The Pleistocene Epoch
he Pleistocene Epoch
and the Evolution of Man!
and the Evolution of Man
by Cesare Emiliani
by Cesare Emiliani
THE CALABRIAN STAGE was defined by Gignoux INQUA Congress in Denver, Colorado' in 1965 unandecided that
the Plio-Pleistocene
boundary
(1913)
as the last stage of the Pliocene Epoch, charac- imously
INQUA Congress
in Denver,
Colorado in 1965
unanTHE CALABRIAN STAGE was defined by Gignoux
(base
of
the
Calabrian
stage)
be
placed
at
the time
in
the
Mediterranean
by
the
presence
of
terized
imously
decided
that
the
Plio-Pleistocene
boundary
(1913) as the last stage of the Pliocene Epoch, characbaltica (Schroeter)
first appeared
in
Arctica
(Cyprina) islandica and a dozen marine when
(base Hyalinea
of the Calabrian
stage) be placed
at the time
terized in the Mediterranean by the presence of
at
Le
the
continuous
Late
Cenozoic
marine
section
northern
waters
mollusks
previously
restricted
to
when Hyalinea baltica (Schroeter) first appeared in
Arctica (Cyprina) islandica and a dozen marine
Calabria, Italy. This section has been
(North
Atlantic, North Sea, and Baltic Sea). Arctica Castella,
the continuous Late Cenozoic marine section at Le
mollusks previously restricted to northern waters
and thehas
regional
by
Emiliani Italy.
et al. (1961),
islandica
and the associated mollusks belong to a rather described
Castella, Calabria,
This section
been
(North Atlantic, North Sea, and Baltic Sea). Arctica
stratigraphy
is
discussed
by
Roda
(1964).
According
shallow
facies
(less
than
150
m.,
according
to
Ruggieri
islandica and the associated mollusks belong to a ratherdescribed by Emiliani et al. (1961), and the regional
1965)
and are supposed to have entered the Mediter- to the decision of the INQUA Congress, the Lower
shallow facies (less than 150 m., according to Ruggieri stratigraphy is discussed by Roda (1964). According
ranean
following a general temperature decrease. In Calabrian of Ruggieri should be placed in the Late
1965) and are supposed to have entered the Mediter- to the decision of the INQUA Congress, the Lower
deeper-water
facies, the climatic deterioration is evid- Pliocene.
Calabrian of Ruggieri should be placed in the Late
ranean following a general temperature decrease. In
by
the
sudden and widespread appearance in
enced
The age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary is undeeper-water facies, the climatic deterioration is evid- Pliocene.
abundance of the northern benthonic foraminiferal known
at present. The long-accepted equivalence of
The age of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary is unenced by the sudden and widespread appearance in
species fiyalinea (Anomalina) baltica (Schroeter). the
marine
Calabrian with the continental Villaknown at present. The long-accepted equivalence of
abundance of the northern benthonic foraminiferal
Although
this foraminiferal species and the molluscan franchian
should be considered questionable until subthe marine Calabrian with the continental Villaspecies Hyalinea (Anomalina) baltica (Schroeter).
by absolute dating of the marine Pliospecies
Arctica islandica are generally not found stantiated
franchian should be considered questionable until subAlthough this foraminiferal species and the molluscan
together
because
of
their
different
habitats,
Ruggieri
Pleistocene
boundary.
An dating
age of more
than
3.3 million
stantiated
by absolute
of the
marine
Pliospecies Arctica islandica are generally not found
(1961,
1965) established that Arctica islandica entered years
for the
beginning
of ofthe
Villafranchian
is
Pleistocene
boundary.
An age
more
than 3.3 million
together because of their different habitats, Ruggieri
than
Hyalinea
indicated
by
K40j Ar 40 dating of French deposits
the
Mediterranean
somewhat
earlier
years for the beginning of the Villafranchian is
(1961, 1965) established that Arctica islandica entered
and distinguished a Lower Calabrian charac- (Curtis
baltica
1965). of
The
Lowerdeposits
Villa1965;
indicated
by Obradovich
K40/Ar40 dating
French
the Mediterranean somewhat earlier than Hyalinea
terized
by the occurrence of the former and the absence franchian
may be
the equivalent,
least
in part,
of
(Curtis 1965;
Obradovich
1965).atThe
Lower
Villabaltica and distinguished a Lower Calabrian characofterized
the latter.
the
Lower
Calabrian
of
Ruggieri;
and
the
later
Villafranchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of
by the occurrence of the former and the absence
The 18th International Geological Congress in franchian
may
be the equivalent,
at and
leastthe
in part,
the
the Lower
Calabrian
of Ruggieri;
later of
Villaof the latter.
London
in 1948 removed the Calabrian stage from the Calabrian
stage.
franchian may be the equivalent, at least in part, of the
The 18th International Geological Congress in
Pliocene
and redefined it as the first stage of the
of the earth's climate, indicated by the
Cooling stage.
Calabrian
London in 1948 removed the Calabrian stage from the
of
the
7th
Pleistocene.
Later,
the
General
Assembly
appearance
islandica,
Hyalinea
baltica,
Cooling of
ofArctica
the earth's
climate,
indicated
by and
the
Pliocene and redefined it as the first stage of the
other species
of northern
in and
the
appearance
of Arctica
islandica, invertebrates
Hyalinea baltica,
Pleistocene. Later, the General Assembly of the 7th the
continuous
Late
Cenozoic
sections
of
Italy,
is
but
the
the other species of northern invertebrates in the
of
the
long
trend
of
decreasing
temculmination
continuous Late Cenozoic sections of Italy, is but the
CESARE EMILIANI is professor of marine geology at the Institute
peratures
during
the long
Tertiary
demonstrated
by temboth
culmination
of the
trend
of decreasing
of Marine Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. He
palaeontological
and
-geochemical
analysis
(Emiliani
peratures during the Tertiary demonstrated by both
CESARE aEMILIANI
professor
of marine
geology at
Institute
received
Ph.D. inis geology
from
the University
ofthe
Bologna,
1954,
1961a, and references' therein). The over-all
of Marine
Science,
University
of Miami,from
Miami,
He
Italy,
in 1945,
and a Ph.D.
i~ paleontology
the Florida.
University
palaeontological and geochemical analysis (Emiliani
Ph.D.
in geology
the University
in the high
latitudesThe
wasover-all
about
temperature
decrease
~950.
He wasfrom
research
associate at of
theBologna,
Enrico
ofreceived
Chicagoa in
1954, 1961a,
and references
therein).
Italy, in
1945, and
Ph.D. in paleontology
from the
Fermi
Instimte
for a Nuclear
Smdies, University
ofUniversity
Chicago,
12°
C.
during
the
past
75,000,000
years
(Emili
ani
temperature decrease in the high latitudes was about
of Chicago
1950. and
He was
associate
from
1950 toin1956,
thenresearch
joined the
facultyatofthe
theEnrico
Uni1961a).
The
cause
of
this
decrease
appears
to
have
been
12? C. during the past 75,000,000 years (Emiliani
Fermiof
Institute
University
of Chicago,
versity
Miami. for
He Nuclear
has led Studies,
several deep-sea
expeditions
in
an
increase
earthofalbedo
related appears
to mountain-buildfrom
1950 and
to 1956,
and then
the faculty
Unithe
Atlantic
Caribbean,
and joined
has published
aboutof50the
papers
1961-a).
Theincause
this decrease
to have been
of Miami.
He has
led several
deep-sea
expeditions
in
ing
and
increasing
continentality
(Emiliani
and Geiss
inversity
the fields
of isotope
geology,
marine
geology,
and microan
increase
in
earth
albedo
related
to
mountain-buildthe Atlantic and Caribbean, and has published about 50 papers
paleontology.
1959;
Emiliani
1961b).
The
observed
temperature
ing and increasing continentality (Emiliani and Geiss
in
thepresent
fields of
isotope
geology,
The
paper,
submitted
29marine
IX 66,geology,
was sentand
formicroCA{:r
decrease
was probably
interrupted
by numerous
pauses
paleontology.
1959; Emiliani
1961b).
The observed
temperature
treatment
to 52 scholars, of whom the following responded
and
even
significant
reversals.
However,
the
rapid
The
present
paper,
submitted
29
Ix
66,
was
sent
for
CA*
with written comments: Emmanuel Anati, C. L. Brace, Karl W.
decrease was probably interrupted by numerous
p
treatment
scholars,
of Coon,
whomMalcolm
the following
responded
temperature
changes which
occurred
during the
the PleisButzer,
H. B.toS.52Cooke,
C. S.
F. Farmer,
John
and
even
significant
reversals.
However,
rapid
with
written
comments:
Emmanuel
Anati,
C.
L.
Brace,
Karl
W.
E. Frisch, Alexander Gallus, M. Gigout, R. Dale Givens, Roger
tocene
were shown, by oxygen isotopic analysis of
temperature changes which occurred during the PleisB. James
S. Cooke,
C. S. Coon,
F. Farmer,
L. Holloway,
Jr., W.John
W.
T.Butzer,
Grange,H.Jr.,
J. Hester,
RalphMalcolm
deep-sea
cores,shown,
to haveby
been
absentisotopic
during analysis
the OligoE.
Frisch,
Alexander
Gallus,
M.
Gigout,
R.
Dale
Givens,
Roger
tocene were
oxygen
of
Howells, Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, ]. Kukla, G. Kurth, Gabriel
cene
and Miocene (Emili ani 1956a).
T. Grange,
Jr., James
J. Hester,
L. Holloway,
Jr.,
W. W.
W.
Lasker, John
M. Longyear,
III,Ralph
M. A.
MacConaill,
Charles
deep-sea cores, to have been absent during the Oligo-
Kenneth
A. R. Kennedy,
Kukla,and
G. Kurth,
A.Howells,
Reed, Karl
H. Schwerin,
Giinter J.
Smolla,
L. Van Gabriel
Valen.
W. Lasker,
John
Longyear,
III,after
M. A.
Charles
Their
comments
areM.
printed
in full
theMacConaill,
author's text,
and
A.followed
Reed, Karl
Schwerin,
Giinter
are
by aH.reply
from the
author.Smolla, and L. Van Valen.
Their comments are printed in full after the author's text, and
9.
No.
I Contribution No. 777 from the Institute of Marine Science, Uni-
versity of Miami.
are followed by a reply from the author.
9. No.1. February 1968
Vol.
Vol.
cene and Miocene (Emiliani 1956a).
1 Contribution No. 777 from the Instimte of Marine Science, University of Miami.
1
.
February
27
1968
27
the past 425,000 years. With the single exc-epGlaciation
eventually began. It seems logical to during
Glaciation eventually began. It seems logical to
during the past 425,000 years. With the single exc-eption
of
core stage 3, the amplitude is approximately
speculate
that
the
first
land
masses
to
become
glaciated
tion of core stage 3, the amplitude is approximately
speculate that the first land masses to become glaciated
same
forfor
all all
cycles
(1.6-1.8%0, equivalent to about
were
those occupying high latitudes and adjacent to the
were those occupying high latitudes and adjacent to
the
same
cycles (1,6-1.8%o, equivalent to about
0
C.
6_7
after
the
correction
discussed in Emihani
of
water
vapor.
This
means,
of
course,
oceanic
sources
6-7? C. after the correction discussed in Emillani
oceanic sources of water vapor. This means, of course,
Antarctica
and
Greenland,
which
probably
became
1955b:543).
The
temperature
cycles
are believed to be
Antarctica and Greenland, which probably became
1955b:543). The temperature cycles are believed to be
of
the
carbonate
cycles
noticed in a
the
equivalent
glaciated
several
million
years
ago
(i.e.,
during
the
glaciated several million years ago (i.e., during the
the equivalent of the carbonate cycles noticed in a
suite
of
deep-sea
cores
from
the
eastern
equatorial
and
have
remained
so
ever
since
(Emiliani
Pliocene)
Pliocene) and have remained so ever since (Emiliani
suite of deep-sea cores from the eastern equatorial
(Arrhenius 1952). These cycles are especially
1957).
Evidence for cool or cold episodes at lower Pacific
Pacific (Arrhenius 1952). These cycles are especially
1957). Evidence for cool or cold episodes at lower
latitudes
during the Pliocene has been accumulating evident
in some of the Pacific cores (nos. 59, 60, and
latitudes during the Pliocene has been accumulating
evident in some of the Pacific cores (nos. 59, 60, and
marked
low-temperature
episodes
were
61),
but
less evident in others (nos. 58 and 62). The
recently.
Thus,
recently. Thus, marked low-temperature episodes were
61), but less evident in others (nos. 58 and 62). The
cores are stratigraphically longer and include
observed
by 0 18/0 16 analysis of pelagic foraminifera latter
observed by 018/106 analysis of pelagic foraminifera
latter cores are stratigraphically longer and include
containing Pterocanium prismatium and
below
the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the type section sediments
sediments containing Pterocanium prismatium and
below the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the type section
atatLe
Castella,
Calabria,
southern
Italy
(Emiliani
et
Discoaster
brouweri. The age of the bottom of the
Le Castella, Calabria, southern Italy (Emiliani et
Discoaster brouweri. The age of the bottom of the
al.al.1961);
by pollen analysis of layers below the Plio- stratigraphically
longest core, no. 58, is estimated at
1961); by pollen analysis of layers below the Pliostratigraphically longest core, no. 58, is estimated at
cene
Amphistegina
limestone
at
Castellarquato,
northabout
1,100,000
years, and the extinctions of D.
about 1,100,000 years, and the extinctions of D.
cene Amphistegina limestone at Castellarquato, north18/0 16 analysis of a brouweri and P. prismatium are estimated to have
ern
Italy
(Lona
1963);
and
by
0
brouweri and P. prismatium are estimated to have
ern Italy (Lona 1963); and by 018/106 analysis of a
of Arctica islandica collected below the Am- occurred
about 900,000 and 840,000 years ago respecspecimen
specimen of Arctica islandica collected below the Amoccurred about 900,000 and 840,000 years ago respectively
(Emili
ani 1967). A strong carbonate cycle
phistegina
limestone
at
Castellanselmo,
Pisa,
Tuscany
tively (Emiliani 1967). A strong carbonate cycle
phistegina limestone at Castellanselmo, Pisa, Tuscany
appears
near'the
bottom of core 58. The total number
(Emili
ani
and
Ruggieri,
unpublished).
These
temperaappears near the bottom of core 58. The total number
(Emiliani and Ruggieri, unpublished). These temperature
changes, as well as the ones occurring during the ofofcycles
occurring through core 58 (i.e., during the
ture changes, as well as the ones occurring during the
cycles occurring through core 58 (i.e., during the
1,000,000 years) probably numbered 20.
Pleistocene,
are clearly shown in the Mediterranean past
past 1,000,000 years) probably numbered 20.
Pleistocene, are clearly shown in the Mediterranean
Arrhenius
(1952) observed that the amplitude of
(and
probably
elsewhere
at
similar
or
higher
latitudes)
Arrhenius (1952) observed that the amplitude of
(and probably elsewhere at similar or higher latitudes)
the
carbonate
oscillations
in the upper half of core 58
by
variations
of
planktonic
foraminiferal
assemblages
the
carbonate
oscillations in the upper half of core 58
by variations of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages
atatboth
the
specific
and
subspecific
levels
(Emiliani
is
greater
than
that
of
the
oscillations
in the lower half
is greater than that of the oscillations in the lower half
both the specific and subspecific levels (Emiliani
(with
the
exception
of
the
strong
oscillation'
near the
etetal.
1961).
The
temperature
oscillations
of
the
al. 1961). The temperature oscillations of the
(with the exception of the strong oscillationw near the
mentioned above) and suggested that the
Late
Cenozoic have such high frequencies (about bottom
bottom mentioned above) and suggested that the
Late Cenozoic have such high frequencies (about
6.7
X 10-13 cps) that stratigraphic work of great oscillations
in the upper half correlate with the major
oscillations in the upper half correlate with the major
6.7 X 10-13 cps) that stratigraphic work of great
out
in
order
to
obtain
a
clear
glaciations
of
the Pleistocene.
detail
must
be
carried
glaciations of the Pleistocene.
detail must be carried out in order to obtain a clear
picture
Safe
correlations between the oxygen isotopic
of climatic change. Sampling intervals of less
picture of climatic change. Sampling intervals of less
Safe correlations between the oxygen isotopic
in the Atlantic and Caribbean cores and
than
a foot are generaJly necessary. The "mixed" cold oscillations
than a foot are generally necessary. The "mixed" cold
oscillations in the Atlantic and Caribbean cores and
and
warm
assemblages
observed
by
Woodring
et
al.
the
carbonate
oscillations in the Pacific cores, on one
and warm assemblages observed by Woodring et al.
the carbonate oscillations in the Pacific cores, on one
(1946)
probably resulted from inadequate stratigraphic side,
and the glacial-interglacial stages of the
(1946) probably resulted from inadequate stratigraphic
side, and the glacial-interglacial stages of the
(d. Emiliani et al. 1961:687).
on the other, must necessarily rest with
sampling
continents,
sampling (cf. Emiliani et al. 1961:687).
continents, on the other, must necessarily rest with
No
especially strong temperature decrease was absolute
dating. C-14 dating, of both continental
absolute dating. C-14 dating of both continental
No especially strong temperature decrease was
noticed
across the Plio-Pleistocene boundary at the materials
andand
deep-sea
core core
carbonates
has shown
materials
deep-sea
carbonates
has inshown i
noticed across the Plio-Pleistocene boundary at the
type
locality
(Emili
ani
et
al.
1961).
Oxygen
isotopic
that
core
stage
1
is
the
postglacial;
stage
controvertibly
type locality (Emiliani et al. 1961). Oxygen isotopic
controvertibly that core stage 1 is the postglacial; s
Main Wiirm or Main Wisconsin; and stage 3 the
analysis
of the section above the boundary, 45 m. 2 2the
analysis of the section above the boundary, 45 m.
the Main Wiirm or Main Wisconsin; and stage 3 t
of
an
amplitude
of the Alps and the Port Talbot-Plum Point
thick,
showed
temperature
oscillations
Laufen
thick, showed temperature oscillations of an amplitude
Laufen of the Alps and the Port Talbot-Plum Point
which,
although
consid,erable,
was
smaller
than
that
of
of
North
America. In addition, stage 4 appears to
which, although consid erable, was smaller than that of
of North America. In addition, stage 4 appears to
the
temperature oscillations (of later Pleistocene age) correlate
with the Early Wiirm of Europe and Early
the temperature oscillations (of later Pleistocene age)
correlate with the Early Wiirm of Europe and Early
detected
by oxygen isotopic analysis of pelagic Wisconsin
of North America (Andersen et al. 1960;
detected by oxygen isotopic analysis of pelagic
Wisconsin of North America (Andersen et al. 1960;
Goldthwait
et al. 1965).
Foraminifera
from
the
eastern
Mediterranean
core
189
Foraminifera from the eastern Mediterranean core 189
Goldthwait et al. 1965).
(Emiliani
1955a). It is possible that these oscillations
Earlier
glacial deposits of the continents have not
(Emiliani 1955a). It is possible that these oscillations
Earlier glacial deposits of the continents have not
been dated with sufficient accuracy to 'warrant a
were
caused by the growth and waning of relatively yet
were caused by the growth and waning of relatively
yet been dated with sufficient accuracy to warrant a
small
ice
caps
in
Scandinavia,
the
Alps,
correlation
Labrador,
and
with the oceanic stages. For instance,
small ice caps in Scandinavia, the Alps, Labrador, and
correlation with the oceanic stages. For instance,
deposits
from the Laacher-See region of Germany,
possibly
elsewhere.
possibly elsewhere.
deposits from the Laacher-See region of Germany,
While
the section at Le Castella terminates about tentatively
correlated with phases of the Giinz,
While the section at Le Castella terminates about
tentatively correlated with phases of the Giinz,
4545 m.
above
the
Plio-Pleistocene
boundary,
other
and
Mindel/Riss
stages of the Alps, have been
Mindel,
m. above the Plio-Pleistocene boundary, other
Mindel, and Mindel/Riss stages of the Alps, have b
sections
in Italy, as in restricted areas of the Emilia- dated
as ranging from 420,000 to 110,000 years ago
sections in Italy, as in restricted areas of the Emiliadated as ranging from 420,000 to 110,000 years ago
Marche
region, extend much farther upwards with (Frechen
and Lippolt 1965). The limits of error of the
Marche region, extend much farther upwards with
(Frechen and Lippolt 1965). The limits of error of the
apparently
continuous
sedimentation.
However,
the
individual
measurements, however, are as large as, or
apparently continuous sedimentation. However, the
individual measurements, however, are as large as, or
somewhat
abnormal and probably variable oxygen larger
than, the wave length of the climatic oscillations
somewhat abnormal and probably variable oxygen
larger than, the wave length of the climatic oscillations
isotopic
composition in the upper Adriatic Sea would (Frechen
and Lippolt 1965, Tables 3-5), making it imisotopic composition in the upper Adriatic Sea would
(Frechen and Lippolt 1965, Tables 3-5), making it immake
results
obtained
by
oxygen
isotopic
measurepossible
to
correlate unequivocally the deposits in
make results obtained by oxygen isotopic measurepossible to correlate unequivocally the deposits in
ments
uncertain. Similar effects are to be expected in question
with the established oceanic stratigraphy.
ments uncertain. Similar effects are to be expected in
question with the established oceanic stratigraphy.
the
Plio-Pleistocene sections of the Netherlands. Thus, On
the other hand, the marine-epicontinental interthe Plio-Pleistocene sections of the Netherlands. Thus,
On the other hand, the marine-epicontinental interto
obtain
a
complete
record
of
the
Pleistoininorder
glacial
deposits of Alaska, belonging to the Worozonorder to obtain a complete record of the Pleistoglacial deposits of Alaska, belonging to the Worozoncene,
it seems necessary to bore down from the floor fian,
Middletonian stages,
Pelukian, Kotzebuan and
cene, it seems necessary to bore down from the floor
fian, Pelukian, Kotzebuan
and Middletonian stages,
230/U238 method
ofofthe
open
ocean
to
a
layer
equivalent
to
the
Pliodated
by
the
Th
(Blanchard 1963;
the open ocean to a layer equivalent to the Pliodated by the Th230/U238 method (Blanchard 1963;
Pleistocene
boundary at Le Castella. This layer may Hopkins
et
al.
1965;
Karlstrom
1965),
afford a close
Pleistocene boundary at Le Castella. This layer may
Hopkins et al. 1965; Karlstrom 1965), afford a close
orormay
not
have
been
reached
yet,
depending
upon
the
correlation
with
the
oceanic
stages
3,
5, 7, and 9,
may not have been reached yet, depending upon the
correlation with the oceanic stages 3, 5, 7, and 9,
actual
respectively
actualabsolute
absolute age
age of
of the
thePlio-Pleistocene
Plio-Pleistocene boundary.
boundary.
respectively(see
(seeFigure
Figure 1).
1).
Oxygen
cores from
from
deep-sea cores
cores
The
Oxygenisotopic
isotopic analysis
analysis of
of deep-sea
deep-sea cores
The evidence
evidence obtained
obtained from
from the
the deep-sea
the
Caribbean
and
the
equatorial
Atlantic
(Emiliani
together
wiuh
theoretical
considerations
(Emiliani
and
the Caribbean and the equatorial Atlantic (Emiliani
together witih theoretical considerations (Emiliani
an
1955b,
1966a;
Rosholt
al.al.1961,
1959)
strongly
suggests
that
the
glacial1 955b,1964a,
1 964a,
1 966a;
Rosholtetet
1961,1962)
1962) revealreveal- Geiss
Geiss 1959) strongly suggests that the glacialededthe
temperature cycles
cycles observed in the recent past are likely
the occurrence
occurrence of
of eight
eight major
major temperature
cycles interglacial
interglacial cycles observed in the recent past are likely
28
28
CURRENT
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
totocontinue
lengthof
of
continue in
in the
the future
future for
for an
an indeterminate
indeterminate length
z
'"
time.
Z
time.Thus,
Thus,the
thename
name "postglacial,"
"postglacial," commonly
commonly used
used <t
~
~
z
z
u.
past
for
the
time
since
the
last
deglaciation
(i.e.,
the
z
0
z
for the time since the last deglaciation (i.e., the past '"
<t
z
0
;£
z
C
<
m
X
11,000
--'
11,000years),
years),appears
appears to
to be
be very
very inappropriate.
inappropriate. The
The
~
0
r
LUJ
_j
a:
:3 rJ
OJ
DcN
U)
C1
0
'"
name
"Holocene,"
also
commonly
used
for
the
same
:5
name "Holocene," also commonly used for the same
C)~
uJ ~ C
<t _j
'"
time
timespan,
span,appears
appearsequally
equally inappropriate
inappropriate in
in view
view of
of
30
the
thenumerous
numerousextinctions
extinctionsof
ofanimal
animal species
species during
during the
the
U
past
past15,000
15,000 years,
years,coupled
coupled with,
with, and
and partly
partly caused
caused by,
by, "Martin
the
theexplosion
explosionofofHomo
Homo sapiens
sapiens sapiens
sapiens (cf.
(cf. Martin
~ ~ 1507 9
II 25013 15 ~ 17
202 20 100
200
50
0 50 loo 150 200 250 300 350 400
1965).
1938), conformconformX 16' YEARS B P
1965).The
Thename
name"Flandrian"
"Flandrian" (Dubois
(Dubois 1938),
x 103 YEARS BP
denoting
ing
ingtotoclassical
classical stratigraphic
stratigraphic procedure
procedure and
and denoting
the
thetime
timesince
sincethe
thebeginning
beginningofofthe
thelast
lastglacial-eustatic
glacial-eustatic
FIG. 1. Generalized palaeotemperature curve, obtained from dee!?
marine
(the
marinetransgression
transgression
(thepast
past18,000
18,000 years),
years), would
would
FIG. 1. Generalized palaeotemperature curve, obtained from deepsea
cores for the surface water of the Caribbean.equatorial Atlantic
appear
much better
better choice.
sea cores, for the surface water of the Caribbean-equatorial Atlantic
appear to
to be
be aa much
choice.
region
;eferred
to an absolute time scale based in part on C14 and
region,
referred to an absolute time scale based in part on C14 and
The
ThePleistocene,
Pleistocene,with
with aa likely
likely duration
duration of
of millions
millions of
of Pa231/Th230
measurements
andand
in in
part
on extrapolation. Absolute
Pa231/Th230
measurements
part on extrapolation. Absolute
years
ages of me Alaskan interglacial stages obtained by Th230/U238
years(past
(past and
and future),
future), bears
bears some
some resemblance
resemblance to
to the
the
ages of the Alaskan interglacial stages obtained by Th230/U238
Era, the
the Permian,
Permian, from
from measurements.
last
lastperiod
periodof
ofthe
thePalaeozoic
Palaeozoic Era,
measurements.
of high
high continentality,
continentality, orogenesis,
orogenesis,
the
thepoint
point of
of view
view of
the
glaciation,
glaciation,and
and animal
animal extinctions.
extinctions. By
By analogy,
analogy, the
Pleistocene
the
Pleistocenemay
maybe
be considered
considered the
the last
last epoch
epoch of
of the
Era may
may be
be more
more conveniently
conveniently
Cenozoic
Cenozoic Era.
Era. This
This Era
became
large,
divided
large,polytypic
polytypicstock,
stock,a a small
small population
population became
dividedinto
intoa aPalaeogene
PalaeogenePeriod
Period(Palaeocene
(Palaeocene to
to OligoOligoto Pleistocene)
Pleistocene) separated,
cene)
separated,evolved
evolved independently,
independently,and
and spread
spread to
to comcomcene)and
andaa Neogene
Neogene Period
Period (Miocene
(Miocene to
pete
(cf.
petewith,
with,and
andeventually
eventually replace,
replace, the
the original
original stock.
stock.
(cf.Moore
Moore1958)
1958) than
thaninto
intoaaTertiary
TertiaryPeriod
Period(Palaeo(PalaeoThe
(Pleistocene
The pre-Australopithecus
pre-Australopithecus evolutionary
evolutionary step
step which
which
cenetotoPliocene)
Pliocene)and
and aa Quaternary
Quaternary Period
Period (Pleistoled
Thus, the
the names
cene
ceneand
andRecent)
Recent) (cf.
(cf. Kummel
Kummel 1961).
1961). Thus,
names
ledtotobipedal
bipedal posture
posture isis likely
likely to
to have
have been
been selective
selective
thethe
ensuing
improvement
in perception
and and
«Tertiary,"
'"Tertiary,""Quaternary,"
"Quaternary,""Holocene,"
"Holocene,""Postglacial,"
"Postglacial," because
becauseofof
ensuing
improvement
in perception
communication,
a
marked
advantage
for
an
animal
and
"Recent"
should
be
used
informally
only.
These
communication, a marked advantage for an animal
and "Recent" should be used informally only. These
formal
conspicuouslylacking
lacking physical
physical strength
strengthand
andspecialized
specialized
formalobservations
observationsare
are important
important because
because some
some of
of conspicuously
mechanisms
the
mechanismsfor
foroffense
offenseand
anddefense.
defense.(In
(In other
other animals,
animals,
theconfusion
confusionexisting
existingininPleistocene
Pleistoceneliterature
literatureappears
appears
ananincrease
the
totoresult
resultfrom
fromsemantics
semanticsalone.
alone.
increase in
in the
the length
lengthof
of the
the neck
neck has
has served
served the
same
The
ofofthe
samepurpose.)
purpose.) Following
Following the
the acquisition
acquisition of
of bipedal
bipedal
Theclimatic
climatichistory
history
theLate
LateCenozoic
Cenozoic has
has aa
direct
evolution. posture,
posture,Australopithecus
Australopithecusafricanus
africanusmay
mayhave
haveevolved
evolved
directbearing
bearingon
on the
the problem
problem of
of human
human evolution.
from
an an
early
stock
of A.
by developing
a
Unfortunately,
Unfortunately,there
thereisisan
anextreme
extremedearth
dearth of
of absolute
absolute
fromn
early
stock
of robustus
A. robustus
by developing
a
that
only
through
ages,
ages,beyond
beyondthe
therange
rangeofofC14,
Ci4,for
forevidence
evidencedirectly
directly taste
tastefor
formeat
meatand
andbybydiscovering
discovering
that
only
through
human evolution.
evolution. the
related
relatedtoto the
the various
various phases
phases of
of human
theimaginative
imaginativeusage
usage of
of tools
tools and
and the
the employment
employment of
of
40 dating
sophisticated
of of
Olduvai
K4°/Ar
K40/Ar40
dating
OlduvaiGorge
GorgeBed
BedI I at
at 1,750,000
1,750,000
sophisticatedstrategies
strategiescould
could other
other animals,
animals, including
including
A.A.robustus
years
primate cayearsago
agoshows
showsthat
thatman
man (defined
(definedas
as aa primate
carobustusand
and his
his own
own peers
peers within
within A.
A. africanus,
africanus, be
be
provide
a
meal.
