e n c y
and
can
d iv e r g e n t
C o u rt
be
(a s
lin e s
in
1986
id e n tifie d .
F ro n t
th e
1987
452
was
4
v
v
S ta te
S ta te
O m ar
1987
v a lid ity
o f
d e ta in e e
o r
SA
(N K );
482
p r o v is io n s
lib e r ta tis
C a m p a ig n
th e
on
is
207)
fa v o re m
O rd e r
p ro v e
was
tw o
S u p re m e
e m p o w e r in g
in
M a n d e la
O rd e r
1987
o f
D e m o c r a tic
d e te n tio n
th e
T he
a lia
s h o u ld
to
r e g u la tio n s
o f
1 9 8 7 b :2 0 1 -2 0 4 ,
( R e le a s e
Law
S e c u r ity
1 9 8 8 -0 1 -1 5
T he
v a r io u s
O liv ie r
M in is te r
T he
fo r
p a rte m
th e
1 9 8 7 -0 8 -2 8 )
p re s s .
e m p o w e re d
s p e c ific a lly
o rd e r
M in is t e r 's
was
a lte r a m
p u b lis h e r
a c tio n .
U n ite d
g e n e ra l
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 ).
of
o f
( e s ta b lis h e d )
p u b lic a tio n s
g ro u n d s
in te r p r e ta tio n
th e
su b se qu e n t
PR7
n o rm a l
audi
w e re
b a n n in g
th e
th e
M in is te r
o f
T he
d e te n tio n )
(N );
(N );
to
announced
(P R 1 2 3
PR7.
E x e c u tiv e
n is te r
o r
s h a r p ly
and
w h e th e r
3 .4 .1
o f
v a lid ity
a ttitu d e
by
o n ly
e n v is a g e d
to
r u le s
M in is te r .
m e n tio n e d ,
a lte r n a tiv e
p a r tie s
am ended
In te r io r
s o - c a lle d
p e r io d ic
n o rm a l
th e
r e g u la tio n s
T he
suspend
th e
th e
th e
o f
m e d ia
a p p lic a b le
in te r e s te d
of
M in is te r
th e
p re s s .
T he
to
th e
c u r ta il
n e v e r th e le s s
th e
1987
a m e n d in g
o r
in
P r e s id e n t
P r e s id e n t
3
SA
th e
th e
(e g
859
1987
1
3
SA
a rre s t
and
(P e te rs
S w a rt
of
1988
(A ));
in itia l
s ta te
fo r
fa v o u r
v
v
M i
M in is te r
of
(P R 9 6
of
(K )).
d e c la r e d
r e g u la te d
r e g u la tio n s
-2 3 2 -
on
b y
(P R 9 7
a
o f
10
Ju n e
num ber
1988
o f
p r o c la m a t io n s .
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 )
A
m em ber
in d ic a te d
th e
o f
b y
R e g u la tio n
a
3
Law
n o r
th e
o f
b y
h ear
d e te n tio n .
fo rc e s .
a
s u b je c t
No
to
o f
T h e
pow er
th e
s e c u r ity
b y
T he
a m b it
o f
in
r e s tr ic tio n s
on
been
R e g u la tio n
n a tu ra l
b y
a
p e r m is s io n
w r itte n
a rre s te d
th e
a re a
an
and
to
b y
a re
and
to
a
p la c e
n e c e s s a ry
in itia l
fo r
th e
o f
o r
M in is te r
e x c e e d in g
a lte r n a tiv e
need
o ffic ia ls )
be
not
a r r e s tin g
not
of
e n title d
m e a s u re s
re a s o n s
p r o lo n g
th e
s h a ll
D e ta in e e s
o ffic ia l
g iv e
to
m e m b e rs
n o r
d e te n tio n
T he
p e r io d
d is c r e tio n
b y
h im .
have
access
any
o ffic ia l
to
m ay
th e
s e c u r ity
be
r e le a s e d
M in is te r .
deem ed
s e iz u r e
N am es
to
be
c r im in a l
w ith o u t
and
a
a c ts
w a rra n t
a d d re s s e s
th e
d e ta in e d
w h ic h
o f
m ust
in
he
T he
1113
(P R 1 7 0
th e
to
s e rv e d
(fo r
an
been
and
o f
(re g
is
be
4 ).
