Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido
Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação
http://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/index.php/sistema
ISSN 0100-316X (impresso)
ISSN 1983-2125 (online)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n204rc
PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE CHERRY TOMATO GENOTYPE GROUP
BEFORE INFECTION BY Alternaria tomatophila1
HUGO CESAR RODRIGUES MOREIRA CATÃO2*, NILZA LIMA PEREIRA SALES3, JOÃO BATISTA DE CAMPOS
MENEZES3, FRANCIELE CAIXETA4, CÂNDIDO ALVES COSTA3
ABSTRACT - Early blight (caused by Alternaria tomatophila) is a major disease of tomato with no resistant
cultivars. Thus, it is necessary to identify sources of resistance and productive genotypes for the development
of new cultivars. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the productive potential of cherry tomato genotypes
grown in the summer / fall, the severity of early blight on leaves and the incidence of disease in fruits. The
treatments consisted of Carolina tomato genotypes, Cereja Vermelho, CH 152 and CLN1561A. The
experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with six replications, and the experimental plot had 16
plants. The following characteristics were evaluated: area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), average
number of microinjuries on the fruits (MF), average number of fruits per bunch (NFC), average number of
bunches per plant (NCP), average number of fruits per plant (NFP), average yield, number of fruits with
incidence of early blight per plant (NFI) and the severity of early blight in leaves (%). The cherry tomato
genotype CH152 showed tolerance to early blight with a smaller area under the disease progress curve, lower
severity and fruits with incidence of A. tomatophila were not observed in this genotype. The CH152 had the
highest number of fruits per bunch, greater number of bunches per plant, higher number of fruits per plant and
higher productivity. This line has great potential of being integrated into breeding programs.
Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme. Early blight. Climate conditions. Severity.
POTENCIAL PRODUTIVO DE GENÓTIPOS DE TOMATEIRO DO GRUPO CEREJA DIANTE À
INFECÇÃO POR Alternaria tomatophila
RESUMO - A pinta preta (Alternaria tomatophila) é uma das principais doenças do tomateiro não havendo
cultivares resistentes à doença. Com isso, é necessário identificar fontes de resistência e genótipos produtivos
na perspectiva de desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. Logo, objetivou com esse estudo avaliar o potencial
produtivo de genótipos de tomateiro cereja cultivados no verão/outono, a severidade da pinta preta nas folhas e
a incidência da doença nos frutos. Os tratamentos consistiram dos genótipos de tomateiro Carolina, Cereja
Vermelho, CH 152 e CLN1561A. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com seis repetições,
sendo a parcela experimental constituída por 16 plantas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: área
abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), número médio de microferimentos nos frutos (MF), número
médio de frutos por cacho (NFC), número médio de cachos por planta (NCP), número médio de frutos por
planta (NFP), produtividade média, número de frutos com incidência de pinta preta por planta (NFI) e a
severidade da pinta preta nas folhas (%). O genótipo de tomateiro cereja CH152 apresentou tolerância à pinta
preta com menor área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, menor severidade e também não foram
observados frutos com incidência de A. tomatophila nesse genótipo. O CH152 apresentou o maior número de
frutos por cacho, maior número de cachos por planta, maior número de frutos por planta e maior produtividade.
Esta linhagem tem grande potencial para ser integrada em programas de melhoramento genético.
Palavras-chave: Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme. Pinta preta. Condições climáticas. Severidade.
____________________
*Corresponding author
1
Received for publication in 10/28/2014; accepted in 09/08/2016.
Paper extracted from the masters dissertation of the first author.
2
Departament of agriculture, Faculdades Integradas de Ourinhos, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil; hugocatao@yahoo.com.br.
3
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil; nsales_ufmg@hotmail.com,
jjbcmenezes@gmail.com, candido-costa@ica.ufmg.br.
4
Global Center for Technology Creation, General Mills Brasil Alimentos Ltda, Cambará, PR, Brazil; francielecaixeta@yahoo.com.br.
Rev. Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 30, n. 2, p. 296 – 302, abr. – jun., 2017
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PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE CHERRY TOMATO GENOTYPE GROUP BEFORE INFECTION BY Alternaria tomatophila
H. C. R. M. CATÃO et al.
INTRODUCTION
The growing demand of the consumer market
for mini tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var.
cerasiforme), has greatly aroused the interest of
farmers. The introduction of this new tomato group
to the market, resulted in its widespread distribution.