Indeed,
cannibalism
may
persuaded
to
of
systematically
manufacturing
tools)
was
pable
pable of systematically manufacturing tools) was
persuaded to provide a meal. Indeed, cannibalism
may
have
very important
important role
during this
already
alreadyininexistence
existenceatatthat
thattime.
time.(It
(It will
will not
not come
come as
as
have played
played aa very
role during
this and
and
later
a a great
great surprise
surpriseififititshould
should appear,
appear, when
when the
the PlioPliolaterstages
stagesof
ofhuman
human evolution.
evolution.
The
cranial
capacity
erectus is
such that
that he
he
boundary
has
been
dated,
that
the
genus
Pleistocene
Pleistocene boundary has been dated, that the genus
The cranial capacity of
of H.
H. erectus
is such
had
little
difficulty
in making
for himself
should
Homo
Homo dates
dates from
fromwell
well back
back into
into the
the Pliocene.)
Pliocene.) In
In
shouldhave
have
had
little
difficulty
in making
for himself
addition,
the temperature
temperature a a comfortable
addition, Pa231/Th230
Pa23i/Th230dating
dating of
of the
comfortable living
living under
under ordinary
ordinary conditions.
conditions. UnUnfortunately,
H.
erectus
was
not
living
under
ordinary
maximum
of
the
last
interglacial
(Eemian)
at
about
maximum of the last interglacial (Eemian) at about
fortunately, H. erectus was not living
under
ordinary
burunder
thethe
severe
environmental
stress
95,000
similar age
for the
the conditions,
95,000years
yearsago
ago indicates
indicates aa similar
age for
conditions,
but
under
severe
environmental
stress
sapiens, if
if the
the FontecheFonteche- ofofmajor
mentioned before,
many
speciation
speciationof
ofHomo
Homo sapiens
sapiens sapiens,
major glaciations.
glaciations. As
As mentioned
before, as
as many
occurred during
during the
vade
this subspecies
subspecies (rather
(rather asas 20
vade remains
remains are
are assigned
assigned to
to this
20 glaciations
glaciations may
may have
have occurred
the past
past
than
and if
if they
they indeed
1,000,000
erectus, which
thantotoa a"praesapiens"
"praesapiens" type)
type) and
indeed come
come
1,000,000years.
years.Populations
Populations of
of H.
H. erectus,
which had
had
with
thethe
Eemian
maximum.
from
froma alayer
layeridentifiable
identifiable
with
Eemian
maximum. spread
spreadfrom
fromeastern
easternAfrica
AfricatotoMorocco,
Morocco,Asia
Asia as
as far
far as
as
temporarily and
repeatedly
China,
On
remains are
On the
the other
other hand,
hand, if
if the
the Fontechevade
Fontechevade remains
are
China, and
and Europe,
Europe, were
were temporarily
and repeatedly
with
"prae- separated
assigned,
assigned,together
together'
withSwanscombe,
Swanscombe,totoaa "praeseparated from
fromeach
each other
otherby
bynewly
newlycreat~d created ecological
ecological
sapiens"
barriers.
sapiens" type,
type,H.
H. sapiens
sapiens sapiens
sapiens would
would appear
appear to
to have
have
barriers.The
TheEuropean
European and
and western,
western Asiatic
Asiatic populapopulaspeciated
(cf. tions,
very difdifspeciatedbetween
between100,000
100,000 and
and 50,000
50,000 years
years ago
ago (cf.
tions,ininparticular,
particular, found
found themselves
themselves in
in aa very
Emiliani
ficult
Emiliani 1964b).
1964b).
ficultsituation,
situation,sandwiched
sandwiched between
between the
the great
great ice
ice caps
caps
InIn spite
present chronological
chronological uncertainties,
uncertainties,
the
totothe
spite of
of the
the present
thenorth
northand
andaa cold,
cold, hostile
hostile sea
sea to
to the
the west
west and
and the
robustus-A.
africanusthe
sequence
Australopithecus
and
isolated
by
secondary
ice
caps
in
the
south,
the sequence Australopithecus robustus-A. africanussouth, and isolated by secondary ice caps in the
Homo
erectus erectus-H.
erectus-H. erectus
erectus
Pyrenees,
Homo erectus
erectus habilis-H.
habilis-H. erectus
Pyrenees,the
theAlps,
Alps,Carpathians,
Carpathians, Apennines,
Apennines, Balkans,
Balkans,
pekinensis-H.
sapiens neannean- Caucasus,
pekinensis-H.sapiens
sapiens"praesapiens"-H.
"praesapiens"-H. sapiens
Caucasus,etc.
etc.The
Thepalaeontological
palaeontological and
and palaeobotanipalaeobotaniderthalnsi~H. derthalensis-H.sapiens
sapienssapiens
sapiensappears
appears to
to form
form aa cal
cal record,
record, together
togetherwith
withoxygen
oxygen isotopic
isotopic analysis
analysis of
of
rather
orderly
temporal
andand
morphological
succession
pelagic
rather
orderly
temporal
morphological
succession
pelagic foraminifera
foraminiferafrom
fromthe
theeastern
easternMediterranean
Mediterranean
suggesting
deep-sea
1955a)
of littoral
littoral
suggestinga aphylogenetic
phylogeneticlineage.
lineage. According
According to
to modern
modern
deep-seacore
core189
189 (Emiliani
(Emiliani 1
955a) and
and of
views
of marine
viewson
on speciation
speciation and
and evolution,
evolution, however,
however, none
none of
marineshells
shells(food
(foodrefuse)
refuse)from
fromthe
theHaua
Haua Fteah
Fteah and
and
the
Arene
indicate
thelarge,
large,fully
fullydeveloped
developed populations
populations belonging to the
AreneCandide
Candide caves
caves (Emiliani
(Emiliani et
et al.
al. 1964) indicate
given rise
rise directly
directly to
to that
above-mentioned
ages
above-mentionedtaxa
taxa can
can have given
thatthe
theEuropean
European summers
summers during
during the
the glacial
glacial ages
the
winters of today,
were
thenext
nextone.
one.Rather,
Rather, we
we must
must assume
assume that
that from
from each
each
wereeven
evencolder
colder than
than the
the European
European winters
UJ
(!)
~
~
~
UJ
N
~
,.
CO>
CO>
30-
Vol.Vol.
9. No.1. February
9 1968
.
No.
1.
February
1968
29
29
and
andsuggest
suggestthat
thatthe
theEuropean
European winters
winters must
must have
have been
been
very
appears, therefore,
therefore, that,
that,
very dreadful
dreadful indeed.
indeed. It appears,
during
western
duringthe
thepast
past1,000,000
1,000,000 years,
years, Europe
Europe and western
Asia
typical evolutionary
evolutionary mill,
mill,
Asia functioned
functionedasas a typical
manufacturing
thethe"praesapiens,"
and
manufacturing
"praesapiens," sapiens,
sapiens, and
neanderthalensis
scattered
neanderthalensissubspecies
subspecies from
from original,
original, scattered
populations
through aa
populationsof
ofHomo
Homo erectus.
erectus. Indeed,
Indeed, only through
brain
and
consummate
skills
could
man
capable
capable brain and consummate skills could man
survive
ages, for
for
survivethe
theharsh
harsh winters
wintersof
of the
the glacial
glacial ages,
surviving
survivinga asingle
singleglacial
glacial night
night must
musthave
have been
been aa very
very
difficult
difficulttask.
task.While
While the
the fossil
fossil finds
finds of
of AustralopiAustralopithecus
thecusand
andHomo
Homo erectus
erectus point
point to
to Africa
Africa as
as the
the cradle
cradle
ofofthe
the early
early Homininae,
Homininae, the
the finds
finds of
of such
such "prae"praesapiens"
Steinheim, Swanssapiens"or
or early
early sapiens
sapiens types
types as
as Steinheim,
Swanscombe,
to
combe,Ehringsdorf,
Ehringsdorf,and
and Fontckhevade
Fontechevade point
point to
Europe
Europe as
as the
the cradle
cradle of
of modern
modern man.
man.
The
'Theextinction
extinctionof
of the
the highly
highly successful
successful NeanderNeanderthals
remains aa mystery.
mystery.
thalsabout
about 30-40,000
30-40,000 years
years ago
ago remains
Some
maintain that
that the
the
Someauthors
authors(e.g.,
(e.g.,Brace
Brace 1964b)
1964b) maintain
classic
classicNeanderthals
Neanderthalsevolved
evolved directly
directly into
intoH.
H. sapiens
sapiens
sapiens,
sapiens,but
but this
thisseems
seemsto
to be
be in
in conflict
conflict with
with modern
modern
views
assume that
that
viewson
onspeciation
speciationand
and evolution.
evolution. If
If we
we assume
the
theNeanderthals
Neanderthals were
were as
as intelligent
intelligent as
as modern
modern man
man
orormore
their demise
moreso,
so,then
thenwe
we must
must conclude
conclude that
that their
demise
resulted
resultedfrom
fromfactors
factorsother
otherthan
thanthose
those connected
connected with
with
the
been
thebrain.
brain.The
The Neanderthals
Neanderthalsappear
appear to
to have
have been
particularly
perparticularlysubject
subject to
to deforming
deforming arthritis
arthritis and
and perhaps,
their larger
haps, because
because of
of their,
largersinus
sinuscavities,
cavities,also
also to
to
colds,
colds,flu,
flu,and
and other
other diseases
diseases associated
associated with
with cold
cold
weather.
replaced them
them more
more
weather.IfIf so,
so, modern
modern man
man replaced
because
becauseof
ofaaphysiological
physiological advantage
advantage than
than by
by warfare
warfare
ororother
other means.
means.
climatic
climatic conditions,
conditions, from
from tropical
tropical to
to
sub-arctic.
sub-arctic.
the
The
Thepresently
presentlyavailable
available data
data on
on the
hypothetical
by
TI*
hypothetical"cannibalism"
"cannibalism" of
of PleistoPleistobyEMMANUEL
EMMANUELANA
ANATI*
to
cene
cenemen
men are
are totally
totally inadequate
inadequate to
Jerusalem,
Jerusalem,Israel.
Israel.21
21IIII 67
67
justify
justifythe
thestatement
statementthat
that"cannibalism
"cannibalism
After
a very
very important
important
Afterreading
readingthe
the appealing
appealing title
title of
of may
mayhave
have played
played a
this
to find
find role
thispaper,
paper,I I was
was disappointed
disappointed to
roleduring
duringthis
thisand
and the
the later
later stages
stages of
of
that
human
trust that
that some
some
thatthe
thetext
textdeals
deals primarily
primarily with
with geogeohumanevolutiun."
evolution." II trust
therefore the
title other
logical
this asserasserlogical dating,
dating, and
and therefore
the title
othercolleague
colleague will
will qualify
qualify this
isisnot
con- tion
will comment
comment only
only
notfully
fullyappropriate.
appropriate.I I shall
shall contioninin detail.
detail. II will
fine
that
finemy
mycomments
commentsto
tosome
some of
of the
the views
views
thateven
even should
should the
the scanty
scanty evidence
evidence
expressed
on
expressedconcerning
concerningthe
the"evolution
"evolution of
of
oncannibalism
cannibalism turn
turnout
out to
to have
have been
been
Man."
interpreted
Man."
interpretedcorrectly,
correctly,we
wehave
have enough
enough
IfIf II interpret
interpret the
correctly, "uncooked
unchewed" skeletal
skeletal
the author
author correctly,
"uncooked and
and unchewed"
by
material
affirm that
anthroby"evolution"
"evolution" he
he means
means "changes
"changes in
in
materialtoday
today to
to affirm
that anthrois cercer- pophagy
average
averagecranial
cranial capacity."
capacity." This
This is
pophagyhas
has never
never been,
been, in
in any
any age
age
tainly
ororinin any
tainlynot
notthe
theonly
only aspect
aspect of
of the
the phyphyany prehistoric
prehistoric culture,
culture, aa comcomsical
man. Furthermore,
Furthermore, mon
sical evolution
evolution of
of man.
monpractice.
practice.
other
.... .the
The
otheraspects
aspectsof
ofhuman
humanevolution
evolution and
and
Thestatement
statementthat
that" ".
thefinds
findsofof
development,
such
early sapiens
sapiens
development,such
suchasascultural
cultural and
and sososuch "praesapiens"
"praesapiens" or
or early
the types
cial
cial change,
change, are
are not
not considered
considered in
in the
types...
.., point
point to
to Europe
Europe as
as the
the cradle
cradle
present
ofofthe
present paper.
paper.
themodern
modernman"
man" is
is very
very daring
daring ininWhile
claim deed.
deed. The
The statement
statementwill
will probably
probably be
be
"WhileI Iaccept
accept the
the author's
author's claim
that
received
thatsome
some of
of the
the current
current terms·
terms for
for pepereceivedwith
with reservations
reservations bv
by colleacolleathis field.
field.
riods
creating misunderstandings
misunderstandings gues
riods are
are creating
gueswho
who are
are specialists
specialists in
in this
belief that
that The
among
amongscholars,
scholars,itit isis my
my belief
The discoveries
discoveries of
of skeletal
skeletal material
material in
in
rather
the
Palestine
ratherthan
than drastically
drastically changing
changing the
Palestineand
and elsewhere
elsewhereinin Asia
Asia and
and
terminology-an
unrealistic proposiproposiAfrica
not seem
this
terminology-an unrealistic
Africado·
do-not
seem to
to agree
agree with
with this
tion-anthropologists
view,
tion-anthropologists should
should reach
reach an
an
view,and
and itit isisprobable
probable that
that future
future disdisagreement
terms
continent will
coveries
agreementon
on the
the definitions
definitions of
of terms
coverieson
on the
the Asian
Asian continent
will
undertaken by
by
(a(a task
prove
task that
that might
might be
be undertaken
proveititto
tobe
be completely
completely wrong.
wrong.
CA).
The
"the
cranial
ca-caCA).
Thestatement
statementthat
thait
"the
cranial
is is
currently
erectus isis such
that he
he
Like
Likehistory,
history,prehistory
prehistory
currently pacity
pacityof
ofH.
H. erectus
such that
little difficulty
difficulty in
in
looked
should
looked at
at from
from the
theparticular
particular angle
angle of
of
shouldhave
have had
had little
the
are living.
living. making
himself aa comfortable
comfortable
theperiod
periodinin which
which we
we are
making for
for hims'elf
Furthermore,
living
livingunder
underordinary
ordinary conditions"
conditions" folfolFurthermore,both
bothecologically
ecologically and
and
culturally,
lows
rather simplistic
evolulows aa rather
simplistic and
and evoluculturally,the
theend
endof
of the
the last
last glaciaglaciationistic-minded
cion
cionmarked
marked aa turning
turning point
point in
in human
human
tionistic-mindedline
line of
of thought
thought which
which
evolution.
opinion,
I Ihave
evolution. Therefore,
Therefore, in
in my
my opinion,
have some
some difficulty
difficulty in
in following.
following.
the
The
theterm
term"postglacial"
"postglacial" for
for what
what came
came
Thelast
lastparagraph
paragraph illustrates
illustrates several
several
thereafter
is fully
justified.
misconceptions:
that the
the
thereafter
is fully
justified.
misconceptions:"If
"If we
we assume
assume that
Nobody
Neanderthals
intelligent as
Nobody will
will disagree
disagree with
with Emiliani
Emiliani
Neanderthalswere
were as
as intelligent
as
when
states that
that "." ....
climatic modern
man
orormore
so so
....
" It
is
when he
he states
-climatic
modern
man
more
...."
It is
... has
has aa direct
direct bearing
bearing on
on the
the
history
high
history...
hightime
timetotodiscard
discard the
the legend
legend that
that ininproblem
but telligence
problemof
of human
human evolution";
evolution"; but
telligencedepends
dependson
oncranial
cranial capacity.
capacity.
climatic
considered
ItItwould
climaticchange
change should
should be
be considered
would be
be like
like stating
stating that
that the
the power
power
probably ofofan
asasone
one of
of many
many causes,
causes, and
and probably
an engine
enginedepends
depends on
on its
its size.
size. The
The
n9t
theory
noteven
eventhe
themain
mainone,
one,asasman
man appears
appears
theorythat
thatNeanderthals
Neanderthals may
may have
have
toto have
in widely
widely different
different
disappeared
consequence of
of their
their
disappeared as
as consequence
have evolved
evolved in
Comments
Comments
30
30
CURRENT
tendency
flu, inintendencytotocatch
catch colds
colds or
or flu,
as it
be, be,
is inisthe
teresting
teresting
as may
it may
in present
the present
more than
than
state
stateof
of knowledge
knowledge no
no more
science
other mismissciencefiction.
fiction.These
These and
and other
and
misuses
of of
terms
make
conceptions
conceptions
and
misuses
terms
make
ofofthe
theauthor's
author'squest
quest for
for more
more semantic
semantic
rigor
rigora arhetorical
rhetoricalcommonplace.
commonplace.
Wherever
Whereverit itisis accompanied
accompanied by
by aa
logical
logical and
and scientific
scientific understanding
understanding of
of
the
there is
is nothing
nothing
theavailable
available data,
data, dhere
dry,· detached,
detached, narrowly
narrowly
against
againstaa dry,
technical
of
technicalapproach
approachtoto the
the study
study of
early
our
earlyman.
man.On
On the
the other
other hand,
hand, our
science
sciencewould
would not
not suffer
sufferfrom
fromaabroadbroadminded
mindedhumanistic
humanisticapproach.
approach. Let
Let us
us
not
notforget
forgetthat
that the
the history
history of
of human
human
evolution
own history.
history.
evolution is
is our
our own
byBy
C.C.L.L.BRACE*
BRACE*
Santa
SantaBarbara,
Barbara,Calif.,
Calzf.,U.S.A.
U.S.A.17
17 III
iii 67
67
disEmiliani's
Emiliani'spaper
paper consists
consists of
of two
two distinct
parts,
andand
these
appear
to be
tinct
parts,
these
appear
to only
be only
slightly
related
to to
each
other.
TheThe
firstfirst
slightly
related
each
other.
part
the techniques
techniques of
of
part deals
deals with
with the
Pleistocene
Pleistocenedating
datingand
and climate
climate evaluevaluation
with the
the conclusions
conclusions
ationasas well
well as
as with
that
thatcan
canbe
bedrawn
drawn at
at present.
present. Much
Much of
of
the
thework
workhas
hasbeen
been done
done by
by Emiliani
Emiliani
as as
hishis
recently
published
sur- surhimself,
himself,
recenltly
published
vey
veyindicates
indicates(Emiliani
(Emiliani 1966b),
1966b), and
and
represents
representsa asolid
solidand
andwell-documented
well-documented
contribution
contributionof
ofgreat
great value.
value.
The
inThesecond
second part
part of
of the
the paper
paper inon on
the the
course
of ho-of hovolves
volvesspeculations
speculations
course
minid
evolution,
and, while
these are
minid
evolution,
and, while
these are
ofofgreat
interest
,to scientists
in general
great
interest
to scientists
in general
and
andanthropologists
anthropologists in
in particular,
particular, they
they
remain
remainsimply
simply speculations.
speculations. Emiliani
Emiliani
offers
offersvirtually
virtuallyno
no documentation
documentation in
in
support
these
speculations.
Some
of of
supportofof
these
speculations.
Some
his
hisstatements
statementswould
wouldbe
bearguable
arguable even
even
ififs4Pporting
supportingevidence
evidencewere
were cited;
cited; in
in
the
theabsence
absence of
of references
references they
they should
should
as as
thethe
guesses
of an
beberegarded
,more
regarded
more
guesses
of an
interested
amateur.
Interested
amateur.
The
Thesuggested
suggestedtemporal
temporal sequence
sequence of
of
robustus-a/ricanus-erectus
is is
confoundrobustus-africanus-erectus
confoundwhere
remains
havehave
edzdbybythe
thefacts:
facts:
where
remains
CURRENT
ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROP
LOGY
been dated, it appears that the sequEmiliani:
PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
been dated, it appears that the sequence
is africanus-robustus-erectus (asence is africanus-robustus-erectus (assuming that the specific designations ecological
epoch with great professional
barriers that serve as isolat- stocene
stocene epoch with great professional
ecological barriers that serve as isolatthat the specific designations
1965a; Camp- ing mechanisms must be very different
aresuming
valid) (Robinson
competence. It is to be regretted that
ing mechanisms must be very different competence. It is to be regretted that
are valid) (Robinson 1965a; Campbell 1965). The logic suggested for innot done the same for the
from
those which dictate the ha- hehehas
has not done the same for the
from those which dictate the habell 1965). The logic suggested for inevolution
of man.
terpreting
the morphological succession bitation
areas
of
those
invertebrates.
evolution of man.
bitation areas of those invertebrates.
terpreting the morphological succession
should
be much more extensively do- Certainly the claim that "newly creatshould be much more extensively do-Certainly the claim that "newly creatcumented in view of the disagreement ed ecological barriers" served to cut
cumented in view of the disagreement
ed ecological barriers" served to cut
which currently exists (Robinson off human populations from others
KARL W. BUTZER*"
which currently exists (Robinson
off human populations from others byby
KARL W. BUTZER*
1963b, 1965a; Brace 1963a:90-91; deserves some documentation. The dis1963b, 1965a; Brace 1963a:90-91;
deserves some documentation. The disChicago,
Ill., U.S.A. 15 III 67
1963b:547; 1967). The argument that
of Lower Palaeolithic artitribution
Chicago, III., U.S.A. 15 in 67
1963b:547; 1967). The argument that
tribution of Lower Palaeolithic artiafrican us evolved from robustus, ac- facts
suggests
that
continuous
cultural
paper
presents
an interesting
Emiliani's
africanus evolved from robustus, ac- facts suggests that continuous cultural
Emiliani's paper presents an interesting
tually based on Robinson's dietary hy- exchange
and not isolation characterizof
Pleistocene
chronology
and
tually based on Robinson's dietary hy- exchange and not isolation characteriz- outline
outline of Pleistocene chronology and
pothesis (Robinson 1961, 1962, 1963a), ededhuman
existence, and where there
problems,
a apresentation
that
human existence, and where there related
pothesis (Robinson 1961, 1962, 1963a),
related
problems,
presentation
that
hashasbeen
questioned on the basis of ,was cultural exchange, there must have should stimulate considerable discusbeen questioned on the basis of
was cultural exchange, there must have
should stimulate considerable discusboth
fact
and
theory
(Brace
1963a
:90as
well.
It
is
been
genetic
exchange
only general criticism is that,
both fact and theory (Brace 1963a:90been genetic exchange as well. It is sion. My
My only general criticism is that,
91;91;1967;
Brace and Montagu 1965: possible to suggest that the wide-rang- insion.
view
of the many controversial
1967; Brace and Montagu 1965:
possible to suggest that the wide-rangin view of the many controversial
225-28).
ingingforaging
activities of hominid
touched
upon, the paper is ex225-28).
foraging activities of hominid topics
topics touched upon, the paper is exfrom the Australopithecines on
These are details, however, and, al- groups
and
incompletely docubrief
These are details, however, and, al-groups from the Australopithecines on cessively
cessively
brief
and incompletely docuhave prevented any kind of
though
they are not unimportant, the would
This
commentary
will be conwould have prevented any kind of mented.
though they are not unimportant, the
mented. This commentary will be conissues
relating to Emiliani's reference isolation of a major or protracted sort.
ofofthe
Pleistoto tocertain
aspects
issues relating to Emiliani's referenceisolation of a major or protracted sort. fined
fined
certain
aspects
the Pleistohas specialized in anything, it
(repeated) to "modern views on spe- H Ifman
stratigraphy
discussed
by
Emiman has specialized in anything, it cene
(repeated) to "modern views on specene stratigraphy discussed by Emihashasbeen
ininadaptability.
Even
during
ciation
and
evolution"
are
of
much
liani.
been
adaptability.
Even
during
ciation and evolution" are of much
liani.
the Lower Palaeolithic, only major
greater
significance. A definition of
Although
Emiliani would accept the
greater significance. A definition of
the Lower Palaeolithic, only major
Although Emiliani would accept the
oceans
and
cold
temperatures
limited
"modern
views"
should
have
been
inappearance
of H yalinea (Anoma"modern views" should have been in- oceans and cold temperatures limited first
first appearance of Hyalinea (Anomadistribution, and since the archand an extended discussion human
cluded,
lina)
baltica
ininthe
Calabrian marine
human distribution, and since the archcluded, and an extended discussion
lina)
baltica
the Calabrian marine
aeological
record provides us with a
should have followed. Presumably
at
Le
Castella
as the Plioaeological record provides us with a sequence
should have followed. Presumably
sequence at Le Castella as the Plioofofcontinuous
human
occupEmiliani refers to the position of Val- picture
Pleistocene
boundary,
this
motion was
picture
continuous
human
occupEmiliani refers to the position of ValPleistocene boundary, this motion was
of those parts of the Old World
lois (1959:155) and perhaps that of ation
placed
before
the
General
Asation of those parts of the Old World never
lois (1959:155) and perhaps that of
never
placed
before
the
General Asof the cold-temperate and arctic
Mayr (1963a, b), but it should be south
of
the
7th
INQUA
Congress
south of the cold-temperate and arctic sembly
Mayr (1963a, b), but it should be
sembly of the 7th INQUA Congress
it is difficult to imagine how
noted that opposition has been offered areas,
for that matter, does it represent
areas, it is difficult to imagine how (nor,
noted that opposition has been offered
(nor, for that matter, does it represent
could
have
taken
place.
To
which is no less modern (Brown and isolation
of the Plio-Pleisa
recommendation
isolation could have taken place. To
which is no less modern (Brown and
a recommendation of the Plio-PleisWilson 1954; Brown 1958; Whyte bebesure,
the
northern
boundary
of
Boundary
Commission of
tocene
sure,
the
northern
boundary
of
Wilson
tocene Boundary Commission of
1965;
Brace1954;
1966).Brown 1958; Whyte human occupation shifted with the INQUA
[G.
M. Richmond,
Richmond, personal
1965; Brace 1966).
human occupation shifted with the
INQUA
[G.
M.
personal
fluctuations which EmiIi;tni
To be more specific, why must we climatic
Before
such
a aspeciclimatic fluctuations which Emiliani communication]).
To be more specific, why must wedocuments,
communication]).
Before
such
specibut
this
cannot
have
afthat no fossil population as a
believe
ininfact,
bebeat~ atredefinition
could,
documents, but this cannot have af- ficfic
believe that no fossil population as a
redefinition
could,
fact,
human
continuity
to
the
south.
whole can have given rise to the next fected
tempted
(and
before
continental
or
whole can have given rise to the next fected human continuity to the south.
tempted (and before continental or
one
directly? Why must we assume
Even
during the last glaciation, the
lithostratigraphic,
mammalian,
Even during the last glaciation, the littoral
one directly? Why must we assume
littoral lithostratigraphic, mammalian,
that evolution only occurred when a assumption
that the Neanderthals of
palynological sequences are rethat evolution only occurred when a assumption that the Neanderthals of and
and palynological sequences are resmall population became isolated? western
Europe
were
isolated
(Howell
legated
to to
second
place in qJ.atters of
western Europe were isolated (Howell
small population became isolated?
legated
second place in rwatters of
1952,
1957;
most
recently
deWhy, indeed, must we assume that 1951,
Pleistocene
stratigraphy),
an internally
Why, indeed, must we assume that1951, 1952, 1957; most recently dePleistocene stratigraphy), an internally
fossil
hominid populations were poly- fended
by Howells 1967 :243) is hard
radiometric frameworkfended by Howells 1967:243) is hard consistent
fossil hominid populations were polyconsistent radiometric frameworktypic?
Presumably the idea that fossil to tomaintain.
Why, for instance, if
different isotopes (cf.
maintain. Why, for instance, if employing
typic? Presumably the idea that fossil
employing different isotopes (cf.
polytypic
species
isolation
and
speciation
did not take
hominids
belonged
to
1965) and substantiated by
hominids belonged to polytypic species
isolation and speciation did not take Broecker
Brorcker
1965)
and substantiated by
is isderived
from the assumption that place in either the mammoth' or the
correlations (cf. Cox et
derived from the assumption thatplace in either the mammoth or the paleomagnetic
paleomagnetic correlations (cf. Cox et
modern
humans
do
(cf.
Dobzhansky
mouse
(or
any
other
mammal)
should
)-must be obtained for a
mouse (or any other mammal) should al.al.1965
modern humans do (cf. Dobzhansky
1965)-must be obtained for a
1955:182,333;
1963:353-54); but even
it it
have
done so in man? Human culnumber
of potentially suitable
have done so in man? Human cul- greater
1955:182, 333; 1963:353-54); but even
greater
number of potentially suitable
this has been questioned (Brown 1958; tural
adaptation should have been eflocalities.
Only then can it be
this has been questioned (Brown 1958; tural adaptation should have been ef- type
type localities. Only then can it be
Livingstone
1962; Brace 1964a, c), and fective enough to prevent isolation,
whether continental or marine
Livingstone 1962; Brace 1964a, c), and fective enough to prevent isolation, decided
decided whether continental or marine
there
is certainly no justification for and it is significant that Mousterian
should best be given prethere is certainly no justification for and it is significant that Mousterian sequences
sequences should best be given preprojecting questionable assumptions tools show greater similarities in form ference,
or
a boundary definitools show greater similarities in form ference, whether
projecting questionable assumptions
or whether a boundary definiinto
the unknown past. The small, and evident function in an area run- tion
based on climatic change be ininto the unknown past. The small,
and evident function in an area runtion based on climatic change be inpopulation model is necessary ning from western Europe through the
isolated
more practical than one based on
isolated population model is necessary ning from western Europe through the deed
deed more practical than one based on
if
genetic
drift is considered to be Middle East and from southern Russia
only
evolution
or conventional bioonly if genetic drift is considered to beMiddle East and from southern Russia organic
organic
evolution or conventional biothethe
main
force producing evolutionary all the way around the Mediterranean
zones. The first appearmain force producing evolutionaryall the way around the Mediterranean stratigraphic
stratigraphic zones. The first appearchange
(Wright 1931 :150; 1943, 1946, shores (north and south) than the tools
of erect bipedal hominids is by
change (Wright 1931:150; 1943, 1946, shores (north and south) than the tools ance
ance of erect bipedal hominids is by
1948 ; Cavalli-Sforza, Barrai, andE<J.- in inthis
whole area do with their conmeans
irrelevant for a consideration
this whole area do with their con- nono
means irrelevant for a consideration
1948;
Cavalli-Sforza,
Barrai,
and
Ed.wards 1964), but it is widely agreed temporaries
in sub-Saharan Africa,
such
criteria.
temporaries in sub-Saharan Africa, ofof
wards 1964), but it is widely agreed
such criteria.
that natural selection is the principal India,
and points east (Golomshtok
Many of 'the problems of inference
that natural selection is the principal India, and points east (Golomshtok
Many of the problems of inference
Clark
evolutionary force (Dobzhansky 1962: 1938;
McBurney
1958,
1960;
and
interpretation
in the early Pleistoevolutionary force (Dobzhansky 1962: 1938; McBurney 1958, 1960; Clark
and interpretation in the early Pleisto1959;
Bordes
1961;
Allchin
1963;
and
128-61), and this can operate uncene
stem
from
the
lengthy twilight
1959; Bordes 1961; Allchin 1963; and
128-61), and this can operate uncene stem from the lengthy twilight
hindered III the •total absence of Solecki 1963). Finally, the similarities zone
and
controversial
hindered
in
the
.total
absence
of
Solecki 1963). Finally, the similaritieszoneofofincoherent
incoherent
and
controversial
isolation.
in inform
between La Chapelle-auxstratigraphy.
