Introducción a la teoría del videojuego

! # $ % & ) + ! " #$$%& + ! ' * " % ( " ' & , ' !- ' (" )" * + , ) . "- " . ! / ! % 0 1 / ! % $ $ / " / / $ " % ! 2 ; < 3 3 4 ) " 0 $ . ) 56789: * /0 . " ! $ $ % % " = " / 1 " ? < @ 0 0 $ % > $ % @ < % 1 " 56: % / " % " 5! $ : / ! 1 5A: B " " " C + . 5 " 5 !> C / ! % ! ! " % + . % ! % % % % % 0 " B " $ ! D ! 0 4 D % % / @ :! " " : # # % " % / " $ E 1 < % # ! 1 $ / % ! 0 @ 0 / ! 5F: ! % ! " # #! ! " @ / 0 5- ! # " " 1 67IF C % % , G. 2H 0 4! : 5 .&;42 0 . / " 5 @ & / $ G67I9H / ' 0 / . >! ! $ 1 $ ) $ - ! # ! 6 1 , < : . ) . ) B , * /0 . 58: ; M B ! $ " / = / / $/ 1/ / 1 ! 0 ! C ! * /0 . % $ ! # " M 4 / % > !5 0 % ) ! . " 3 4 . ! 1 1 3 ! 5L: 5 @ ' / ; / % ) . 2H ! : 1 ! . C ! G67I9H $ % &;4 A8KK @ 1 2 5J: ' " -. . % 2H > B ) % , G. . 0 4 67IK G. 5)3 / @ 2 ! .; . . B 67IJ ! . 0# 1 1 G67I6H: - G67IAH: ! 13 ! : 50 . 5 / ' G67IAH:D 5 / 1 2 G678AH: 0 . ! $# % 1 5/ $/ E / : $ $ 4 % ! / ! / / " N@ O ' ! / " . $ . ! % / E / / 2 ? M 0 / $ / $ / @ / 0 . ! / @ 2 " " 1 " !/ $ A2 5I: ; " @ 3 ! # % % 0 # " 5 1 % B < ! < ! % ! :! / % ! 1 $/ M) ; 67IJ ' 67IL ! - ) 67I7 B /( < ' 7 567II: ! / 0 . " , ) , +7 "8 1 31 0 . 3 567I8:D 7 ; , - . / B 4 . 7 . 7 .. ; . 0 = . 567II: = , = ( 567I9: ! ( !- 567I9: 8 1 . 9 9 59: ! " ! @ M B . B ; 6796 ! 679F ) ! 57: C " > % #C 679A > < $ ! % " $# " / / * ! % 4 , +7 . % ; P ! 8 1 , / 7 5 . . : 8IK $ ; 4 5 : ! = ( G677JH: B 679A @ - 8 . 7 +8 . 7 . / @ $ < / - 567I7: 56K: " B " " / = % 0 % % , / 0 ! 0 679A . 9 679J < > A8KKC " +0 . $ ; . % = ; +7 ! < / # % < / " " % / > ) $ / !/ / , = 5)/ ; , : 4 " , 4 / 0 ! 0 M .= C( QR ! " ! / ! % ! / < 2 566: ! % " M M $ & ! / 0# . " 2!/ ' / = 0 0 , $ $ $ % ' !- = ! 1 ! % 0 . / + = 5679F: / 56A: ) / ) / # " ! " " 5 ! 1 ! # " 7 +7 = " " ' , . : ! 5679J: ' 1! / " " # " ++ + 0 . " % ! B ! 3 0 56F: / 679J 0 " 5* 4: ! 3 5AKKK: / " > 1 1" 1 679L * 0 4! 0 5 % ;3C-R : ! . % : .( ; MB& ! B 0 2 " = " ! B 6797 # / " # ) "/ 25 ! 677K - 4 ! % " M ! ; B " ' B ! " 6796 ? ! 0 ! % " 56J: ? # " ! ; / 0 " !/ % " 56L: B / " " 6797 / 1$ 0 0 % ! < " ! 6776 ) ' ! * /) 1 ' 7 + .' / # ! ! 1 . # P / > $ 3 / ! >! ) 6' - + / " % " ! / > ! 2 ! < < , P 5 1 . " ! * " 1" " ! B / % % @ 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# ! ! $ / / / < 3 $ 677F < " M " " # ! $ $ 1 < 0 ! ! S ? / : T: 0 ! " 0 ' &- R $ 0 ! % % / 5 S C ! " / ! / ! ) / / % $ 0 > ! ; , 4 " 1 < % 3 " * " * 4 @ B 0 B B 0 $ 3 3 @ ; , $: " 4 " " $ " M / < 677F 3 % ! %1 " B " # / " ! 