Also, it created new demands for research on the
development of cultivars with high productivity,
disease resistance and adaptation to Brazilian
conditions (ROCHA et al., 2009).
Among the fungal diseases that affect tomato,
early blight is one of the most important and can
infect plants anywhere and at any age, provided
favorable conditions are found. Reports in the
literature have indicated that the severity of the
disease is influenced by climatic conditions during
the cultivation of tomato plant (SALUSTIANO et
al., 2006).
Although the etiology of the disease has been
traditionally attributed to the fungus Alternaria
solani Sorauer (ROTEM, 1994), in 2000 a new
species was described, Alternaria tomatophila
Simmons, is commonly associated with the black
spot lesions on tomato plants (SIMMONS, 2000;
LOURENÇO et al., 2009). In Brazil, it was
demonstrated that the fungus A. tomatophilia is the
etiologic agent of the disease (RODRIGUES et al.,
2010). The destructive potential of the disease,
associated with cultivars and hybrids at low
resistance levels, indicate the fact that the use of
fungicides is a major effective management measure
used by growers (CATÃO et al., 2013). However,
when chemical control isolation is used for disease
management, the results are not always effective and
long lasting (ZAMBOLIM et al., 2007).
In management programs, to improve and
rationalize the use of chemicals, the start and the
range of chemicals applied is determined by
monitoring
environmental
conditions,
the
phenological stage of the culture and mainly by the
cultivar resistance level (TOFOLI; DOMINGUES,
2005). Given this perspective, materials were
selected that have resistance to certain diseases, such
as black spot, so as to increase productivity
(PAULA; OLIVEIRA, 2003; GRIGOLLI et al.,
2011). Laurindo et al. (2015) reported that
BGH-2143
access,
BGH-2235,
BGH-2270,
BGH-2118, belonging to S. lycopersicum species are
potential sources of resistance to early blight. Thus,
the identification of genotypes that have these
characteristics becomes very important, as support
for the development of tomato breeding programs in
tropical and subtropical regions.
However, environmental conditions may
affect the expression of resistance genes. Hence, the
genotype x environment interaction has been a major
challenge for breeders, because it is possible that the
best genotype in one environment is not in another
(SQUILASSI, 2003). It becomes extremely
297
important to evaluate the productive potential and
resistance levels in function genotypes of climate
conditions in certain producing regions and on
pathogenic infection, to establish management
strategies and also provide subsidies for breeding
programs.
In this context, the aim of this study was to
evaluate the productivity of cherry tomato genotypes
grown in the summer / fall, the severity of early
blight on the leaves and the incidence of disease in
fruit.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The trial was conducted at the Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas
Gerais (ICA / UFMG), from February to June 2010
under field conditions. The climate of the northern
region of Minas Gerais, according to Köppen climate
classification is Aw - tropical savanna climate with
dry winter and rainy summer, also classified as
semi-arid.
The treatments consisted of Carolina tomato
genotypes, Cereja Vermelho, CH 152 and
CLN1561A, the first two commercial cultivars and
other lines tolerant to heat were transferred by The
World Vegetable Center (AVRCD-Taiwan / China).
The experimental design consisted of randomized
blocks with six replications, and the experimental
plot had 16 plants.
The soil of the experimental area was
classified as Cambisol without tomato cultivation
history and the results of chemical and physical
analyses showed the following characteristics: water
pH = 6.8; P Mehlich (mg kg-1) = 55.2; remaining
P (mg L-1) = 29.0; K (mg kg-1) = 126;
Ca (cmolc dm-3) = 7.00; Mg (cmolc dm-3) = 2.40;
Al (cmolc dm-3) = 0.00; H + Al (cmolc dm-3) = 1.42;
SB (cmolc dm-3) = 9.72; m (%) = 0;
T (cmolc dm-3) = 11.15; V (%) = 87; mat. org.
(Dag kg-1) = 4.41; coarse sand (kg dag-1) = 9.10; fine
sand (dag kg-1) = 40.90; Silt (dag kg-1) = 26.00;
clay (dag kg-1) = 24.00.
The seedlings were grown in polystyrene
trays containing commercial substrates (pine bark,
binders, vermiculite and mineral supplements NPK +
micronutrients). At 30 days after sowing, the
seedlings were transplanted to the experimental area,
spaced 1 m between rows and 0.5 m between plants
and tutored with narrow ribbon to a height of 1.8 m.