Emiliani
isolation.
form between La Chapelle-aux- mid-Pleistocene
mid-Pleistocene
stratigraphy.
Emiliani
Monte Circeo (Sergi 1948), PeThis brings up the final major as- Saints,
ignores or glosses over two of
This brings up the final major as- Saints, Monte Circeo (Sergi 1948), Pe- either
either
ignores
or
glosses
over
two of
(Kokkoros
and
Kanellis
1961;
sumption that can be questioned. Why tralona
the
rather
critical,
dated
sequences
sumption that can be questioned. Whytralona (Kokkoros and Kanellis 1961;
the rather critical, dated sequences
must
we assume that hominids of the Kanellis
and
Savas
1964),
Shanidar
for this time range, and it
must we assume that hominids of theKanellis and Savas 1964), Shanidar available
available for this time range, and it
erectus
species (I prefer to use the (Stewart
1958, 1961), and Jebel Iressential to evaluate these in
(Stewart 1958, 1961), and Jebel Ir- seems
erectus species (I prefer to use the
seems essential to evaluate these in
designation "Pithecanthropine stage") houd
(Ennouchi 1962) are so great
to demonstrate the present state
designation "Pithecanthropine stage") houd (Ennouchi 1962) are so great order
order to demonstrate the present state
were
temporarily and repeatedly se- that this alone would make claims for
of
our knowledge and of our
were temporarily and repeatedly se- that this alone would make claims for both
both of our knowledge and of our
parated
from each other long enough isolation most unlikely.
Ignorance.
parated from each other long enough isolation most unlikely.
ignorance.
forfor
major
differentiation to take place?
Pleistocene epoch and the
The
first such sequence involves the
major differentiation to take place? "The
"The Pleistocene epoch and the
The first such sequence involves the
Human
beings
are
neither
foraminifera
of
man"
is
a
very
significant
evolution
alluvial
terraces of the lower and
Human beings are neither foraminiferaevolution of man" is a very significant
alluvial terraces of the lower and
nor
Emiliani has treated the PleiRhine Valley, which are internormollusks,
mollusks,and
and consequently
consequently the
the subject.
subject. Emiliani has treated the Plei- middle
middle Rhine Vavlley, which are inter
Vol. 9. No.1. February 1968
31
Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968 31
regresglacial
digitated
with the remarkably comglacialcomplex
complex of
of at
at least
least two
two regresdigitated with the remarkably complete
Pleistocene
continental
stratiTyrrhenian
II
sional
phases
precedes
the
sional
phases
precedes
the
Tyrrhenian
plete Pleistocene continental stratigraphy
of
the
Netherlands.
Frechen
transgression
(with
several
dates
of
transgression (with several dates of
graphy of the Netherlands. Frechen
and
Lippolt (1965; also Frechen and
"greater
300,000
"greaterthan"
than"200,000
200,000 or
or 300,000
and Lippolt (1965; also Frechen and
Boom
1959),
as
I
read
them,
provide
years).
A
second
glacial
complex
of
years).
A
second
glacial
complex
of
Boom 1959), as I read them, provide
a a suite
of consistent and apparently four
fourregressional
regressionalphases
phases("Penultimate
("Penultimate
suite of consistent and apparently
sound
KI Ar dates for these Rhine Regression")
Regression") precedes
precedes the
the Tyrrhenian
Tyrrhenian
sound K/Ar dates for these Rhine
terraces:
(a)
upper
terminus
of
the
II,
a
complex
regression
generally
II,
a
complex
regression
generally
terraces: (a) upper terminus of the
altere
trombus bubonius
bubonius
characterized
characterizedby
by S
Strombus
ciltereHauptterrasse
Hauptterrasse("older
("older Main
Main
Terrace")
ca. 420,000-390,000 years
and
andother
otherSenegalese
Senegalese mollusks
mollusks in
in the
the
Terrace") ca. 420,000-390,000 years
(5(5dates);
(b)
upper
beds
of
the
jungere
western
Mediterranean
Basin.
western Mediterranean Basin. AlAldates); (b) upper beds of the jiingere
Hauptterrasse
("younger Main Ter- though
thoughthe
theTh/U
Th/U dates
dates for
for the
the TyrrTyrrHauptterrasse ("younger Main Terrace"
ca.
350,000-340,000
years
(4
henian
II
are
not
all
consistent,
they
henian
II
are
not
all
consistent,
they
race" ca. 350,000-340,000 years (4
(c) basal beds of altere Mittel- suggest
dates);
one
suggest
onetime
timeunit
unitofofca.
ca. 165,000165,000dates); (c) basal beds of altere Mittelterrasse
("older Middle Terrace") ca.
120,000
120,000yeats
yearsago,
ago, with
with aa number
number of
of
terrasse ("older Middle Terrace") ca.
earlier,
and
possibly
significant,
300,000
years
(1
date);
(d)
basal
beds
earlier, and possibly significant, dates
dates
300,000 years (1 date); (d) basal beds
ofof mittlere
Mittelterrasse ("middle falling
fallingbetween
between230,000
230,000and
and 190,000
190,000
mittlere Mittelterrasse ("middle
years.
Middle
Terrace")
ca.
220,000
years
(1
It
is
curious
that:
eolianites
did
years.
It
is
curious
thateolianites
did
Middle Terrace") ca. 220,000 years (1
date);
and (e) early downcutting phase not
notdevelop,
develop,except
excepton
onaa very
verylocalizlocalizdate); and (e) early downcutting phase
ededscale,
following
deposition of 'the mittlere
scale, during
during the
the seemingly
seemingly minor
minor
following deposition of -the mittlere
regression
between
the
Mittelterrasse,
ca.
140,000-150,000
regression between theTyrrhenian
TyrrhenianIIII
Mittelterrasse, ca. 140,000-150,000
and
The latter
latter stage,
stage, with
entire sequence
years
andIII.
III. The
with equiequiyears(2(2 dates).
dates). This
This entire
sequence
valent
beaches
in
the
Caribbean
and
jungere
Mittelterrasse
predates
the
valent
beaches
in
the
Caribbean
and
predates the jiingere Mittelterrasse
("younger
Middle Terrace"), which di- Pacific
Pacificareas,
areas,would
woulddate
date ea.
ca. 90,00090,000("younger Middle Terrace"), which directly
underlies the moraines of the 70,000
70,000Th/U
Th/U years.
years.
rectly underlies the moraines of the
Drenthe
stadial
of
the
Saale
glaciation
Comparing
Comparingthe
theRhine
Rhine Valley
Valley -and
-and
Drenthe stadial of the Saale glaciation
(De
1961; Kempf
Kempf Balearic
BalearicIsland
Island sequences,
sequences, itit appears
appears
(De Jong
Jong1956;
1956; Paas
Paas 4961;
1966).
Since German and Netherlands
thatthe
theTyrrhenian
TyrrhenianI Iisisnot,
not,as
as once
once
1966). Since German and Netherlands that
workers
now generally ascribe the
the
widelyassumed,
assumed,equivalent
equivalent to
to the
workers now generally ascribe the widely
"older"
and
"middle"
Middle
Terraces
Holstein
Interglacial.
Instead,
dn
Holstein
Interglacial.
Instead,
dn
"older" and "middle" Middle Terraces
totostadia
of the Elster Glacial, the present
presentevidence,
evidence,it itwould
wouldseem
seemto
to be
be
stadia of the Elster Glacial, the
Holstein
Interglacial, as defined in
Cromer ian,
contemporarywith
with the
the Cromerian,
Holstein Interglacial, as defined in contemporary
northern
Germany
northern
Germanyand
and the
the NetherNether- thus
thussetting
settingthe
the"Penultimate
"Penultimate RegresRegreslands,
appears to have begun a little
lands, appears to have begun a little sion"
sion"ofofMallorca
Mallorcaparallel
parallel to
to the
the Elster
Elster
before
150,000
KI
Ar
years
ago.
Howbefore 150,000 K/Ar years ago. How- Glacial
Glacialand
and the
the Tyrrhenian
TyrrhenianIIII to
to the
the
-ever,
potential
ever,Zagwijn
Zagwijn(1963)
(1963) gives
gives substantial
substantial Holstein
HolsteinInterglacial.
Interglacial. The
The potential
reasons
why the upper units of the
reasons why the upper units of the implications
implicationsof
ofsuch
suchaa stratigraphic
stratigraphic rere"younger"
Main Terrace must be cormammalian
"younger" Main Terrace must be cor- vision
visionfor
for
mammalianand
andarchaeologarchaeologwith the Weert Zone of the
related
related with the Weert Zone of the ical
icalcorrelations
correlationsbetween
betweenNorth
North Africa,
Africa,
uppermost
Sterksel Formation, i.e.,
uppermost Sterksel Formation, i.e., Spain,
Spain,and
andcontinental
continentalEurope
Europe are
are difdifwith
anan
early
phase
of the
Elster
Gla- Glaficult
with
early
phase
of the
Elster
ficulttotooverview
overviewatat the
the moment.
moment. AsAscial.
Thus the Elster complex, as
that
Th/U
cial. Thus the Elster complex, as suming
suming
that
Th/Uand
andC14
C14 dating
dating are'
are
defined
in
a
critical
area,
appears
to
defined in a critical area, appears to temporally
temporallyconsistent,
consistent,the
the Tyrrhenian
Tyrrhenian
date
from a little before ca. 350,000 to
date from a little before ca. 350,000 toIII
Jllwould
wouldappear
appear to
to be
be correlated
correlated with
with
a alittle
before 150,000 KI Ar years ago.
little before 150,000 K/Ar years ago.the
theEem.
Eem.But
But this
this immediately
immediately raises
raises
ItItmight
be remarked in passing that
problem:
might be remarked in passing that another
another
problem:why
whythe
theSaale
SaaleGlaGlathese
particular isotopic dates are no
these particular isotopic dates are no cial,
cial,occupying
occupyingthe
the interval
interval between
between
less
consistent
or
theoretically
justiTyrrhenian
II IIand
less consistent or theoretically justi- the
the
Tyrrhenian
andIII,
III,should
shouldhave
have
than the rather more scanty
fied
virtually
fied than the rather more scanty left
left
virtuallynonoeolianite
eolianiterecord
record in
in the
the
Pa/Th
dates
available
from
the
CaribMediterranean
region.
Equally
disturbPa/Th dates available from the Carib-Mediterranean region. Equally disturbbean
deep-sea core A254-BR-C (see
bean deep-sea core A254-BR-C (see ing
ingis isthe
theassignment
assignmentofofthis,
this,the
thegreatgreatRosholt
et al. 1962; Emiliani 1964a).
estestcontinental
Rosholt et al. 1962; Emiliani 1964a).
continentalglaciation
glaciationof
of Europe,
Europe,
, On
a variety of subtropical and trowithitsitscomplex
complexof
of several
several major
major
On a variety of subtropical and tro- with
pical
coasts transgressive beach de- stadials,
stadials,totoa atime
timespan
spanof
ofonly
only30,000
30,000
pical coasts transgressive beach deposits,
years,
i.e.,
with
related
molluscan
faunas,
ca.
120,000-90,000
Th/U
years, i.e., ca. 120,000-90,000 Th/U
posits, with related molluscan faunas,
have
been correlated with non-glacial
Thurber, personal
years(D.
(D. L.
L. Thurber,
personal comcomhave been correlated with non-glacial years
of the later Pleistocene, while - munication) or ca. 130,000-100,000
intervals
intervals of the later Pleistocene, while munication) or ca. 130,000-100,000
regressional
eolianites are attributed to
Th years
Pa/Th
years(see
(seeRosholt
Rosholtetetal.al.1962;
1962;
regressional eolianites are attributed to Pal
periods
of low, glacial-age sea level.
Emiliani1964a).
1964a).
periods of low, glacial-age sea level. Emiliani
With
the recent advance of Th/U
IfIfwe
With the recent advance of Th/U
wenow
nowattempt
attemptto
tocompare
compare these
these
dating,
a second chronology of sorts
dating, a second chronology of sorts two
twosequences
sequenceswith
withthe
thedeep
deepsea
sea core
core
for
the
high,
nonhas
been
developed
of of
Emiliani
(1964a,
has been developed for the high, non- stratigraphy
stratigraphy
Emiliani
(1964a,1966;
1966;
glacial
(d.(cf.
Stearns
andand Rosholt
et etal.al.1961,
glacialsea-level
sea-levelstages
stages
Stearns
Rosholt
1961,1962;
1962; d.
cf. also
also
Thurbet
1965;
Thurbet
1965;Thurber
Thurberetetal.al. 1965;
1965; Ericson
Ericsonetetal.al.1964),
1964),we
we seem
seem to
to reach
reach
and
Thurber
1965;
Richards
Broecker
Broecker and Thurber 1965; Richards ananimpasse
impassebeyond
beyondthe
thecold
cold maximum
maximum
and
Thurber 1966). One of the more
and Thurber 1966). One of the more ofofabout
about115,000
115,000B.P.
B.P. If
If the
the generalizgeneralizinstructive
stratigraphic sequences of
instructive stratigraphic sequences of ededpaleotemperature
paleotemperaturecurve
curveof
ofEmiliani
Emiliani
this
kind
has
been
described
from
the
this kind has been described from theproves
provestotobebecorrect
correctinindetail,
detail,the
the"in"inBalearic
BalearicIslands
Islandsby
byButzer
Butzerand
andCuerda
Cuerda terstadials"
terstadials"ofofthe
theMiddle
Middle Pleistocene,
Pleistocene,
(1962a,
(1962a,b)b)and
andpartly
partlydated
datedby
byTh/U
Th/U asasthey
theyhave
havebeen
beencalled
called by
by glacial
glacial
ononMallorca
compare
Mallorcaasaswell
well as
as on
on the
the Spanish
Spanish geomorphologists,
geomorphologists, compareininwavewavemainland
but
mainlandand
andMorocco
Morocco (Stearns
(Stearns and
and length
length
butnot
notininamplitude
amplitude with
with the
the
Thurber
1965;
also
unpublished).
A
interstadial.
Thurber 1-965; also unpublished). A mid-Wiirm
mid-Wuirm
interstadial.This
Thiswould
would
32
32
CURRENT
render
renderspecific
specificmarine-continental
marine-continental corcorrelations
relationsdifficult
difficultfor
fordecades
decadesto
to come.
come.
One
One might
might speculate
speculate that
that Emiliani's
Emiliani's
four
fourcold
coldmaxima
maximabetween
betweenca.
ca. 330,000
330,000
and
(extrapolated) Pa/Th
and 170,000
170,000 (extrapolated)
Pa/Th
years
yearsago
agorepresent
representthe
theElster
Elstercomplex,
complex,
ororone
onemight
mightpropose
proposeany
anyofofa a dozen
dozen
other
otherpossible
possiblecorrelations.
correlations. The
The status
status
and
the
and nomenclature
nomenclatureproposed
proposed for
for the
earlier
intervals
earlier Pleistocene
Pleistocene cold
cold intervals
would,
would,accordingly,
accordingly,be
beliable
liable to
to almost
almost
arbitrary
InInview
arbitraryinterpretation.
interpretation.
view of
of
the
theinadequacy
inadequacyof
ofthe
the best
best available
available
radiometric
radiometricsequences
sequencestoto bridge
bridge the
the
stratigraphic
chaos
stratigraphic
chaosofof the
the Middle
Middle
Pleistocene,
Pleistocene,I I feel
feel quite
quite strongly'
strongly that
that
correlations
correlationsofofdeep-sea
deep-seapaleotemperapaleotemperature
turecurves
curveswith
withcontinental
continentalor
or littoral
littoral
stratigraphies
stratigraphiesare
arepremature
premature for
for the
the
early-to-middle-Pleistocene
early-to-middle-Pleistocene time
time range.
range.
Two
Two final,
final, brief
brief comments
comments to
to the
the
late
latePleistocene
Pleistocenechronology:
chronology:ItIt isis disdisturbing
that
Emiliani's
turbing
that
Emiliani'scold
coldpeak
peak of
of ca.
ca.
60,000
60,000Pa/Th
Pa/Th years
yearsago
ago broadly
broadly coincoincides
cideswith
withthe
thecomplex
complex of
of interstadialinterstadialtype
zones
known
as
Broerup,
type zones known as Broerup, AmersAmers4•
foort,
Rodebaek,
foort,
Rodebaek,asas defined
defined by
by 0C14.
Are
Arethere
therein
in fact
fact systematic
systematic inconsiinconsistencies
stenciesbetween
betweenour
ourradiometric
radiometric yardyard4sticks?
The
sticks?
Thepoor
poorfit
fitof
of the
the one
one 0
C14Pa/Th
date
in
the
A
254crossdated
crossdated Pa/Th date in the A 254BR-C
BR-Ccore
core(Rosholt
(Rosholt et
etal.
al. 1962)
1962) seems
seems
totosuggest
suggestthis,
this,asasdoes
does the
the aboveabovementioned
mentionedtime
timelag
lagbetween
betweenTh/U
Th/Uand
and
Pal
Th ininthe
Pa/Th
thelate
late Middle
Middle Pelistocene.
Pelistocene.
Although
Althoughthere
thereis isstill
stillno
no suitable
suitable
name
namefor
for the
the mid-Wiirm
mid-Wiirm interstadial
interstadial
complex
complex("Paudorf"?
("Paudorf"? "Arcy"?),
"Arcy"?), EmiEmiof
the
term
liani's
revival
liani's revival of the term Laufen
Laufen is
is
undesirable.
undesirable.Originally
Originally the
the LaufenLaufenSchwankung
Schwankungwas
was thought
thought to
to represent
represent
ananAlpine
Alpine interstadial,
interstadial,but
butinin 1922
1922
Penck
Penckrelegated
relegatedall
all allied
allied phenomena
phenomena
totothe
theRiss/Wiirm
Riss/Wiirm(Eem)
(Eem) Interglacial.
Interglacial.
Despite
Despitethe
thepossible
possible validity
validity of
of the
the
weathering
horizon
weathering
horizondeveloped
developed on
on the
the
Laufenschotter
LaufenschotteratatHormating
H6rmatingasas midmidWiirm,
useuseofofthe
Wiirm,
thename
namewould
wouldbe
be aa
of
confusion.
source
source of confusion.
bybyH.H.B.B.S.S.COOKE*'
COOKE*
Halifax,
Halifax,Canada.
Canada.18
18III
III67
67
The
Thedecision
decisioninin1948
1948 by
by the
the 18th
18th InInternational
Geological
Congress
to deternational Geological Congress
to define
finethe
thebase
baseofofthe
thePleistocene
Pleistoceneas
as the
the
bottom
ofofthetheCalabrian
bottom
Calabrianalso
alsoincluded
included
that
thisthis
boundary
should
a astatement
statement
that
boundary
should
bebeplaced
placed"at
"atthe
thehorizon
horizonofofthe
thefirst
first
indication
indicationofof climatic
climatic deterioration."
deterioration."
The
Thesubsequent
subsequentdecision
decisionby
bythe
the 1965
1965
INQUA
INQUA Congress
Congress to
to place
place the
the boundboundary
at at
thethe
first
appearance
of the
fora-foraary
first
appearance
of the
Hyalinea
minifer
minifer
Hyalinea(Anomalina)
(Anomalina) baltica
baltica
section
at atLeLeCastella
ininthe
thetype
type
section
Castella has
has
the
ofofprecision,
themerit
merit
precision,but
butthe
theappearappearance
of
this
foraminifer
is
not
the
first
ance of this foraminifer is not the first
deterioration.
indication
indicationofof climatic
climatic deterioration.
and
Barbieri
Barbieri
andMedioli
Medioli(1964),
(1964), for
forexamexample,
ple,have
have shown
shown that
that the
the indigen9us
indigenous
foraminifera
fluctuations
foraminiferadisplayed
displayed fluctuations
of Pliocene
cooling
long besuggestive
suggestive
of Pliocene
cooling
long before
thethearrival
fore
arrivalofofHyalinea
Hyalinea baltica
baltica
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
and its close associate, the mollusk
Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
and its close associate, the mollusk
Arctica (Cyprina) islandica. The
Arctica (Cyprina) islandica. The
The only part of this wellwritten
to resolve to some extent the apparent
former favours a moderately deepThe only part of this wellwritten
former favours a moderately deepto resolve to some extent the apparent
water
muddy environment and the lat- conflict
between the KI Ar dates for
paper on which I venture to go into
paper on which I venture to go into
water muddy environment and the latconflict between the K/Ar dates for
ter
a shallow-water sandy habitat, so terrestrial
details
is that in which he relies
deposits and the time scale
ter a shallow-water sandy habitat, so
terrestrial deposits and the time scale
is that in which he relies
ondetails
other people's
conclusions. Here, if
lithology
must be borne in mind in
important
from
oceanic
cores.
The
lithology must be borne in mind in
on other people's conclusions. Here, if
from oceanic cores. The important
interpreting the presence or the absence mammal-bearing deposits of East Afri- he is occasionally confused or even
interpreting the presence or the absence
deposits of East Afrihe is occasionally confused or even
seem to be faunistically
Villafran- wrong,
of either form; indeed, local factors camammal-bearing
he has only fallen into a wide
of either form; indeed, local factors
wrong, he has only fallen into a wide
ca seem to be faunistically Villafranchian, yet the KI AT date of 1.75 X
may control the order of first appearpit already inhabited, at one time or
may control the order of first appearpit already inhabited, at one time or
yet the K/Ar date of 1.75 X
6 years for Olduvai Bed I seems
ance at different localities. There is
10chian,
another, by almost everyone who has
ance at different localities. There is
106 years for Olduvai Bed I seems
another, by almost everyone who has
evidence that Arctica islandica appear- great
at broad interdisciplinary coverin
relation
to
the
glacial!
interaimed
evidence that Arctica islandica appearaimed at broad interdisciplinary covergreat in relation to the glacial/intered before Hyalinea baltica, and this glacial sequence in Europe and the age.
ed before Hyalinea baltica, and this
age.
glacial sequence in Europe and the
suggests that climatic deterioration was
He dates Australopithecus robustus
core data. The mammals in the Kaiso
suggests that climatic deterioration was
dates Australopithecus robustus
core data. The mammals in the Kaiso
of Uganda seem to be at least as first,He Australopithecus
africanus secquite severe at a time before the Plio- Beds
quite severe at a time before the PlioBeds of Uganda seem to be at least as
first, Australopithecus africanus secPleistocene boundary as defined in old as those of Olduvai Bed I (Cooke ond, and "Homo erectus habilis"
Pleistocene boundary as defined in
ond, and "Homo erectus habilis"
old as those of Olduvai Bed I (Cooke
and
Coryndon, unpublished; but see
third in sequence, but where is his
1965.
1965.
third in sequence, but where is his
and Coryndon, unpublished; but see
1965) and the "Earlier Kaiso" evidence? He postulates scattered popAs these two "critical" elements of Bishop
evidence? He postulates scattered popBishop 1965) and the "Earlier Kaiso"
As these two "critical" elements of
parallels some' of the ulations of Homo erectus in Europe
the marine fauna normally inhabit assemblage
ulations of Homo erectus in Europe
assemblage parallels some of the
the marine fauna normally inhabit
Villafranchian" of sites in the before the appearance Of Homo sanorthern latitudes, it is clear that their "Lower
before the appearance of Homo sa"Lower Villafranchian- of sites in the
northern latitudes, it is clear that their
but no such animal has yet been
of North Africa. The lower piens,
occurrence in the Mediterranean is the Maghreb
piens, but no such animal has yet been
Maghreb of North Africa. The lower
occurrence in the Mediterranean is the
found there. Vertesszolos II, with a
beds pass downwards into reresult
of cold water spilling in through Kaiso
found
there. Vertessz6lbs II, with a
Kaiso beds pass downwards into reresult of cold water spilling in through
thin passage beds and then cranial capacity reckoned at 1556 cc.,
the Straits of Gibraltar. Arctica is- latively
cranial capacity reckoned at 1556 cc.,
latively thin passage beds and then
the Straits of Gibraltar. Arctica isthe Kisegi Beds. The molluscan is called by Thoma (1966 ) Homo
landica and Hyalinea baltica would into
is called by Thoma (1966) Homo
into the Kisegi Beds. The molluscan
landica and Hyaltnea baltica would
have been studied by Gautier (erectus seu !apiens) palaeohungaricus,
not be likely to arrive at exactly the faunas
(erectus seu sapiens) palaeohbngaricus,
faunas have been studied by Gautier
not be likely to arrive at exactly the
1966, 1967), who is puzzled by and on size alone it is fully sapiens.
same time and, furthermore, their (1965,
(1965, 1966, 1967), who is puzzled by
and on size alone it is fully sapiens.
same time and, furthermore, their
Emiliani uses the term Homo sapiens
fact that the characteristic midspread eastwards and northwards the
the fact that the characteristic midEmiliani uses the term Homo sapiens
spread eastwards and northwards
Kisegi fauna passes up sapiens to designate all races of living
through the Mediterranean would Miocene
sapiens to designate all races of living
Miocene Kisegi fauna passes up
through the Mediterranean would
into that of the lower Kaiso men, although the term has priority as
depend to some extent on the different smoothly
smoothly into that of the lower Kaiso
men, although the term has priority as
depend to some extent on the different
without any sU!Jgestion of a major Linnaeus' trinominal for living Euroand rates of dispersal of beds
mechanisms
beds without any suggestion of a major Linnaeus' trinominal for living Euromechanisms and rates of dispersal of hiatus,
and yet the mammalian evi- peans. He further states that the presthe respective embryonic forms. Dehiatus, and yet the mammalian evipeans. He further states that the presthe respective embryonic forms. De- dence
has pointed to the Kaiso as ence
of " ... Steinheim, Swans combe,
spite
these variables, the spread would
dence has pointed to the Kaiso as
ence of ". . . Steinheim, Swanscombe,
spite these variables, the spread would
There does not seem Ehringdorf,
and Fontechevade point to
be rapid enough for the first appear- "Villafranchian."
There does not seem
Ehringdorf, and Fontechevade point to
be rapid enough for the first appear- to"Villafranchian."
be much placeffor the Pliocene, and Europe
as the cradle of modern man."
ance
of these forms to constitute a
to
be
much
placeffor
the
Pliocene,
and
Europe
as
the
cradle of modern man."
ance of these forms to constitute a
"feels that probably the Plio- If he had said "the
most ancient cradle
reference point probably more accu- Gautier
Gautier "feels that probably the PlioIf he had said "the most ancient cradle
reference point probably more accuhas suffered amputation at both of modern man," he might have been
rate than any of the other climatic in- cene
has suffered amputation at both
of modern man," he might have been
rate than any of the other climatic into the truth.
itscene
boundaries
in sub-Saharan Africa." closer
dicators.
Nevertheless, colder northern
its boundaries in sub-Saharan Africa."
closer to the truth.
dicators. Nevertheless, colder northern
Coryndon
and
I
have
been
forced
waters must have been moving down
I have been forced
waters must have been moving down byCoryndon
a study ofand
the mammals
to reach a
the
west coast of Europe for some time
by a study of the mammals to reach a
the west coast of Europe for some time similar
by MALCOLM F. FARMER*"
conclusion and to suggest that
it was possible for the invasion
before
by MALCOLM F. FARMER*
similar
conclusion
and
to
suggest
that
before it was possible for the invasion
the early Kaiso fauna must range
of the Mediterranean to take place,
the early Kaiso fauna must range
of the Mediterranean to take place,
Whittier, Calif., U.S.A. 2 III 67
into the Pliocene. This provides
and it is presumably this pre-Calabrian down
Whittier, Calif., U.S.A. 2 III 67
down into the Pliocene. This provides
and it is presumably this pre-Calabrian
for the suggestion by Emiliani With the rapid accumulation of
cooling
that is evidenced in the in- support
support for the suggestion by Emiliani With the rapid accumulation of
cooling that is evidenced in the in"the genus Homo dates from well
digenous microfauna of the Mediter- that
of the geological history of
that "the genus Homo dates from well knowledge
digenous microfauna of the Mediterknowledge of the geological history of
into the ·Pliocene." Furthermore,
ranean. In short, although the defini- back
coastal regions and continental shelves,
back
into the Pliocene." Furthermore,
ranean. In short, although the defini- as Africa
coastal
regions
and continental shelves,
has been a source of indigetion of the plio-Pleistocene boundary
and of marine deposits in these regions
as Africa has been a source of indigethe Plio-Pleistocene boundary nous
and of marine deposits in these regions
development from which mamattion
Le ofCastella
provides a valuable
and from the bottom of ocean basins
nous development from which mamat Le Castella provides a valuable
and from the bottom of ocean basins
emigrated to Eurasia, time lines
time line for the Mediterranean marine mals
as well as deposits from the formerly
mals emigrated to Eurasia, time lines
time line for the Mediterranean marine
as well as deposits from the formerly
are difficult to determine in Africa
sequences, it does . not render very
glaciated areas, it is becoming increadifficult to determine in Africa
sequences, it does not render very
glaciated areas, it is becoming increainare
relation
to the European deposits
much
easier the task of defining this
singly clear that revision of concepts
in relation to the European deposits
much easier the task of defining this
singly clear that revision of concepts
and their faunas. It would seem that
boundary, even in marine sequences,
the Pleistocene is in order.
concerning
and their faunas. It would seem that
boundary, even in marine sequences,
concerning the Pleistocene is in order.
the
correlation Calabrian = Villafranin other critical areas such as the Nepaper
is a very welcome conEmiliani's
the
correlation
Calabrian
=
Villafranin other critical areas such as the NeEmiliani's paper is a very welcome conhas been misleading and there
therlands
and East Anglia. Presumably chian
tribution,
offering a report on prochian has been misleading and there
therlands and East Anglia. Presumably still
tribution,
offering
a report on proexists a great deal of confUSIon in
jn these areas the climatic deterioration
gress and some guidance
for the fustill exists a great deal of confusion in
in
these
areas
the
climatic
deterioration
gress
and
some
guidance
for the fudefining
the
boundaries
in
the
terwould have been manifest long before
ture.
defining the boundaries in the terwould have been manifest long before restrial
ture.
and
in
relating
them
deposits
the cold waters moved as far south as
of
glacial
and interThe
concepts
restrial deposits and in relating them
the cold waters moved as far south as
The concepts of glacial and intermarine sequence. A reevaluation glacial
Gibraltar. Furthermore, the terrestrial totothe
appear
to
be
under
revision.
the
marine
sequence.
