S TA TE S W . du P le s s is D e p a rtm e n t and o f N .J .J . Rom an O F EM ERG ENCY O liv ie r Law and Legal P lu r a lis m , PU fo r CHE A B S T R A C T N O O D TO E S TA N D N o o d to e s ta n d d a a r d ie om te n ie w o rd w e r k lik deesdae s p ra k e b e s ta a n , in h o u d 'n oor o o r s ig gee. d ie w a t k o n d ig . D ie n o r m a le is gedoen opgehef b e p e r k in g s d a t kan is w o rd om s ta te o f d is c u s s io n th e hoë en d a t oor a r tik e l b e o o g in S u id - A fr ik a g e d e e lte lik e A lg e m e n e in n o o d to e s ta n d n o o d to e s ta n d in 1987 v r y h e id , is in 1988 u itg e b r e i. 'n na en b e ro e p d ie J u n ie h e ra fg e - p e r s v r y h e id n o o d to e s ta n d u its o n d e r in g o n d e rs o e k beskou b e s in n in g H ie r d ie n o o d to e s ta n d ja a r lik s v e rd e re n ie . 'n v e rb a n d h o u d e n d e e m e rg e n c y b y le g a l c o n tin u a tio n e x e c u tiv e p a r tia l in o f a A c t y e a r. fre e d o m th e o f b e c o m in g th e re o f in en D ie op d ie g e v o lg d ie how e g e ld ig h e id o w e r h e id s o p tr e d e s novo in in p re s s and th e o n ly in fa c t g e n e ra l as w e ll ta k e s p la c e 1985) was o f as van te s te l. e v e ry d a y to th e as th e b y e x c e p tio n . lifte d e a r ly th e th e p r o v is io n s of of e m e rg e n c y o n ly a s ta te c o n tin u a tio n and June p ro c e s s 1989 -2 2 6 - of of th e 1988. la w of S o u th e m e rg e n c y In d iv id u a l have been - and o f in to of w h o le a c ts to D ue life m e r its ( a p p lic a b le 1987 due in 1986. v a lid ity June a c c e p te d m e a s u re s ( d e c la r e d June th e an w h ite s now adays e m e rg e n c y 1953 and e m e rg e n c y C o n s e q u e n tly de 5 4 (2 ) of o f p r o c la im e d K o e rs th e d e c la r e d 3 is a c a d e m ic s e m e rg e n c y s ta te how ever S a fe ty o f te rm s s ta te g e n e ra l w as fo r en van in d iv id u e le b y is s le g s ’n d it g e m e e n p la s ig IN T R O D U C T IO N T h e A is . m e t e lk e s le g s ja a r d aar is op d a a r n o o d to e s ta n d m a a tr e ë ls 1. is en g e s p r e k v o e r in g d a a rv a n v ie r 1985 s e d e r td ie n re g s g a n g h ie r v a n a lle d a a g s v o o r ts e ttin g in la te r a fg e k o n d ig ; so d ie p g a a n d e a fg e lo p e A a n v a n k lik a fg e k o n d ig 1986 en as van th e T he 1986. A fr ic a ) th e P u b lic e x te n d s had to lib e r ty , be th e in c r e a s in g ly c u r ta ile d (a n d to a la r g e d e g re e e x c lu d e d ) in th e c o u rs e o f th e s u c c e s s iv e e m e r g e n c ie s . In th is S o u th w ill r e v ie w A fr ic a be a r tic le fro m g iv e n . a 1985 th is o u tlin e th e o f th e r e s u ltin g fo u r re g a rd re fe re n c e w ill r e g u la tio n s , r e la te d e x e c u tiv e a c ts th e c o u rts in of B ill o f 2. IN D IV ID U A L th e lig h t L IB E R T Y , lib e r ty , r ig h ts fo rm T he e n c ro a c h m e n t on p r o m u lg a tio n m a in c h a r a c te r is tic fu n d a m e n ta l A fr ic a n be e n a c te d fu n d a m e n ta l fre e d o m s . o f th e decades annual th e In c o n tin u e d te rm s a B ill o f o f u p h o ld in g in fre e d o m c o n te n t o f th e in te r p r e ta tio n th e th e of p ro p o s e d o f o f th e s e T he s e r io u s th e s e o f on le g a l in c r e a s in g an (a n d o f apex c o u rt ( its o th e r) th e (a m o n g s t th e in r o a d p r o v is io n s b a s ic e m e rg e n c y s u p re m e and a re re a c h e d o f r ig h ts B ill la w e ve r has s ta te PRO CESS A fr ic a n r e c o m m e n d a tio n s th is a DUE S o u th an e r o s io n R ig h ts . fo llo w in g A N D p ro c e s s th e seen o f th e o f e m b o d ie s o f) due o f c u r ta ilm e n t S o u th o th e rs ) w ill p r o te c tio n (a n d th e to a be of la r g e e n v is a g e d B ill R ig h ts : 1. A r tic le 4: R ig h t 2. A r tic le 8: F re e d o m 3 . A r tic le 12: F re e d o m o f m o v e m e n t. 4. A r tic le 16: F re e d o m of a s s o c ia tio n . 