g iv e n
to
fu r n is h e d
e x te n d e d
R e g u la tio n
c o n tro l
17
as
to
o f
th e
-2 3 3 -
p e r io d
o f
w ith o u t
is
th a t
is
of
have
th is
a c ts
fo r
h is
a fte r
o f
th e
o rd e r
w r itte n
o rd e r
( p r e v io u s ly
p e rs o n s
a w a itin g
im m e d ia te ly
an
th e
w ith
am endm ent
p e r s o n a lly )
and
p r o v id e s
G a z e tte
a c ts
th is
r e s tr ic te d )
M in is te r
a c tiv itie s
a c tiv itie s
N o n - c o m p lia n c e
u n s p e c ifie d
th e
im p o s e s
o rg a n is a tio n s
1 9 8 8 -0 9 -2 2 )
G o v e rn m e n t
o f
T he
th e
b y
7
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 .)
p e rfo rm
e ffe c t
has
been
9.
o r g a n is a tio n s .
p r o v is io n s
p e rs o n
be
and
( S u b s e q u e n tly
&
C o m m is s io n e r .
to
have
8
p r o h ib it
h im .
M in is te r
7,
a c ts
to
am endm ent
th e
had
o r
s im ila r
A n
r e g u la tio n s
G N 1112
o ffe n c e .
n o tic e
it
and
a
use
h is
consent
r e g u la tio n s
-
s p e c ifie d
o f
c o n s titu te s
p ro c e e d
fo rc e .
M in is te r
M in is te r
th e
lo s s
p o w e rs
c o n ta in s
p e rs o n s .
p r o h ib itin g
by
a c tiv itie s
c u r ta ile d
p u b lic a tio n
th e
T he
th e
5 ).
o f
id e n tifie d
8
fo r
in te r r o g a te d
e m e rg e n c y
1988
th e
s e v e r e ly
w a rra n t
N e ith e r
c o n s id e r
c o n c e r n in g
s e a rc h
fa r - r e a c h in g
o rg a n is a tio n s
to
deem s
s e c u r ity
d e te n tio n
M in is t e r 's
(re g
he
6 ).
th e
in t r o d u c t io n
g ra n te d
e n try ,
fo rc e s
(re g
be
o r
a
a
e x e r c is in g
im p o s e d
h u rt
o f
la n d .
th a n
in fo r m a tio n
o f
re q u e s t
m ay
w ith o u t th e
h a rm ,
to
w hen
(o th e r
c o n d itio n s
th e
th e
p e rs o n
p e rs o n
o th e r
T h re a ts
o f
if
e m e rg e n c y .
c o m p e lle d
la w
D e ta in e e s
d e ta in e e
any
is
w ith o u t
m em ber
o f
p e rs o n s
2 ).
e x te n d
s ta te
th e
any
a
o rd e r
co n d u ct
a rre s t
by
m ay
m ay
fro m
(re g
fo r
days
th e
M in is te r
p r e s c r ib e d
o r
30
fo rc e
d e s is t
o rd e r
O rd e r
d u r a tio n
to
o f
o f
and
n o r
to
p r o v id e s
p e r io d
th e
to
s e c u r ity
o r
m a in te n a n c e
fo r
o f
th e
h im
m ay
re m o v a l
a
be
to
p u b lic a tio n
o f
th e
M i n i s t e r 's
p r o h ib itio n
o r
o rd e r
w ith o u t
h a v in g
th e
th e m
h a v in g
o p p o r tu n ity
been
to
in fo r m e d
d e s is t
fro m
a b o ut
th e
th e
s p e c if ie d
c o n d u c t.