Fertilization was carried out according to the
chemical analysis of soil and crop needs at each
stage of development. For this purpose, we used the
planting 180 kg N / ha, 574 kg / ha of P 2O5, 600 kg /
ha K2O, cover 357 kg N / ha and 297 kg / ha K 2O
subdivided into three applications. The cultivation
and management of the plants were carried out as
recommended by the culture, except for the
application of fungicides. Irrigation was performed
Rev. Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 30, n. 2, p. 296 – 302, abr. – jun., 2017
PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE CHERRY TOMATO GENOTYPE GROUP BEFORE INFECTION BY Alternaria tomatophila
H. C. R. M. CATÃO et al.
by dripping and the calculated volume of water as
the water requirement of the crop, was determined
by estimating evapotranspiration by tank Class.
During the experimental period, data were
collected on temperature (°C), relative humidity (%)
and rainfall (mm) in Meteorology District 5 that was
200 m away from the experimental area.
Subsequently, these data were grouped into weekly
averages. These data were compared with disease
progress curves for the same time interval, in order
to check the influence of climatic conditions
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. Meteorological measurements of temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and precipitation (mm) obtained in the
Montes Claros region in the period from 13/03/2010 to 06/06/2010 (Montes Claros, 2010). Source: National Institute of
Meteorology / Weather INMET- 5th District.
Isolates of A. tomatophila were obtained from
lesions characteristic of early blight, on tomato fruits
produced in the region where the test was conducted.
From monospores culture (SILVA et al., 2009), pure
isolates were obtained from Petri dishes containing
V8, CaCO3, and agar medium. The plates were
incubated for ten days in the dark at 25°C to promote
mycelial growth. Thereafter, for sporulation, the
plates were incubated at a temperature of 18°C for
72 h in the absence of light. After this period, 10 mL
of sterile distilled water was added to each plate, and
the conidial suspension was prepared with the aid of
a sterile brush (SALUSTIANO et al., 2005).
The conidial suspension was calibrated at a
concentration of 3x104 conidia / mL of distilled
water with the help of a Neubauer chamber. At
27 days after transplanting the seedlings (DAT), the
plants were inoculated via atomization of the
inoculum suspension to the point of runoff, using a
hand sprayer.
After inoculation, four leaves of the lower,
middle and upper third were randomly selected and
subsequently marked with wool to make the
assessment of severity always the same for leaflets in
all evaluations. Weekly, from the onset of symptoms,
the severity of early blight was assessed, and the
average severity of an average estimate of each plant
disease within each plot was determined. The
severity, defined as the percentage of leaf area
covered by symptoms of the disease was assessed
using a diagrammatic scale (BOFF et al., 1991).
The disease progress curve over time for each
genotype was constructed from the average values of
severity of each plot. The average severity values of
each plot were also used to calculate the variable
area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC),
using the trapezoidal integration proposed by Shaner
and Finney (1977).
The fruit harvest began at 120 days after
transplantation being performed every five days, and
in total eight harvests were obtained. The following
characteristics were evaluated: average number of
fruits per bunch (NFC), average number of bunches
per plant (NCP), average number of fruits per plant
(NFP), average productivity (PROD) (t ha -1), number
of fruits with incidence of early blight per plant
(NFI) and average number of microinjuries on the
fruits (MF). For microinjuries evaluation, a sample
of 40 fruits was collected from each plot and with the
aid of a stereoscopic microscope (40x) were
recorded in each result as the number of
microinjuries on the fruit of integration with the
peduncle, a site of pathogen infection.
Data were subjected to analysis of variance
for each characteristic assessed and the effects were
evaluated by F test at 1% probability. The mean
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PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE CHERRY TOMATO GENOTYPE GROUP BEFORE INFECTION BY Alternaria tomatophila
H. C. R. M. CATÃO et al.
when qualitative were compared by the Scott-Knott
test at 1% probability, using SISVAR 5.0 software
(FERREIRA, 2011). The averages were plotted
using a quantitative scatter plot (severity versus
time) to obtain a progress curve blight.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The cherry tomato genotypes evaluated
showed variation in productivity, severity on leaves
and incidence of A. tomatophila on the fruits
(Table 1).
Table 1. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), the average number of microinjuries on the fruits (MF), number
of fruits per bunch (NFC), number of grapes per plant (NCP), fruit number per plant (NFP), average productivity (PROD)
(t ha-1) and number of fruits with incidence of black spot (NFI) caused by A. tomatophila in cherry tomato genotypes.