5. A r tic le 18: F re e d o m o f p o litic a l 6. A r tic le r ig h t 7. on C o m m is s io n 's PRESS have (1 9 8 9 :4 7 6 -4 8 5 ) e m e rg e n c y a b r o g a tio n and p a rc e l T h is in th e p re s s and re n e w a l C o m m is s io n fo r o f e m e rg e n c y to th e Law TH E fre e d o m s . b e in g r e s p o n s ib le th e O F and fre e d o m s ). Law s ta te fe w th e s e th e of p a rt past w ith e x te n t m ade and A fr ic a n FREEDO M fre e d o m th a t h e r ita g e . T h e S o u th be o f im p o s e d R ig h ts . In d iv id u a l s h o u ld th e s ta te s lim ita tio n s e m e rg e n c y hum an In b r ie f and A r tic le on 19: to p h y s ic a l o f F re e d o m in te g r ity . e x p r e s s io n to g a th e r and o f in fo r m a tio n . a s s o c ia tio n . and d e m o n s tra te p e a c e fu lly and th e p e titio n . 23: R ig h t a r b itr a r y ta k e to p la c e in to a rre s t p e rs o n a l and a c c o rd a n c e fre e d o m . d e te n tio n . w ith g e n e r a lly -2 2 7 - T h is A rre s t in c lu d e s and a c c e p te d th e d e te n tio n ( n o r m a l) p r o h ib itio n m ay o n ly p ro c e d u re s as p r e s c r ib e d on a p re v e n t 8. a A r tic le c iv ilis e d upon b y T h e and d e g r a d in g T he r ig h t o f A fr ic a n and Law fre e d o m s m ay be p u b lic o n ly to o f th a t d e m o c r a tic A r tic le c o u rt chaos e x te n t s o c ie ty 31 to fre e d o m s a c ts C o m m is s io n c o n ta in e d in e x e c u tiv e a c ts e x p lic it c r im e . and in if q u e s tio n s e c u r ity a a lia th e p u rp o rte d s ta n d a rd s fo r a rre s t b e fo re c r im e c o u rt a d ju d ic a te d r e p r e s e n ta tio n , a g a in s t a of and to to rtu re , r e c e iv e a s s a u lt and c iv il a c tio n a c k n o w le d g e s in te r e s t, a th a t th e c o n ta in e d re g a rd Such a g a in s t th e e x e c u tiv e a c ts . c o n f lic t in to th e w ith b o n i th e as its a b o v e - m e n tio n e d p ro p o s e d c o n s id e r a tio n s m o re s , r ig h ts c u r ta ilm e n t m anner fo r of in c o m p a tib le is is , p u b lic o f g e n e r a lly of s ta te h e a lth , o th e rs h o w e v e r, B ill o f and th e p e r m is s ib le a c c e p ta b le in a th e is R ig h ts to u n a s s a ila b le pow er of e n c ro a c h m e n ts R ig h ts as w e ll as on to th e th e s u p re m e r ig h ts in v a lid a te and le g is la tio n th e r e w ith . of th e m ay o p in io n be s ta te th a t c u r ta ile d s e c u r ity . th e b y r ig h ts and le g is la tio n T h is , fre e d o m s and r e la te d is s u b je c t h o w e v e r, c o n d itio n s : and m a c h in e r y w hen th e (1 9 8 9 :4 3 9 ), le g is la tio n to to in n o c e n c e . a lle g e d B ill p e r ta in in g o r 3 0 ). th e B ill o f to th e le g a l o th e r such ( a r tic le e x tr a o r d in a r y u tilis e d needed p u b lic ju s t ic e , (1 9 8 9 :4 4 0 ) th e of h a v in g and in b ro u g h t have to as p ro v id e s T he in w e ll upon c o n ta in e d be s ile n t, in s titu te a d ju d ic a te e x e c u tiv e T he to s p e c ific a lly and tw o of re a s o n s p r o h ib itio n C o m m is s io n o rd e r, fo llo w tre a tm e n t. c u r ta ile d a d m in is tr a tio n o n ly c o m m itte d of a d m in is tr a tiv e (a s m ay been in te r to P r e s u m p tio n r e v ie w p r e v e n tio n 2. th e 27: S o u th d e te n tio n h a v in g d e ta in e e s , c o u rt, as th e s e c u r ity , 1. w e ll and c r im e fu r n is h in g r e m a in a rre s t, A r tic le R ig h ts ) to to and to of tre a tm e n t, a fte r 2 5 (b ): a c o m m itte d . im p a r tia l in h u m a n r ig h ts th e an as a rre s t o f r ig h ts r ig h t h o u rs v is ito r s A r tic le 10. th e 48 L a w fu l b e in g V a r io u s d e te n tio n , w ith in la w . p r e s u m p tio n c r im e 24: d e te n tio n , 9 . b y r e a s o n a b le m a in ta in in h e r e n t c o n tin u e d in s ta te e x is te n c e s e c u r ity o f th e m ay s ta te as o n ly such be is and its e lf m ust fre e d o m , be b u t -2 2 8 - lim ite d : v ig o r o u s "O rd e r r e s tr a in ts and a re r u le needed a re to c o n ta in r u le r s p ro te c ts w ith in hum an th e r ig h ts " bounds (C a rl J of a c o n s titu tio n a l F r ie d r ic h as q u o te d in o rd e r th e w h ic h 1 9 8 9 -re p o rt (4 4 0 )). A b a la n c e m ust C o m m is s io n a c c e p ta b le to in a p ro n o u n c e T h is to d e m o c r a tic th e v a lid ity s h o u ld o f s e c u r ity e s p e c ia lly s tr o n g ly H o w e v e r, fa v o u r o f th e re o f p r o h ib it th e ( W e s e n s g e h a lt - to o s ta te b y o u r a m e a s u re s th e to and e x c lu d e th e 1 9 (2 )) b a s ic hum an o f th a t o n ly to o f a c c e p ta b ility c o n s e q u e n tly ra th e r th a t o r th e a c ts . p e r ta in in g a b o v e - m e n tio n e d o f G e n e r a lk la u s u l) o f is y a r d s tic k s itu a tio n W e w o u ld any The w h ic h a d m in is tr a tiv e th e (te m p o ra ry a r tic le th e m ay s im ila r 1 (th e s e c u r ity . o f c r ite r io n and a b s o lu tis m . a b r o g a tio n as p re s e n t v ie w , p ro v is io n s ta te c r ite r io n used vague A r tic le and th e be as te n d s in is r ig h ts th a t re c o m m e n d th e and G e rm a n 19 p e rm a n e n t) r ig h ts be o f th e o f th e c o n ta in e d in C o n s titu tio n . T he a b o v e - m e n tio n e d p ro c e d u ra l h o w e v e r, m o d ify s ta te ). 