1 " > 6799 5; 1 1 B ! % ! " ; $ " / 3 ! )3 $ " 0 0 3 T / : ; ( + < T % $ > $ U # % ! !/ S ; * $ = 5/ . * $ ! " 7 * " @ / " ! " & ! " R F3 B / 3 " * 0 " = " " 6778 ! " * ) !4 ! 4 : P " ; 4 @ " ) 3 1 " % ! - 1 5 " 1 B - / ? 3 " 3 ( ; ) ' 6779 / " ) 6778 " ) " B " M ' 4 : 4 < B B 0 3 5 R ! 5 ' : - 6777 3 ! F3 5AA: " / + / B !+0 0 = 3 $ ! 0 0 " $ 677F @ 5 < 5 V = 0 " " 0 < / < 6779 % X2H: >4 5 < ! / < 1 ! A G. 2H 5AJ: ( ! ! + ! 0 A. ! $ " . " % . " % 7 < 0 % = 3 / = 3 ! ! " 5@ A B G.WU 0 D " : 0 % 0 / ! ! % % A B = 3 5AF: 5 < " = C ! 1 / " 2 5AL: " " / " $ 6778 @ AKKK .= 2 ) # " % ! # 3 M ! " $ # / $ 1 4 5 % / : < 0 ! ! " = @ " " ! / ! 5.? " " 0 0 0 $ > " $ ! 0 / ! # < " 1 " $ $ 0 ;3C-R $ ! ) 6' $ = 0 $ ! " B % 2 5S " < ! & .& $ ! 1 $ @ : " ! # 5 # < 6778 1 ! 1 ! % < " $ " ! " % ! ! % / ! < ! % 7 < / M / " ! ! 5A8: % ! % " B % B ", 2: % $ T: 4 P @ $ P ! 5&B 4: 1" ! / 0 0 0 % >( 8 1 7 . = 3 @ * 3 8 % 1 - " B 0 ' " P % . 677I 2 " O > 1 0 B % 1 : 0 # $ < ) M # / ! % 0 1 # >! 0 " # > # " M # D D / # # # " YY) 2 " ! " " " 0 .- ; ( 1 "/ 0 / B / > 3 ' ! " # * $ ! ! B / ! ! E % ! B 5AI: 0 % . - R #" .3 5S " ' ; 6779 0 . ! ; . !( ! / / 3 < < / < $ 2 G! * . , 0 . % $ 2 / H 5A7: ; . 2 ' " " 0 ! ! 0 / 3 M M .3 / 0 2! 0 : . % ; T: 5A9: " ., B / ., ! # < $ ' : . 0 . . ! ! " ! = ; < ! 5AKK6: # / " ! / / / " 5FK: 0 @ / ! " 4 $ % ! 5AKKK: 8 " ; A $ ! " ! # % " ! " / " ! 3 # $ $ . @ ! % " % +7 > % " >+ / ! > / ! % " ! M 8 B 4 / " ( 1 " $ " % B YY 0 ! % % / ! " ! ; > 4 < AKKK : " ! " 4 ! ! ; 677I 4 " = 0 1 " ' ( & ! 0 ! % $ & ! " ! $# % "" % 5 " >! > > ! .@ 4 > " ! ! % 0 @ 5F6: 0 B 0 / % % 5 . - :! $ 0 ! 1 % B 0 5 * " ! ! B % % " C 1 : % 1" / % " ! / % % % 5 : 0 " $ / 0 . 1 / > # ! / " 5 :! " " 5FA: * / 0 ! ! 5 / / / " / " $ @ 5 R- , ! ' ' 3 % 1 1 @ ! : = 5 # / @ % . : 6) % :! ! 5 $ # : E " 0 B / $ / @ / % !/ % " ! 0 % ! ! # ! % ! B > " / $ 0 0 < 5FF: 1 " > $ 4 ! 1 ; 4 % " ! / : ! >! # = 5* ! @ ! = / 6777 , ) ' .3 1 ! 5B B 6779 ! AKKK , ; 2 ? ? : AKK6 ? B !5 - : = % ) ? :! AKKF 0 . - P , > 3 > 0 2: / 1" )'C? 5.; ! ; < ; .; ; ) , ; ; , 1 M 2 .; / ! 1 ' # @ ; 0 !5 " % != - )' ? ; , 4 OB * ; AKKA: 2 5;R4),*: $ ALCAI $ , 5),3B: ALCAI , AKKA2 5 .) 3 2 5= 1 AKK6 5FJ: ., AKKA: E ? B P = @ < - B M E0 . # . @ / B " 0 5679J: " % " + < " < % " -Z 1 ! < AKKK M , 4 - /F 0 " !; - 1 / " / " = $ + = % ) ! ! !' ! ! B 5677L: * B < - ) 6' ! R * 1 # B 0 @ 3 B % 0 1 " 0 ; = / > / " 0 5; : $ R ? @ 9 7 ( : / " , 5AKKA: / 0 " 0 . 