R e g u la tio n
9
e m p o w e rs
in
o r
p e rs o n s
g e n e ra l
a c tiv ity
o r
p e r fo r m in g
W id e - r a n g in g
P o lic e
(re g
on
lia b ility
fo rc e s
&
th e
( w h ic h
3 .4 .2
3 .4 .3
p r o h ib its
p u b lic a tio n
s e c u r ity
o f
c o m m itte e s )
d e ta in e e s
,
th e
o f
(re g
u n la w fu l
o r g a n is a tio n s
p u b lic a tio n
T h e
o f
c r im in a l
a ct
in
o f
(re g
a
(e g
p e rs o n s
c a rry
on
an
th e
C o m m is s io n e r
and
to
of
im p o s e
fu n e r a ls ) .
c o m m itte d
in
o f
b y
c o u rt
th e
s e c u r ity
p ro c e e d in g s )
is
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 )
to
th o s e
(P R 9 9
o f
c o n ta in e d
in
G N 1300
of
jo u r n a lis ts
s ta te m e n ts
a re
a d d itio n
once
to
3 (6 )).
(a s
o r
on
and
a g a in
th e
to
th e
o f
w e ll
R e g u la tio n
-2 3 4 -
any
T he
g a th e r in g s ,
(e g
lis te d
as
o f th e
r e g u la tio n
4 (1 )
a c tio n .
s tre e t
p e rs o n s
of
th e
a d v e r tis e m e n ts
s a fe ty
g a t
o f
and
o r g a n is a tio n s ,
p r o h ib ite d
in
p e o p le
scene
s tru c tu re s
a b o v e - m e n tio n e d
d e fin e d
th e
r e s tr ic te d
u n la w fu l
as
o th e r
at
s e c u r ity
re m a rk s
d e ta in e e s
d e tr im e n ta l
m a te r ia l
o r
in fo r m a l
o f
C o m m e n ts
and
p e r m is s io n
s itu a tio n s ,
b o y c o tts ,
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 )
fu n e r a l)
u n re s t
o r
3 (1 )).
m a te r ia l
p u b lic a tio n
(e g
tre a tm e n t
is
m ay
to
g a th e r in g s
r e s u lte d
o f
o ffic e - b e a r e r s
d e ta in e e s
C o m m is s io n e r
g ra n te d
(P R 9 8
p re s e n c e
on
s tr ik e s
and
to
15.
C o m m is s io n e r 's
speeches,
c ir c u m s ta n c e s
have
p r o h ib itin g
p e rs o n s
o rd e r.
a c t iv it ie s
r e g u la tio n s
m a te r ia l
and
o rd e r
o f
th e
a re
s im ila r
g a th e r in g
a c tio n s ,
fo r
r e g u la tio n s
th e
w ith o u t
r e s tr ic te d
in
p r o h ib it
r e g u la tio n
a re
an
a b o v e ).
e m e rg e n c y
2
is s u e
c a te g o ry
g a th e r in g
o th e r w is e
by
r e g u la tio n s
new s
a
to
c r im in a l)
( d is c u s s e d
R e g u la tio n
u n re s t,
and
a
o rd e rs
a lia
o f
to
to
s p e c ifie d
is s u e
e m e rg e n c y
M e d ia
h e r in g
act
h o ld in g
w o u ld
p r is o n
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -2 7
M in is te r
in te r
e x c lu d e d
P r is o n
T he
to
11)
( c iv il
s p e c ific a lly
an
p o w e rs
10
c o n d itio n s
A ll
th e
b e lo n g in g
(re g
th e
r e le a s e
of
c o n c e r n in g
3 (2 )).
T he
r e s tr ic tio n s
fo r b id
p u b lic
3 (3 )).
3 (1 ))
p r o h ib its
(re g
c o n s titu te s
th e
ta k in g
a
of
p h o to g ra p h s ,
sound
th e
S u b v e r s iv e
in c lu d e
in c ite d
o r
a
in
a
o f
T he
s e r v ic e
M in is te r
im p o rte d
th e
T he
c o m p u ls io n
opposed
b y
b y
PR 125
3 .4 .4
c a lc u la te d
o ffic ia ls
o r
th a t
(re g
to
c iv il
o r
th e
m a k in g
p u b lis h e d
m e m b e rs
o f
th e
to
have
th e
e ffe c t
ta k e
p a rt
in
u n re s t,
p e r fo r m in g
o th e r
th e ir
s e c u r ity
o f
o r to
(re g
5 ).