1. hum an v ie w s o c ie ty (G ru n d g e s e tz ). G ru n d g e s e tz essence th e s o c ie ty in s u b s titu tio n C o n s titu tio n of w e lc o m e d r ig h ts . m is in te r p r e te d th e b e tw e e n is m e a s u re s hum an a th e is e m e rg e n c y in s tru c k d e m o c r a tic on p ro p o s a l b a s ic be (1 9 8 9 :4 4 0 ) r ig h ts ) been a r u le s fo llo w in g R u le s fo r m in g c u r ta il b a s ic a. d e r b . on fo r W a lt, Du th e r u le s s h iftin g th e a re ( in d iv id u a l A fr ic a n of o f th e la w n a tu ra l o n u s) in s ta n c e s o r d in a r y la w . o f o f in such th e r ig h ts and T h e re has, ju s tic e and fa v o u r o f to th e e n c ro a c h m e n t: la n d th a t s e v e r e ly r ig h ts : in d iv id u a l lib e r ty and In te r n a l S e c u r ity in d e fin ite A c t d e te n tio n 52 o f 1951 due A c t (s (s e e p ro c e s s 74 o f 2 9 )) and O liv ie r , 1982 th e o f la w th a t eg p r o v id e s P r e v e n tio n P ie n a a r and of V an 1 9 8 8 :1 -1 5 ). c o n tro l R e g is tr a tio n (s e e r ig h ts S o u th e x c lu d e th e of S q u a ttin g P re s s in c a te g o r ie s le g is la tio n a lia Ille g a l (e g p a rt L im ita tio n s to tw o hum an s e c u r ity in te r e m b o d ie d te n d e n c y p ro c e d u ra l T he is A c t P le s s is , m e a s u re s eg 63 and of 1971 1 9 8 6 :2 8 8 -3 7 5 ; -2 2 9 - th e th e Lane, N ew spaper P u b lic a tio n s 1 9 8 6 :1 -2 6 4 ). and A c t 42 Im p r in t o f 1974 2. E x tr a o r d in a r y (s e e th e la w (e v e n T hese B ill o f as s ta te s th e y th e O F o f A o f th e of o th e r in hand do and not a b ro g a te s m a r tia l fo rm th e la w p a rt r u le s of th e re o f to th e of m any p ro v is io n s th e fa c t in s ta n c e s c o u rt have been been of th a t th e th e p ro p o s e d fu n d a m e n ta l a b ro g a te d e x p lic itly and th a t e x c lu d e d . 1 9 8 5 -1 9 8 8 fro m 1985 to on An be 1987 w ill in d iv id u a l o v e r v ie w g iv e n . r e g u la tio n s b a s ic r e g u la tio n s one hand account s u p re m e w ill th e le g is la tio n ) . p re s s . th e a b o v e - m e n tio n e d th e e n c ro a c h e d r e g u la tio n s in te r p r e ta tio n 3 .1 have e m e rg e n c y e m e rg e n c y on c o n tra ry on EM ERG ENCY o f fre e d o m a ls o a lia th e s y s te m a tic a lly e m e rg e n c y th e of on s e c u r ity above p o w e rs th e th a t and a re in te r d e s c r ib e d S TA TE S T he e x is tin g c a te g o r ie s r e v ie w 3 la n d R ig h ts , fre e d o m s a re 1 9 8 8 :1 -2 2 ) th e th e tw o of th e m e a s u re s V e n te r, b y of be th e R e fe re n c e th e c o u rts d is c u s s e d lib e r ty , so fa r p ro c e s s and c o n te n ts w ill and due a ls o th e in of be th e m ade e ffe c t 1988 to th e th e re o f on r ig h ts . 1985 p a r tia l s ta te o f e m e rg e n c y 1 9 8 5 -0 7 -2 1 - T h e e m e rg e n c y T he s e c u r ity p r o v is io n s o f r e g u la tio n s th e r u le s la n d re s p e c t s e v e re T w o th a n & in te r In te rn a l on th e d e c la re d O liv ie r , a p p lie d o n ly 21 51 of m e a s u re s and S e c u r ity A c t fre e d o m of J u ly 74 1985 th e m a g is te r ia l d e ta in 1977 and th e a b ro g a te d th e and & PR121 1 9 8 6 :2 9 0 -2 9 4 ). and d e te n tio n of (P R 1 2 0 Lane, s p e c ifie d a rre s t A c t T hese a rre s t in to P ro c e d u re a lia on 1987a: 129; e m p o w e re d e x c lu d e d . o f r e s tr ic tio n s p r o h ib itio n w e re C r im in a l w e re th e was P le s s is fo rc e s p ro c e s s in Du d is tr ic ts . p e o p le ; w e re n o rm a l la w of th e due th e m uch m o re in tr o d u c e d : th e 1982. p re s s w e re on 1. p u b lic a tio n 2. th e of film in g , c e r n in g d r a w in g s in f o r m a t io n r e c o r d in g , p u b lic and r e g a r d in g p u b lis h in g d is tu r b a n c e s sound and d e ta in e e s ; and th e r e c o r d in g s . -2 3 0 - b r o a d c a s tin g d is s e m in a tio n o f of m a te r ia l co n ­ p h o to g ra p h s , 3 .2 A 1986 g e n e ra l s ta te 1 9 8 6 -0 6 -1 2 ). o f e m e rg e n c y In itia lly 1 9 8 5 - r e g u la tio n s . 