A
reevaluation
Gibraltar. Furthermore, the terrestrial of the nomenclature for the mammalglacial appear to be under revision.
deposits
which constitute the "Villaearth has not been free of ice since
of the nomenclature for the mammal- The
deposits which constitute the "Villa- bearing
The
earth
has
not
been
free
of
ice since
sediments is clearly necessary.
franchian" are not equivalent to this
Pliocene, .although the amounts
bearing sediments is clearly necessary. the
franchian" are not equivalent to this
the Pliocene, although the amounts
precisely defined Calabrian, and. the
and areas of ice accumulation have
precisely defined Calabrian, and. the
and areas of ice accumulation have
Villafranchian
undoubtedly extends
varied. Emiliani's suggestion of a reVillafranchian undoubtedly extends by C. S. COON*"
varied. Emiliani's suggestion of a reback into the Pliocene of this definisemblance between the Pleistocene and
by C. S. COON*
back into the Pliocene of this definisemblance between the Pleistocene and
tion
(see, for example, Azzaroli 1964).
the Permian offers perspective on the
tion (see, for example, Azzaroli 1964).
the Permian offers perspective on the
Gloucester,
Mass.,
U.S.A.
7
III
67
How far back into the Pliocene the
Pleistocene. The traditional view of
Gloucester, Mass., U.S.A. 7 III 67
How far back into the Pliocene the
Pleistocene. The traditional view of
Villafranchian
must go is uncertain,
account of the history of of- that
epoch reflects a kind of ethnoVillafranchian must go is uncertain, Emiliani's
Emiliani's
account
of
the
history
of
ofthat epoch reflects a kind of ethnobut one might surmise that Elephas
ficial
attemps
to
define
the
Plio-Pleiscentrism
which regards the present as
but one might surmise that Elephas
ficial
attemps
to
define
the
Plio-Pleiscentrism which regards the present as
meridionalis is at least as old as the tocene boundary is detailed, lucid,
a
unique
period, a time of climax, the
meridionalis is at least as old as the
tocene boundary is detailed, lucid,
a unique period, a time of climax, the
base of the Calabrian and that the and
useful. His discussion of the role time
of the great mo(iern man, rather
base of the Calabrian and that the
and
useful.
His
discussion
of
ihe
role
time
of
the
great modern man, rather
older deposits with Anancus arver- of marine invertebrate faana in such than just a point
in 'a sequence. This
older deposits with Anancus arverof marine invertebrate fauna in such
than just a point in a sequence. This
nensis
and Elephas planifrons would dating
is
instructive.
It
surprises
me
has
needed
revision
for a long time.
nensis and Elephas planifrons would
dating is instructive. It surprises me
has needed revision for a long time.
bebePliocene,
although still "lower Vilto see Fontechevade, SwansEmiliani suggests that during the
Pliocene, although still "lower Vii- a a little
little
to
see
Fontechevade,
SwansEmiliani
suggests
that during the
lafranchian.
"
combe, and Steinheim dated at about
Pleistocene, and perhaps earlier, poplafranchian."
combe, and Steinheim dated at about
Pleistocene, and perhaps earlier, popThese observations might seem
95,000
years, much younger than geoulations
became separated and isolatThese observations might seem
95,000 years, much younger than geoulations became separated and isolatpointless except insofar as they help
logist's
previous figures.
then in periods of "better" cliededand
pointless except insofar as they help
logist's previous figures.
and then in periods of "better" cliVol. 9 . No.1. February 1968
Vol. 9 .
No.
1
.
February
1968
33
33
mate
rematehad
hadan
an opportunity
opportunitytoto be
be rejoined
joined(hence
(hencethe
thepolytypic,stock).
polytypic stock).Such
Such
populations
populationswere
werenever
neverseparated
separated long
long
sharply
enough
enoughtotohave
have become
become so
so sharply
differentiated
differentiatedasastotoprevent
preventhybridizahybridization.
tion.Culture
Cultureand
andthe
thenature
natureof
oflearned
learned
behavior
behaviormay
mayhave
have contributed
contributed to
to this
this
situation
pattern
situationinin that
that behavioral
behavioral pattern
changes
changesoccured
occuredinstead
insteadof
of anaanatomical
differences in
tomicalchanges,
changes, and
and differences
in
learned
learnedbehavior
behavior patterns
patterns were
were not
not ininas asanatomical
surmountable
suarmountable
anatomical or
or phyphysiological
siological differences
differencesmight
mighthave
have been.
been.
The
Thepossibility
possibilitythat
thatAustralopithecus
Australopithecus
africanus
africanusserved
servedasasa ameal
meal for
for A.
A. rorobustus
bustusis isone
oneon
onwhich
which studies
studies of
of priprimate
matebehavior
behaviormay
may throw
throw some
some light.
light.
With
Withregard
regardtoto the
the centers
centers of
of dedevelopment
velopmentofofthe
the varieties
varieties of
of man
man
during
duringthe
thePleistocene,
Pleistocene,there
theremay.
may be
be
four,
Africa,
four,perhaps
perhapsfive:
five: eastern
eastern Africa,
western
westernEurasia,
Eurasia, northeastern
northeastern central
central
Eurasia,
Eurasia,southeastern
southeasternEurasia,
Eurasia, and
and perperThe southern
southern
haps
Africa. The
haps west
west Africa.
ofofEurasia
margins
margins
Eurasiaand
andAfrica
Africaappear
appear
asasprimary
primates
primaryareas
areas for
for early
early primates
with
northwithAfrica,
Africa,western
westernEurasia,
Eurasia, northeastern
southeasterncentral
centralEurasia,
Eurasia, and
and southeastern
Eurasia
eastern
Eurasiaall
allplaying
playingaa part
part in
in
the
thedevelopment
developmentof
ofthe
theprimate,
primate, man.
man.
Emiliani
Emilianisuggests
suggeststhat
that physiological
physiological
and
andanatomical
anatomical disadvantages,
disadvantages, partiparticularly
difficult
cularlythose
thosewhich
which made
made it
it difficult
totolive
conditions, were
live in
in cold
cold conditions,
were ininvolved
volvedin
in the
the extinction
extinctionof
of NeanderNeanderthals.
thals.Invasion
Invasionby
bypeople
people from
from outside
outside
the
theNeanderthal
Neanderthalareas
areasappears
appears to
to have
have
been
beenpart
partof
of the
the situation.
situation. Both
Both susuperiority
periorityofofcultural
culturalachievement
achievementand
and
differences
differencesininstandards
standardsof
ofphysical
physical atattractiveness
may
tractiveness
mayhave
havebeen
been involved.
involved.
The
Thenew
newpeoples
peoplesmay
mayalso
also have
have been
been
more
moreprolific.
prolific.Perhaps
Perhaps the
the displacedisplacement
mentofofthe
theAustralian
Australian aborigines
aborigines by
by
Western
Europeans
Western
Europeansmay
maybebeaa model
model
for
forthe
theNeanderthal
Neanderthal situation.
situation.
erectus
latter
lattertrait.
trait.I Ihave
have recently
recently attempted
attempted
erectushad
hadspread
spreadto
tomany
many parts
parts of
of the
the
a amorphological
globe.One
Onesmall
small population
population evolved
evolved
morphological definition
definition of
of the
the genus
genus globe.
independently
Homo
Homo(Frisch
(Frisch1965).
1965).
independentlyininisolation
isolationand
and spread
spread
2)2) Inferring
replacethe
theoriginal
original stock.
stock.
Inferring the
thecapacity
capacity of
of making
making totoreplace
Comment:
a acomfortable
Comment:Species
Species formation
formation isis by
by
comfortableliving
living (under
(under ordinary
ordinary
conditions)
meansasassimple
simpleasasthat.
that. The
The factors
factors
conditions)from
fromthe
thecranial
cranial capacity
capacity nonomeans
ofofHomo
many
involvedare
are intricate
intricate and
and many
Homo erectus
erectuswould
would seem
seem to
to imply
imply involved
anan understanding
connection (Huxley
of the
the most
(Huxley1942).
1942). Some
Some of
most imimunderstandingof
of the
the connection
between
betweenbrain
brainsize
size and
and technological
technological portant
portantproblem
problemcomplexes
complexesshould
should be
be
skill
mentionedhere:
here:
skillwhich
whichI Iwish
wishvery
verymuch
muchwe
we had.
had. mentioned
3)3) When
a)a) long-range
long-range trends,
trends,like
like the
the dedeWhen the
theauthor
authorsays
says"European
"European
summers
central nervous
nervous
summersduring
duringthe
theglacial
glacialages
ages were
were velopment
velopmentofof the
the central
even
system
ininman,
evencolder
colderthan
thanthe
theEuropean
European winters
winters
system
man,which
which requires
requires conconofoftoday,"
stancy
today,"one
onewonders
wonderswhat
what part
part of
of
stancyofofsome
somefactor
factoror
or factors
factors and
and
Europe
which
Europehe
herefers
refersto.
to.Does
Does the
the statement
statement
whichoccur
occurininspite
spiteof
of change
change of
of enenhold
vironment
(Huxley
holdboth
bothfor
forthe
thesurroundings
surroundingsof
ofBrno
Brno
vironment
(Huxley1942;
1942;Decker
Decker1963;
1963;
inincentral
see
centralEurope
Europe and
and for
for those
those of
of the
the
seealso
also"canalisation,"
"canalisation,"Fraser
Fraser1961).
1961).
Guattari
b)b) constant
Guattaricave
caveon
onItaly'S
Italy'sMediterranean
Mediterranean
constant factors
factors influencing
influencing seseshore?
shore?Can
Canitit be
be stated
stated of
of the
the latter
latter lection
lectionpressure,
pressure,ofofwhich
which the
the prevprevenvironment
environmentthat
that"surviving
"survivingaa single
single alence
alenceof
ofaggressive
aggressivecompetition
competition within
within
glacial
glacialnight
nightmust
musthave
havebeen
been aa very
very ororbetween
betweenhuman
humanspecies
speciesand
and "cul"culdifficult
task"?
ture"
constant
difficult
task"?
ture"acting
actingas'asa a novel
novel and
and constant
4)4)Many
areareexamples
Manypalaeoanthropologists
palaeoanthropologists might
might ~nviromet environment
examples (Huxley
(Huxley
feel
feelunhappy
unhappyat
at seeing
seeing the
the Steinheim,
Steinheim, 1942:128-30;
1942:128-30;'Dobzhansky
Dobzhansky 1960;
1960; BreiBrelSwanscombe,
1965b:33).
tinger
Swanscombe,Ehringsdorf,
Ehringsdorf,and
and FonFontinger1961;
1961; Robinson
Robinson 1965b:33).
techevade
by Dobzhansky
Dobzhansky
techevaderemains
remainslumped
lumped together
together as
as "Culture"
"Culture"isis seen
seen by
"pra.esapiens"
new factor
factor in
"praesapiens"or
or"early
"early sapiens"
sapiens" types.
types. (1960:117)
(1960:117) as
as aa new
in evoluevolumeant tion,
The
questions are
The above
above questions
are meant
tion,arising
arisingwith
withHomo:
Homo:
merely
merelytotostress
stresshow
howmuch
muchprudence
prudence isis The
pressure
of of
natural
selection
has has
al- alT he
pressure
natural
selection
called
calledfor
forininusing
usingthe
thevaluable
valuable data
data ways
waysbeen
beenexerted
exertedtowards
towardsthe
the maintenance
maintenance
offered
offeredhere
herebybyEmiliani
Emiliani for
for aa better
better and
andimprovement
improvementof
ofthose
those genorypes
genotypes which
which
understanding
confer
understandingofofhuman
humanevolution.
evolution.
conferonontheir
theirpossessors
possessorsthe
the capacity
capacity to
to
acquire,
acquire,totouse
use and
and to
to transmit
transmit culture.
culture.
bybyALEXANDER
ALEXANDERGALLUS*"
GALLUS*
Melbourne,
Melbourne,Australia.
Australia.1313III
III67
67
Biological
Biological evolutionary
evolutionary theory
theory seems
seems
totohave
scientific thinking
have influenced
influenced scientific
thinking
ininother
otherdisciplines
disciplinesonly
onlyininaa simplified
simplified
paper
is isa a case
form.
Emiliani's
form.
Emiliani's
paper
case in
in
point.
point.His
Hisviews
views on
on human
human evolution
evolution
can
canbe
bereduced
reducedto
toaa few
few simple
simple postupostulates:
lates:
1)1) Homo
in aa single
single phyphyHomo evolved
evolved in
logenetic
relogeneticlineage,
lineage,each
each"taxon"
"taxon" represented
presentedby
bya asingle
singlepolytypic
polytypic"stock"
"stock"
which
whichsucceeded
succeededthe
theone
one preceding
preceding it
it
inina a"rather
bybyJOHN
E. E.
FRISCH*"
"ratherorderly"
orderly"way.
way.
JOHN
FRISCH*
Comment:
Comment:The
Thecase
casehas
has been
been argued
argued
Tokyo,.
Japan.
14 III
Tokyo,
Japan.
1467
III 67convincingly
convincinglyfor
foratatleast
least two
two synchrosynchroEmiliani's
nic,even
even sympatric
sympatrichominids
hominidsof
of at
at
Emiliani'sarticle
article isis aa very
very useful
useful sumsum- nic,
mary
contributions for
leastspecies
speciesrank
rankininthe
the Early
Early and
and
maryofof the
the many
many contributions
for least
which
MiddlePleistocene
Pleistocene(Tobias
(Tobias1965,
1965,1966;
1966;
whichheheisisknown
knownto
to all
all students
students of
of Middle
Patterson
1965
:42-43;
Leakey
1965:
paleoanthropology.
It
helps
particuPatterson
1965:42-43;
Leakey
1965:
paleoanthropology. It helps particu11,11,106;
larly
points
106;Robinson
Robinson1963a:394;
1963a:394; 1965b:
1965b:
larlytoto understand
understandon
on what
what points
49).
ancestral Australopithecus
Australopithecus
maymay
sometimes
disagree
these
students
49). An
An ancestral
these
students
sometimes
disagree
reverses
with
robustusbefore
beforeA.
A. africanus
africanus reverses
withhim.
him.Several
Severalsuch
such points
points arise
arise in
in robustus
relative
the
relativedating
dating(Tobias
(Tobias1966),
1966), and
and
thesecond
secondhalf
halfof
of the
the article,
article, where
where
heheattempts
thereseems
seemstotobebeno
no proof
proof that
that the
the
attemptstotoapply
apply his
his dating
dating meme- there
"taxon"
erectus pekinensis
pekinensis isis
thod
"taxon" Homo
Homo erectus
thodtotohuman
humanevolution:
evolution:
totoHomo
1)1) ItIt isis assumed
ancestral
Homo sapiens
sapiens "praesa"praesaassumed that
that man
man can
can be
be ancestral
phylogenetic succession
succession
"defined
piens." The
The phylogenetic
"definedasasa a primate
primate capable
capable of
of syssys- piens."
neanderthalensis to
tools."
tematically
fromH.H. sapiens
sapiens neanderthalensis
to
tematicallymanufacturing
manufacturing
tools."To
To from
H.H. sapiens
my
sapiens sapiens
saptens isis still
still very
very conconmyknowledge,
knowledge,no
noother
otherliving
livinganimal
animal
(Brace
troversial
form
has
troversial
(Brace1964b;
1964b;Pradel
Pradel1966).
1966).
form
hasever
everbeen
beendefined
definedtaxonomitaxonomically
seemspremature
prematuretotoconstruct
constructaa phyphycallyby
by its
its behavior.,
behavior. Moreover,
Moreover, it
it ItItseems
the logenetic
should
logeneticlineage
lineage of
of this
this sort
sort until
until difdifshouldnot
notbe
be overlooked
overlooked that
that the
word
ficultiesare
arefully
fullysettled.
settled.
word"systematically,"
"systematically," crucial
crucial for
for the
the ficulties
2)2) Species
formation affecting
affecting
is isasas likely
proposed
Species formation
proposeddefinition,
definition,
likely to
to
refer
tqtoa acontinuous
Homoerectus
erectusand
andleading
leadingtotoH.
H. sasarefer
continuousvariable
variable such
such as,
as, Homo
letletusussay,
piensproceeded
proceeded through
throughisolation
isolation folfolsay,brain
brainsize,
size, but
but isis less
less sussus- piens
ceptible
lowingclimatic
climaticchanges
changesafter
after H.
H.
ceptibletotoexact
exactmeasurement
measurement than
than the
the lowing
34
34
CIJRRENT
This
Thisnew
newtype
typeof
of evolution
evolution isis ininfluenced
fluencedbybyconscious
consciouschoice
choice or
or decidecision
sion("freedom");
("freedom"); functional
functional adaptaadaptability
increased through
through
bilityhas
has much
much increased
conscious
arguments
consciouschoice.
choice. Similar
Similar arguments
have
havebeen
been put
put forward
forward by
by Decker
Decker
(1963),
(1963),Strong
Strong(1953),
(1953),Spuhler
Spuhler(1960),
(1960),
Debetz
Debetz(1961),
(1961),Kortlandt
Kortlandt(1962),
(1962), HeHewes
wes(1961),
(1961),Weinert
Weinert(1938:4-5,
(1938:4-5, 29,5829, 5861),
(1953:57-61), Wasburn
Was burn
61), Gallus
Gallus (1953:57-61),
(1965:101),
(1965:101),and
andRendel
Rendel(1959).
(1959).
c)c) polymorphy
clines within
within
polymorphyand
and clines
Homo
1942 :208-9,
Homo sapiens
sapiens (Huxley
(Huxley 1942:208-9,
non-interrup354),
354),which
which presuppose
presuppose non-interruption
tionofofinterbreeding.
interbreeding.
:527d)d) /oetalisation
foetalisation(Huxley
(Huxley 1942
1942:52732).
32).
3)3)Man
Manhad
hadspread
spread previous
previous and
and bebecame
cameisolated
isolatedduring
duringan
anIce
Ice Age.
Age.
Comment:
Comment:ItIt isis impossible
impossible at
at present
present
totobebedogmatic
dogmatic about
about the
the chronology
chronology
ofofhuman
migrations.
In In
fact
thisthis
queshuman
migrations.
fact
question
tionisisininurgent
urgentneed
needof
ofattention
attentionane;!
and
clarification.
clarification.
4)4) Australopithecus
Australopithecus africanus
africanus"may
"may
have"
have"evolved
evolved by
by beginning
beginning to
to eat
eat
meat
meatand
andby
bydiscovering
discoveringthe
the"imagina"imaginative
tiveuse
useofoftools"
tools" and
and hunting
hunting strategy.
strategy.
Comment:
Comment:This
This question
question has
has been
been
argued
arguedinindetail
detailby
byRobinson
Robinson (1963)
(1963)
and
(1963), the
the latter
latter denying
denying
andHall
Hall (1963),
the
thecritical
criticalsignificance
significanceof
oftool-use
tool-use for
for
the
human
thetransition
transitionfrom
fromape
ape to
to human
form.
form.I Iwould
wouldlike.here
like,here only
only to
to put
put in
in
a aplea
plea for
for aa deeper
deeper .penetration
-penetration of
of the
the
subject
Emiliani's.
subjectthan
than
Emiliani's."To
"To discover"
discover"
"to"todetect"
means
meanseither
either
detect"or
or "to
"to
invent."
invent."To
To'''detect''
"'detect"tool
tooluse
useisisout
outof
of
the
thequestion,
question,for
forsomething
somethingcan
canbe
be dedethus the
tected
only
if itifisitpre-existent;
tected
only
is pre-existent;
thus the
ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPCURRENT
OLOGY
meaning
of "to dis)::over" is here "to
meaning of "to discover" is here "to
invent,"
and the real problem is
invent," and the real problem is
whether
or
not cultural innovation dewhether or not cultural innovation depending
on a,bstract thinking (i.e., "inpending on abstract thinking (i.e., "invention"
or "choice" of a certain new
vention" or "choice" of a certain new
type
of
adaptive
behavior) was an imtype of adaptive behavior) was an important
factor in human evolution
portant factor in human evolution
(Ascher
1965 :48, Dobzhansky 1965:
(Ascher 1965:48, Dobzhansky 1965:
64).
64).
Emiliani's
treatment of the relative
Emiliani's treatment of the relative
and
absolute chronology of climatic
and absolute chronology of climatic
events
is lucid, but his comment's on
events is lucid, but his comment's on
human
evolution are unsatisfactory in
human evolution are unsatisfactory in
that
they
are based on a simplified
that they are based on a simplified
of evolutionary theory. It 'is
version
version of evolutionary theory. It 'is
necessary
to take into consideration
necessary to take into consideration
the
effects
of human behavior on
the effects of human behavior on
adaptation
and selection pressure and
adaptation and selection pressure and
thus
on evolution (De Vore 1965). It
thus on evolution (De Vore 1965). It
is isfurther
necessary to take into confurther necessary to take into consideration
all possible biological factors
sideration all possible biological factors
which
have been analysed by evoluwhich have been analysed by evoluHuman evolution is surely
tionists.
tionists. Human evolution is surely
complex,
and one cannot even assume
complex, and one cannot even assume
that
the variables involved remained
that the variables involved remained
the
same throughout the Pleistocene.
the same throughout the Pleistocene.
Finally,
I question whether "isolation
Finally, I question whether "isolation
asasa a result
of climatic change" was
result of climatic change" was
really
a
dominant
factor of species
really a dominant factor of species
formation
in Homo erectus and H.
formation in Homo erectus and H.
sapiens
times, rather than one which
sapiens times, rather than one which
had
only
a modifying or disturbing
had only a modifying or disturbing
effect
on other, much more important,
effect on other, much more important,
factors
in the evolution of Man.
factors in the evolution of Man.
Emiliani:
PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
by
R. DALE GIVENS*"
by R. DALE GIVENS*
San
Antonto, Texas, U.S.A. 8 III 67
San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A. 8 III 67
ofoffossil
men is an interesting one
fossil men is an interesting one
despite
the disagreements which: are
despite the disagreements which are
sure
to arise over his terminology. The
sure to arise over his terminology. The
expert
discussion this hypothesis will
expert discussion this hypothesis will
certainly
evoke should produce a valucertainly evoke should produce a valuable
review
of the issues, and this,
able review of the issues, and this,
after
all,
is
the
way we advance our
after all, is the way we advance our
knowledge.
knowledge.
ItItisisgratifying
to know that geologists
gratifying to know that geologists
and
palaeontologists are moving closer
and palaeontologists are moving closer
totoananadequate
chronolgy of the Pleiadequate chronolgy of the Pleistocene
and
before.
It is also gratifying
stocene and before. It is also gratifying
totofind
support for the "we are still in
find support for the "we are still in
the
Pleistocene" idea; a number of us
the Pleistocene" idea; a number of us
have
long felt this to be the case.
have long felt this to be the case.
However,
a number of questionable inJ. HESTER*"
However, a number of questionable in- bybyJAMES
JAMES
J. HESTER*
terpretatiQns
appear in the latter half
terpretations appear in the latter half
Bethesda,
Md., U.S.A. 11 III 67
ofofEmiliani's
article.
The
statement
Bethesda, Md., U.S.A. 11 III 67
Emiliani's article. The statement
that
it
would
not
be
surprising
to
find
paper by Emiliani represents, in
This
that it would not be surprising to find
This paper by Emiliani represents, in
the
genus Homo dating from well back my
opinion, an outstanding contributhe genus Homo dating from well back
my opinion, an outstanding contribuinto
the Pliocene is presumably based
to the study of human ecology
into the Pliocene is presumably based tion
tion to the study of human ecology
ononthe
Olduvai Gorge material which
the Pleistocene. He is definitely
the Olduvai Gorge material which during
during the Pleistocene. He is definitely
Leakey
calls Homo habilis. Designating
right course in his attempt to
Leakey calls Homo habilis. Designating ononthe
the right course in his attempt to
this
form as Homo, however, seems
environmental changes with
this form as Homo, however, seems correlate
correlate environmental changes with
completely
unjustified on present
evolution of man. The fact that the
completely unjustified on present the
the evolution of man. The fact that the
evidence,
since the characteristics rewas a period of extreme
evidence, since the characteristics re- Pleistocene
Pleistocene was a period of extreme
ported
to
date fall within the range
stress undoubtedly served to
ported to date fall within the range climatic
climatic stress undoubtedly served to
ofofvariations
we can expect for Aupopulations and to affect in
variations we can expect for Au- isolate
isolate populations and to affect in
stralopithecus
and
certainly
closer
to
their evolution in the manner
general
stralopithecus and certainly closer to
general their evolution in the manner
the
latter than to any definite Homo
However, when we prothe latter than to any definite Homo heheoutlines.
outlines. However, when we pro-erectus
or any other. Thus it is very
to
specific
details of this problem
-erectus or any other. Thus it is very ceed
ceed to specific details of this problem
unlikely
that this &e.nus will ever be
lack much critical data. Of special
unlikely that this genus will ever be we
we lack much critical data. Of special
dated
back into the ll1Iliocene.
importance
to understanding the fate
dated back into the Pliocene.
importance to understanding the fate
Classifying
Fontechevade
and
Neanderthals,
for example,
Classifying Fontechevade and ofof the
the Neanderthals, for example,
Swans
combe either as a sapiens sub-be the collection of pollen and
Swanscombe either as a sapiens sub- would
would -be the collection of pollen and
or as "praesapiens" is unwarspecies
types of environmental data
species or as "praesapiens" is unwar- other
other types of environmental data
ranted
at
present,
especially
since
it
from
their
occupation sites or from
ranted at present, especially since it
from their occupation sites or from
implies
ancestry to the later H. sapiens
correlated continental deimplies ancestry to the later H. sapiens temporally
temporally correlated continental desapiens
to the exclusion of other types.
Also of importance would be
bybyM.M.GIGOUT*"
sapiens to the exclusion of other types. posits.
posits. Also of importance would be
GIGOUT*
ItItseems
more reasonable to look at
detailed
studies of the cultural
seems more reasonable to look at more
more
detailed studies of the cultural
Orleans,
France. 11 III 67
them
and Steinheim, etc., as belonging
by which the Neanderthals
Orleans, France. 11 III 67
them and Steinheim, etc., as belonging means
means by which the Neanderthals
totoananearly
and variable group of H.
with the climatic stresses of the
Emiliani
will forgive me for emphaearly and variable group of H. coped
coped with the climatic stresses of the
Emiliani will forgive me for empha- sapiens
that
were ancestral in' general
Such studies might support
sizing
only
the
points
on
which
I
am
that were ancestral in general Pleistocene.
Pleistocene. Such studies might support
sizing only the points on which I am tosapiens
later
types.
Emiliani's
inferences
asastoto the
nature
not
completely
in
agreement
with
him.
to
later
types.
Emiliani's
inferences
the nature
not completely in agreement with him. Emiliani's suggested sequence of fosofofthe
European
continental
climate
ItItisis difficult
for
me
to
follow
him
Emiliani's
suggested
sequence
of
fosthe European continental climate
difficult for me to follow him sil types in a phylogenetic lineage
on the deep-sea core data or, on
when
he identifies some 20 glaciations
sil types in a phylogenetic lineage based
based on the deep-sea core data or, on
when he identifies some 20 glaciations would
also
be
strengthened
if
subspethe
other
hand, might bring about
last
million
years.
Of
course,
ininthe
would
also
be
strengthened
if
subspethe other hand, might bring about
the last million years. Of course, cies were ignored. And again we are
revision of these inferences.
glaciations
and pluvials are subdivided
cies were ignored. And again we are some
some revision of these inferences.
glaciations and pluvials are subdivided presented
with two equations-A.
with the methods that EmiI Iagree
bybyinterstadials
with warmer climates;
presented with two equations-A.
agree with the methods that Emiinterstadials with warmer climates; robustus
= vegetarian and A. africaliani
has
employed
in reconstructing
but
the
interlocking
of
glacial
and
plurobustus = vegetarian and A. africaliani has employed in reconstructing
but the interlocking of glacial and plu- nus
= carnivore (or at least omnivore)
continental
climate
from
pelagic
foravial
formations
and
of
littorals
of
nus
=
carnivore
(or
at
least
omnivore)
continental
climate
from
pelagic foravial formations and of littorals of -for which there is not as yet ademinifera
and
littoral
marine
shells.
glacio-eustatic
origin
certainly
seems
-for
which
there
is
not
as
yet
ademinifera and littoral marine shells.
glacio-eustatic origin certainly seems quate evidence.
Further,
I believe that the climatic
to liJUit the major climatic episodes to
Further, I believe that the climatic
to lilnit the major climatic episodes toquate evidence.
during
the
Pleistocene were reshifts
five,
or
six
(Gigout
1965;
Choubert,
shifts
during
the Pleistocene were refive or six (Gigout 1965; Choubert,
gular
and
worldwide
and that it
loly,
Gigout,
Marcais,
Margat,
and
gular and worldwide and that it
Joly, Gigout, Marcais, Margat, and
should
therefore
bebefeasible
toto make
,Raynal
1956;
Fisk
and
McFarlan
by
ROGER
T.
GRANGE,
JR.*"
should
therefore
feasible
make
Raynal 1956; Fisk and McFarlan
by ROGER T. GRANGE, JR.*
climatic
generalizations.
The
only
pro1955;
and
Bernard,
Leblanc,
and
Maclimatic generalizations. The only pro1955; and Bernard, Leblanc, and MaTampa,
Fla.,
U.S.A.
16
III 67
blem
I perceive is that his reconstrucjor
1962). Even if we count the subTampa, Fla., U.S.A. 16 III 67
blem I perceive is that his reconstrucjor 1962). Even if we count the subtion
is of a climate so severe that it
of glaciations, we arrive at
divisions
review articles frequently offer to
tion is of a climate so severe that it
divisions of glaciations, we arrive at CA
CA review articles frequently offer to
must
have provided an extreme test of
only
a
dozen
stages
(Venzo
1964).
students
a
striking
illustration
of
the
must have provided an extreme test of
only a dozen stages (Venzo 1964).
students a striking illustration of the human
survival
capability. Before we
The
equivalence
Wiirm
= Wisconsin
complexities
which
usually
underlie
human
survival capability. Before we
The equivalence Wiirm = Wisconsin
complexities which usually underlie can accept
this
reconstruction,
we must
cannot
be
considered
as
established.
the
seemingly
simple
textbook
statecan accept this reconstruction, we must
cannot be considered as established.
the seemingly simple textbook state- seek
supporting evdience from the huThe
Wisconsin is often double, and
They can also be stimulating for
seek supporting evdience from the huThe Wisconsin is often double, and ment.
ment. They can also be stimulating for man
occupation sites in question.
some
authors attach it to the Riss +
the
professional scholar. Emiliani's
man occupation sites in question.
some authors attach it to the Riss +
the professional scholar. Emiliani's
Wiirm
group
(Richmond
1965).
summary
of
the
problems
of
pleistoWiirm group (Richmond 1965).
summary of the problems of pleistoFor
my part, I will defend the uniquecene dating is just such a review.
For my part, I will defend the unique- cene dating is just such a review.
ness
of the Quaternary. It is wellThe
latter part of the article is sure
bybyRALPH
L. HOLLOWAY, JR.*'
ness of the Quaternary. It is wellThe latter part of the article is sure
RALPH L. HOLLOWAY, JR.*
known
considerable confusion in
knownthat
thatititisis n6t
n6t comparable
comparable in
in totoproduce
produce considerable confusion in
New
York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1 III 67
duration
to other eras; but it has its
itsitsuse
New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1 iii 67
duration to other eras; but it has its
useofofsuch
suchclassifications
classificationsasasHomo
Homo
own
particular
methods
of
study,
diferectus
habilis.