p u b lic
a re
o f
r e s is t
in
to
oppose
in c itin g
to
fu n c tio n s
le g is la tio n ,
d is o b e d ie n c e
c e r ta in
6 ).
r e g u la tio n
to
th e
o f
p ro d u c e d
w h ic h
p u b lic
act on
d e c id e
m e d ia
in
and
th e re o f.
te rm s
ta k e
p a rt
c o m p u ls o r y
1 ).
p u b lis h e d
1987
m ade,
is
th e
and
o r an
(re g
be
o r w h ic h
r e g u la tio n s
m ay
o r
n o t
o f
p ro g ra m m e s
p u b lic a tio n
s ta te m e n ts
c a b in e t
b o y c o tt a c tio n
m ilita r y
to
th e
te le v is io n
th e
m ay
m e m b e rs
e m e rg e n c y
o f
as
a lia
e n c o u ra g e d ,
m em ber
th e
w e ll
in te r
e n c o u r a g in g
o f
as
s ta te m e n ts
T hese
o r
p r o d u c tio n
r e c o r d in g s
p e r io d ic a ls
R e g u la tio n
a m e n d m e n ts
r e g is te r
e s ta b lis h e d
as
new s
p re s s
7
(3 .3
m ay
be
p ro d u c e d ,
m e a s u re s
s im ila r
a b o v e ).
a g e n c ie s
(M a g g s ,
not
c o n ta in s
(re g
11)
1 9 8 8 :1 0 ).
w as
T h is
s tr o n g ly
w as
r e p e a le d
1 9 8 8 -0 7 -2 8 .
E d u c a tio n a l
in s titu tio n s
e m e rg e n c y
r e g u la tio n s
(P R 1 0 0
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 )
T he
D ir e c to r - G e n e r a l
c o n n e c tio n
th e
w ith
w e a r in g ,
d is tr ib u tio n
3 .4 .5
A
o f
th e
o f
A p p e lla te
In
and
o f
a g a in s t
r e la te d
th e
T r a in in g
c o n te n t
d is p la y in g
and
th e
A p p e lla te
C o u rt
Law
o p in io n
n e c e s s ity
and
e tc .,
th e
and
p u p ils ,
o f
m ay
o f
c lo th in g ,
m ovem ent
o r
is s u e
c o u rs e s
o rd e rs
and
s tic k e r s
a c tiv itie s
o f
in
s y lla b i,
e tc .,
th e
p u p ils .
D iv is io n
ju d g e m e n ts
c o n c e r n in g
a d m in is tr a tiv e
o f
p r o v in c ia l
th e
v a lid ity
a c ts
w e re
and
of
lo c a l
th e
d e c id e d
d iv is io n s
e m e rg e n c y
upon
b y
th e
D iv is io n .
M in is te r
th e
o f
a p p e a ls
S u p re m e
r e g u la tio n s
o f
n o tic e s
E d u c a tio n
o f
p o s s e s s io n
o f
J u d g e m e n ts
num ber
o f
p re s e n c e
o f
th e
and
th a t
O rd e r
th e
a rre s t
and
v
D em psey
a r r e s tin g
d e te n tio n
1988
o f f ic ia l's
m ay
-2 3 5 -
n o t
3
SA
19
(A )
s u b je c tiv e
be
th e
v ie w
q u e s tio n e d .
c o u rt was
as
to
th e
T h e
A p p e lla te
NO
v
D iv is io n 's
ju d g e m e n t
S ta a ts p r e s id e n t,
e ffe c tiv e ly
a b ro g a te d
J o o s te
a
in
v
N gqum ba
v
S ta a ts p r e s id e n t,
S ta a ts p r e s id e n t
num ber
o f
in d iv id u a l
1988
and
4
SA
Dam ons
224
p ro c e d u ra l
(A )
r ig h ts
of
d e ta in e e s :
1.
T h e
2.