1 9 8 6 -1 2 -1 1 ) th e r o le as p re s s e m e rg e n c y . r e s tr ic tio n s on p u b lic a tio n 3 .3 1 . m ost of such im p o r ta n t An b y as s e v e re of u n re s t as on 1986 w e re s im ila r as th e a im s , re p o rts was and of of th e (P R 2 2 4 C o u n c il of about a g g r a v a tin g J a n u a ry R 101 p o lic y and in to c o n c e rn M e d ia In (G N (P R 1 0 9 r e s tr ic tio n s w e ll G o v e rn m e n t. th e June a u th o r itie s ' o f p r o m u lg a te d o f 12 m e d ia th e p r o p o s a ls th e w e re on r e g u la tio n s r e s u lt o rg a n is a tio n s T he and changes can im p r o v e m e n t som e o f T r a in in g P r o v is io n was fo r r e p e a le d on M e d ic a l PR106 th e of and to 1987 act fu rth e r 1 9 8 7 -0 1 -0 8 ). s tra te g y a d v e r tis e m e n ts of banned p r o m o tin g th e p r o h ib ite d . in and th e te rm s of p ro v is io n s e x c lu d e d eg in v is its v a r io u s b y th e p e r ta in in g c o n tro l of of (P R 9 5 , 96, 97, r e g u la tio n s in o rd e r to c o u rts . to th e and th e s c h o o ls and D e p a rte m e n t A c t e m e rg e n c y P r is o n 8 te a c h e rs ' o f r e la tiv e s and -2 3 1 - b y by in te r PR 106 of 1959 E d u c a tio n a lia of th e to (G N S o u th R2080 to w e re r e c e iv e of was 1 9 8 7 -0 6 -2 6 . how ever p r is o n e r s r ig h t M in is te r 1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1 a p p lic a b le r e g u la tio n s ; th e th e of R e g u la tio n s tr ia l- a w a itin g fo o d . b y G N 1300 o p p o s itio n n o rm a l of r u le s s u b s titu te d P r is o n s th e of d e ta in e e s . v o c ife r o u s fa v o u r b y o f p r o m u lg a tio n S o c ie ty m ade r e g u la tio n s fo llo w s : 1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1 ). fo r of as id e n tifie d th e of account 1 9 6 5 -1 2 -3 1 ) e m e rg e n c y m e a s u re s tre a tm e n t o s te n s ib ly d e ta in e d th e fo r m u la tio n u n d e r m ade th e to s u m m a r is e d lo o p h o le s (P R 9 8 A fr ic a n and in th e c o lle g e s J u s tic e o f be in tr o d u c tio n tr a in in g 3. of a T he com m ent w e ll 1 9 8 7 -0 6 -1 1 ) c lo s e 2. of as 1986 as p r o m o tin g p re s s d e c la r e d 1987 T he 98 im a g e in r e je c te d th e o rg a n is a tio n s p u b lic D ecem ber th e w e re was e m e rg e n c y in tr o d u c e d th e w a tc h d o g T he In w e re of p r o lo n g in g th e of p e rs o n s a num ber e x p lic itly n e w s p a p e rs 4. O n 28 A u g u s t p r o c la m a tio n in o rd e r o f to m ade a lte r n a tiv e s u b s e q u e n tly m o n th s . n o tic e 5. PR 123 hand fo r was w a r n in g n is t e r 's C o u rt and r e v ie w in tr o d u c tio n D u r in g in - th e th e see Du c o u rts 1. o f P le s s is d iffe r e d w h e th e r a rre s t th e SA 296 2. th e 201 Law o f and 3 .4 1988 T he th ir d th e o f th e th e t on no to a c tio n a was w e ll as w a rn p e r io d th e and of th e th re e g iv in g of needed to be s tre n g th e n M in is te r to c o u ld be o f e ffe c tu a lly th e r e ly s p e c ific a lly in fo r m e d c o m p e te n c y was as to and fu rth e r lo n g e r in h e r e n t PR123 e x c lu d e d . w h ic h needed 1 9 8 7 -e m e rg e n c y d iv is io n s on o f onus in te r o f th e th e M i­ S u p re m e e x c lu d e d b y th e O rd e r and th e be Law 4 SA e m e rg e n c y e m e rg e n c y e m e rg e n c y and can d iv e r g e n t C o u rt be (a s lin e s in 1986 id e n tifie d . F ro n t th e 1987 452 was 4 v v S ta te S ta te O m ar 1987 v a lid ity o f d e ta in e e o r SA (N K ); 482 p r o v is io n s lib e r ta tis C a m p a ig n th e on is 207) fa v o re m O rd e r p ro v e was tw o S u p re m e e m p o w e r in g in M a n d e la O rd e r 1987 o f D e m o c r a tic d e te n tio n th e T he a lia s h o u ld to r e g u la tio n s o f 1 9 8 7 b :2 0 1 -2 0 4 , ( R e le a s e Law S e c u r ity 1 9 8 8 -0 1 -1 5 T he v a r io u s O liv ie r M in is te r T he fo r p a rte m th e 1 9 8 7 -0 8 -2 8 ) p re s s . e m p o w e re d s p