This
seems
particularly
will
limit
my
remarks to the palaeoI
own particular methods of study, diferectuws habilis. This seems particularly I will limit my remarks to the palaeoferent
from those of the Tertiary, e.g.,
objectionable
in view of the fact that
anthropological
portions of this paper,
ferent from those of the Tertiary, e.g.,
objectionable in view of the fact that
anthropological portions of this paper,
morphology,
the
term
Homo
habilis
is
open.
to
because
here
a
number of confusions
morphology, stratigraphy,
stratigraphy, prehistory,
prehistory, even
even the term Homo habilis is open to
because here a number of confusions
palaeopedology,
question
(LeGros
taxonomy have led Emipalaeopedology, etc.
etc. This
This isiswhat
whatmakes
makes serious
serious
question
(LeGrosClark
Clark 1967:
1967: concerning
concerning taxonomy have led Emiof the Quaternary. There
a acrossroads
116).
liani
to speculate unduly under the
crossroads of the Quaternary. There
116).
liani to speculate unduly under the
are
Quaternarists;
there
are
no
"TerThe
.of modern knowledge about speare Quaternarists; there are no "TerThe hypothesis
hypothesisEmiliani
Emiliani advances
advances guise
guise.of modern knowledge about spetiarists."
concerning
think that
that
concerningthe
themorphological
morphologicalsequence
sequence ciation
tiarists."
ciationand
and evolution.
evolution. I I think
9. No.1. February
1968
Vol.Vol.
9
.
No.
1
.
Febrzary
1968
35
35
overspecific
mucli
inter- environmental
overspecificinintrying
tryingtotoname
namein
in aa
environmentaltheories
theories(e.g.,
(e.g., HuntingHuntingmuchof
ofthe
thespeculation
speculation and'the
and the intersystematically
ton's)
pretation
systematicallycorrect
correctway,
way, what
what are
are
ton's)about
about the
the evolution
evolution of
of the
the brain,
brain,
pretationof
ofdeep-sea
deep-sea cores
cores for
for PleistoPleistoof fossil
fossil
modern really
behavior,
cene
reallyvery
very small
small samples
samples of
behavior,cold
cold weather,
weather, and
and modern
ceneenvironments
environments follows
follows from
from his
his ununman.
gather from
from Emiliani's
com- hominids.
critical
man. II gather
Emiliani's comhominids.None
None of
of this
this actually
actually hides
hides
criticalacceptance
acceptance of
of certain
certain taxonotaxonosuggestion40j A40 date
the Emiliani's
mic
ments
Emiliani's substantive
substantive suggestionmentsthat
thatonly
onlyinin Europe,
Europe, with
with the
micrubrics.
rubrics.The
TheKK40/A40
date of
of 1.75
1.75
6
which
rigors
XX 10
rigorsofofglaciers,
glaciers,do
do the
the "capable
"capable
whichI I think
thinkisisprobably
probably right-that
right-that
106years
yearsatatOlduvai
Olduvai Gorge,
Gorge, Bed
Bed I,
I,
brain
successive
arose
relates
brainand
and consummate
consummateskills"
skills" develop
develop
successiveforms
formsof
of hominids
hominids arose
relatesto
tothe
theAustralopithecine
Australopithecine group.
group.
the
such "clear-cut
"clear-cut early
early primarily
which
I I fail
primarilyfrom
fromsome
some fraction
fraction of
of the
whichlead
lead to
to such
fail to
to see
see the
the logic
logic behind
behind his
his statestatepreceding
sapiens"
Steinheim, Swansment
sapiens" types
types as
as Steinheim,
Swanspreceding form,
form, not
not from
from its
its totality.
totality.
mentthat
thatititwill
willcome
come as
as no
no great
great sursurcombe,
prise
combe,etc.
etc."Europe
"Europe as
as the
the cradle
cradle of
of
prisetotofind
findthe
thegenus
genusHomo
Homo "well
"well
modern
man"
seems
like
an
unfortuback
into
the
Pliocene."
Emiliani
acmodern
man"
seems
like
an
unfortuback into the Pliocene." Emiliani acnate
number of
cepts
nateway
wayto
tocharacterize
characterize the
the complexicomplexiceptswithout
withoutquestion
question aa number
of
bybyKENNETH
KENNETHA.A.R.
R.KENNEDY*'
KENNEDY*
ties
dubious
tiesof
of hominid
hominid evolution.
evolution. According
According
dubioussequences
sequencesand
and taxonomic
taxonomic lalato
Emiliani's
logic,
the
rigors
of
Euro~els belsfor
the
early
hominid,
fragments.
Ithaca,
N.
Y., U.S.A.
to Emiliani's logic, the rigors of Eurofor the early hominid fragments.
Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.A. 14
14 III
III 67
67
drastic winters
winters
"H
omo habilis,"
at least
least those
those reportreport- pean
pean summers
summers and
and drastic
"Homo
habilis," at
In
his
endeavor
to
relate
the
climatic
In his endeavor to relate the climatic
better-adapted
to better-adapted
ededfor
be significantly
significantly should
shouldhave
have led
led to
forBed
Bed I,I, may
may not
not be
historyofofthe
thePliocene
Plioceneand
and Pleistocene
Pleistocene
groups
arthritic, sinusitis-sufsinusitis-suf- history
different
groups than
than arthritic,
differentfrom
fromAustralopithecus
Australopithecus afriafriepochs
to
hominid
evolution,
Emiliani
epochs
to
hominid
evolution,
Emiliani
canus,
the proclamations
proclamations fering,
fering,flu-ridden
flu-riddenNeanderthals.
Neanderthals. We
We
canus,in
in spite
spite of
of the
forward
two
ideas
suggested
aa
puts
puts
forward
two
ideas
suggested
know
so
little
about
populations
of
based
on
such
low-valence
attributes
as
know so little about populations of
based on such low-valence attributes as
century
ago
when
the
case
for
early
century
ago
when
the
case
for
early
hominids
that
it
is
pointless
to
claim
cranial
hominids that it is pointless to claim
cranialcapacities,
capacities, tooth
tooth dimensions,
dimensions, or
or
manwas
was argued
argued from
from the
the evidence
evidence of
of
that
sensi- man
v;:trious
fragments. Simithatone
onegroup
grouphad'
had aa particular
particular sensivarious post-cranial
post-cranial fragments.
Simia afew
fossils
from
sites
ininFrance,
few
fossils
from
sites
France,BelBeltivity
to
arthritis
or
any
other
malady.
of
A.
robuotus,
A.
larly,
the
sequence
tivity to arthritis or any other malady.
larly, the sequence of A. robust6s, A.
gium,
modern-type
gium,and
andGermany:
Germany: (1)
(1) modern-type
Neanderthals
africanus,
etc.,
Neanderthalsapparently
apparentlyadapted
adapted to
to aa
afrzcanus,
etc.,is isbased
basedon
on aa sort
sort of
of
man
(Homo
sapiens)
evolved
in
man
(Homo
sapiens)
evolved
in EuEuwide
number
of
ecological
conditions
ecological
logic
and
not
on
empirical
wide number of ecological conditions
ecological logic and not on empirical
rope
out
of
aa more
more primitive
primitive human
rope
out
of
human
Far
East,
East
(Europe,
Middle
East,
evidence
single in(Europe, Middle East, Far East, East
evidencethat
thatallows
allows only
only aa single
instockwhich
whichhad
had its
its origins
origins in
in Africa;
Africa;
and
were replacreplac- stock
terpretation.
andSouth
South Africa)
Africa) and
and were
terpretation.The
TheSouth
South African
African evidevidNeanderthal
Man,
an
early ococ(2)
(2)
Neanderthal
Man,
an
early
ed
(?)
or
evolved
into
sapiens
sapiens
and
ence
clearly
reverses
the
sequence,
ed (?) or evolved into sapiens sapiens
ence clearly reverses the sequence, and
cupant
of
the,
European
cradle
of
cupant
of
the
European
cradle
of
types
Olduvai
be interpreted
interpreted in
typesininmany
manyplaces.
places.
Olduvai Gorge
Gorge can
can be
in
modern
modernman,
man, met
met extinction
extinction with
with the
the
am
frankly
mystified
about
the
I
the
same
manner
if
one
assumes
that
I am frankly mystified about the
the same manner if one assumes that
debut
debutofofsapient
sapienthumanity.
humanity.
purpose
"pre-Zinj"
africanus.
purposeof
ofthis
thispaper.
paper. Is
Is it
it to
to offer
offer aa
"pre-Zinj" isis actually
actually A.
A. africanus.
With
regard
toto the
With
regard
the first
firstidea,
idea, II
of
speculations
about
the
number
myself
intrigued
by
the
sugI I find
number of speculations about the doubt that the European
find myself intrigued by the sugfossil
record
doubt
that
the
European
fossil
record
dynamics
of
early
hominid
evolution,
gestion
dynamics of early hominid evolution,
gestionthat
thatthe
the "pre-Australopithecus
"pre-Australopithecus
is
sufficiently
well
understood
to
supis
sufficiently
well
understood
to
supor
to
provide
evidence
regarding
the
to
bipedal
evolutionary
step
which
led
or
to
provide
evidence
regarding
the
evolutionary step which led to bipedal
port
that
portthe
thecontention
contention
that
environments
of
the
early
hominids,
or
is
likely
to
have
been
selecposture
environments of the early hominids, or
posture is likely to have been selecof While the fossil finds of Australopithecus
... " (are
(are not
not all
all "steps"
"steps" by
by defidefi- totoshow
tive
show that
that deep-sea
deep-sea cores
cores are
are of
tive..."
While the fossil finds of Australopithecus
value
in
talking
about
the
other
two
and
Homo erectus point to Africa as the
but
bipedal
posture
nition
adaptive?);
value
in
talking
about
the
other
two
nition adaptive?); but bipedal posture
and Homo erectus point to Africa as the
questions?
As
far
as
I
can
tell,
Emicradle
hardly
in
itself
have
led
to
improvcan
questions? As far as I can tell, Emicradleof
ofthe
theearly
earlyHomininae,
Homininae, the
the finds
finds of
of
can hardly in itself have led to improv"prae-sapiens" or early sapiens types
liani
with respect
respect such
ededperception
such "prae-sapiens" or early sapiens types
lianihas
has succeeded
succeeded only
only with
perception or
or communication,
communication, and
and
as
Steinheim,
Swanscombe,
Ehringsdorf,
and
toto the
taxonomic
one
as Steinheim, Swanscombe, Ehringsdorf, and
the first
firstquestion.
question. The
The taxonomic
onewonders
wonders where
where the
the evidence
evidence is
is that
that
particularly Fontechevade
Fontechevadepoint
pointtotoEurope
Europe as
as the
the cradle
cradle
"in
the distinctions
distinctionsheheuses
uses are
are particularly
"inother
otheranimals,
animals, an
an increase
increase in
in the
ofofmodern
man.
modern
man.
open
toto criticism,
and
I I find
no
conlength
of
the
neck
has
served
the
same
open
criticism,
and
find
no
conlength of the neck has served the same
vincing
purpose."
Granted
vincingarguments
argumentsto
to support
support his
his spespepurpose." Similarly,
Similarly, the
the acquisition
acquisition of
of
Grantedthat
thatthe
the antiquity
antiquity of
of EuroEuroculations.
meat-eating
by
the
africanus
taxon
is
pean
fossil
hominids
is
somewhat
culations.
meat-eating by the africanus taxon is
pean fossil hominids is somewhat more
more
seen
ages
ofof
human
"remains
certain
seenasasaareason
reason for
forafricanus'
africanus' evolving
evolving
certainthan
thanthe
the
ages
human
'remains
from
ininother
the
fromrobustus
robustusgroups.
groups.Next,
Next, cannibalcannibalotherparts
partsofofthe
theOld
Old World,
World, the
ism
asasananimportant
dynamic
fact
ismisisoffered
offered
important
dynamic by
factremains
remainsthat
thatthe
the bony
bony traces
traces of
of
byW.
W.W.
W.HOWELLS*'
HOWELLS*
ininthe
Homo
been recovered
recovered
thedevelopment
development of
of the
the imaginative
imaginative
Homo sapiens
sapiens have
have been
Cambridge,
Mass.,
U.S.A.
20
III
67
use
aa
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 20 III 67
from
Siberia,
useof
oftools
toolsand
andstrategies
strategiesfor
forgetting
getting
fromPleistocene
Pleistocene deposits
deposits in
in Siberia,
attempt is
good
To
goodhominid
hominid meal;
meal; but
but no
no attempt
is
China,Borneo,
Borneo,the
theSudan,
Sudan, and
and South
South
To one
one outside
outside the
the field,
field, the
the first
first part
part China,
made
informative treattreatAfrica.
theory
assume
thatthat
all all
madetotoweigh
weighthe
thepossibilities
possibilitiesofofobob- ofofthis
Africa.Does
Doesthis
this
theory
assume
thispaper
paper isis an
an informative
prey- ment
taining
non-European
tainingenough
enough protein
protein without
without preynon-European or
or non-Western
non-Western Asiatic
Asiatic
mentofofthe
thedating
dating of
of marine
marine deposits
deposits
ing
hominids:
scavenging,
sapiens
in ids are
the
ingon
onother
other
hominids:e.g.,
e.g.,
scavenging, and
andtheir
theircorrelation
correlationwith
with late
late PleistoPleistosapiensform
formfossil
fossil hom
hominids
are the
cooperative
vestiges
of
a
Pleistocene
dispersal
out
what
seems
especially
inevents;
cooperativehunting;
hunting;hunting
huntingofofimmaimma- cene
vestiges of a Pleistocene dispersal out
cene events; what seems especially inture
ofofthe
amteresting
tureanimals,
animals,etc.
etc.
the northwest
northwestcorner
cornerofofthe
the Old
Old
terestingis isthe
the uniformity
uniformity in
in amWere
Homo
erectus
groups
"under
and
to
an
extent
in
duration,
World?
plitude,
World?
plitude,
and
to
an
extent
in
duration,
Were Homo erectus groups "under
the
environmental stress
of ofofthe
InInthe
the severe
severe environmental
stress of
thetemperature
temperaturecycles.
cycles.Emiliani
Emiliani is
is
thedays
dayswhen
when ititwas
was still
still acceptacceptable
major
Java, North
North duly
dulyconservative
conservativeabout
about absolute
absolute dates
dates
ableto
to refer
refertotoNeanderthal
NeanderthalMan
Man as
as
major glaciations"
glaciations" in
in Java,
Africa,
wish representative
forthe
theearlier
earlierglacial
glacialphases;
phases; II wish
Africa,East
EastAfrica,
Africa,and
andChina?
China? And
And for
representativeofofa a species
species other
other than
than
isisthere
Emiliani's hehemight
extinction
mightgo
go in
in for
for more
more discussion
discussion of
of sapiens,
thereany
any evidence
evidence for
for Emiliani's
sapiens,the
theproblem
problem of
of his
his extinction
that
European
summers
the
results
of
other
dating
methods
and
of
superior
assertion
for
was
interpreted
in
terms
the
results
of
other
dating
methods
and
was
interpreted
in
terms
of
superior
assertion for that European summers
present
European
winpower
were
theirmutual
mutualreconciliation.
reconciliation.
powerin
in warfare
warfare and
and intellect
intellect on
on the
the
werecolder
colderthan
than
present
European
win- their
ters?
The
from
deep-sea
cores,
Cro-Magnon successors.
successors.
I I do
connection part
ters?
Theevidence
evidence
from
deep-sea
cores,
part of
of the
the Cro-Magnon
do not
not see
see the
the obvious
obvious connection
atatleast
Caribbean
ofofthe
with Emiliani's
Emiliani's suggestion
suggestionthat
thatthe
theNeanderNeanderleastfrom
fromthe
the
Caribbeanand
andEqu~ Equathesecond
secondpart
part of
of the
the paper
paper with
torial
the
decidedly thals'
torial Africa,
Africa, suggests,
suggests, according
according to
to
thefirst.
first.Here
Here Emiliani
Emiliani is
is decidedly
thals'demise
demise might
mightbe
be related
related to
to phyphy0
Emiliani,
particularly
less
Emiliani,an
anamplitude
amplitudeof
of6_7
6-7?C.
C.Does
Does
siological disadvantages,
disadvantages, particularly
lesscautious
cautious than
than before,
before, occasionally
occasionally siological
this
landing
osteoarthritic
thistally
tallywith
withthe
theabove
aboveclaim?
claim? Can
Can
osteoarthriticand
andre'Spiratory
respiratorymaladies,
maladies,
landinginina aterminological
terminologicalswamp:
swamp: we
we
the
sapiens saisisprovocative.
Neander:-,
have
theflow
flowof
ofcolder
colder waters
waters from
from melting
melting
provocative.But
But if
if the
the Neanderhaveaa s.ubspecies
subspecies (Homo
(Homo sapiens
sapipiens)
ens) "speciating"
subspecies of
in their
their periice
thals
"speciating" and
and subspecies
of
icemasses
masses and
and their
their effects
effects on
on foramiforamithalswere
werecold-adapted
cold-adapted in
perinifera
sapiens
manufactured from
from glacial
glacial milieu,
milieu, aa climatic
climatic situation
situation that
that
sapiens being
being manufactured
niferatell
tellususabout
about the
the rigors
rigors of
of concon,tinental
life
Homo
erectus.
It seems
the that
they
appear
borne through
through
'tinental
lifeininareas
areas where
where Homo
Homo
they
appear to
to have
have borne
Homo
erectufs.
It likely
seemsthat
likely
the
erectus
anthropologists,
several
erectusand
and subsequent
subsequent finds
finds existed?
existed?
severalmillenia,
millenia, itit seems
seems curious
curious that
that
anthropologists,while
while deriding
deriding older
older
get- their
blunders
The
blundersininnomenclature
nomenclature may
may be
be gettheirdisappearance
disappearanceisisexplicable
explicable by
by aa
The latter
latterpart
part of
of Emiliani's
Emiliani's paper
paper
difficulties by
being sudden
suggests
reversion tO
to Certain
certain ting
suddenineffectiveness
ineffectivenessof
ofsuch
suchaa favorfavortinginto
into new
new difficulties
by being
suggeststotome
me aa reversion
36
36
CURRENT
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
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TENTATIVE ABSOLUTE OATlNG Wl.TERt l"SOLAt10 C'U"RCEA YEARSBP ? ? 1035 32 13 152 3 27
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03
02
_81.
Di
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E2
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A-03
LATRNTV
i
2
3
Pos-et
1. Loess-section curve of the Prague and Brno areas. The "x" ordinate represents the observed thickness of soil or sediment in meters;
the "y" ordinate represents the types of soil or sediment in the order in which they are supposed to' succeed each other as the climate
changes from mainly cold to mainly warm. Each soil recorded is identified by the cycle to which it belongs and by a letter (e.g., ~_").
0 4
changes
from
mainly
<lates are
all from Vestonice (Kukla and Klima 1961). Warm forest
malacofaunas are found buried in Ca-horizons
of lessive soils (Lozek
all
1964). dates
Absolute chronology is based on comparisonare
with the winter insolation curve
for 55°N latitude from
(d. Figs. 2 and 3). Cyclical division
1964).
Absolute
chro
is according
to Kukla (1961).
FIG.
is according to Kukla (1961).
section of Emiliani's curve shows close
able adaptation. To be sure, cases of
section of Emiliani's
curve shows close
able adaptation.
of resemblance
to the Pelukian-Kotzebuan
osteoarthritis
occurToinbe
thesure,
fossilcases
series
resemblance
to the
osteoarthritis
occur
in the fossil
series
division,
where
the Pelukian-Kotzebuan
same number of
from
Krapina, La
Ferarssie,
La Quina,
division,
where the
sameseem
number
of
from
La Ferarssie, but
La Quina,
minor
temperature
cycles
to be
and
La Krapina,
Chapelle-aux-Saints;
rheuminor temperature
cycles
to be
be
and La
Chapelle-aux-Saints;
but rheumayseem
easily
registered.
Each division
matic
diseases
also occurred among
the
registered.to
Each
division
may climatic
easily be
matic diseases
also occurred
among
some
periodic
considered
population
as well
as the
in
Cro-Magnon
considered
to some
periodic
climatic
Cro-Magnon
as well comas in variation
causing
glacials
and interglalater
Mesolithicpopulation
and Neolithic
variation causing glacials and interglalater Mesolithic
comcials.
andNeolithic
osteoarthritis
munities
in Europe,and
cials.
munities
in Europe,
has
been identified
in and
suchosteoarthritis
Pleistocene
A loess-section curve recently conhas been as
identified
in such Pleistocene
A loess-section
curve studies
recentlyofconand the structed
Bos primigenius
mammals
after detailed'
a
mammals
anddisthe number
structed
detailed studies
of a
If Bos
theprimigenius
Neanderthals
cave
bear. as
of after
well-preserved
loess and
cave bear.
Neanderthals
number
of well-preserved
and
so
appeared
in If
thethe
dramatic
fashion dissoils
sections
resting on river loess
terraces
appeared
in the
fashion
so ofsol's
resting
river
often
described,
thedramatic
causes may
reside
the sections
Bohemian
massifon
may
be terraces
of pardescribed,
the causes
mayin
reside
of theinterest
Bohemian
may be ofSedparinoften
factors
which leave
no trace
the
ticular
in massif
this connection.
ir factors
which
no traceofin the
the
ticular interest
in this
connection.
Sedfossil
record:
the leave
capability
with richly
imentation
pockets
filled
fossil record:
the capability
of the
imentation
filled
with richly
Cro-Magnon
peoples
to form socially
divided
strata,pockets
including
palaeontologiCro-Magnon
form socially
divided
strata, interglacials,
including palaeontologiwith a to
slightly
higher
cohesive
units peoples
cally
evidenced
show the
cohesive
with and
a slightly
cally sequence
evidencedof
interglacials,
showand
the
of units
efficiency
successhigher
than same
margin
sedimentation
margin
efficiency
andsocial
success
than pedogenesis
same sequence
of sedimentation
and
could
be of
realized
in the
tradiin two
areas 200 kilocould
realized in the
social
tradipedogenesis
in two Lozek,
areas 200
tions
ofbeNeanderthals.
More
effective
apart (Kukla,
and kiloZameters
tions of of
Neanderthals.
More effective
meters
apartThe
(Kukla,
Lozek, recorded
and Za6communication
and comethods
ruba
1961).
sequences
methods between
of communication
rubatherefore
1961). The
sequences
recorded
operation
individualsand
of coa must
reflect
wide-range
clioperation
between
individuals
of a matic
must changes
therefore
reflect
wide-range
cliunit may
be of critical
adaptive
social
rather
than
local sedisocial unit in
may
of critical for
adaptive
matic changes
ratherCarbon-14
than local dates
sediimportance
the be
competition
food mentation
conditions.
in the competition
mentation
conditions.
Carbon-14 dates
inimportance
an area undergoing
climatic for
andfoodfrom
Vestonice
fix chronologically
the
in an changes
area undergoing
climatic
and more
fromrecent
Vestonice
the
biotic
during and
between
partfixofchronologically
the loess curve
bioticoptima.
changes
during
more and
recent
part1961).
of the
loess curve
glacial
While
the and
casebetween
for ex(Kukla
KHma
(Sample
Gro
glacial optima.
While the case
for ex- 2105
(Kukla
Klf ma
1961).re-dated
(Sample Gro
tinction
by physiological
disability
hasand
recenJI
y been
by
tinction
physiological
disability Vogel
2105 has
recently
been re-dated by
cannot
be by
ruled
out, the morphology
[personal
- communication
to
be ruled
the of
morphology
Vogel [personalcommunication
to
ofcannot
the large
sinus out,
cavities
NeanderKHma]
at more than
34,000 years
of the
of of
NeanderKli'ma]
at of
more
years
thal
Manlarge
andsinus
the cavities
incidence
rheu- B.P.
the than
52,00034,000
years origiinstead
thal Man
and
the incidence
of rheuB.P. instead
of the
52,000 years
origimatic
disease
recorded
in his fossil
re- nally
reported.)
Sequences
of clearly
matic cannot
disease recorded
in his stand
fossil renally reported.)
Sequences
of clearly
mains
in themselves
as
different
ages show
surprisingly
close
mains cannot
in themselves
stand
as correspondence.
different ages show
evidence
for extinction
by flu
and
This surprisingly
observation close
has
evidence
for extinction
flu and led
correspondence.
Thisofobservation
has
other
ailments
popularly by
associated
sedimentation
to the definition
other
led toofthe
definition
of sedimentation
with
lifeailments
in a coldpopularly
climate. associated cycles
first
and second
order (Kukla
with life in a cold climate.
cycles Six
of first
and second
order
(Kukla
1961).
first-order
cycles,
each
of
1961).
Six first-order
cycles, each
of
them
representing
the timespan
of one
them representing
timespan of
one
glacial
and one the
interglacial,
were
by J. KUKLA*"
glacial and
one interglacial,
were
by J. KUKLA*
(Kukla and Lozek
originally
described
Prague, Czechoslovakia. 17 v 67
originally
described
(Kukla
and Lozek
Today
much
new
evidence
is
1961)
.
Prague, Czechoslovakia. 17 v 67
1961). Today
much new
demonstrating
theevidence
existenceis
Emiliani's newly adjusted 0 18 /0 16 tem- available,
demonstrating
existence
Emiliani's
newly
adjusted
ofavailable,
eight cycles
below the the
Holocene
at
perature
curve
is welcome.
TheQ18/016
placing temof principal
eight cycles
the Holocene
at
curve ispeak
welcome.
The placing
sitebelow
of Cerveny
kopec.
at 170,000
years the
ofperature
the Kotzebuan
the principal
sitedeveloped
of Cerveny
kopec.
of the Kotzebuan
peak at
170,000
years
and
completely
soils
with
events
of Almost
encourages
comparisons
Almost
completely
encourages glaciations.
comparisonsHowever
with events
of loess
sequences
C to developed
I underliesoils
the and
incontinental
I am
loess sequences
C to Isoils
underlie
the incontinental
Howeverdates
I am
of cycle
B.
completely
preserved
of many isotope
still
skepticalglaciations.
completely
preserved below
soils of PK
cycleV,
B.
still sea
skeptical
of many
isotope
dates
Two
pedocomplexes
from
cores for
the p'eriod
between
TwoD,
pedocomplexes
below to
PKone
V,
from sea
for the
period
between
each corresponding
andcores
300,000
years
because
.so cycle
70,000
cycle D, each
one
70,000
and 300,000
because .so
cycle,corresponding
have recentlytobeen
little
is known
of theyears
geochemistry
of first-order
first-orderDrilling
cycle, have
little
is known
of the
geochemistry discovered.
of
that
has recently
shown been
the
ocean
floor. The
Recent-Pelukian
the ocean floor. The Recent-Pelukian
Vol. 9 . No.1. February 1968
Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968
discovered. Drilling has shown that
soils of the Stranska skala locality, 6.5
soils
Stranska
skala which
locality,
6.5
Cerveny
kopec,
conkin
eastofofthe
kmaeast
Cervenyfauna
kopec,(Lozek
which and
contain
richofBiharian
tain a1957),
rich Biharian
fauna (Lozek
and
Fejfar
must, because
of their
Fejfar 1957),
must, be
because
of their
relations
to terraces,
younger
than
relations
terraces,
younger
than
cycle
I andtoolder
thanbecycle
D. Soilcycle I and older
than cycle
Soildevelopment
comparison
has D.
placed
development
placed
to cycle E or has
F (Kukla,
them
equivalent comparison
them equivalent
to cycle
or F (Kukla,
unpublished).
A closer
fix isEexpected
A closer
fix isbyexpected
petrotounpublished).
be obtained in
the future
to be obtained
in the future by petrographical
methods.
graphical
methods.
The loess-section
curve (Fig. 1)
The
curve of
(Fig.
1)
shows)
theloess-section
observed sequences
soils
shows
the observed
of soils
best-preserved
and
sediments
in thesequences
and sediments
in the and
best-preserved
sections
of Bohemia
Moravia.
sections
of Bohemia
and Moravia.
of cycles
I to E
Whereas
sediments
Whereas
of cycles
I to E
at Cerveny
have
been sediments
studied only
have been
studied only at
Cerveny.
kopec,
the well-developed
cycle
D is
kopec,from
the well-developed
D is
known
six sites, cycle cycle
C from
known
from
sites,
cycle several.
C from
twelve
sites,
andsix
cycle
B from
twelve
sites,isand
cycle B from
The curve
tentatively
datedseveral.
on an
The curve
is tentatively
on an
absolute
time scale
based on dated
the Crollabsolute time
scale based
on thein
Crollof changes
the
Milankovich
theory
Milankovich
theory
changes
the
earth's
orbit but
usingoffor
datingin the
earth'sinorbit
but using
for Northern
dating the
changes
insolation
in the
changes in in
insolation
in the
Northern
Hemisphere
the winter,
rather
than
Hemisphere
the winter,
rather
than
the
summer, inhalf-year.
This
point
the summer,
half-year.
point
should
be explained
in moreThis
detail.
should
be explained
in more detail.
An attempt
was originally
made to
An either
attempt
originally made
to
apply
thewas
Milankovich
(1941)
theand
Milankovich
(1941)
orapply
the either
Brouwer
van Woerkom
or thesummer
Brouwerhalf-year
and van Woerkom
insolation
(1953)
(1953) to
summer
half-year
insolation
curves
the data,
but no
logical
curvesappeared
to the data,
but
no logical
parallel
for the
most
re.cent,
forthe
the most
recent,
1L datedappeared
part of
loess-section
Cparallel
C14-dated
part of the
coldloess-section
period becurve.
The primarily
curve.30,000
The primarily
cold years
periodB.P.
beand 65,000
tween
tweenbe
30,000
and 65,000
years
B.P.
cannot
explained
in terms
of any
cannot be explained
terms
of any
reasonable
response in
time
(Broecker
reasonable
response
(Broecker
is obvious
that
1965).
Nevertheless,
it time
1965).
Nevertheless,
it is
the
cyclical
repetition
ofobvious
loess that
and
the must
cyclical
of loess
and
soils
haverepetition
been caused
by some
soils must have
been
caused
by some
Two
possibilities
astronomical
factor.
astronomical
possibilities
remain:
either factor.
it is theTwo
Southern
Heremain: that
either
it is the Southern
Hemisphere
determinates
world climisphere that
world climate-which
candeterminates
hardly be acceptedcan summer
hardly be
acceptedormate-which
it is not the
half
of the
or itbut
is not
summer
the
year,
the the
winter
one, half
that of
plays
year,
but the
the
decisive
role.winter one, that plays
the
role.