Genotypes
Carolina
Cereja Vermelho
CH 152
CLN1561A
F test values
CV (%)
AACPD
1065 a
1145 a
439 b
1221 a
41.97
13.98
MF
2.60 b
2.95 a
1.64 c
3.04 a
21.02
12.37
NFC
7.47 b
10.33 a
12.78 a
6.23 b
15.34
11.69
NCP
7.29 c
10.58 b
22.48 a
11.40 b
12.57
6.26
NFP
54.62 c
109.40 b
287.31 a
70.87 b
26.03
12.90
PROD
21.41 b
19.65 b
30.54 a
22.08 b
25.74
7.05
NFI
12.75 b
12.71 b
0.00 c
27.88 a
21.89
6.89
*Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 1% probability.
The Carolina genotypes, Cereja Vermelho
and CLN1561A showed the highest percentage of
severity and area under the disease progress curve
(AUDPC) above, 1065, 1145, 1221, respectively,
statistically similar and being more susceptible to
early blight (Table 1 and Figure 2). Other than that,
the CH 152 genotype had the lowest severity (%)
AUDPC and therefore a greater tolerance to A.
Tomatophila, under the experimental conditions
(Table 1 and Figure 2). The format of the disease
progress curve provides important information about
the dynamics of the disease (AZEVEDO et al.,
2012). Thus, this criterion can also be used for
selection of the best genotypes (FIORINI et al.,
2010). In this situation, it is regarded as the best
genotype with less diseased leaf area in the last days
of evaluation and priority to selection genotypes
whose diseased leaf area is smaller in the initial
evaluation periods, which can provide control
methods of greater efficiency in the initial period of
disease progress and reduce the risk of damage to the
crop (LAURINDO et al., 2015).
Figure 2. Severity (%) of A. tomatophila versus time (days after transplanting - DAT) in different genotypes of cherry
tomato (Montes Claros, 2010).
Paula and Oliveira (2003) reported that the
Ohio 4013 genotypes CNPH 738 and Hybrid F1
(Hawaii 7998 x Monense) showed resistance to A.
solani, especially the Ohio 4013 genotype with
AUDPC value of 208.44. Considering the above
standard, it can be said that the CH 152 genotype has
the potential for genetic resistance to disease. It is
worth mentioning that currently there are no varieties
with complete resistance to disease. And in this case,
with the potential for resistance genotypes, there is
299
need to study and identify genes that influence the
strength and transfer them to commercial cultivars
through breeding programs.
In this study, it was found that the CH152
genotype showed the potential for resistance to
disease caused by A. tomatophila under the growing
conditions of cultivation of the North mining
semiarid region. However, it is already known that
this genotype showed tolerance to the fungus
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1
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PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE CHERRY TOMATO GENOTYPE GROUP BEFORE INFECTION BY Alternaria tomatophila
H. C. R. M. CATÃO et al.
according to information of the World Vegetable
Center. Another important feature of this line is the
heat tolerance which may contribute to increasing
the tomato cultivation period and becoming
incorporated into other operating regions (SILVA et
al., 2011).
The severities of cherry tomato genotypes
ranged initially from 1% of diseased leaf area in the
CH 152 genotype, to 6% in other genotypes. At the
end of the crop cycle, CH152 showed 13% of
diseased leaf area while the other genotypes showed
approximately 30% (Figure 2). According to
Balbi-Peña, Schwan-Estrada and Stangarlin (2014),
resistant genotypes have a lower frequency of
injuries due to the formation of fewer appressoria on
the leaf surface. Thus, assessments of the productive
potential of plant genotypes in real infection disease
conditions in the field, as in this study, contribute to
the selection of cultivars with potential for breeding
programs.
The disease severity was lower than 10% up
to 51 DAT (Figure 2). Salustiano et al. (2006) also
reported that the initial severity was low (5%) and
remained at levels below 10% up to 54 DAT, under
natural conditions of infection in genotypes Santa
Clara and Débora Plus, produced in the region of
Viçosa. The same authors also reported that at the
beginning of the experiment there was favorable
temperature (25 to 30°C), leaf wetness was
associated most of the time with relative humidity
(between 76 and 89%) and the frequency of rain was
higher at the beginning of the assay, favoring disease
development. In this study, similar weather
conditions were observed (Figure 1).