e c ific a lly o rd e r M in is t e r 's was a lte r a m p u b lis h e r a c tio n . U n ite d g e n e ra l 1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 ). of o f ( e s ta b lis h e d ) p u b lic a tio n s g ro u n d s in te r p r e ta tio n th e su b se qu e n t PR7 n o rm a l audi w e re b a n n in g th e th e M in is te r o f T he d e te n tio n ) (N ); (N ); to announced (P R 1 2 3 PR7. E x e c u tiv e n is te r o r s h a r p ly and w h e th e r 3 .4 .1 o f v a lid ity a ttitu d e by o n ly e n v is a g e d to r u le s M in is te r . m e n tio n e d , a lte r n a tiv e p a r tie s am ended In te r io r s o - c a lle d p e r io d ic n o rm a l th e r e g u la tio n s T he suspend th e th e th e o f m e d ia a p p lic a b le in te r e s te d of M in is te r th e p re s s . T he to th e c u r ta il n e v e r th e le s s th e 1987 a m e n d in g o r in P r e s id e n t P r e s id e n t 3 SA th e th e (e g 859 1987 1 3 SA a rre s t and (P e te rs S w a rt of 1988 (A )); in itia l s ta te fo r fa v o u r v v M i­ M in is te r of (P R 9 6 of (K )). d e c la r e d r e g u la te d r e g u la tio n s -2 3 2 - on b y (P R 9 7 a o f 10 Ju n e num ber 1988 o f p r o c la m a t io n s . 1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 ) A m em ber in d ic a te d th e o f b y R e g u la tio n a 3 Law n o r th e o f b y h ear d e te n tio n . fo rc e s . a s u b je c t No to o f T h e pow er th e s e c u r ity b y T he a m b it o f in r e s tr ic tio n s on been R e g u la tio n n a tu ra l b y a p e r m is s io n w r itte n a rre s te d th e a re a an and to b y a re and to a p la c e n e c e s s a ry in itia l fo r th e o f o r M in is te r e x c e e d in g a lte r n a tiv e need o ffic ia ls ) be not a r r e s tin g not of e n title d m e a s u re s re a s o n s p r o lo n g th e s h a ll D e ta in e e s o ffic ia l g iv e to m e m b e rs n o r d e te n tio n T he p e r io d d is c r e tio n b y h im . have access any o ffic ia l to m ay th e s e c u r ity be r e le a s e d M in is te r . deem ed s e iz u r e N am es to be c r im in a l w ith o u t and a a c ts w a rra n t a d d re s s e s th e d e ta in e d w h ic h o f m ust in he T he 1113 (P R 1 7 0 th e to s e rv e d (fo r an been and o f (re g is be 4 ). g iv e n to fu r n is h e d e x te n d e d R e g u la tio n c o n tro l 17 as to o f th e -2 3 3 - p e r io d o f w ith o u t is th a t is of have th is a c ts fo r h is a fte r o f th e o rd e r w r itte n o rd e r ( p r e v io u s ly p e rs o n s a w a itin g im m e d ia te ly an th e w ith am endm ent p e r s o n a lly ) and p r o v id e s G a z e tte a c ts th is r e s tr ic te d ) M in is te r a c tiv itie s a c tiv itie s N o n - c o m p lia n c e u n s p e c ifie d th e im p o s e s o rg a n is a tio n s 1 9 8 8 -0 9 -2 2 ) G o v e rn m e n t o f T he th e b y 7 1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 .) p e rfo rm e ffe c t has been 9. o r g a n is a tio n s . p r o v is io n s p e rs o n be and ( S u b s e q u e n tly & C o m m is s io n e r . to have 8 p r o h ib it h im . M in is te r 7, a c ts to am endm ent th e had o r s im ila r A n r e g u la tio n s G N 1112 o ffe n c e . n o tic e it and a use h is consent r e g u la tio n s - s p e c ifie d o f c o n s titu te s p ro c e e d fo rc e . M in is te r M in is te r th e lo s s p o w e rs c o n ta in s p e rs o n s . p r o h ib itin g by a c tiv itie s c u r ta ile d p u b lic a tio n th e T he th e 5 ). o f id e n tifie d 8 fo r in te r r o g a te d e m e rg e n c y 1988 th e s e v e r e ly w a rra n t N e ith e r c o n s id e r c o n c e r n in g s e a rc h fa r - r e a c h in g o rg a n is a tio n s to deem s s e c u r ity d e te n tio n M in is t e r 's (re g he 6 ). th e in t r o d u c t io n g ra n te d e n try , fo rc e s (re g be o r a a e x e r c is in g im p o s e d h u rt o f la n d . th a n in fo r m a tio n o f re q u e s t m ay w ith o u t th e h a rm , to w hen (o th e r c o n d itio n s th e th e p e rs o n p e rs o n o th e r T h re a ts o f if e m e rg e n c y . c o m p e lle d la w D e ta in e e s d e ta in e e any is w ith o u t m em ber o f p e rs o n s 2 ). e x te n d s ta te th e any a o rd e r co n d u ct a rre s t by m ay m ay fro m (re g fo r days th e M in is te r p r e s c r ib e d o r 30 fo rc e d e s is t o rd e r O rd e r d u r a tio n to o f o f and n o r to p r o v id e s p e r io d th e to s e c u r ity o r m a in te n a n c e fo r o f th e h im m ay