So,decisive
using Milankovich's
(1941) table
So,(calculated
using Milankovich's
(1941)
table
XXV
for every five
milenXXV (calculated for every five milen-
37
%
I
A!~L\j
I
•
i
a I1S00 ADI
10
I
I
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vV \]V\)l.TV V'l VVl/Vv-v-\/J\J\j\/V'v v
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t
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AD)
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I
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100. 103 YEARS
Iii
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t
Iii
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200
I
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i
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50
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i
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!\100X103YEARS
,,!\
f\
f\ f\
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I
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
500
200
300
1\ /\
1\400 S00
:-At~.c
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I
600
600
5
A ~J AL\ A/ /\ \ // A \Sx A/ tA/ A AJ/ A \/ A W
LACTIJAL\I
A
15
LONG
F'15
[CYCLESA
B3
B
2
B
ci
i-b'
CYCLE
D3
02
DI
E3
E
2
E
F3
F2
|
F
KYEARS403 10.5 32 128 152 199 243 271 370 391 445 485 506 559 602
FIG. 2. General curve of winter half;year insolation for 55° IN latitude, based on Milankovich's (1941) calculations. Parallel with loessFIG. 2.cycles
General
curve (cf.
of wlnter
section
is shown
Fig. 1). half-year insolation for 55? \N latitude, based on Milankovich's (1941) calculations. Parallel with loesssection cycles is shown (cf. Fig. 1).
nia, I constructed the general winter
The winter insolation minimum, on the
have played an important positive role.
The winter insolation minimum, on the
nia, I constructed the general winter
have
played
an important
positive
half-year
insolation curve for 55° north
other
hand, was 13% lower, the maxiobserved
lowering
of role.
sea
4) The
half-year insolation curve for 550 north other hand, was 13% lower, the maxiThe observed lowering of sea
latitude
(Fig. 2) and compared it with
mum 7% higher. The increase that acHolland between 1730 and
level4) in
mum
7%
higher.
The
increase
that
aclatitude
(Fig.
2)
and
compared
it
with
level
in
Holland
between
1730
and
the known C14 and Th230 Pa 231 evidence
companied the Eemian transgression
1820 was accompanied by a decrease
companied the Eemian transgression
the known
C14 and Th230
evidence
was accompanied by a decrease
3). A surprising
degreePa23'
of cor23% at 12,000 years B.P.,
(Fig.
reached
in1820
mean
January temperatures but
reached 23% at 12,000 years B.P.,
(Fig. 3). A surprising
corin mean January temperatures but
Main of
Wiirm
to influence world climate subpractically
no change in July temperrespondence
was found.degree
enough
enough to influence world climate subrespondence was found. Main Wiirm
practically no change in July temperperiod shows generally
atures
and an increase of mean annual
(Wisconsin)
stantially.
stantially.
atures and an increase of mean annual
(Wisconsin)
period shows
low
winter insolation.
The generally
Holocene
albedo
during
glacial temperature
(Fairbridge 1961).
3) The
3) The albedo during glacial
temperature (Fairbridge 1961).
low Paudorf
winter insolation.
The Holocene
and
(Plum Point)
interval
5) The comparative studies of miwinters
must have been considerably
and Paudorf
(Plum
Point) abruptly
interval
winters
must
have been
considerably
5) The comparative studies of mibegan
when winter
insolation
than
during
winters
of interhigher
croclimate
of glaciated and non-glaciathigher than during winters of interglaciated
and non-glaciatbegan when
winterrapid
insolation
abruptly
increased.
Similar
increase
acglacials
due to the large snow-covered edcroclimate
areas at of
similar
latitudes
that have
glacials due to the large snow-covered
ed
areas
at
similar
latitudes
that have
increased.
Similar
rapid
increase
accompanies the high sea stands of Tyr- areas in front of the glaciers. In sumsometimes been used to support
the
areasthe
in front
of thewould
glaciers.
In sumsometimes been used to support the
companies
the high
sea stands
of Tyrdifference
have
been relative
mers
rhenian
1 and
Tyrrhenian
1 (Stearns
importance of summer insolamers the difference would have been
relative importance of summer insolarhenian
-2 and
Tyrrhenian
1 (Stearns
and
Thurber
1965).
An especially
close
tion
(Koppen and Wegener 1924) have
much
less, with high albedo being
much less,
high albedo being
(Koppen and Wegener 1924) have
and Thurber
1965). An especially
close
to Emiliani's
onlywith
to glacier-covered areas.
general
correspondence
restricted
a tion
serious
defect: the areas compared
restricted
only to
glacier-covered
areas.
a serious
defect:
the areas
general
correspondence
to Emiliani's
The
austausch
Koejfizient,
twice
as
curve
exists
up to about 65,000
years
are
under the
influence
of thecompared
same inThe austausch Koeffizient, twice as
are
under
the
influence
of the same incurve
exists
up
to
about
65,000
years
solation.
ago. More than a general correspondhigh in winter as in summer, must also
high in winter as in summer, must also
solation.
ago. of
More
thanoscillations
a general correspondence
major
can hardly
of major
oscillations
candetailed
hardly
beence
expected
without
a more
be expectedofwithout
a more detailed
calculation
the insolation
curve.
calculation
insolation
curve.
for the
example,
differences
There
exist, of
for of
example,
differences
the exist,
location
the Paudorf
ininThere
in the location
of the
Paudorf
inpeak (22,000
B.P.
according
solation
"'ir
W
LOESS CURVE
SOLAR-INSOLATION CURVE
ERIE LOBE ~
EUROPE
PALEOT MPERATURE
solation peak (22,000 B.P. according
to Milankovich, ca. 25,000 according
j
j
5
Of
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
~
N
I
W
~
1
5
t
l
u
~
D
c
Y
s
:
~
E
V
~
L
Y
~
P
G
I
A
R
T
S
~
STRATIGRAPI-IY
CURVE ~OR
SURfACE
w
'
J
LOESS
CURVE
SOLAR-INSOLATION
CURVE
ERIE
LOBE
ww EUROPE
PALEOTEMPERATU
to Milankovich, ca. 25,000 according
-_J - OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA FOR 55'N LATI TU DE ST TGAit "
to Brouwer and van Woerkom). It is
IN SFULL.BASICT
EVE
Y CI"'DATEO
STRATIGRAPHY
CURVE
SURFACE
t> t)WINTEP
I)~ "2.$LO
W'A~
SUMMER
Do~f401 7ISTRATIGRAF
~:If'lC
~ WATERS
PRINCIPAL
WA:E;'L~NB OF FOR
tl |C
to
Brouwer
and
van
Woerkom).
It
is
)
+COLD
WARM
WINTR
FULL
N.BASIC
S
LEVE
CARRIBEAN
evident, however, that the main coldx a :~I SUMMER
CANIC
UNITL14573
C'4D
ATED UNITS
~I< L'J
>-1
I~ DOTD
~ ~ 'CANON
'CANON
~L5 c14EVENTS
DATED
18 115
BASIC
LEVEL
C C (GOLDTH'w'AIT
PRINCIPAL
C
EMILIANI
~ ~~ cr:u.ii=
~
~ ~I II~ DOTED
4 DECREASE
iNtREASE
ET AL 1965
) ~la DATE
BASED IN 0 II1967
0 ANALYSIS
evident,
however,
the main cold< i~ - CX14573
UNITS (GOLDTHWAIT
Ct
arethat
synchronous
with
climate
episodes
~~
~
ADttREASE EI
GLACI~:g
DEGREES ANALYSIS
OF CELSIUS
O OUIQ..
z Z :=: ; o j5-[3 >~g DECREASE
CANOUNITS1800
AL
EVENTS BASED IN 0Q8/0Q1
o
....
-15% -10% -5% LEVEL +5%
ADVANCE
o~
~D
20
22
2-t
26
28
climate
episodes
are
synchronous
with
C)
C)
L
la.
u
0A
)
I
1800
A
D
GLACIAL
DEGREES
OF
CELSIUS
winter insolation decrease and vice
-=
IDID
~.J
1111111111111111111111111
I I24
1 26
III
0 _
a3 enO ~31:rJ. O - 150/O
-10O% -5% LEVEL + ~RETt; 5/o ADVANCE'W~ Z ?DI I
20 I 22
28
winter
insolation
decrease
vice
Turning
points
seem and
to have
versa.
versa.
Turning
points seem
to have
some
special
importance,
perhaps
as
specialtoimportance,
perhaps
as
ansome
impetus
climatic change.
The
< Q HOLOCENE MALACOFAUNASJ RECENT
an
impetus
to
climatic
change.
The
_
SQ
cC
I
rw
LLER0D
detailed mechanism of the response of
> LA5CAUX
detailed
mechanism
of
the
response
of
? I -~~~~~ CREEK 0~~~o ~BOLLING
world climate to insolation changes is
~BRI
PATAUD
I - A ~ z L ERIE... I KLASCAUX
world climate
to insolation
changes is
W
\, I g
- ) ~ PDRT
FARMDAL,;)
'N, PATAUD
) PAUOORF
I z 4..... 7 S) I Y>
C BRI
without
any doubt
very complicated
Z
A
VI\
PAUDORF
uEuId
g
~
PLUM
PO":!!)
r..
.::>
D' ARCY
o
without
any doubt
very
complicated
30 A~~A --4 FARMD
N
and
remains
unclear
(d.
Mitchell
;
~~
-:T _~ '" -=s POD HRADEM
and remains
unclear
(cf. has
Mitchell
r
::::> is
-S HRADEM
tERTOVA PEC
_J z ~~~~~POD
When this
problem
been
1965).
\.::! u g -<:'GAI-IANNA
BPEC
TUPTON
1Li .) (ERTOVA
))
1965).
When
this
problem
has
been
',>
e
\L) --t:<GAHANNA~i ~ TPO
clarified and the importance of winter
.l"'f---......
::::::::!:-------+---{
I
~
PORT
~
5
c
WARREN
~L
clarified
and
the
importance
of
winter
!
O
B
l
A
T
)
g
~
;
~
0
50
><
)PORT
WARREN
F_
accepted, the chance selection of sumaccepted,
the
chance
selection
of
sum,
~
::
u
::,
BR"RUP
~~
30 I |- ^1S 'D
H
MRSO
mer as decisive in determining climate
) ~
....c:::::..BRADTVILLE
g
T o :zT)
:~ o
w
merprobably
as decisivebeinconsidered
determining
will
theclimate
most
ST PIERRE" ~
T
AMERSFOORT
~
~
will probably
considered the
most
I< I
J
W
t
research
serious
mistake be
in Quaternary
inserious
recent mistake
years. in Quaternary research
TYRRHENIAN 1.
870 ST PIERRE) if T AMERSFOORT
u
in recent years.
I }1n1 JTE-BRADTVILLE ' 0 T
Some arguments in favour of winter
Some
arguments
in
favour
of
winter
insolation changes as determinants of
~ ;
insolation cnanges as determinants of
world
climate are the following:
U"'1-/+:~=t,.
-~.:[REAT
8A5IN i - _ _ _ _ _ _ b
1 ;::
world climate are the following:
-<GREAT BASIN
1) According to the Milankovich
1)
According
to
the
Milankovich
tables, mean summer insolation at 55 0
110~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I oe
INTERG
Copaiso
losssetios
f teastglcia8c0l wth majo iopedted
mean
YREA
Ntables,
latitude
wassummer
about insolation
1 % higher at 550 FIG 3INTERGLACIAL
M2 ALACOFAUNASRRENA
N
latitude
was
about
1%
higher
during last 100,000 years than today.
during last 100,000 years than today.
On
the basis of this fact alone, no
130
On the basis
of would
this fact
no
glaciation
at all
be alone,
expected.
C l4 DATES
glaciation
at
all
would
be
expected.
Winter insolation, on the other hand,
Li A DATES
teprtr
cuv,Dfnt t ae aemre yasldtiage tesb noe
Winter
on the other hand,
was
moreinsolation,
than 3% lower.
was
than 3 %insolation
lower.
2) more
The summer
minimum
FIG. 3. Comparison of loess sections of the last glacial cycle with major isotope-dated
Thepast
summer
insolation
over2) the
105 years
was minimum
only 3%
FIG. 3. events,
Comparison
sections
theand
last
cycle
Pleistocene
with winterof
andloess
summer
insolation of
curves,
withglacial
Emiliani's
palaeo-with m
over the past 105 years was only 3%
lower than the present level, the maxiPleistocene
events,
with
winter
andbysummer
insolation
curves,
temperature
curve,
Definite
C14
dates
are
marked
a
solid
triangle,
others
by
an
open and w
lower than the present level, the maxitemperature
curve,
Definite
arementioned
marked
by are
a solid
triangle
mum
4.4% higher. Some authors (Opik
in figures.
Sources C14
other dates
than those
above
Kaufman
triangle
and an estimate
mum 4.4% higher. Some authors (Upik
triangle
an Leroi-Gourhan
estimate in(1965),
figures.
Sources
other
than
those
mentione
and
Broecker and
(1965),
Morisson
and Frye
(1965),
Movius
(1960),
1953) have argued that so slight a difV,I II)
fA
00
::l
1/...1
q
I
0
It'l
'CJ:
0
c:(
)
60i ) D TALBOT A BRJRUP
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ go
0 3 1,s <j \,
"__""j
!I
j
.i"'; If
!
1953) have argued that so slight a difference
cannot have caused glaciations.
ference cannot have caused glaciations.
38
andMusil
Broecker
(1965),(1966).
Leroi-Gourhan (1965), Morisson and Frye (1965), Movius (1960),
and
and Valoch
and Musil and Valoch (1966).
CURRENT AN'THROPOLOGY
38
CURRENT
ANTHROPOLOGY
PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
Emiliani:
For
of loess-curveloess-curveForthe
the purpose
purpose of
Emiliani: PLEISToCENE EPOCH
however
dating,
dating,
howeverthe
thesummer
summervs.
vs.winter
winter
general agreement and should
dating of the loess-section curve meet
tive
dilemma
dilemmais isofofsecondary
secondary importance.
importance.
meet general agreement and should
tive dating of the loess-section curve
will
remain only a working hypothesis perhaps receive more emphasis if we
The
Theprincipal
principaltask
taskisistotofind
findsome
somepepewill remain only a working hypothesis perhaps receive more emphasis if we
at a better understanding
sufficient isotope data has been arearetotoarrive
riodic
riodicvariation
variationinin insolation
insolation which
which until
arrive at a better understanding
until sufficient isotope data has been
of
the
ongoing
process of evolution.
collected
might
correspond
to
the
first-order
to
support
it.
might correspond to the first-order
collected to support it.
of the ongoing process of evolution.
or not average temperatures
ofof
loess
sections.
TW9
cycle
approach would surely be Whether
A Asimilar
cycle
loess
sections.
Twoapproaches
approaches
Whether or not average temperatures
similar approach would surely be
areare
available:
in deep-sea core research, where based on criteria specific to toastal
available:(1)
(1)In
In Figure
Figure33 aa timetime- useful
useful in deep-sea core research, where based on criteria specific to Voastal
are relevant also for other parts
of
117,000
years
lies
between
the
span
sedimentation
rates cannot be sup- areas
span of 117,000 years lies between the
areas are relevant also for other parts
sedimentation rates cannot be supseems less clear; for
of the Holocene and the
beginning
by isotope dating. Emiliani's ofofa acontinent
beginning of the Holocene and the ported
continent seems less clear; for
ported by isotope dating. Emiliani's
protected
area of Boheexample,
the
probable
Eemian.
temperature
maximum,
placed
at
probablebeginning
beginningofofthe
the
Eemian.The
The Eem·
example, the protected area of BoheEem temperature maximum, placed at
and Moravia appears, on present
mia
general
98,000 years (Rosholt et al.
generalinsolation
insolation characteristics
characteristics of
of about
mia and Moravia appears, on present
about 98,000 years (Rosholt et al.
totohave
had relatively high
this
time
span
disagrees with the generally ac- evidence,
this
time
spanclosely
closelycorrespond
correspondto
to 1961),
have had relatively high
1961), disagrees with the generally evidence,
acsummer
temperatures
during the last
those
of
the
preceding
115,000-year
of
85,000
and
120,000
cepted
dates
those of the preceding 115,000-year
summer temperatures during the last
cepted dates of 85,000 and 120,000
and to have therefore supperiod,
for high sea stands which must glaciation
period,thus
thusrevealing
revealingthe
theexistence
existenceof
of years
glaciation and to have therefore supyears for high sea stands which must
ported
what was for that time a dense
a acycle
been separated by a cold episode
ported what was for that time a dense
cycleofof115-117
115-117millenia.
millenia.(2)
(2)The
The have
have been separated by a cold episode
only
low sea level. At least a general population.
onlyperiodic
periodicvariation
variationininthe
theinsolainsola- with
population.
with low sea level. At least a general
tion
Regarding
the long process of
may be drawn between the
tioncurve
curvelonger
longerthan
than50,000
50,000 years
years parallel
Regarding the long process of
parallel may be drawn between the
(the
minimum
possible
C14-dated Holocene and the first part of the
achieving
erect posture, Kummer
(the minimum possible C14-dated
achieving erect posture, Kummer
Holocene and the first part of the
duration
ofof
thethe
last
glacial)
(1956)
has shown that Oreopithecus
In the Holocene, the high sea
duration
last
glacial)isisa acycle
cycle Eemian.
(1956) has shown that Oreopithecus
Eemian. In the Holocene, the high sea
ofof115,000-117,000
years.
Every
third
probably
had a genu valgum. This instand
is
evidently
synchronous
with
115,000-117,000 years. Every third
probably had a genu valgum. This instand is evidently synchronous with
cycle
seems
to to
be be
longer,
from
125,000
dicates a trend toward bipedal walksea-water temperature peak;
cycle
seems
longer,
from
125,000Emiliani's
Emiliani's sea-water temperature peak; dicates a trend toward bipedal walkto to127,000
(cycles
D Dand
ing
already in the Miocene, although
127,000years
years
(cycles
andG).
G). but
ing already in the Miocene, although
butthe
theEemian
Eemianhigh
highsea
sea stand
stand of
of
it is impossible to trace direct connecnormal
116,000-year
cycle consists
The
120,000
years would be accompanied,
The
normal
116,000-year
cycle consists
120,000 years would be accompanied,it is impossible to trace direct connections
ofoffive
periodic repetitions
repetitions
to the bipedal human hominids
to Emiliani's curve, by a
according
five minor
minor periodic
tions to the bipedal human hominids
according to Emiliani's curve, by a
of
Africa.
Generally we should be very
(probably
caused
by
variations
in
the
very
low
sea
temperature,
comparable
(probably caused by variations in the
very low sea temperature, comparable of Africa. Generally we should be very
ofofthe
careful,
in our present stage of knowprecession
to the one recorded during the
precession
theequinoxes)
equinoxes) 20,00020,000- with
careful, in our present stage of knowwith to the one recorded during the
ledge,
not to deduce too much as to the
23,000
glaciation. Since this can
23,000years
yearslong.
long.The
The first
firstthree
threehave
have Wisconsin
ledge, not to deduce too much as to the
Wisconsin glaciation. Since this can
geographical
location of any particular
much
be be
the the
case,case,
I have
recommendmuchgreater
greateramplitude
amplitudethan
thanthe
thelast
last hardly
geographical location of any particular
hardly
I have
recommendmuch less of speciation. Diftwo.
the Eem maximum as process,
two.The
Thefirst
firstand
andthe
thethird
thirdinsolation
insolation ededrelocating
process, much less of speciation. Difrelocating the Eem maximum as
in the intensity of research
peaks,
in in
Figure
3. The
Broecker
et al. et ferences
peaks,about
about40,000
40,000years
yearsapart,
apart, are
are shown
shown
Figure
3. The
Broecker
al.ferences in the intensity of research
and
in the opportunities to reach
fictitious
(1958)
contemporaneous
contemporaneouswith
with the
the fictitious
and in the opportunities to reach
(1958)estimate
estimateofof150,000
150,000 years
years for
for
age of the "X-V" boundary partly fossil-bearing levels may make our
two-fold
two-foldglaciations
glaciationsofofthe
theMilankoMilanko- the
the age of the "X-V" boundary partly fossil-bearing levels may make our
views
very one-sided.
vich
this
recommendation.
views very one-sided.
vichcurve.
curve.The
Thelast
lasttwin
twinofofcycle
cycleBB supports
supports
this
recommendation.
corresponds
It
is
not clear that one can deduce
to
established
Emiliani's
objections
correspondstotothe
thedoubled
doubled forest
forestsoil
soil
It is not clear that one can deduce
Emiliani's objections to established
ofofthe
Australopithecus
africanus from A.
are more than logical.
thelessive
lessivesequence
sequenceinin the
the loess
loess nomenclature
Australopithecus africanus from A.
nomenclature are more than logical.
sections.
robustus (cf. Heberer 1965). The
geologists working on continents,
sections.This
Thiscomparison
comparisonisissupported
supported For
For geologists working on continents, robustus (cf. Heberer 1965). The
bybythe
seaseastands
known
fossils of A. robustus are geneit itis ispractical
thehigh
high
standsofof85,000
85,000and
and however,
known fossils of A. robustus are genehowever,
practical to
to continue
continue
120,000
years
B.P.
and
by
rally more recent, some even belonging
thethe
established
division
of Holo120,000 years B.P. and by the
the interinter- with
with
established
division
of Holo- rally more recent, some even belonging
glacial
totothe
early Middle Pleistocene. Mixed
and
Pleistocene,
maybe
setting
off off
glacialfa)lna
faunathat
that accompanies
accompanies both
both cene
cene
and
Pleistocene,
maybe
setting
the early Middle Pleistocene. Mixed
thethelower
diet
is
well known from ground-living
Villafranchian
(or
the
Eopleistolowerlessive
lessiveand
and the
the older
older high
high the
diet is well known from ground-living
the Villafranchian (or the Eopleistoseaseastand.
(e.g., baboons) and is probcene
of Russian authors) as a separate primates
stand.
primates (e.g., baboons) and is probcene of Russian authors) as a separate
ably
very
old among hominids. I do
of
the
Pleistocene
I Iconsider
Subdivisions
considerthe
theevidence
evidence sufficient
sufficientto
to period.
period. Subdivisions of the Pleistocene ably very old among hominids. I do
not
have enough space here to discuss
reintroduce
thetheinsolation
reintroduce
insolationcurve
curve to
to should
not have enough space here to discuss
shouldbebebased
basedon
on cyclical
cyclical climatic
climatic
the taxonomy of the human hominids
Quarternary
whereas the delimitation of the
Quarternaryresearch.
research.IfIfthe
the loess-secloess-sec- changes,
changes, whereas the delimitation of the the taxonomy of the human hominids
(but
see Kurth 1967). In any case,
tion
glacial
cycle
has
some
astronoonly
be
based
on
Villafranchian
can
tion glacial cycle has some astrono(but see Kurth 1967). In any case,
Villafranchian can only be based on
their probably slow rate of increase
mical
(Zubakov
andand
Krasnov
micalcause,
cause,then
thenit itcan
can hardly
hardly be
be biostratigraphy
biostratigraphy
(Zubakov
Krasnov their probably slow rate of increase
1959).
other
and
the length of their generations sug1959).
otherthan
thaninsolation
insolationchanges,
changes,and
and ifif
and the length of their generations sugthat successful migrations over
such
gest
AsAsfor
Paleolithic populations resistsuchis isthe
thecase
casethe
theglacial
glacial cycle
cycle must
must
gest that successful migrations over
for Paleolithic populations fesistlogically
areas with different environlogicallybebe115,000-127,000
115,000-127,000 years
years in
in ing
ingthe
theharsh
harshglacial
glacialwinters
wintersofofEuEu- large
large areas with different environduration,
at
least
for
the
last
million
mental
conditions would have required
rope,
we
must
point
out
that
no
evidduration, at least for the last million
rope, we must point out that no evid- mental conditions would have required
years.
long time. Our fossil finds are
a avery
years.I Ihave
havetherefore
thereforeadded
added tentative
tentative ence
very long time. Our fossil finds are
enceis isavailable
available of
of the
the presence
presence of
of
absolute
loess-section man in the middle latitudes of Europe scattered
and still insufficient for
absolutedating
dating to
to the
the loess-section
scattered and still insufficient -for
man in the middle latitudes of Europe
better
comprehension,
curve
and,
forfor
tracing lineages even though we can
during
a glacial winter. It seems much
curve
and,
better
comprehension,
during a glacial winter. It seems muchtracing lineages even though we can
superimposed
describe morphologically specific or
likely
thatthat
the the
Paleolithic
hunter
superimposedononititthe
theterms
termsof
ofclasclas- more
more
likely
Paleolithic
hunterdescribe morphologically specific or
European
stratigraphy
according
sical
subspecific
groupings. I would hesitate
followed
his
quarry
into
the
North
in
sical European stratigraphy according
followed his quarry into the North insubspecific groupings. I would hesitate
toto
Woldstedt
(1966).
There
is is
a general
to deduce from the relatively richer
times only in summer and reWoldstedt
(1966).
There
a general glacial
glacial times only in summer and re- to deduce from the relatively richer
correspondence,
European fossil record that the "cenin in
winter
to to
southern
France
correspondencebetween
betweenthe
thecurve
curveand
and treated
treated
winter
southern
France European fossil record that the "centhe
classical
sequence
as to
position
tre" of sapiens speciation was in Euororthethe
Black
SeaSea
basin.
TheThe
incredibly
the
classical
sequence
as the
to the
position
Black
basin.
incredibly tre" of sapiens speciation was in Euofofthe
rope, despite the fact that conditions
migrations of the Great Lakes IntheStranska
Stranskaskala
skalaLower
Lower Biharian
Biharian long
long migrations of the Great Lakes In-rope, despite the fact that conditions
fauna.
recorded for instance by Tanner there
favored isolation. The few
fauna.The
Thetotal
total length
lengthof
of classical
classical dians,
there favored isolation. The few
dians, recorded for instance by Tanner
European
roughly (1940),
make this seem probable.
human fossils and the similarly scarce
Europeanglaciation
glaciation agrees
agrees roughly
(1940), make this seem probable.
human fossils and the similarly scar
with
cultural remains before the Wiirl)1
withthe
the latest
latest estimates
estimates (Evernden
(Evernden
cultural remains before the Wiirim
and
cover such a long time span that conandCurtis
Curtis1965).
1965). The
The soils
soils of
of cycles
cycles
cover such a long time span that con
G,G,H,H,and
I
are
much
more
intensive
by
G.
KURTH*
of direct connections can be
sideration
and I are much more intensive
by G. KURTH*
sideration of direct connections can be
than
Brunspeculative only. Is it not enough that
thanany
any younger
youngersoil
soil (cf.
(cf. Brunspeculative
only. Is it not enough that
,
g
i
~
'
U
h
c
s
n
u
a
r
B
Germany.
14
III
67
nacker's
for one
time-horizon demonBraunschwezg, Germany. 14 IIfossils
67
nacker's[1964]
[1964] Riesenboden).
Riesenboden). Our
Our
fossils for one time-horizon demoncurve
shows
that
care
must
be
taken
and
restrate
one
particular
trend of differenDiscussing
Emiliani's
methods
curve shows that care must be taken
Discussing Emiliani's methods and restrate one particular trend of differenininevaluating
sections
from
the remote
dating
Pleistocene
levels
is
not
Why
do
we
need
more special
sults
in
tiation?
evaluating
sections
from
the remote
sults in dating Pleistocene levels is not tiation? Why do we need
more special
of of
Pleistocene;
complicated
sequences
the
palaeoanthropologist's
business.
His His
and
speculative interpretations when
Pleistocene;
complicated
sequences
the
palaeoanthropologist's
business.
and speculative interpretations when
climatic
oscillations
such
as
occur
in
facts demonstrate the validity of
climatic oscillations such as occur in proposal
proposalthat
thatwe
we use
use terms
termslike
like TerTer- the
the facts demonstrate the validity of
the
more
recent
partpart
of the
tiary,
general theory ? We are still too
the
more
recent
of Pleistocene,
the Pleistocene,
tiary,Quaternary,
Quaternary,Holocene,
Holocene, and
and our
our general theory? We are still too
amust
also
Post-Pleistocene
only only
informally
will will
much
in the stage of gathering facts
must
alsobebeexpected
expectedthere.
there.The
Thetent
tentaPlost-Pleist:ocene
informally
much in the stage of gathering facts
Vol. 9 . No.1. February 1968
Vol.
9
.
No.
1
.
February
1968
39
39
toward a better reconstruction of our
toward
a better
of our
past;
it will
be a reconstruction
long time before
we
past;
it will be
long time
we
can
correlate
thea data
gainedbefore
by difcan correlate
ferent
methods. the data gained by different methods.
by
GABRIEL
W.
LASKER*"
by GABRIEL W. LASKER*
Delroit, Mich., U.S.A. 8
III 67
Derozit, Mzch., U.S.A. 8 iii 67
were carnivorous and one not, then the'
were carnivorous
and one not,then
of the vegetarian
would the
by
remains
remains of
thenumerous
vegetarian
be
relatively
more
if would
it were
more
numerous
it were
anrelatively
important
food
resourceif of
the
an important
food
resource
the
carnivorous
species.
However,
theofanacarnivorous
species.
However,
the anatomical
evidence
adduced
to support
tomical
evidence
adduced
to support
the
existence
of such
different
adaptthe existence
of such
different
adaptations
in specimens
assigned
to each
of
ations
in specimens
assigned
to each
of
two
sympatric
species
is weak.
Furtwo sympatric
species
is weak.
thermore,
the known
remains
of Furthe
thermore,
known
of the
two
kinds arethe
similar
in remains
frequency.
environment, would be a trend toward
environment,
would
a trend
any
modifications
ofbemind
or toward
body
any modifications
mindability
or body
which
would heightenofman's
to
which would
man's ability
to
invent,
use, heighten
and maintain
culture.
invent, use,may
and have
maintain
culture.
Neanderthals
had brains
as
Neanderthals
may
havethat
hadof
brains
large
as, or larger
than,
Homoas
large as,
or larger
thatthink
of Homo
sapiens
sapiens,
but than,
I do not
we
sapiens
sapiens,
I do notthat
think
we
can
assume
(withbut
Emiliani)
they
can as
assume
(with Emiliani)
that they
were
"intelligent."
They simply
did
were
as "intelligent."
They simply
did
not
have
the cultural ability
of Homo
not have
the cultural
ability were
of Homo
sapiens
sapiens,
and therefore
not
sapiens, and
therefore
assapiens
well adapted
to the
human were
way not
of
as well adapted to the human way of
life.
Since Emiliani (1956b) is one of those
Sincehas
Emiliani
(1956b)
is one ofrecent
those
who
proposed
relatively
two kinds are similar in frequency.
whofor
hasthe
proposed
relatively
recent
of the Pleistodates
glaciations
dates itfor
glaciations
Pleistocene,
is the
very
helpful oftothe
have
his
life.
cene,onit how
is very
to have
views
the helpful
Pleistocene
dates his
of by JOHN M. LONGYEAR, III*"
views on
how the Pleistocene
dates be
of
by JOHN M. LONGYEAR, III*
human
evolutionary
events should
Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. 10 III 67
humanon
evolutionary
events
should
be
revised
the basis of
the new
eviby M. A. MACCONAILL*"
Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. 10 III 67
revised
on the
the "modern
new evi- Although I intend
by M. A. MACCONAILL*
dence.