0 - E ; * $ & ! $ ? 0 >.+Z [ 3 2 ! B 0 C 4 1 AKKA ! . [ 4 2 AKKA 5FL: / 0 ! % # ! 0 ! " 0 0 / ! , < ! C C' " )'M 0 < " < 4 ! ! # ! " 4 @ / 5/ " ! # 0 5AKKA: U ! : ! < 0 / / % 0 ' !G ' . $ % 2 ( P 5 : 5F8: 4 @ / " ! $ !/ 1 : / $ " 0 / % $ ! 5! @ B / " % / # " " ' ) * ! " & ! " ! $# % ; " % % / / # > 1 > / ; " B @ M . * / 0 % ! # " > " 5 ]: ; 0 % ! ! \ / < / >/ > % 0 % " 0 % / # 0 / 5FI: " " / % ! % 0 / / " # B / 0 ! 1 ! # @ 1 < 1 / ! % / / 567IA: )3 3 % $ / % / )3 X )3 / / / )3 % % % W / / 0 / D D % ! 0 5 % % B / ! " # @ " 5F9: % / 0/ $ 1 / 0 / / > 0 / @ :/ / % 1 0 " ! ! 1 " 5;-' $ 1 > 5 " %# $ % = 0 > = / ( 1 67LK: / + 0 " 8 . > ' B . ) ! > 4 / C4 + / ) - . , 1 / =; 6 . 5G67F9H 0 5G67L9H 6786: / - 567I6: ! + % 5F7: 1 ! / / @ = 3 ! / M $ $ 1! $ / H+ ! / @ 1 @ ! " %# / = $ > > " > / / ! % $ 5JK: B # % ! # @ $ ' ;-' = 3 =;3 = 0 / :! $ $ / 1 ! 4 1 1 " 1 B % 1 / 5! H 5 0 + E 5 ! 5 6 @ 1 = :! G " @ ! " / $ M ! % $ % $ " / : ! 5 # " $ ! " ! $ H $ :/ 1 +1 G5 / ! 0 ! / 1$ < $ ! % % = / 1 0 " / " 5 1 @ 0 % B : ! # ! $ / = >/ 1 ! 0 $ B M 0 :! # : B 0 % $ % 5 / 5 / % / / " % ! 1 " / % > % % B " 1 @ @ + 1" / ! / $ / . ! ! ! 4 / ! $ " / = ! 5! " " " 0 # ! ! ! ! ! " / / ! $ @ ) / / # @ + > / 1$ ! % ! / = / # 1 ! ! ! ! > 5 ' G677FH " G677FH - 0 / / !/ " ! !/ " / > = / = / ! % : ! ! 1 , G6778H ! : 4 ! % @ 5 1 1 ! % : $ 1! $ ! 8 . / 8 > / / % + # 1 ' 9 % 5677I: 0 % > ' 0 5677K: 0 < M = ! ! / 1 / ! + ! # / / / 5JA: ! / 5AKK6: 1' / = ! / = " / " ' > ! B % $ / ;3C-R / % $ " >/ < = / / 5JF: $ $ # % ! ) > > # / > / " $ / / / M # % @ M / % ! " / 5J6: . > ! # = / D 1 = / / 0 % / = 1 1 ! !! / ! % B 5 @ / / / % 1 ! / +# # "& B ! / ! $ ! / " !/ ; ( % ! % ! M = ! $/ 0 + # ! # " E " 1 @ / / ! 0 / " < 1 0 " $ " # " % ! " ! # 0 / < ! < " 1 # $ # 5JJ: ! " " / " ! / / ! / # @ " / ; / # = % / " " / > % / " / 0 ! " $ " " # 0 ! ! " / $ % 4 = # ! ! " $/ ! M 3B ! $ " $ % ! / @ ' 0 $ # @ )' ! ) ; 4/ , " ! = P 1 ! ! ! " " < " 1 5S 5S 3 $ T: T: / / " % < $ / / % ! # ! ^ C C' $ " E , / 1$ " @ " % 0 % / !/ $ / I$I" 4 / / 56: < AKK6 / ! >+ +7 / . / < $ ! < N " 2 4U?)- P .) MQQ ! 6K6 ! 0 / O ! # / B !` / ' &0 ( " !2 ( 5AJ I$I" / 0 " " _AKK6Q6Q68Q6IJ766Q6FFT @ # / M QX _ = $ > ! 4 % / " % / AKK6: B M .4 % % ( ! / S % $ % % 8 / > O - / % " / # N ( H MS % MQQ 6 . - Q 1 G / % " QK6QK9QKFQ66JIAJA T 5A: ' 0 1 &0 + S B MQQ 2 ! 