re m o v a l a be to p u b lic a tio n o f th e M i n i s t e r 's p r o h ib itio n o r o rd e r w ith o u t h a v in g th e th e m h a v in g o p p o r tu n ity been to in fo r m e d d e s is t fro m a b o ut th e th e s p e c if ie d c o n d u c t. R e g u la tio n 9 e m p o w e rs in o r p e rs o n s g e n e ra l a c tiv ity o r p e r fo r m in g W id e - r a n g in g P o lic e (re g on lia b ility fo rc e s & th e ( w h ic h 3 .4 .2 3 .4 .3 p r o h ib its p u b lic a tio n s e c u r ity o f c o m m itte e s ) d e ta in e e s , th e o f (re g u n la w fu l o r g a n is a tio n s p u b lic a tio n T h e o f c r im in a l a ct in o f (re g a (e g p e rs o n s c a rry on an th e C o m m is s io n e r and to of im p o s e fu n e r a ls ) . c o m m itte d in o f b y c o u rt th e s e c u r ity p ro c e e d in g s ) is 1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 ) to th o s e (P R 9 9 o f c o n ta in e d in G N 1300 of jo u r n a lis ts s ta te m e n ts a re a d d itio n once to 3 (6 )). (a s o r on and a g a in th e to th e o f w e ll R e g u la tio n -2 3 4 - any T he g a th e r in g s , (e g lis te d as o f th e r e g u la tio n 4 (1 ) a c tio n . s tre e t p e rs o n s of th e a d v e r tis e m e n ts s a fe ty g a t­ o f and o r g a n is a tio n s , p r o h ib ite d in p e o p le scene s tru c tu re s a b o v e - m e n tio n e d d e fin e d th e r e s tr ic te d u n la w fu l as o th e r at s e c u r ity re m a rk s d e ta in e e s d e tr im e n ta l m a te r ia l o r in fo r m a l o f C o m m e n ts and p e r m is s io n s itu a tio n s , b o y c o tts , o f 1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 ) fu n e r a l) u n re s t o r 3 (1 )). m a te r ia l p u b lic a tio n (e g tre a tm e n t is m ay to g a th e r in g s r e s u lte d o f o ffic e - b e a r e r s d e ta in e e s C o m m is s io n e r g ra n te d (P R 9 8 p re s e n c e on s tr ik e s and to 15. C o m m is s io n e r 's speeches, c ir c u m s ta n c e s have p r o h ib itin g p e rs o n s o rd e r. a c t iv it ie s r e g u la tio n s m a te r ia l and o rd e r o f th e a re s im ila r g a th e r in g a c tio n s , fo r r e g u la tio n s th e w ith o u t r e s tr ic te d in p r o h ib it r e g u la tio n a re an a b o v e ). e m e rg e n c y 2 is s u e c a te g o ry g a th e r in g o th e r w is e by r e g u la tio n s new s a to c r im in a l) ( d is c u s s e d R e g u la tio n u n re s t, and a o rd e rs a lia o f to to s p e c ifie d is s u e e m e rg e n c y M e d ia h e r in g act h o ld in g w o u ld p r is o n 1 9 8 7 -0 6 -2 7 M in is te r in te r e x c lu d e d P r is o n T he to 11) ( c iv il s p e c ific a lly an p o w e rs 10 c o n d itio n s A ll th e b e lo n g in g (re g th e r e le a s e of c o n c e r n in g 3 (2 )). T he r e s tr ic tio n s fo r b id p u b lic 3 (3 )). 3 (1 )) p r o h ib its (re g c o n s titu te s th e ta k in g a of p h o to g ra p h s , sound th e S u b v e r s iv e in c lu d e in c ite d o r a in a o f T he s e r v ic e M in is te r im p o rte d th e T he c o m p u ls io n opposed b y b y PR 125 3 .4 .4 c a lc u la te d o ffic ia ls o r th a t (re g to c iv il o r th e m a k in g p u b lis h e d m e m b e rs o f th e to have th e e ffe c t ta k e p a rt in u n re s t, p e r fo r m in g o th e r th e ir s e c u r ity o f o r to (re g 5 ). p u b lic a re o f r e s is t in to oppose in c itin g to fu n c tio n s le g is la tio n , d is o b e d ie n c e c e r ta in 6 ). r e g u la tio n to th e o f p ro d u c e d w h ic h p u b lic act on d e c id e m e d ia in and th e re o f. te rm s ta k e p a rt c o m p u ls o r y 1 ). p u b lis h e d 1987 m ade, is th e and o r an (re g be o r w h ic h r e g u la tio n s m ay o r n o t o f p ro g ra m m e s p u b lic a tio n s ta te m e n ts c a b in e t b o y c o tt a c tio n m ilita r y to th e te le v is io n th e m ay m e m b e rs e m e rg e n c y o f as a lia e n c o u ra g e d , m em ber th e w e ll in te r e n c o u r a g in g o f as s ta te m e n ts T hese o r p r o d u c tio n r e c o r d in g s p e r io d ic a ls R e g u la tio n a m e n d m e n ts r e g is te r e s ta b lis h e d as new s p re s s 7 (3 .3 m ay be p ro d u c e d , m e a s u re s s im ila r a b o v e ). a g e n c ie s (M a g g s , not c o n ta in s (re g 11) 1 9 8 8 :1 0 ). w as T h is s tr o n g ly w as r e p e a le d 1 9 8 8 -0 7 -2 8 . E d u c a tio n a l in s titu tio n s e m e rg e n c y r e g u la tio n s (P R 1 0 0 o f 1 9 8 