When
hebasis
callsof on
to confine my reCork, Ireland. 10 III 67
dence.
he calls
on "modern
Although
intend
to confine
mysecreviews
on When
speciation
and evolution"
to marks
to a Ifew
points
in the last
Cork, Ireland. 10 III 67
views
on speciation
evolution"
to tion
marks
to a few points
last like
sec- Emiliani's article is a very valuable
help
relate
the fossils,andhowever,
perof Emiliani's
paper,inI the
would
help he
relate
the fossils,
per- totion
of
Emiliani's
paper,
I
would
like
Emiliani's
article
is a very
valuable
particularly
from
the
contribution,
haps
is putting
the however,
weaker case
note in passing that his discussion
haps heThere
is putting
the weaker
case oftothe
note
in passing
his discussion
contribution, angle.
particularly
from
Its value
lies the
forward.
are, differences
as well
as
Pleistocene
as that
revealed
by deep- non-specialist's
There
are differences
well sea
non-specialist's
angle.
Its clarity
value lies
as
of and
the Pleistocene
as revealed
by deep- 'much
in its concision
and
as in
asforward.
similarities
between
man and asother
other sediments
is a welcome
as similarities
man and
other synthesis
sea and other
is a welcome
,much
in its concision
and clarity
in
information
it supplies.
An asoborganisms,
and between
one should
develop
to a sediments
non-specialist
such as the
organisms,
and one
should develop
the information
supplies.
obsynthesis to a non-specialist such as jective
is An
highly
definition ofit epochs
of human
evolution
on the myself.
concepts
concepts
of human
evolution
on the
myself.
jective definition
of epochs
is highly
Our author
is voicing'
the
basis
of human
biology,
the fossil
reThe assumption of bipedal posture desirable.
basis and
of human
biology, the
fossiland
re- by The
desirable.
Our author
voicing
the
of bipedal
of many
of us is
when
he says
archaeological
dating'
cord,
our assumption
remote ancestors
was posture
surely feelings
cord, and archaeological dating and more
feelings
of us when
he says
by our
remotethan
ancestors
was
surely that
"someofofmany
the confusion
existing
in
context.
important
Emiliani
suggests.
context.
more
important
that "someliterature
of the confusion
existing
appears to
result in
onlyEmiliani
"likely suggests.
to have Pleistocene
step
was notthan
For instance, Emiliani's casual re- This
Pleistocene
literature
Thisselective,"
step was not
onlycrucial,
"likelyand
to have
For
instance,
Emiliani's
casual
re- been
semantics
alone." appears to result
it was
the from
mark
that
cannibalism
may have
playfrom
semantics
alone." from Austrabeen selective,"
it was crucial,
and the
mark
thatimportant
cannibalism
may
haveme
playHis general
sequence
improvement
in perception
eda very
role
gives
an consequent
consequent
improvement
perception lopithecus
ed a very
important
role
gives
an and
His general
sequenceisfrom
Austraonwards
reasonable
communication
was inunquestionexcuse
to point
out that,
since
theme
popand of
communication
was unquestionexcuse could
to point
that, sincedecline
the pop-ably
lopithecus
is reasonable
it is combined,
as he
when onwards
far less importance,
from a se- enough
ulation
notout
continually
ably ofstandpoint,
far less importance,
a se- suggests,
ulationextinction
could not of
continually
decline
enough with
whenoverlap.
it is combined,
as he
than was from
the freeHis suggestion
without
the species,
can- lection
lection
standpoint,
was the free- that
withoutnever
extinction
of the
suggests,
with overlap.
His suggestion
of the
forelimbs than
for manipulation,
the Neanderthals
could
have been
nibalism
can have
beenspecies,
a verycan-ing
ing of the
forelimbs
for manipulation,
nibalism never
been
a very
thatmore
the Neanderthals
could
have been
ourselves
is
etc.
This same
observation, even
intelligent than
important
source can
of have
human
food
for carrying,
important
of human
for
etc. already
This same
observation,
even moreHow
intelligent
ourselves
ofcarrying,
course, has
been
made by delightful.
angrythan
it would
haveis
the
species assource
a whole
for anyfood
appreof course,
hasLaBarre
already (1954),
been made
by made
the species
appre- many
delightful.
angryanthropologists
it would have
authors:
Washthose How
older
ciable
lengthasofa whole
time. for
Let any
us assume
ciable
length
of time.
Let us
assume
many (1960),
authors: Hewes
LaBarre (1954),
madecanon
thosewas
older
(1961), Washand whose
so anthropologists
often Facies eius
that
man's
remote
ancestors
used
for burn
that man's
remote
ancestors
for
burn (1960),
Hewes
(1961),
whose
wasergo
so often
Facies eius
mihicanon
placet,
stultissimus
est.
Hockett
and Ascher
(1964),
justand
to non
half the
presentused
recomexistence
only
existencedietary
only half
the present
recomHockett
placet,
ergoluok,
stultissimus
a few.and Ascher (1964), just to (Inon
justmihi
don't
like his
thereforeest.
intake,
but grew
to name
mended
name
a few.
mended
dietary intake,
to
(I just
don't
like his look, therefore
fellow's
a fool)!
nearly
present-day
size at but
eachgrew
age of
Emiliani
speaks of Pleistocene Eu- the
nearly
at each
ageeat
of
speaks
Pleistocene
Euthe
fellow's to
a fool)!
life.
Thenpresent-day
a pregnant size
female
would
and Asia
as of
a "typical
evoluropeEmiliani
Reverting
the matter of semantics,
life. Then
pregnantper
female
eat tionary
rope and
Asia
a "typical
evoluthe matter
of semantics,
some
1,600 a calories
day would
for 280
mill."
In as
truth,
this region
at someReverting
semantictorectifying
could
well be
someof1,600
caloriesbut
per the
daynewborn
for 280
tionary
truth,
regionby
at
some semantic
rectifying
well of
be
days
pregnancy,
that
time mill."
must In
have
beenthis
occupied
currentcould
naming
performed
on the
days of
pregnancy,
newborn
that time
mustand
have
been occupied
performed
the currentancestry
naming of
of
infant
would
yield as but
foodthe
only
about small,
isolated,
inbreeding
groupsby the
presumptive
real or on
infant
would yield calories
as food to
only
about ofsmall,
isolated,
and inbreeding
groups
the real
or presumptive
ancestry
of
3,200
calories-140
nurture
humans,
hemmed
il! by barriers
of Homo
hodiernus.
Emiliani defines
Man
3,200
calories-140
of and
humans,
hemmed
in byoccasionally
barriers of asHomo
hodiernus.
Emiliani
defines Man
the
infant
for eachcalories
calorieto itnurture
could ice
water,
and only
"a primate
capable
of systematithe infant
calorie
ice andother
water,
and and
onlyinterbreeding
occasionally
as "amanufacturing
primate capable
of systematibands
yield
as food.for
By each
one year
cally
tools,"
thus makof it
agecould
the meeting
yield would
as food.have
By one
year of another
age the
meeting
interbreeding
cally
manufacturing
tools,"of
thus
makchild
consumed
with
them. other
It wasbands
underand
these
circum- ing
humanbehaviour
his criterion
child would
have
consumed
another
with them.
It wastounder
these
circuming This
behaviour
his criterion
182,000
calories
(even
if one made
no
stances,
according
Wright
(1931)
and ness.
is commendable,
forofithumanis the
182,000 calories
(even ifmother),
one madeand
no
stances,
according
Wright evolution
(1931) and
ness. This
for it is the
allowance
for a nursing
others,
that
repaid, toadaptive
of ais commendable,
complete anthropologist,
canon
allowance
for a nursing
and
others,
evolution
canon
a complete
anthropologist,
the
ratio would
be aboutmother),
70 calories
place. The
ques- one
was
most that
likelyrepaid,
to takeadaptive
whoofcares
for culture
as much as
thecalorie
ratio would
be about
calories
was most
likelyhowever:
to take place.
ques- for
onecrania.
who cares
culture
as much as
per
available
to the 70
cannibals.
what,
tion
remains,
justThe
His for
criterion
is respectable
perthree
calorie
available
the would
cannibals.
tion remains,
however:
what,
for crania.
His criterion
respectable
ratio
be
exactly,
was adaptive
underjust
those
cir- insofar
By
years
the to
as c (the
capabilityisof
systemaBy three
exactly, wasWas
adaptive
under those
insofar
as c (the capability
systemacumstances?
about
84 toyears
1, by the
six ratio
years would
104 to be
1,
it modification
of cirthe tically
manufacturing
tools) ofimplies
h
about
to 1, 111
by six
1,
cumstances?
Was ittolerance
modification
the
tically manufacturing
implies
by
nine84years
to years
1, and104sotoon.
body
for greater
of of
cold?
but if it istools)
to be
a trueh
(humanness);
by nine years
1 1 1individuals
to 1, and somust
on.
bodyhas
forbeen
greater
tolerance
of cold?
(humanness);
if it isalso
to be
a true
Furthermore,
some
This
suggested;
in fact,
the definition,
thenbut
h must
imply
c,
Furthermore,
some individuals
must
This has been
suggested;
in fact,
definition,
then
mustbealso
imply c,
to adulthood,
and no species
Neanderthal
type
itself has
been the
ex- that
survive
is, c and
h hmust
equivalent.
survive
to adulthood,
and no
Neanderthal
itselfashas
exthatauthor
is, c and
h must
be Australopiequivalent.
at leasttype
in part,
an been
example
could
utilize
all its dead
as species
food.
plained
Our
suggests
that
could utilize
all its
as food.
at least
in part,
as an
example
Our author
suggests
AustralopiTherefore,
whatever
the dead
importance
of
ofplained
adaptation
to cold
(Coon
1962).
But thecus
africanus
maythat
have
evolved
Therefore,inwhatever
the importance
of of
adaptation
to to
cold
But from
thecus
africanus
have evolved
d.nnibalism
magic, warfare,
and
there
are obstacles
this(Coon
line of1962).
reasonA. robustus
bymay
developing
a taste
cannibalism
in human
magic, life,
warfare,
and
there
to this line
of reason-for
from
robustus
by developing
a taste
other
aspects of
a warmis obstacles
the disappearance
of Neaning.
Oneare
meatA.and
by discovering
the need
other aspects
humanlong
life, gestation
a warming. Oneatisabout
the disappearance
of Neanfor"the
meat
and by discovering
the need
blooded
animalof with
derthals
the Wiirm maximum,
for
imaginative
usage of tools
and
blooded
animal
with
long and
gestation
derthals
about
the Wiirm
maximum,
foremployment
"the imaginative
usage of toolsstraand
relatime,
usually
single
births,
they
should
have been
most the
just
when at
of sophisticated
time,slow
usually
single
births,
relajust when Another
they should
haveinterpretabeen most
not and
get more
tively
growth
could
the employment
of larders
sophisticated
is the
successful.
tegies"
to keep the
filled. straBut
tively
not get
successful.
Another
is the
interpretation,
than
a slow
smallgrowth
fractioncould
of one
per more
cent
by Emiliani
and
others,
of certegies"
to keep
larders
But
not the
latterthe
two
"aids filled.
to evoluare
a small
fraction
of one The
per cent
tion,
by Emilianipeculiarities
and others,asof
cerofthan
its food
from
cannibalism.
low
Neanderthal
malatain
are not
the latter
twothat
"aidsdistinguish
to evolution"
precisely
those
of itsoffood
from cannibalism.
The low
tain Neanderthal
peculiarities
as malaratio
Australopithecus
remains
to
tion"from
precisely
thoseanimals?
that distinguish
daptive
rather than
adaptive, to
cold.
man
all other
What is
ratio fossils
of Australopithecus
to
daptive
thanofadaptive,
cold.
other
at Makapansgatremains
is in acman
from allbut
other
Whatuse
is
Given rather
the course
hominidtoevoluthe
comp'uter
an animals?
imaginative
other
fossils
at Makapansgat is in acthe course
of mid-Pleistocene
hominid evolucomputer
an theory
imaginative
use
with
this interpretation.
cord
and history
up to
tionGiven
ofthe
tools?
What but
is the
of games
cord
with this
tion and
histo}ry
up to
of tools?
What is
theory
of games
thatmid-Pleistocene
the only but
times,
it seems
to me
If there
wereinterpretation.
two sympatric species
an attempt
to the
develop
even
more
If there were two(or
sympatric
species
times,
it seems
that theadaponly
but an attempt
to develop
of Australopithecus
one Australotrend
which
couldtobeme
considered
In even
short,more
the
sophisticated
strategies?
of Australopithecus
(or one Australotrend
which
be matter
considered
sophisticated
strategies?
In short,
the
and one hominine),
and one
tive
from
thencould
on, no
whatadapthe
pithecine
by the
aforesaid
powers
connoted
pithecine and one hominine), and one
40
tive from then on, no matter what the
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
40
CURRENT
ANTHROPOLOGY
Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
"aids" are precisely what is intended
are precisely what is intended
Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
by"aids"
the term
sapiens. Consistency, then,
by the either
term that
sapiens.
requires
we beConsistency,
told the con-then,
glaciation, I cannot believe that the
we abandon the old system as unworkrequires either that we be told the conglaciation, I cannot believe that the
we abandon
thecan
old-be
system
unworkunder which "h implies c" or
able?
Also, what
said ofasthe
prearea would have
ditions
circum-Mediterranean
ditions under which "h implies c" or
circum-Mediterranean area would have
able? Also,
said of years
the prethat
we change Australopithecus africeding
more what
than canbe
two million
of
had
summers as extremely cold as posthat we change Australopithecus africeding
more
than
two
million
years
of
had
summers
as
extremely
cold as posthe Pleistocene? Should we now expect
tulated by Emiliani. Even under
concanus to Homo sapiens australis (or
the
Pleistocene?
Should
we
now
expect
canus
to
Homo
sapiens
australis
(or
tulated
by
Emiliani.
Even
under
ditions of increased cloud cover, conH. sapiens with some other adjective).
to find evidence for three million years
the
H. sapiens with some other adjective).
find of
evidence
threeThe
million
years ditions of increased cloud cover, the
ortomore
glacialfor
cycles?
pattern
To
make hand c equivalent is to add
summer sun must have accomplished
or more of glacial cycles? The pattern
To make h and c equivalent is to add
summer sun must have accomplished
becomes more comp'icated when we
considerable warming, quite as it does
a second postulate to the acceptable
becomes
more
complicated
when we
warming, quite as it does
second postulate to the acceptable
think
of the
possibility
of correlated
"ca implies
h." It does not follow from
Under summer coninconsiderable
the Arctic today.
in the Arctic today. Under summer con"c implies h." It does not follow from
think of the possibility of correlated
pluvial
cycles in more tropic latitudes.
postulated as being as cold
ditions
"All
grass is green" that "Everything
pluvial cycles in more tropic latitudes.
as being as cold
"All grass is green" that "Everything
asditions
those ofpostulated
the winter of
many parts of
green
is grass." The question When, if
I will also welcome an explanation
as those of the winter of many parts of
green is grass." The question When, if
I will also welcome an explanation
Europe
today no insects would fly and
ever,
did a primate become human? is
of the
statement that "other animals"
today no insects would fly and
did a primate become human? is
of the statement that "other animals"
noEurope
insect-pollinated
plants survive.
anever,
affair
of an unwritten and unwithave
evolved long necks in lieu of mean affair of an unwritten and unwitno insect-pollinated plants survive.
have
evolved
long
necks
in
lieu
of
meWhat would such conditions mean in
nessed history. Here, as in other
chanisms for offense and defense. Long
nessed history. Here, as in other
What would such conditions mean in
chanisms for offense and defense. Long terms
branches
of science, we have a realm
of floral and faunal succession,
necks,
relative to body size, have evolvbranches of science, we have a realm
terms of floral and faunal succession,
necks,
relative
to
body
size,
have
evolvof abiding uncertainty. Unlike the proand of total biomass? What would be
ed in giraffes and gerenuks, but the
of abiding uncertainty. Unlike the proand of total biomass? What would be
ed in giraffes and gerenuks, but the
the
number of frost-free days, what the
bLm
of the epochs, it cannot be solved
of neck in each case is a part of
length
blm of the epochs, it cannot be solved
the number of frost-free days, what the
length of neck in each case is a part oflength
(if any) of the growing season?
by
isotopes. All we can do is to detera complex feeding mechanism and is
by isotopes. All we can do is to deterlength (if any) of the growing season?
a complex feeding mechanism and is
What
would the surviving flora promine
the epochal range within which
not
used for either offense or defense,
mine the epochal range within which
What would the surviving flora profor either
offense
defense,
the
thing must have happened. Tovide
in the way of food, not only diof theorterms.
innot
theused
common
meaning
the thing must have happened. Tovide in the way of food, not only diin
the
common
meaning
of
the
terms.
wards this knowledge Emiliani has adrectly to man but to a fauna upon
(Contests between male giraffes, with
wards this knowledge Emiliani has adrectly to man but to a fauna upon
(Contests between male giraffes, with
which
a human population could also
vanced
our steps significantly.
the
heads being swung as battering rams
vanced our steps significantly.
which a human population could also
the
heads
being
swung
as
battering
rams
depend?
I have no answers at present
on the ends of the long necks, are part
answers at present
the social
ends of
the long The
necks,
are part
todepend?
most ofI have
these no
questions,
but in the
ofontheir
behavior.)
necks
of
to most of these questions, but in the
of their
social behavior.)
The necks
of
area. I cannot
circum-Mediterranean
by CHARLES A. REED*"
some
carnivores
(polar bear,
cheetah,
circum-Mediterranean area I cannot
by CHARLES A. REED*
some carnivores (polar bear, cheetah,
believe
that the environment during a
weasel)
are longer than are those of
believe that the environment during a
Chicago, Ill., U.S:A. 21 III 67
weasel) are longer than are those of
glacial
stage was as extremely frigid as
their
respective
close
relatives,
but
Chicago, III, U.S.A 21 III 67
glacial
stage was as extremely frigid as
their respective close relatives, but
I am delighted to have this succinct
Emiliani's
phraseology must certainly
would
also seem to have evolved as a
I am delighted to have this succinct
Emiliani's
phraseology must certainly
would
also
seem
to
have
evolved
as
a
summary of Emiliani's research and
suggest to most
readers.
part of a feeding mechanism. Such a
summary of Emiliani's research and
suggest to most readers.
part of a feeding
mechanism.
the
relevant work of others, combined
may beSuch
con-a
Our knowledge of glacial environmechanism
in a carnivore
the relevant work of others, combined
Ouris knowledge
of from
glacialstudies
environmechanisw
in a carnivore
may be acon-ments
with his interpretation of the meaning
but basically
best derived
of
sidered
"offensive";
interpretation of the meaning
sidered "offensive"; but basically a
ments is best derived from studies of
ofwith
thehis
fluctuating
paleo-environment
head
to
browse
and
a
the
last
maximum
of
the
Wiirm-Wisgiraffe
lifting
its
of the fluctuating paleo-environment
giraffe lifting its head to browse and athe last maximum of the Wiirm-Wisto the history of man. Much of this
weasel
using its length of neck to aid in
consin, when conditions over mos.t of
to the history of man. Much of this
weasel using
its are
length
of neck
to aid Europe
in
consin, would
when conditions
most
of
literature,
including some of the aucatching
a mouse
utilizing
similar
admittedlyover
have
been
literature,
including
some
of
the
aucatching
a
mouse
are
utilizing
similar
Europe for
would
admittedly
have
been
thor's own papers, does not come autokinds of feeding adaptations. No Pridifficult
a
hominid
at
the
cultural
thor's own
does notofcome
autokindswith
of feeding
adaptations.
No Pridifficult for a hominid at the cultural
matically
to papers,
the attention
those
of
mate,
the capabilities
inherent
in
level
of Homo erectus. At this time a
matically to the attention of those of
mate,
with the
capabilities
in
level of Homo erectus. At this time a
us whose training and experience has
the
grasping
hand,
needs aninherent
elongated
few
hundred miles of tundra separated
us whose training and experience has
the
grasping
hand,
needs
an
elongated
few
hundred
miles the
of tundra
been primarily biological.
neck as a feeding adaptation; the Priand the
the ice-front from
forest, separated
been primarily biological.
neck as a feeding adaptation; the Prithe
ice-front
from
the
forest,
and the
General agreement is at last emermate has instead the whole length of
erectus
in
livable habitats for H.
is at last emermate has instead the whole length of
livable (if
habitats
for H.
erectus
in
what has seemed
to be a
forelimb.
ging,General
from agreement
Europe
conditions
were
similar
ging, from what has seemed to be a
forelimb.
Europe
(if part
conditions
were of
similar
welter of dispute, concerning the time
during
some
of his period
occuDoes Emiliani perhaps overstJ.:'ess the
welter of dispute, concerning the time Does Emiliani perhaps overstress the
during
some would
part ofprobably
his period
of occuand
changing events marking the Pliopancy
there)
have
relationship between glacial climates
and changing events marking the Plio- relationship between glacial climates
pancy
there) to
would
have
Pleistocene
boundary. To the date of
been
reduced
the probably
Mediterranean
and the evolution of Homo erectus?
Pleistocene boundary. To the date of
been reduced
to peninsulas
the Mediterranean
and the evolution of Homo erectus?
"more
than 3.3 million years for the
coastland
and the
of Iberia,
We
welcome all suggestions, certainly,
"more than 3.3 million years for the
coastland and the peninsulas of Iberia,
We H.
welcome
suggestions,
certainly,
of the Villafranchian" in
beginning
Italy,
and the Balkans (Wright 1961:
but
erectusalllived
throughout
much
beginning of the Villafranchian" in
Italy,
the
Balkans (Wright
1961:
erectus lived throughout much
France can now be added the nearFig.
6). and
Were
conditions
in these areas
ofbut
theH.
Eastern
Hemisphere (from southFrance can now be added the nearFig. 6).the
Were
conditions
in these
areas
of the Eastern Hemisphere (from south- during
date for the inauguration of
identical
Wiirm
maximum
as extreme
ern
Africa
to
Java
to
northeastern
identical date for the inauguration of
the Wiirm maximum as extreme
ern Africa to Java to northeastern
mountain
glaciation in the Sierra Neasduring
Emiliani
has postulated them to have
China
to central and southwestern
mountain glaciation in the Sierra Neas Emiliani
has postulated
themduring
to have
China to central and southwestern
vadas
of California (Curry 1966).
glacial period
been
in that prior
Over this area many environEurope).
vadas of California (Curry 1966).
been in
prior
glacial
period during
Europe).
Over this
area many
environwhich
H.that
erectu5
was
supposedly
occuI wonder if geologists who specialand
mental
variables
existed;
glaciation
whichthese
H. erectus
was supposedly
if geologists who specialvariables existed; glaciation and
pying
same regions?
I think occunot.
itsmental
accompanying
climatic changes,
ize Iinwonder
the marine
Pleistocene always
pying these same regions? I think not.
ize in temperature
the marine Pleistocene
always
its accompanying
(climatic) oscillaHowever, as I mentioned before, the
record
dramatic in climatic
our eyes, changes,
may not
however
record temperature (climatic) oscillahowever
in our
eyes,
may notcircum-Mediterranean
However, as I mentioned
before,
the
have
been dramatic
the selective
factors
responthe only
tions
lasting approximately 50,000
was not
tions lasting approximately 50,000
have
been
the
selective
factors
responcircum-Mediterranean
was
not
the
only
region in which Homo erectus lived,
years each in terms of cycles per second
sible for molding what we call erectus
years each in terms of cycles per second
for molding
erectus
region
which
Homo
erectus lived,
tosible
a population
we what
defineweascall
sapiens.
nor
was inthe
glacial
environment
the
(cps).
Emiliani reports that the tem(cps). Emiliani reports that the temto a population we define as sapiens.
nor
was
the
glacial
environment
the
perature oscillations of the Late Cenoonly region in which he could have
We know nothing of the differences,
perature oscillations of the Late Cenoonly region
in hominids,
which he in
could
have
We know
of the
differences,
zoic'
happened with a frequency of
evolved.
Earlier
southern
of human
evolution
in
if any,
in ratesnothing
zoic - happened
with a frequency of
evolved. Earlier hominids, in southern
if any, in rates of human evolution in
6.7
x 10-13 cps. My
grade-school ariand
eastern Africa, had seemingly not
and non-glacial regions and/or
glacial
6.7 x 10-l' cps. My grade-school ariand eastern
Africa, had
not
glacial and
non-glacial
regions
and/or
translated this into 21.13 cyof seemingly
a peri-glacial
thmetic
needed
the stimulus
periods.
Indeed,
there seems
little
evithmetic translated this into 21.13 cyneeded the stimulus of
a peri-glacial
periods. Indeed, there seems little eviper million years, and in the next
biocles
environment
for their particular
at present that Homo erectus
dence
cles per million years, and in the next
environment
for their
particular
dence
present
that cold.
HomoThe
erectus
column
Emiliani :tgreed: "The total
and cultural
passage
throughbiological
conlived
in at
extreme
glacial
column Emiliani agreed: "The total
logical
and cultural grade.
passage through
lived in extreme glacial cold. The connumber
cycles occurring ... during the
the
australopithecine
at Choukoutien, admittedly
ditions
number
cycles occurring
... during
the
the australopithecine grade.
ditions at Choukoutien,
admittedly
past
1,000,000
years problably
numcold-temperate
(but certainly
not with
past 1,000,000 years problably numcold-temperate
(but
certainly
not
with
bered 20." Why not say so the first
summers as cold as those of European
bered
20."
Whythenotpossible
say so the
first
summers
as cold
as have
thosebeen
of European
time
and
avoid
errors
to
may
as diffiby KARL H. SCHWERIN*"
winters
today),
time
and
avoid
the.
possible
errors
to
winters
today),
may by
haveHomo
been as
diffiby KARL H. SCHWERIN*
my arithmetic?
cult
as any
survived
erectus,
my arithmetic?
Albuquerque, N. Mex., U.S.A. 13 III 67
cult as any survived by Homo erectus,
If each such.(Cycle has occurred ca.
since
the Hungarian site at VertesszolAlbuquerque, N. Mex., U.S.A. 13 III 67
each such.cycle has occurred ca.
since
Hungarian
VertesszoleachIf50,000
years, for a million years
lik
hasthe
been
describedsite
as athaving
been
Clearly one of Emiliwi's objectives is
each 50,000 years, for a million years
lbs has been
as having
been toClearly
Emiliani's objectives
is
20
duringdescribed
an interstadial
period
clarifyone
ourofunderstanding
of recent
past, can we somehow corelat~
occupied
past, can we somehow correlate 20
occupied
interstadial
period
to clarify epochs
our understanding
of recent
such
cycles with the four (or five?)
geological
within
the during
Mindelan(Kretzoi
and Vertes
and to sharpen
the
such cycles with the four (or five?)
within the Mindel (Kretzoi and Vertes
geologicalof
epochs
and to sharpen
the
textbook glacial periGlds, even allowing
boundaries.
I will limit
1965).
definition
textbook glacial periods, even allowing
1 965).
definition of boundaries. I will limit
for the addition of stadials, or should
my comments to these considerations.
Even during a period of continental
for the addition of stadials, or should
Vol. 9 . No.1. February 1968
Vol.
9
.
No.
Even during a period of continental
1
.
my comments to these considerations.
February
1968
41
41
Understandably
heheis isapproaching
Understandably
approaching failfailtotounderstand
understandhis
hisobjection
objectiontoto liani
lianimay
maybebemore
more"logical"
"logical" and
and
in
his
special
field, but
for but
these
questions
from
the the
point
of view
these
questions
from
point
of view"Holocene."
"Holocene."IfIfI I understand
understandhim
himcorcor- meaningful
meaningful in his special
field,
biolog-of bio
in theinvarious
fields offields
would
he he
of of
a ageologist-palaeontologist.
geologist-palaeontologist.BoundBound- rectly,
rectly,
wouldreplace
replacethis
thiswith
witha a workers
workers
the various
subdivision
aries
arearedefined
bybythe
appearance
aries
defined
the
appearanceofof mere
mere
subdivisionofofthe
the Pleistocene,
Pleistocene, ical
icaland
andcultural
culturalhistory
historyofofmankind
mankind
can
only
"Flandrian";
i.e.,i.e.,
he he it it
he he
calls
thethe
certain
marine
species
at ata aparticular
certain
marine
species
particular which
can
onlyproduce
producemore
moreconfusion.
confusion.
which
calls
"Flandrian";
Emiliani
locality
in inspace
locality
spaceand
andtime,
time,ororby
bygeogeo- would
wouldlump
lumprecent
recentgeological
geological history
history
Emilianiaccepts
acceptsthe
theold
old myth
myththat
that
is is
lessless
capable
forfor
thethe
"struggle
thethe
preceding
epochs
ofofthe
logical
logicalevidence
evidenceofof past
past temperature
temperature with
with
preceding
epochs
theCeCe- "man"
"man"
capable
"struggle
life"
nozoic.
variations
with
which
the the
occurence
of of
nozoic.I hope
I hopeI Ihave
haveshown
shownthat
thatthere
there of of
variations
with
which
occurence
life"than
thanother
otheranimals.
animals.But
Butwhat
what
specialize
in in
eating
men?
What
such
marine
species
good,indeed
indeed compelling,
compelling, reasons
reasons enemies
enemies
specialize
eating
men?
What
such
marine
speciesis iscorrelated.
correlated.This
This arearegood,
of of
man's
size
forfor
classifying
the the
last last
10,000
(or (or
per-per-animals
approach
leads
toto
state,
classifying
10,000
animals
man's
sizecan
canwalk
walkand
and
approach
leadshim
him
state,
andand
climb
and and
swimswim
as well
as he?as he?
haps
haps15,000)
15,000)years
yearsasasmarking
markinga a disdis- run
run
climb
as well
It Itwill
which, Even
willnot
notcome
comeasasaa great
great surprise
surpriseififitit tinct
tinctgeological
geologicalepoch-one
epoch-one which,
Evenmore
moreproblematic
problematicis isthe
the"very
"very
should
role"
of of
cannibalism
in in
thethe
shouldappear,
appear,when
when the
the Plio-Pleistocene
Plio-Pleistocene however,
is defined
by completely
dif- important
however,
is defined
by completely
difimportant
role"
cannibalism
boundary
hashasbeen
boundary
beendated,
dated,that
thatthe
thegenus
genus ferent
early
stages
of human
evolution.
Every
criteria
than than
thosethose
whichwhich
have have
ferent
criteria
early
stages
of human
evolution.
Every
Homo
well
Homodates
datesfrom
from
wellback
backinto
intothe
thePlioPlio- preceded it.
cultural
preceded it.
culturalanthropologist
anthropologistknows
knows that
that
cene.
cene.
is absent
in known
huntReturning
to tothe
cannibalism
is absent
in known
huntReturning
thequestion
questionofof pepe- cannibalism
ingingand
food-gathering
populations,
toto agree
riods
versus
eras,
if ifweweare
and
food-gathering
populations,
riods
versus
eras,
are
agree
If,If,however,
weweare
however,
aretotodefine
defineHomo
Homo
nearly
typical
primitive
foodwith
Simpson
(1960:286-87)
with
but
nearly
typicalfor
for
primitive
foodwith
Simpson
(1960:286-87)that
that
with but
as as"a"a primate
of systematisystematiprimate capable
capable of
communities.