The prevailing temperatures were around
20-32°C during the crop cycle, contributing to the
development of the disease. Other studies have
confirmed that temperatures in the range 25-32°C,
favor the development of black spots on tomato and
epidemic disease (BALBI-PEÑA et al., 2006;
SALUSTIANO et al., 2006). The relative humidity
ranged from 60 to 90% during the test which may
have promoted the presence of free water on the leaf
surface, a fundamental factor for germination,
infection and sporulation. Researchers demonstrated
that A. solani occurs in the infection process in a
14-26°C temperature range, with a relative humidity
around 100% during the first 24 h, establishing
conditions for the development of the epidemic
(ROTEM, 1994; PAUL et al., 2004; BALBI-PEÑA
et al., 2006; SALUSTIANO et al., 2006). Such
conditions are evident from the 51 DAT indicating a
significant increase in disease severity genotypes
(Figure 2). Salustiano et al. (2006) stated that the
short duration of leaf wetness period reduction in
relation to the epidemic and attenuation,
consequently attenuate the severity of early blight.
There were also showers of low intensity rainfall up
to 40 mm and fairly distributed over the conduct of
the experiment (Figure 1). After the first periods of
rainfall favored the increase in relative humidity
(90%) under mild temperatures, it coincided with the
phase in which the severity of the disease had
significantly progressed (Figure 2).
At 37 DAT and up to 72 DAT, due to rain,
high humidity and lower temperatures, the disease
found favorable conditions for further development
and there was increase in severity and the
epidemiological process. The increase in humidity
due to the rainy season facilitated the development of
early blight, this may be related to the available
water on the leaf surface which may have promoted
the dispersal and germination of spores (ROTEM,
1994; CHAERANI; VOORRIPS, 2006). These
climatic conditions, as mentioned, are favorable to
the development of the disease and may occur in
several secondary cycles throughout the cycle,
leading to the emergence of epidemics. Other reports
on climate conditions in the progress of black spots
on tomato indicate that severe epidemics occur
frequently under marked conditions of temperature
higher than 25°C, combined with high humidity
(ROTEM, 1994).
In fruits, black spot lesions are depressed and
located in the cup region with crushed aspects and
concentric rings, and the infection of the pathogen
can be direct through the epidermis or by wounds
(MIZUBUTI; BROMMONSCHENKEL, 1996). The
CH 152 genotype showed no fruit with symptoms of
black spot. This is one of the possible reasons, for
the low number of micro-injuries in the cup region.
Contrary to this, the CLN11561A recorded the
highest number of fruits with symptoms of early
blight as a result of the occurrence of micro injuries,
having a direct impact on productivity (Table 1).
According to Silva et al. (2011), the CLN1561A
lineage has high productivity (27.13 t ha -1), but the
incidence of early blight on fruit caused depreciation
of their appearance and as a result, caused direct
losses in productivity (TOFOLI; DOMINGUES,
2005; WAMSER et al., 2008). The increase in
susceptibility to early blight is usually associated
with fabrics which have reached maturity, or plants
flowering period, fruiting (PEREIRA et al., 2013).
During these phases, there is an increased demand
for sugar and nutrients for fruit formation rather than
foliage, which favors the infectious process for
exporting bodies (PEREIRA et al., 2013).
High capacity characteristics should also be
maintained in materials that have potential for
disease resistance. According to the data presented in
Table 1, it can be verified that the CH 152 genotype
had the highest number of fruits per bunch (not
different from Cereja Vermelho), the largest number
of bunches per plant, increased number of fruits per
plant and increased productivity (t ha -1). These data
corroborate with those reported by Silva et al. (2011)
and Menezes et al. (2012) who found that strains of
the CH group had high yield potential. Guilherme et
al. (2014) also studying the productivity of these
Rev. Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 30, n. 2, p. 296 – 302, abr. – jun., 2017
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PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE CHERRY TOMATO GENOTYPE GROUP BEFORE INFECTION BY Alternaria tomatophila
H. C. R. M. CATÃO et al.
mini tomatoes in spacing function found that CH 152
stood out from the other genotypes to present higher
productivity. Once again, this study showed the
productive potential of the CH 152 genotype, in
addition to the less severe black spot, this genotype
has the potential of being integrated into breeding
programs.
CONCLUSION
The cherry tomato genotype CH 152 showed
higher productivity and less severity of blight in
relation to other genotypes, and also did not show
symptoms of the disease in the fruit under climatic
conditions favorable to the development of the
pathogen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express their gratitude to the
Higher
Education
Personnel
Improvement
Coordination - CAPES for granting the first author
scholarship.
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