8 -0 6 -1 0 ) T he D ir e c to r - G e n e r a l c o n n e c tio n th e w ith w e a r in g , d is tr ib u tio n 3 .4 .5 A o f th e o f A p p e lla te In and o f a g a in s t r e la te d th e T r a in in g c o n te n t d is p la y in g and th e A p p e lla te C o u rt Law o p in io n n e c e s s ity and e tc ., th e and p u p ils , o f m ay o f c lo th in g , m ovem ent o r is s u e c o u rs e s o rd e rs and s tic k e r s a c tiv itie s o f in s y lla b i, e tc ., th e p u p ils . D iv is io n ju d g e m e n ts c o n c e r n in g a d m in is tr a tiv e o f p r o v in c ia l th e v a lid ity a c ts w e re and of lo c a l th e d e c id e d d iv is io n s e m e rg e n c y upon b y th e D iv is io n . M in is te r th e o f a p p e a ls S u p re m e r e g u la tio n s o f n o tic e s E d u c a tio n o f p o s s e s s io n o f J u d g e m e n ts num ber o f p re s e n c e o f th e and th a t O rd e r th e a rre s t and v D em psey a r r e s tin g d e te n tio n 1988 o f f ic ia l's m ay -2 3 5 - n o t 3 SA 19 (A ) s u b je c tiv e be th e v ie w q u e s tio n e d . c o u rt was as to th e T h e A p p e lla te NO v D iv is io n 's ju d g e m e n t S ta a ts p r e s id e n t, e ffe c tiv e ly a b ro g a te d J o o s te a in v N gqum ba v S ta a ts p r e s id e n t, S ta a ts p r e s id e n t num ber o f in d iv id u a l 1988 and 4 SA Dam ons 224 p ro c e d u ra l (A ) r ig h ts of d e ta in e e s : 1. T h e 2. N e ith e r r e le a s e th e w h e th e r a o r d in a r y is o f th e la n d " th o s e c o n ta in e d in th e S e c u r ity o u t in th e e x te n t In its U n ite d th e A c t C r im in a l ju r is d ic tio n r e g u la tio n s - even u n c e r ta in . e m p o w e re d T h e to to in 1988 of c o u rt w as is s u e p r o p e r ly of th e M in is te r . c o m p e lle d be 2 5 6 A -J ). d e a lt T h is to w ith c o n s id e r u n d e r im p lie s a lte r n a tiv e th a t m e a s u re s P ro c e d u re A c t and p ro c e d u ra l A c t o th e r 51 of 1977 r e g u la tio n s 51 of a re th e th e re such 1977 as and r e g u la tio n s 4 SA 830 (A ) on th e v a lid ity such a ls o th e s u b o r d in a te o f th e p r o c la m a tio n s th e in th a t r e g u la tio n s set to to it. S ta a ts p r e s id e n t c o u rt of as a p p lic a b le re fe rs re n o u n c e d its p r o c la m a tio n s le g is la tio n o p in io n and m a tte rs o n ly e x p lic itly e m e rg e n c y p r o c la im cases b y is 1982. m e d ia F ro n t o rd e re d M in is te r use a rre s t e m e rg e n c y o f th e D e m o c r a tic th e P ro c e d u re th e in te r p r e ta tio n in h e re n t of r e g a r d in g th a t "c a n C r im in a l 72 be th e (2 5 4 A -D , c o n s id e r p r o v is io n s o n ly n o r s itu a tio n to v is p a r tic u la r la w m ay o ffic ia l o b lig a tio n T he and d e ta in e e s no In te rn a l 3 . of a r r e s tin g th e b e in g S ta te c o n tra ry and vague P r e s id e n t to e x is tin g le g is la tio n . 4 A C O N C L U S IO N c o m p a r is o n d ue p ro c e s s o f o f th e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s o f th e v a r io u s o f th e s e O ffic ia ls as w e ll in te rm s r ig h ts th e of m a la a p p lie s M in is te r and o f th e 1988 have been as of as Hom e A fr ic a n th e have th e in Law a rre s t Law th is been c o n tro l A ffa ir s is th e and of and d e te n tio n th e of b y th e r e m a in d e r th e m e d ia c o n c e rn e d . -2 3 6 - in v ir tu a lly A p p e lla te m ay in d iv id u a l (a s o n ly d e ta in e e b y D ue th e th e th a t fre e d o m , o u t in th e p ro v is io n s th e m a jo r ity s e v e r e ly c u r ta ile d . e m e rg e n c y s itu a tio n s have D iv is io n be set and c le a r ly th e re g a rd p ro v e d show s and O rd e r to p re s s C o m m is s io n ) r e g u la tio n s a b ro g a te d of p e r ta in in g o f ju d g e m e n ts p o w e rs fid e s fa r fo r r ig h ts fre e d o m S o u th M in is te r re c e n t hum an th e e m e rg e n c y r e s p o n s ib le as d is c r e tio n a r y w h e re b a s ic la w a b s o lu te th e ir e x e r c is e in v e s tig a te d in c o n c e rn e d . s e c u r ity p ro c e s s o f p o w e rs ; T he fo rc e s la w has of cases sam e and a ls o th e in fa c t to a v e ry e m e rg e n c y th e b r in g in g a rre s t, th e th e case T hu s la r g e r e g u la tio n s o f b e fo re la y in g is in no te rm s d u r a tio n th e on th e and v a lid ity at fo r o f