N e ith e r
r e le a s e
th e
w h e th e r
a
o r d in a r y
is
o f
th e
la n d "
th o s e
c o n ta in e d
in
th e
S e c u r ity
o u t
in
th e
e x te n t
In
its
U n ite d
th e
A c t
C r im in a l
ju r is d ic tio n
r e g u la tio n s
-
even
u n c e r ta in .
e m p o w e re d
T h e
to
to
in
1988
of
c o u rt w as
is s u e
p r o p e r ly
of
th e
M in is te r .
c o m p e lle d
be
2 5 6 A -J ).
d e a lt
T h is
to
w ith
c o n s id e r
u n d e r
im p lie s
a lte r n a tiv e
th a t
m e a s u re s
P ro c e d u re
A c t
and
p ro c e d u ra l
A c t
o th e r
51
of
1977
r e g u la tio n s
51
of
a re
th e
th e re
such
1977
as
and
r e g u la tio n s
4
SA
830
(A )
on
th e
v a lid ity
such
a ls o
th e
s u b o r d in a te
o f th e
p r o c la m a tio n s
th e
in
th a t
r e g u la tio n s
set
to
to
it.
S ta a ts p r e s id e n t
c o u rt
of
as
a p p lic a b le
re fe rs
re n o u n c e d
its
p r o c la m a tio n s
le g is la tio n
o p in io n
and
m a tte rs
o n ly
e x p lic itly
e m e rg e n c y
p r o c la im
cases
b y
is
1982.
m e d ia
F ro n t
o rd e re d
M in is te r
use
a rre s t
e m e rg e n c y
o f th e
D e m o c r a tic
th e
P ro c e d u re
th e
in te r p r e ta tio n
in h e re n t
of
r e g a r d in g
th a t
"c a n
C r im in a l
72
be
th e
(2 5 4 A -D ,
c o n s id e r
p r o v is io n s
o n ly
n o r
s itu a tio n
to
v
is
p a r tic u la r
la w
m ay
o ffic ia l
o b lig a tio n
T he
and
d e ta in e e s
no
In te rn a l
3 .
of
a r r e s tin g
th e
b e in g
S ta te
c o n tra ry
and
vague
P r e s id e n t
to
e x is tin g
le g is la tio n .
4
A
C O N C L U S IO N
c o m p a r is o n
d ue
p ro c e s s
o f
o f
th e
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s
o f
th e
v a r io u s
o f
th e s e
O ffic ia ls
as
w e ll
in
te rm s
r ig h ts
th e
of
m a la
a p p lie s
M in is te r
and
o f
th e
1988
have
been
as
of
as
Hom e
A fr ic a n
th e
have
th e
in
Law
a rre s t
Law
th is
been
c o n tro l
A ffa ir s
is
th e
and
of
and
d e te n tio n
th e
of
b y
th e
r e m a in d e r
th e
m e d ia
c o n c e rn e d .
-2 3 6 -
in
v ir tu a lly
A p p e lla te
m ay
in d iv id u a l
(a s
o n ly
d e ta in e e
b y
D ue
th e
th e
th a t
fre e d o m ,
o u t
in
th e
p ro v is io n s
th e
m a jo r ity
s e v e r e ly
c u r ta ile d .
e m e rg e n c y
s itu a tio n s
have
D iv is io n
be
set
and
c le a r ly
th e
re g a rd
p ro v e d
show s
and
O rd e r
to
p re s s
C o m m is s io n )
r e g u la tio n s
a b ro g a te d
of
p e r ta in in g
o f
ju d g e m e n ts
p o w e rs
fid e s
fa r
fo r
r ig h ts
fre e d o m
S o u th
M in is te r
re c e n t
hum an
th e
e m e rg e n c y
r e s p o n s ib le
as
d is c r e tio n a r y
w h e re
b a s ic
la w
a b s o lu te
th e ir
e x e r c is e
in v e s tig a te d
in
c o n c e rn e d .
s e c u r ity
p ro c e s s
o f
p o w e rs ;
T he
fo rc e s
la w
has
of
cases
sam e
and
a ls o
th e
in
fa c t
to
a
v e ry
e m e rg e n c y
th e
b r in g in g
a rre s t,
th e
th e
case
T hu s
la r g e
r e g u la tio n s
o f
b e fo re
la y in g
is
in
no
te rm s
d u r a tio n
th e
on
th e
and
v a lid ity
at
fo r
o f
w ith in
a ll
a
th e
w o r d in g
a rre s t,
s p e c ifie d
o f
a rre s t
a
-
pow er
th e
a fte r
have
i.e .
