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2023, ATHENA Research Book
Rock art researchers describe the existence of a preparation layer of kaolin (with or without organic binder) on the rock, on which megalithic painting was carried out, using a mixture of pigment and binder. The natural pigments used were mainly hematite, ochre and carbon black. As binders, animal fats, blood, resins, etc. were reported. The uncertainty regarding the composition of these paintings means that there is not a clear procedure for their reproduction in the laboratory as mock-ups. This study shows a methodology based on the assessment of a group of parameters that allow assessing the suitability of a binder (in this case, butter or casein) both in the preparation layer and in the pictorial layer. Covering capacity, drying velocity, binding capacity, grip on the substrate and biological growth were evaluated. It was completed with colour spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy. The mixture of butter with pigment applied on a kaolin-based substrate was identified as the most suitable.
2022 •
The importance of scientific analyses on artworks has become more and more crucial in the articulate processes of conservation and restoration. Moreover, the complexity of artistic materials, composed by organic and inorganic substances mixed together and often aged, requires extremely sensitive but user-friendly analytical tools. For this reason, the request of effective non-invasive diagnostic techniques is steadily increasing. In particular, a challenging task is represented by organic compounds, which can be found in the artistic field with a wide range of applications: they are binders used to spread pigments in paintings, varnishes, coatings and adhesives applied by the artist himself or during the restoration works, and colouring substances. Among the latter two different typologies can be individuated, namely natural dyes, used from the antiquity to dye textiles and in paintings in form of lakes, and a quite recent family of pigments, the synthetic organic ones. The detectio...
2022 •
This work deals with the identification of natural binders and the study of the complex stratigraphy in paintings using reflection FT-IR spectroscopy, a common diagnostic tool for cultural heritage materials thanks to its non-invasiveness. In particular, the potential of the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region, dominated by the absorption bands due to CH, CO, OH and NH functional groups, is successfully exploited to distinguish a lipid binder from a proteinaceous one, as well as the coexistence of the two media in laboratory-made model samples that simulate the complex multi-layered structure of a painting. The combination with multivariate analysis methods or with the calculation of indicative ratios between the intensity values of characteristic absorption bands is proposed to facilitate the interpretation of the spectral data. Furthermore, the greater penetration depth of NIR radiation is exploited to obtain information about the inner layers of the paintings, focusing in particu...
Journal of Archaeological Science
The Byzantine wall paintings from the Protaton Church on Mount Athos, Greece: tradition and science2007 •
The purpose of this book is to make it possible for artists to make their own paint media in their studio. All materials are discussed in detail enough for artists to intelligently experiment in the studio without risking catastophic failure of their artworks. This book covers most paint/ink media used by artists. There is a growing need and desire amongst serious professional artists and students to know more about the composition and properties of the art media that they utilise in the creative process. This results from the curiosity of contemporary artists to explore alternatives to traditional materials and techniques. In order to be able to experiment with new and unconventional materials a basic knowledge of traditional conventions is a necessity. An understanding of the properties and characteristics of traditional art media and processes will equip the artist with knowledge that will enable him/her to develop new possibilities founded on stable and tested principles. The high cost of commercially prepared art materials has been a major influence in the artist’s on-going quest to find reasonable substitutes. This book provides artists with the basic knowledge to experiment freely and produce their own media at a fraction of the cost of premixed commercial products. Apart from these benefits it encourages painters to enjoy the process of mixing the magical substances that become part of that wonderful creative process - the art of painting
Archaeometry
Integrated Analytical Techniques for the Study of Colouring Materials from Two Megalithic Barrows2017 •
Journal of Cultural Heritage
Calcium alkoxides as alternative consolidants for wall paintings: Evaluation of their performance in laboratory and on site, on model and original samples, in comparison to conventional products2018 •
We have determined the composition of rock art pigments from two megalithic barrows located in the north of Portugal. The use of XRD, SEM–EDS and FT–IR spectroscopy con␣rmed the presence of hematite and kaolinite in the red pigments from the Eireira barrow, and kaolinite in the white pigment from the Leira das Mamas barrow. The organic composition of the pig- ments was studied by GC–MS, suggesting that the red sinuous lines and dots from the Eireira barrow were prepared with cooked or heated algae and/or aquatic plants, with egg as binder, while the white pigment from the Leira das Mamas barrow revealed a mixture of vegetable oils for kaolinite moulding, which could be stabilized by temporary exposure to high temperatures. The multi-analytical approach used on this study of megalithic pigments allowed the recovery of important data about north-western prehistoric communities, namely the way in which they exploited existing resources and their ability to transform them. Keywords: Megalithic barrows; Pigments; Colouring materials; Gas Chomatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS); Chimical analysis
Applied Physics A
Pictorial materials database: 1200 combinations of pigments, dyes, binders and varnishes designed as a tool for heritage science and conservation2017 •
Postprints of the 6th edition of the International Meeting on Retouching of Cultural Heritage (RECH6)
Congresos UPV 6th International Meeting on Retouching of Cultural Heritage, RECH62022 •
Postprints of the 6th edition of the International Meeting on Retouching of Cultural Heritage (RECH6)
Journal of Cultural Heritage
The use of erbium lasers for the conservation of cultural heritage. A review2018 •
Studies in Conservation
Organic materials in wall paintings: the historical and analytical literature2004 •
2014 •
Proceedings of 11th International Conference of the Balkan Physical Union — PoS(BPU11)
Investigating the degradation effects of wall paintings under a compartment fire protocol2023 •
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy
Capabilities and limitations of handheld Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for the analysis of colourants and binders in 20th-century reverse paintings on glass2018 •
Ge-conservación
La reintegración cromática en pintura contemporánea monocromática sin barnizar: un caso de estudio basado en la obra de Jorge Martins2020 •
Molecules
Quantitative GC–MS Analysis of Artificially Aged Paints with Variable Pigment and Linseed Oil Ratios2021 •
Von Objekten, Gemälden, Textilien und Steinen
The Nako Project Five years of conservation at the Indo-Tibetian border2010 •
2021 •
2016 •
International Conference Colours 2015: bridging science with art.
Colour and parchment degradation in a 15th century Book of Hours: the case study of Cofre nº 31 from Palacio Nacional de Mafra2015 •
2017 •
SN applied sciences
Picasso’s Acrobat Family in focus: an investigation of materials and techniques of an iconic work in the collection of the Gothenburg Museum of Art2020 •
Journal of Archaeological Science
From Byzantine to post-Byzantine art: the painting technique of St Stephen's wall paintings at Meteora, Greece2008 •
Chemistry Central journal
Aesthetic compatibility assessment of consolidants for wall paintings by means of multivariate analysis of colorimetric data2018 •
2021 •
Accounts of Chemical Research
Immunodetection of Proteins in Ancient Paint Media2010 •
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Identification of animal glue and hen-egg yolk in paintings by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)2013 •
2019 •
2021 •
2021 •
Postprints RECH4 Croatia
POSTPRINTS RECH 4 | CROATIA2017 •