w ith in a ll a th e w o r d in g a rre s t, s p e c ifie d o f a rre s t a - pow er th e a fte r have i.e . o f (th e fo r th e d e te n tio n in suspended. d e ta in e e d e te n tio n and p e r io d been c h a rg e in h e r e n t o f d e te n tio n , in n o c e n c e r e g u la tio n s to in d e fin ite th e th e th e p r e s u m p tio n e m e rg e n c y d u ty p r o v id e e m e rg e n c y ) th e b y g o v e r n in g c o u rt and o f th e e x c lu d e d r u le s c o m p e te n t s ta tu to ry r e g u la tio n s p ro n o u n c e been n o rm a l c h a rg e s e m e rg e n c y o f th e a o f a c tio n s th e re e x te n t - th e c o u rt to is s p e c ific a lly fo r a lm o s t f o u r e x c lu d e d . D ue to y e a rs th e and fa v o u r o f d is c u s s io n m e r its , e m e rg e n c y th e h a v in g te n d e n c y th e o f E x e c u tiv e b y le g a l c o n te n ts e ffe c tiv e ly th e and to a c a d e m ic s and been c o u rts to lim it and th e ir th e c o n tin u a tio n in o p e r a tio n in te r p r e t th e in h e r e n t W h ite r e g u la tio n s p o w e rs p o p u la tio n o f th e e m e rg e n c y d is c u s s io n and th e a t o f r e v ie w , la rg e have in becom e on th e a lm o s t n o n - e x is te n t. It is B ill to o f be hoped R ig h ts m e a s u re s . be and o f s h o u ld th e to r e s u lt e x p re s s s o c ie ty h o p e fu lly a g a in th e in a s e r io u s r e c o m m e n d a tio n s a d m in is tr a tiv e d e m o c r a tic once w ill If c o m p e lle d th a t an a c ts (S o u th r e s u lt in r e - e s ta b lis h in g on th e a p p ly in g A fr ic a n th e Law ju d g m e n ts th e ir r e c o n s id e r a tio n w e re o p in io n e n a c tm e n t in p iv o ta l to be e n a c te d v a lid ity o f th e y a r d s tic k o f C o m m is s io n , fa v o re m r o le as o f o f th e th e p ro p o s e d e m e rg e n c y c o u rts v a r io u s w o u ld m e a s u re s a c c e p ta b ility in 1 9 8 9 :4 4 0 ). T h is lib e r ta tis c u s to s th e and th e a c o u rts lib e r ta tis . B IB L IO G R A P H Y DU P L E S S IS , LLD , DU PU v ir W. 1986. C H O . P L E S S IS , D ie re g op in lig tin g en d ie o p e n b a re b e la n g . P o tc h e fs tro o m . W. 1988. N o o d to e s ta n d na d r ie ja a r . W o o rd en D aad, quo v a d is ? 2 8 ( 3 1 2 ) :1 3 - 1 5 . DU P L E S S IS , TG W , W. & O L IV IE R , N .J .J . 2 7 ( 2 ) : 121 - 1 3 2 . -2 3 7 - 1987a. P e r s v r y h e id - DU P L E S S IS , b e p e rk e n d e DU W. P L E S S IS , gem ene DU W. P L E S S IS , W. & W. P L E S S IS , & W. t W. to Law . 4 th S. S u n d a y S ta r, N .J .J ., S ta tu tê re S a k e re g . 11 10 : N uw e S t u a r t 's P IE N A A R , C r im in a l P ro c e d u re In te rn a l S e c u r ity and P r is o n s A c t 8 A l- v e r w ik k e lin g e : 1988 - D e rd e a l- 3 (2 ):x x -x x . v e r w ik k e lin g e : T he h a p p y at N e w s p a p e r m a n 's S t o f f e l's G .J . & V A N O k k u p a s ie . R E G S K O M M IS S IE . P r e to r ia K ry g s w e t : en DER C ape 1989. m e d ia SA A c t A c t 74 Im p r in t Ille g a l of 51 o f o f N ood­ G u id e d e c is io n . N o o d to e s ta n d . 1977 R e g is tr a tio n A c t A c t 52 1959 -2 3 8 - : A .J . 1988. J u ta . 25 P r o je k 58: R e g s k o m m is s ie . 1982 S q u a ttin g W A LT , T ow n W e rk s tu k L E G IS L A T IO N o f Tw eede B u tte rw o rth s . b u s in e s s O n r e g m a tig e 1988. P r e v e n tio n 1987 4 (1 ):x x -x x . 3 (1 ):1 -2 2 . N ew spaper V e rd e re 3 ( 1 ) : 1 1 1 -1 1 7 . J u n ie Law , - 2 ( 2 ) : 1 9 7 -2 0 7 . N uw e Law , Law , 1987 2 (1 ):8 4 -8 8 . J u n ie 1988a. 1989. K e ls e y Law , Law , 1988b. N .J .J . D u rb a n m e n s e r e g te . F. N .J .J . 1986. B ig S U ID -A F R IK A A N S E V E N T E R , N .J .J . P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic 1988. en 1987c. P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic O L IV IE R , J a n u a r ie 1 9 8 8 -0 7 -3 1 :1 0 . O L IV IE R , G ro e p s - N .J .J . P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic SA ed. 9 P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic SA SA 1987b, P u b lie k r e g /P u b lic O L IV IE R , O TH E R S . M AG G S, Law , SA O L IV IE R , & 1 9 8 7 -8 8 . LA N E , N .J .J . SA O L IV IE R , n o o d to e s ta n d . to e s ta n d th e & 1 9 8 7 -8 8 . P L E S S IS , gem ene DU O L IV IE R , N o o d to e s ta n d . 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