5F: *P)*4 ( . Q Q K8KIKA 5 / ' / ' % . "B / " . : " " 5L: B / 0 . . G. 0 M? % .7 . G.&0 ! ' # 2H " 1 G. 2H " / 5 / / + 567I7: - $ / / % ! B % ; 0 5 $ ! $ % # / 7 1 ; # >/ % 0 # ! $ 5I: B / 1 / "= . == B , 1/ M, . 1 / " @ ! " "* . B E `? "= . : = / $ M4 6789 ! == B , 67IA M, B `? = 67IA 6K>66 M 4 )'^ = P 0 G . 57: 4 / # > ! 59: 4 S 0 MQQ ! ! Qa % H 1Q Q T MS $ " 0 . 0 5 @ 5! # / *; - 3 3 4 2H ! M B-P % : 58: 4 &0 AKK6 . 2 G. 2H % M T . + / 7 . + / 5J: = . ! / R=+ M M AKKA: B . :! D ! 1 5I / % 5 M MQQ Q /Q # T . 56K: - 1" " / 67I9 / " 67I7 > @ 0> ! " B 67I7 $ " " < 67I9 = / ' B / = < " / . + / 7 1 ! " . 67I9 " 566: ;-B +R-3 ; / = + . S Q Q + . Q Q MQQ 56A: ;-B +R-3 ; / = " G& . !Q C " " Q; 6B % H 679J 9I B T " G& . H 679J " " % S MQQ !Q C Q; T 56F: B*3 -4R* ; B D 3)== P .& ! 2( B % 56J: &0 +) S MQQ ! 56L: &0 M 568: S ! MQQ ! C ' # AKK6 ! Q Q . 0 .. 2 7 AKKK: b J IIA>I7K T , M B-P # B . + / . "B M Q 56I "& R=+ / ' . + / 6LL>689 % ! D - + / / 1 M Q T ! 2 I9 5B / ' 2 56I: 4 .( ! I9JIIA / > T =@ B ! Q D R=+ " - + / / 6FI>6LJ -*4' )* ; . M? "& ) 6797 & M B-P AKK6 $ / > Q M 2 ' # . "B 0 Q M 4=R&)* - .( ) ? - 67 5 ! 6777: 0 Q+ 679F: b 6 % M B3B R 4 JK>J6D ,-B4 - .* S MQQ Q KQ 6F6AQ6 FILQLJIK6676Q & M S ! MQQ 569: B % G 1 ;3C-R 57 " ! B TD ! 4 % $ 9 .( ! AKK6: b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= 3) -3 - B D = 3) 9 ' -3 - + @ " 5AJ: 0 ! -3 - B .=O) 7 0 A. 5 +" 9 . " 5AI: BB-4 '( ! 0 < 677I J>L / M 6778: b LKF 0 2 0 / 0 A. 54 D= / / % . - < AKKK M. # 0 ! Q 0 2 T: *P)*4 ( .; *P)*4 ( 1 " . - % D ! MQQ 6 D / 1 ( 0 / D M " 6 5A7: ;B44 == 0 A. " 9 6AA>6A8 " " 0 2 0 / % 0 AKK6 ., ' XM : . 2 . . ; M ;B44 == D G BHM )' L 5FK: 3 ( ! 5F6: Q 0 ! % 1" 6779 / " .3B;2 5S 677J 3 % d D ' 44R* ; .V AKKA: b L ' % / 0 ! 5A9: B M( @ " 5A8: (),?)* * ? : M ,B -) = X2H @ .A D % A B G.WU 0 % 5AL: = 3) 677F 5 % " 5 < M = 3c K B " 677J + 5 < 0 FX _6LF6F9T MS MQQ Q C 5FA: = " " ! % / ! / 4 " ! % / " !/ % %/ / " 5FF: 0 M BB-4 '( D= " M ( .. ? ! ! B*R&);( = / > + "; 1. 5FJ: 0 + < AKKK / - + % . . ' ! 0 . B += AKKKD = )' / .2 " " < " ! = AKK6 7 . R=+ G BHM ? G BHM )' .0 . < 677ID "= / 0 +1 / ! 0 " / M .F . A ! ? % Q4 1 2 ; M? ! A < B ! " 5FL: 4 P = 0 MS S T! T 5F8: ; " 5FI: BB-4 '( % .; S ! MQQ & 65 " .3 + / . "B " .G $ & % M? , ! H 6779>77 S + MS 2 ' # 0 % M B-P D AKK6D ! .' MQQ QQM AKK6: b 6 B T " 0 5F7: &0 . - QK6K6Q 5F9: 7 2 T / ' 2 Q ! R=+ 5 6 T . 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