o f
(th e
fo r
th e
d e te n tio n
in
suspended.
d e ta in e e
d e te n tio n
and
p e r io d
been
c h a rg e
in h e r e n t
o f
d e te n tio n ,
in n o c e n c e
r e g u la tio n s
to
in d e fin ite
th e
th e
th e
p r e s u m p tio n
e m e rg e n c y
d u ty
p r o v id e
e m e rg e n c y )
th e
b y
g o v e r n in g
c o u rt
and
o f th e
e x c lu d e d
r u le s
c o m p e te n t
s ta tu to ry
r e g u la tio n s
p ro n o u n c e
been
n o rm a l
c h a rg e s
e m e rg e n c y
o f
th e
a
o f
a c tio n s
th e re
e x te n t
-
th e
c o u rt
to
is
s p e c ific a lly
fo r
a lm o s t f o u r
e x c lu d e d .
D ue
to
y e a rs
th e
and
fa v o u r
o f
d is c u s s io n
m e r its ,
e m e rg e n c y
th e
h a v in g
te n d e n c y
th e
o f
E x e c u tiv e
b y
le g a l
c o n te n ts
e ffe c tiv e ly
th e
and
to
a c a d e m ic s
and
been
c o u rts
to
lim it
and
th e ir
th e
c o n tin u a tio n
in
o p e r a tio n
in te r p r e t
th e
in h e r e n t
W h ite
r e g u la tio n s
p o w e rs
p o p u la tio n
o f
th e
e m e rg e n c y
d is c u s s io n
and
th e
a t
o f
r e v ie w ,
la rg e
have
in
becom e
on
th e
a lm o s t
n o n - e x is te n t.
It
is
B ill
to
o f
be
hoped
R ig h ts
m e a s u re s .
be
and
o f
s h o u ld
th e
to
r e s u lt
e x p re s s
s o c ie ty
h o p e fu lly
a g a in
th e
in
a
s e r io u s
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s
a d m in is tr a tiv e
d e m o c r a tic
once
w ill
If
c o m p e lle d
th a t
an
a c ts
(S o u th
r e s u lt
in
r e - e s ta b lis h in g
on
th e
a p p ly in g
A fr ic a n
th e
Law
ju d g m e n ts
th e ir
r e c o n s id e r a tio n
w e re
o p in io n
e n a c tm e n t
in
p iv o ta l
to
be
e n a c te d
v a lid ity
o f th e
y a r d s tic k
o f
C o m m is s io n ,
fa v o re m
r o le
as
o f
o f
th e
th e
p ro p o s e d
e m e rg e n c y
c o u rts
v a r io u s
w o u ld
m e a s u re s
a c c e p ta b ility
in
1 9 8 9 :4 4 0 ).
T h is
lib e r ta tis
c u s to s
th e
and
th e
a
c o u rts
lib e r ta tis .
B IB L IO G R A P H Y
DU
P L E S S IS ,
LLD ,
DU
PU
v ir
W.
1986.
C H O .
P L E S S IS ,
D ie
re g
op
in lig tin g
en
d ie
o p e n b a re
b e la n g .
P o tc h e fs tro o m .
W.
1988.
N o o d to e s ta n d
na
d r ie
ja a r .
W o o rd
en
D aad,
quo
v a d is ?
2 8 ( 3 1 2 ) :1 3 - 1 5 .
DU
P L E S S IS ,
TG W ,
W.
&
O L IV IE R ,
N .J .J .
2 7 ( 2 ) : 121 - 1 3 2 .
-2 3 7 -
1987a.
P e r s v r y h e id
-
DU
P L E S S IS ,
b e p e rk e n d e
DU
W.
P L E S S IS ,
gem ene
DU
W.
P L E S S IS ,
W.
&
W.
P L E S S IS ,
&
W.
t
W.
to
Law .
4 th
S.
S u n d a y
S ta r,
N .J .J .,
S ta tu tê re
S a k e re g .
11
10
:
N uw e
S t u a r t 's
P IE N A A R ,
C r im in a l
P ro c e d u re
In te rn a l
S e c u r ity
and
P r is o n s
A c t
8
A l-
v e r w ik k e lin g e :
1988
-
D e rd e
a l-
3 (2 ):x x -x x .
v e r w ik k e lin g e :
T he
h a p p y
at
N e w s p a p e r m a n 's
S t o f f e l's
G .J .
&
V A N
O k k u p a s ie .
R E G S K O M M IS S IE .
P r e to r ia
K ry g s w e t
:
en
DER
C ape
1989.
m e d ia
SA
A c t
A c t
74
Im p r in t
Ille g a l
of
51
o f
o f
N ood
G u id e
d e c is io n .
N o o d to e s ta n d .
1977
R e g is tr a tio n
A c t
A c t
52
1959
-2 3 8 -
:
A .J .
1988.
J u ta .
25
P r o je k
58:
R e g s k o m m is s ie .
1982
S q u a ttin g
W A LT ,
T ow n
W e rk s tu k
L E G IS L A T IO N
o f
Tw eede
B u tte rw o rth s .
b u s in e s s
O n r e g m a tig e
1988.
P r e v e n tio n
1987
4 (1 ):x x -x x .
3 (1 ):1 -2 2 .
N ew spaper
V e rd e re
3 ( 1 ) : 1 1 1 -1 1 7 .
J u n ie
Law ,
-
2 ( 2 ) : 1 9 7 -2 0 7 .
N uw e
Law ,
Law ,
1987
2 (1 ):8 4 -8 8 .
J u n ie
1988a.
1989.
K e ls e y
Law ,
Law ,
1988b.
N .J .J .
D u rb a n
m e n s e r e g te .
F.
N .J .J .
1986.
B ig
S U ID -A F R IK A A N S E
V E N T E R ,
N .J .J .
P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic
1988.
en
1987c.
P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic
O L IV IE R ,
J a n u a r ie
1 9 8 8 -0 7 -3 1 :1 0 .
O L IV IE R ,
G ro e p s -
N .J .J .
P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic
SA
ed.
9
P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic
SA
SA
1987b,
P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic
O L IV IE R ,
O TH E R S .
M AG G S,
Law ,
SA
O L IV IE R ,
&
1 9 8 7 -8 8 .
LA N E ,
N .J .J .
SA
O L IV IE R ,
n o o d to e s ta n d .
to e s ta n d
th e
&
1 9 8 7 -8 8 .
P L E S S IS ,
gem ene
DU
O L IV IE R ,
N o o d to e s ta n d .
N o o d to e s ta n d
DU
&
n o o d m a a tr e ë ls .
63
van
o f
1951
1971
SA
P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic
P u b lic
S a fe ty
P u b lic a tio n s
A c t
A c t
3
42
o f
1953
o f
1974
P r o c la m a tio n s
PR120
o f
1 9 8 5 -0 7 -2 1
GG
9876
9877
PR 121
o f
1 9 8 5 -0 7 -2 1
GG
P R109
o f
1 9 8 6 -0 6 -1 2
GG
10280
P R224
o f
1 9 8 6 -1 2 -1 1
GG
4027
PR 95
o f
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1
GG
10770
PR 96
o f
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1
GG
10771
PR97
o f
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1
GG
10772
PR 98
o f
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1
GG
10773
PR 106
o f
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -2 6
GG
10805
PR123
o f
1 9 8 7 -0 8 -2 8
GG
10880
PR7
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 1 -1 5
GG
11105
PR 96
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0
GG
11339
PR 97
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0
GG
11340
PR 98
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0
GG
11341
PR 99
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0
GG
11342
PR100
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0
GG
11343
PR125
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 7 -2 8
GG
11447
PR170
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 9 -2 2
GG
11529
G o v e rn m e n t
GN
R2080
GN
R101
of
of
N o tic e s
1 9 6 5 -1 2 -3 1
1 9 8 7 -0 1 -0 8
GG
GG
1326
10584
G N 1300
o f
1 9 8 7 -0 6 -2 7
GG
10775
G N 1112
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0
GG
11344
G N 1113
o f
1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0
GG
11344
-2 3 9 -