There
are
culture
"a "afundamentally
new
sort
of of producing
producing
communities.
There
are
culture
fundamentally
new
sort
tools,"
cally
callymanufacturing
manufacturing
tools,"i.e.,
i.e.,a aculculhints
thatthat
cannibalism
may may
have have
evolution
has
also
appeared,"
then
itit some
some
hints
cannibalism
evolution
has
also
appeared,"
then
animal,
I Ithink
ture-bearing
ture-bearing
animal,
thinkone
onecould
could
practiced
bybyearly
to tomemeappropriate
seems
been
practiced
earlyman
man(Chou(Chouseems
appropriatetotorecognize
recognize been
argue
argueonon evolutionary
evolutionaryand
and logical
logical a new era, the Culturozoic (or Paideokoutien
Loc.
1),1),
butbut
there
is nois known
koutien
Loc.
there
no known
a
new
era,
the
Culturozoic
(or
Paideothat
thetheappearance
grounds
grounds
that
appearanceof
of culcul- zoic, if the Greek form is preferred).
interpret
analogybybywhich
whichwe
we can
can interpret
zoic, if the Greek form is preferred). analogy
ture-bearing
hominids
should
represent
ture-bearing
hominids
should
represent
them.
And
where
is the
unquestionable
Huxley
argues
(1956:6)
that
this
had
them.
And
where
is
the
unquestionable
Huxley
argues
(1956:6)
that
this
had
at atthe
least
a anew
thevery
very
least
newgeological
geologicalpepe- its beginning mid-Pliocene. Emiliani
evidencethat
thatAustralopithecus
Australopithecuskilled
killed
its beginning mid-Pliocene. Emiliani evidence
notnot
thethe
start
of of
a new
era.
The
riod,
if if
riod,
start
a new
era.
The seems to be of the same mind. The only
and
of of
hishis
own
or or
related
andate
atemembers
members
own
related
seems
to
be
of
the
same
mind.
The
only
evolutionary
evolutionaryprocess
processhas
hascertainly
certainlynot
not question is what date we are to assign
species?
question is what date we are to assign species?
ceased,
ceased,but
butit ithas
hasclearly
clearlytaken
takena anew
new the mid-Pliocene.
Without
question,
changes
in ecologthe mid-Pliocene.
Without
question,
changes
in ecologwith
the
development
direction
direction
with
the
developmentofofculculical
If
wewe
areare
to to
admit
that
thethe
developicalconditions
conditionsduring
duringthe
thePleistocene
Pleistocene
If
admit
that
developture.
ture.
ofofculture
ment
shouldhave
have selective
selective influence
influence on
on
ment
culturehas
hasindeed
indeedbeen
beenso
so should
OfOfcourse,
froma strictly
a strictly
geological
course, from
geological
human
profoundly
significant
for for
the the
course
humanevolution;
evolution;but
butititwill
willbe
be very
very
profoundly
significant
course
point
pointofofview,
view,one
one might
mightargue
argue that
that of evolution that it requires recognito to
produce
evidence
difficult
produce
evidencefor
forthis
this
of evolution that it requires recogni-difficult
thetheexistence
existenceofofman,
man,along
along with
with his
his tion of a new geological era, then we
speculative
speculativesupposition.
supposition.Perhaps
Perhaps"mo"motion
of
a
new
geological
era,
then
we
culture,
hashashad
culture,
hadlittle
littleimpact
impacton
on the
the must mark the beginning of that era
man,"
i.e.,
homo
sapiens
sapiens,
dern
man,"
i.e.,
homo
sapiens
sapiens,
must mark the beginning of that era dern
Pleistocene record.
record.
Pliocene
Plioceneand
and Pleistocene
was
better
able
to
withstand
cold
where
culture
itself
has
its
beginning
was
better
able
to
withstand
cold
where culture itself has its beginning
Though
we
do
find
cultural
remains,
Though we do find cultural remains, (which would. also provide a terminal
weatherthan
than"the
"theNeanderthals,"
Neanderthals," but
but
(which would also provide a terminal weather
they
materials
theyand
and human
human skeletal
skeletal materials
not
only
in incold
date
replacedthe
thelatter
latter
not
only
cold
datefor
forthe
thePliocene).
Pliocene). Even
Even though
though hehereplaced
would
seem
to
the
palaeontologist
to
would seem to the palaeontologist to culture had little effect geologically
butbut
also
in in
temperate
and
even
regions
regions
also
temperate
and
even
culture
had
little
effect
geologically
bebelittle
littledifferent
differentfrom
fromthe
thefossil
fossil rere- during the Plio-Pleistocene (as curwarmones.
ones.
during the Plio-Pleistocene (as cur- warm
ofof
other
species.
mains
mains
other
species.
The
rently
defined),
Theone
onefactor
factorininthe
theevolution
evolution of
of
rently
defined),we
wemight
mightview
view this
this
past
10,000-15,000
years,
Within
thethe
thethe
Pleistocene
which
we we
Within
past
10,000-15,000
years,epoch
manduring
during
Pleistocene
which
epochasasanalogous
analogoustotothe
thePalaeocene,
Palaeocene, man
man
hashasbegun
however;
know
however,
man
beguntotohave
haveaa which
served
as asa asort
must
knowabout
aboutabove
above all
all others
others isis
which
served
sortofofpreliminary
preliminary must
profound
and
widespread
effect
on on
thethedevelopmental
time.
We
are
indebted
to
Emiliani
for for
profound
and
widespread
effect
stage
before
the
marked
time.
We
are
indebted
to
Emiliani
developmental stage before the marked
biological
biologicaland
and geological
geological features
features of
of expansion
verystimulating
stimulatingwork
workon
on dating
dating
expansionofofmost
mostmammalian
mammalian orders
orders hishisvery
the
Pleistocene
events,
andand
theearth.
earth.Since
Sinceplants
plantsand
and animals
animals ininthe
andcorrelating
correlating
Pleistocene
events,
theEocene
Eoceneand
andlater
laterepochs
epochsof
ofthe
the and
were
wewelook
werefirst
firstdomesticated
domesticatedsome
some 10,000
10,000 Cenozoic.
principal differences
difer~ncs
look forward
forward eagerly
eagerly to
to hearing
hearing
Cenozoic. My
My principal
years
on on
those
subjects.
more
from
him
yearsago,
ago,man
manhas
hasnot
notonly
onlyspread
spread his
his with
Emiliani,
then,
concern
what what
fac- facmore
from
him
those
subjects.
with
Emiliani,
then,
concern
at at
thethe
expense
of of
wild
domestic
species
domestic
species
expense
wild tors
to
be
considered
in
deterare
tors are to be considered in deterones,
ones,hehehas
has cleared
cleared forests,
forests, plowed
plowed mining
andand
howhow
much
sig- sigboundaries
mining
boundaries
much
grasslands,
drained
lakes
and and
swamps,
grasslands,
drained
lakes
swamps,
is istotobe
these bybyL.L.VVAN
nificance
AN V ALEN*
nificance
be ascribed
ascribed to
to these
VALEN*
irrigated
irrigateddeserts,
deserts,and
andgreatly
greatlyspeeded
speeded factors.
factors.
Chicago,
Ill.,
upupnatural
processes
of
erosion
(some
Chicago,
III,U.S.A.
U.S.A.33III
iII67
67
natural processes of erosion (some
ofofthese
are
theseeffects
effects
arediscussed
discussedininThoThoEmiliani's
stratigraphic
and
palaeoEmiliani's stratigraphic and palaeomas
mas1956).
1956).These
Thesebiological
biological and·
and geogeo- bybyGUNTER
SMOLLA
*
temperature
GiiNTER
SMOLLA*
temperaturediscussions
discussionsare
arequite
quitewelwelof
sufficient
magnilogical
effects
are
logical effects are of sufficient magnicome.
come.The
The agreement
agreementbetween
between his
his rereFrankfurt
Germany.
20
III
67
Frankfurt Germany. 20 III 67sults and varieties of Milankovich's
tude
that
I would
expect
themthem
to protude
that
I would
expect
to prosults and varieties of Milankovich's
duce
a
marked
disturbance
or
unconduce a marked disturbance or uncon- Everyone
will
agree
thatthat
"some
of the
isolation
Everyone
will
agree
"some
of the
isolationcurves
curves(Van
(VanWoerkom
Woerkom1953)
1953)
formity
in in
thethe
geological
record,
com-com-confusion
formity
geological
record,
is israther
good
existing
in Pleistocene
liter-literconfusion
existing
in Pleistocene
rather
goodand
andprovides
providespresumppresumpparable
parableto
tothat
thatwhich
whichseparates
separates earlier
earlier ature
tive
appears
to to
result
from
semantics
ature
appears
result
from
semantics
tivesupport
supportfor
forboth.
both.
geological
thing alone";
cannot see
see that
that
geologicalstages.
stages.The
The unique
unique thing
Most
biology
alone";but-alasbut-alas-II cannot
Mostofof the
the section
section on
on biology
unconformity
is that,
for the
about
this
about
this
unconformity
is that,
for the
Emiliani
Emilianigives
givesus
us any
any helpful
helpful suggessugges- would,
would,however,
however,have
have benefited
benefited by
by
thethe
history
of evolution,
first
time
in in
first
time
history
of evolution,
tions
tionsfor
forsolving
solvingthis
thisproblem.
problem. Terms
Terms omission.
omission."Modern
"Modernviews
viewson
onspeciation
speciation
base.
ThisThis
disturbance
it it
hashas
a cultural
a cultural
base.
disturbance
for
like
and
require geogeolike"pos(glacial"
"posfglacial"oror"Holocene"
"Holocene" for
andevolution"
evolution"do
do not
not require
may
insignificant
from
our our
per- perthe
mayseem
seem
insignificant
from
thepast
past10,0.00
10,000years
yearsare
areindeed
indeed out
out of
of graphic
graphicisolation
isolation for
for phyletic
phyletic evoluevolusrective,
butbut
I am
suresure
it would
not benot scale
the absolute
absolute tion,
spective,
I am
it would
be
scale compared
compared with
with the
tion,and
andasasfar
farasasany
any kind
kind of
of evoluevoluby aby
geologist
se.veral
i if
it it
were
viewed
length
ofofthe
"glacial"
were
viewed
a geologist
se.veral
subspecific level
(e.g.,
length
the
"glacial"and
and the
the whole
whole tion
tionatat the
the subspecific
level (e.g.,
andand
in the
context
million
years
hence,
For
the
archaeologist,
howPleistocene.
million
years
hence,
in the
context
Neanderthals)
is concerned,
geographic
Pleistocene. For the archaeologist, howNeanderthals)
is concerned,
geographic
ofofthe
adjacent
geological
strata.
the
adjacent
geological
strata.
ever,
ever,the
thescale
scale isis quite
quite different.
different. The
The isolation,
isolation,asasopposed
opposed to
to occupancy
occupancy of
of
Emiliani
0,000 years
areas,
would
bebeevoked
Emilianihimself
himselfgoes
goessosofar
faras
as to
to past
past110,000
years are
are for
for him
him full
full of
of different
different
areas,
would
evokedonly
only
recognize
ininspecial
cases.
One
species
cancan
change
recognizea afaunal
faunal change,
change, noting
noting that
that events.
events.He
Hehas
has to
to work
work not
not only
only with
with
special
cases.
One
species
change
but
many
manyanimal
animalspecies
specieshave
have become
become exex- geological,
geological,
butalso-and
also-and more
more and
and into
intoanother
anotherbybyevolution
evolutionininthe
thesame
same
tinct
past
occupied
area.
tinctininthe
the
past15,000
15,000years
yearsasasaa concon- more-with
more-with historical
historical time
timescales.
scales. The
The continuously
continuously
occupied
area.(See
(SeeSimpSimpsequence
the
son
discussion. of
sequenceofofhuman
humanexpansion.
expansion.Thus
Thus II term
term"Flandrian"
"Flandrian" proposed
proposed by
by EmiEmison[1961]
[1961] for
for aa discussion
of the
42
42
CURRENT
CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
principles of phyletic evolution and
principles of phyletic evolution and
Van Valen [1966] for a more detailed
Van Valen [1966] for a more detailed
theory of subspecific evolution possibly
theory of subspecific evolution possibly
applicable to man.)
applicable to man.)
Determination of the place of origin
Determination of the place of origin
of Homo is a problem in sampling,
of Homo is a problem in sampling,
even in the unlikely event that this
even in the unlikely event that this
transition occurred in a restricted retransition occurred in a restricted region. The degree of knowledge of
gion. The degree of knowledge of
mammalian faunas of appropriate ages
mammalian faunas of appropriate ages
must be weighed in each region against
must be weighed in each region against
the presence or absence of human fosthe presence or absence of human fos-
Emiliani:
PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
Emiliani: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
sils. The fragmentary evidence from
sils. The fragmentary evidence from
Indonesia and China in fact suggests
Indonesia and China in fact suggests
transitional early Homo in these retransitional early Homo in these regions
also. It is also questionable (Dargions also. It is also questionable (Darlington 1957) whether the severity of
lington 1957) whether the severity of
glacial climate contributed importantly
glacial climate contributed importantly
to human or oth~r
evolution except for
to human or other evolution except for
direct adaptations to cold.
direct adaptations to cold.
Are there any .data on the relative
Are there any data on the relative
frequency
of arthritis in Neanderthals
frequency of arthritis in Neanderthals
and more recent man? I thought the
and more recent man? I thought the
sample size of even all Neanderthals
sample size of even all Neanderthals
was still too small for age-specific
was still too small for age-specific
statistics
such as this. The suggestion
statistics such as this. The suggestion
of a relation between the size of air
of a relation between the size of air
sinuses and the occurrence or severity
sinuses and the occurrence or severity
of upper respiratory disease is interestof upper respiratory disease is interesting and apparently original, even if
ing and apparently original, even if
perhaps unlikely, and could be tested,
perhaps unlikely, and could be tested
in recent populations.
in recent populations.
Reply
Reply
eda, and Selli 1961). I Thus the boundthe present time beyond the range of
ttie present time beyond the range of
eda, and Selli 1961). ' Thus the boundC14: these, together with the points
ary, as presently defined, appears to
C14: these, together with the points
ary, as presently defined, appears to
rest on an ecological event of rather
provided by CI4 dating, indicate a gerest on an ecological event of rather
provided by C14 dating, indicate a geby CESARE EMILIANI'*
limited
significance.
Within
the
next
neral
agreement, within the limits of
by CESARE EMILIANI*
neral agreement, within the limits of
limited significance. Within the next
few years, absolute dating of marine
error of the various analytical techI am gratified to see that my paper has
error of the various analytical techfew years, absolute dating of marine
I am gratified to see that my paper has epicontinental
sections and the intensive
niques, between oceanic, marine epihonored by such a large number
been
epicontinental sections and the intensive
niques, between oceanic, marine epibeen honored by such a large number study
and continental events
continental,
of
thick-oceanic
sections
from
the
of CA* comments. Because different
study of thick oceanic sections from the continental, and continental events
of CA* comments. Because different open
Cooke].
2
[Butzer,
seas
may
provide
new
evidence
comments often cover the same points,
[Butzer, Cooke]. 2
open seas may provide new evidence
comments often cover the same points,
advising a redefinition of the PlioThe
notion
that
there were four glaprovide a general reply, followed
I will
advising a redefinition of the PlioThe notion that there were four glageneral reply, followed
Pleistocene boundary. For the time
ciations has such great classic fascinabyI awill
fewprovide
specific aremarks.
Each statePleistocene boundary. For the time
ciations
has
such
great classic fascinaby a few specific remarks. Each state-being, the term Pleistocene should be
tion that it will not die easily. Howor group of statements is followed
ment
being, the term Pleistocene should be
tion that it will not die easily. Howment or group of statements is followed
to
its
formal
meaning:
any
restricted
ever, the evidence from both marine
by the name(s) in brackets of the aurestricted to its formal meaning: any
ever, the evidence from both marine
by the name(s) in brackets of the au- deviation
therefrom will only create
and continental deposits, indicating
thor(s)
who prompted the statement(s).
deviation therefrom will only create
and continental deposits, indicating
thor(s) who prompted the statement(s).
Schwerin].
confusion
[Butzer,
that
there were considerably more than
According to the principles followed
confusion [Butzer, Schwerin].
that
there were considerably more than
According to the principles followed I am quite sympathetic to the profour
glaciations, is both compelling and
by stratigraphers since "strata Smith,"
four glaciations, is both compelling and
I am quite sympathetic to the proby
stratigraphers
since
"strata
Smith,"
blems
which
scholars
dealing
with
conmounting.
For instance, Kukla, in his
and later internationally agreed upon,
blems which scholars dealing with con- mounting. For instance, Kukla, in his
later internationally
tinental
deposits face because of' the
comment, mentions eight loesses; Scherf
stratigraphic
subdivision agreed
of theupon,
theand
comment, mentions eight loesses; Scherf
tinental deposits face because of the
the stratigraphic subdivision of the difficulty
(1936)
found eleven weathering hori(or impossibility) of correentire
geologic column since the Cam(1936) found eleven weathering horidifficulty (or impossibility) of correentire geologic column since the Cam- lating
zons
in the loess section at Paks, Hunthese
deposits
with
the
marine
brian is based upon marine deposits.
zons
in
the loess section at Paks, Hunlating
these
deposits
with
the
marine
brian is based upon marine deposits. sections. While these problems will not
gary; and Lona (1963) illustrates eight
Each
term is defined on the basis of a
gary;
and
Lona (1963) illustrates eight
sections.
While
these
problems
will
not
Each term is defined on the basis of a be solved by applying indiscriminately
climatic oscillations within the Donautype
section. The term "Pleistocene" is
climatic oscillations within the Donaube solved by applying indiscriminately
type section. The term "Pleistocene" is (i.e.,
Mindel
interval,
all having full glawithout
the
support
of
absolute
no excpt~on:
it is defined on the basis
Mindel interval, all having full gla(i.e., without the support of absolute
it is defined on the basisdating)
cial/interglacial amplitude. I would
the marine terminology to the
ofno
theexceptlion:
type section
at Le Castella, Cacial/interglacial amplitude. I would
dating) the marine terminology to the
of the type section at Le Castella, Ca- continental
venture to say that, whenever the stradeposits, they can be quite
labria,
southern Italy, following the
venture to say that, whenever the stracontinental deposits, they can be quite
labria, southern Italy, following the easily
tigraphic record is analyzed in suffisolved by establishing an indeunanimous decision of the 7th INQUA
tigraphic record is analyzed in suffieasily solved by establishing an indeunanimous decision of the 7th INQUA pendent
cient detail, strong climatic oscillapalaeontological nomenclature
Congress
(Richmond and Emiliani
cient detail, strong climatic oscillapendent
palaeontological
nomenclature
Congress (Richmond and Emiliani based upon the fossil evidence of the
tions
are noticed; and whenever a time
1967) [Butzer].
tions are noticed; and whenever a time
based upon the fossil evidence of the
1967) [Butzer].
scale
(or even a time estimate) exists,
continents,
a
road
which
the
Soviet
stuIt is true that the decision of the 18th
continents, a road which the Soviet stu- scale (or even a time estimate) exists,
It is true that the decision of the 18th
the wave length appears to be in the
dents have already adopted with their
International
Geological Congress to
the
wave length appears to be in the
dents
have
already
adopted
with
their
International Geological Congress to usage of the term "Anthropogene." I
neighborhood of 50,000 years [Gigout,
place
the Plio-Pleistocene boundary at
neighborhood of 50,000 years [Gigout,
usage
of
the
term
"Anthropogene."
I
boundary atagree with Anati that ~A
Ree]. These analyses, of course, are
should coor':
theplace
basethe
of Plio-Pleistocene
the Calabrian stage
also
Ree]. These analyses, of course, are
agree with Anati that CA should coorthe base of the Calabrian stage also dinate
most easily done on oceanic sediments.
this meritorious effort. The conincluded
a statement to the effect that
most easily done on oceanic sediments.
dinate
this
meritorious
effort.
The
conincluded a statement to the effect that
Sea-level changes also appear to follow
tinental terminology would then be rethis
boundary be placed ·"at the horiSea-level changes also appear to follow
tinental terminology would then be rethis boundary be placed "at the hori- lated
the time scale provided by the deepto the marine one only at the
zon
of the first indication of climate
the time scale provided by the deeplated
to
the
marine
one
only
at
the
zon of the first indication of climate points where absolute dates are availsea
cores. Thus, the high stands dated
deterioration" in the continuous late
sea cores. Thus, the high stands dated
points where absolute dates are availdeterioration" in the continuous late able.
at
125,000
and 85,000 years ago corOnly
a
few
such
points
exist
at
Cenozoic marine sections of Italy. Subat 125,000 and 85,000 years ago corCenozoic marine sections of Italy. Sub- able. Only a few such points exist at respond
to dated high isotopic tempersequent
research has shown, however,
respond to dated high isotopic tempersequent
research
has of
shown,
however,
atures,
separated by a temperature minthat
the first
indication
climatic
deI It is curious that, of the many hundred
atures, separated by a temperature minthat the first indication of climatic deium
at about 110,000 years [Kukla].
1
It
is
curious
that,
of
the
many
hundred
terioration dates from many million
molluscan and foraminiferal species which
ium
at
about 110,000 years [Kukla].
terioration dates from many million occur
molluscan and foraminiferal species which
The relationship between semi-anin the North Atlantic, only two dozen
years
ago, and 'the Pleistocene, thus
The
relationship
between semi-anoccur
in
the
North
Atlantic,
only
two
dozen
years ago, and the Pleistocene, thus species entered the Mediterranean at the benual insolation variations at different
would probably include most
defined
nual insolation variations at different
speciesof
entered
the Mediterranean
atall
theofbedefined would probably include mostginning
the
Calabrian
and
nearly
latitudes and climatic oscillations reof the Pliocene. Substantial glaciation
ginning of the Calabrian and nearly all of
latitudes and climatic oscillations rePliocene. Substantial glaciationthese
species are common to both the North
quires closer analysis. Koppen and
Antarctica
problably
began
in of the
these species are common to both the North quires closer analysis. K6ppen and
in Antarctica problably began Atlantic and the Baltic. Species living in the
Wegener
(1924) assigned predominant
5,0~
years ago (Emiliani 1957),
Atlantic and the Baltic. Species living in the Wegener
(1924) assigned predominant
must necessarily be adjusted to ab5,000,000 years ago (Emiliani 1957), Baltic
Baltic must necessarily be adjusted to ab- significance to the summer insolation
and
eVIdence for glaciation elsewhere
salinity conditions. I wonder whether
significance to the summer insolation
and evidence for glaciation elsewherenormal
at
65°N. Kukla, in his comvariations
normal
salinity
conditions.
I
wonder
whether
dates from at least 3,000,000 years
guests may not have entered
variations at 65?N. Kukla, in his comdates from at least 3,000,000 years thethenorthern
northern guests
may anot
have entered
ment,
speaks in favor of the winter in(Curry 1966). Thus, the Pleistocene
pasthe Mediterranean
through
temporary
ment, speaks in favor of the winter in(Curry
the Pleistocene
theinMediterranean
a temporary
variations at 55°N. I believe
sage
southwestern through
France, acting
as a sa-pas- solation
cannot
be 1966).
definedThus,
in terms
of cooling
solation variations at 55?N. I believe
sageecologic
in southwestern
France,
acting
as a sacannot be defined in terms of cooling
that
these are only first-order approxilinity
filter.
The
maximum
required
alone [Cooke]. As a matter of fact
that
these
are only first-order approxilinity ecologic
The186
maximum
required
alone [Cooke]. As a matter of fact, subsidence
be about
m. along
a
would filter.
mations, and that
the effect of insolaisotopic
analysis of the Le Castella sec~
subsidence
would be
about 186
m.Carcasalong a
mations, and that the effect of insolaisotopic analysis of the Le Castella secsmall
area
between
Toulouse
and
vanations
at
different
critical lation
tion has shown that the Plio-PleistosmallThe
areascanty
between
Toulouse
and in
Carcastion variations at different critical lamarine
deposits
the
tion has shown that the Plio-Pleisto- sonne.
cene boundary, as defined today, is
sonne.
The
scanty
marine
deposits
in
the
may have been entirely eroded away
cene boundary, as defined today, is area
areathus
mayeliminating
have been any
entirely
eroded
away 2 I do not accept as definite any C14 date
not accompanied by any substantial
evidence
of such
not accompanied by any substantial since,
2 I do not accept as definite any C14 date
since,
thus
eliminating any evidence of such greater
,temperature decrease (Emili ani, Maya
marine
transgression.
than about 45,QOO years [Butzer}.
temperature decrease (Emiliani, Maya marine transgression.
Vol. 9. No.1. February 1968
Vol. 9 . No. 1 . February 1968
greater than about 45,QOO years [Butzer].
43
ros,
etc.). Giraffes developed extravan
der Hammen and Gonzales (1960)
titudes
and in different seasons should
van der Hammen and Gonzales (1960)
ros, etc.). Giraffes developed extratitudes and in different seasons should
long
necks (and forelimbs) as a secondtotocoincide
with estimates obtained by
For instance, it may be
bebeevaluated.
long necks (and forelimbs) as a secondcoincide with estimates obtained by
evaluated. For instance, it may be
ary
effect related to tree-grazing.
them
from the fossil floras.
argued
(Emiliani 1966) that summerary effect related to tree-grazing.
them from the fossil floras.
argued (Emiliani 1966) that summerknow, from direct palaeontoloEarly
Hominidae, even though they
We
insolation
minima in the accumulation
insolation minima in the accumulation
We know, from direct palaeontoloEarly Hominidae, even though they
may have been able to swim, run, climb,
gical
and palaeobotanical evidence,
latitudes
coupled with insolation maxigical and palaeobotanical evidence,
latitudes coupled with insolation maximay have been able to swim, run, climb,
would have been successful in
etc.,
ma
in the evaporation latitudes will
that
the climatic oscillations of the
etc., would have been successful in
that the climatic oscillations of the
ma in the evaporation latitudes will
Pleistocene
had a profound effect on
these
activities, as evasive practices,
tend
to produce strong glaciations;
Pleistocene had a profound effect on
these activities, as evasive practices,
tend to produce strong glaciations;
only
if alerted in time. It would seem
maxima in the acboth
plants and animals, not only on
summer-insolation
only if alerted in time. It would seem
both plants and animals, not only on
summer-insolation maxima in the acthe
continents but also in the sea. There
that
they too would have benefited
cumulation
areas coupled with insolathat they too would have benefited
the continents but also in the sea. There
cumulation areas coupled with insolaisislittle
doubt that, when floras migrate,
from
increased perception and that the
minima in the evaporation areas
tion
little doubt that, when floras migrate,
tion minima in the evaporation areas
from increased perception and that the
plant-eaters
also
migrate,
and
meatbenefit
might have resulted in vertical
will
tend
to
produce
warm
interglaplant-eaters also migrate, and meatbenefit might have resulted in vertical
will tend to produce warm interglaeaters
follow.
Thus,
the
Pleistocene
was
posture
[Holloway, Longyear, Smolla,
and
intermediate
conditions
may
cials;
cials; and intermediate conditions may
posture [Holloway, Longyear, Smolla,
eaters follow. Thus, the Pleistocene was
produce
milder glacials and interglaof great and repeated migraReed].
a a time
Reed].
time of great and repeated migraproduce milder glacials and interglaWhether
or not the genus Homo
tions,
a phenomenon per se conduccials
[Kukla].
cials [Kukla].
Whether or not the genus Homo
tions, a phenomenon per se conducThe
glacial!interglacial amplitude of
tive
to the splitting of large populadates
from the Pliocene depends on two
The glacial/interglacial amplitude of
dates from the Pliocene depends on two
tive to the splitting of large populathe
climatic oscillations remained estions
into smaller groups and to genethings:
(a) the definition of Homo; and
the climatic oscillations remained esthings: (a) the definition of Homo; and
tions into smaller groups and to geneconstant
at
an
estimated
60°C
of
some
of
these:
It
is
not
(b)
the
absolute age of the appearance
sentially
tic
isolation
sentially constant at an estimated 60?C
tic isolation of some of these: It is not
(b) the absolute age of the appearance
during
the past 425,000 years, with the
necessary,
for isolation, to have interofofHHyalinea
yalinea baltica
at Le Castella. If
during the past 425,000 years, with the
necessary, for isolation, to have interbaltica at Le Castella. If
single
execption
of
deep-sea
core
stage
vening
glaciers:
an
intervening
hostile
habilis
is
assigned
to
Homo, and if the
vening glaciers: an intervening hostile
single execption of deep-sea core stage
habilis is assigned to Homo, and if the
ecology
3.3.This
temperature range is essentially
may be sufficient [Holloway,
appearance
of H. baltica at Le Castella
This temperature range is essentially
ecology may be sufficient [Holloway,
appearance of H. baltica at Le Castella
the
same as today's winter/summer
Kukla,
Reed, Van Valen]. Conditions
isisasasrecent
as some micropalaeontolothe same as today's winter/summer
recent as some micropalaeontoloKukla, Reed, Van Valen]. Conditions
gical
evidence suggests (about 700,000
range
for the open North Atlantic, and
for
rapid evolution were established
for rapid evolution were established
range for the open North Atlantic, and
gical evidence suggests (about 700,000
ititisison
the basis of this similarity that
the entire biosphere, and not for
for
years,
according to Hay and Boudreaux
on the basis of this similarity that
for the entire biosphere, and not for
years, according to Hay and Boudreaux
I stated that glacial summers were. esman
alone
[Brace].
I
do
not
believe
1968),
then Homo originated in the
1968), then Homo originated in the
I stated that glacial summers were. es- man alone [Brace]. I do not believe
that,
as a rule, an entire species spePliocene
[ Holloway].
sentially
similar to intergracial winters
Pliocene [Holloway].
that, as a rule, an entire species spesentially similar to intergracial winters
believe
that
I
did
overstate
the
into
a
different
one.
My
reason
I
will
conclude
with a few assorted
I Inow
ciates
I will conclude with a few assorted
now believe that I did overstate the
ciates into a different one. My reason
case,
and that what is true for the open
for
this belief is that, a hundred years
remarks. I should have used subspecase, and that what is true for the open
for this belief is that, a hundred years remarks. I should have used subspeciated
instead of speciated when disNorth
Atlantic need not be true for inafter
Darwin, the missing links are still
North Atlantic need not be true for inafter Darwin, the missing links are still
ciated instead of speciated when disland
seas
(North
Sea,
Baltic,
Mediterthe
geological
record
largely
missing
in
cussing
the origin of Homo sapiens
land seas (North Sea, Baltic, Mediterlargely missing in the geological record
cussing the origin of Homo sapiens
ranean)
or for the continents at middle
sapiens
[Brace
].
[Howell]. The term Flandrian
ranean) or for the continents at middle
[Brace].
sapiens [Howell]. The term Flandrian
and
high latitudes. There, the glacial!
ItItisisan
almost universally adopted
isisnot
my idea, but was proposed by
an almost universally adopted
and high latitudes. There, the glacial/
not my idea, but was proposed by
to
have
been
view
that
the
most important result of
interglacial
range
appears
Dubois
in 1924 [Schwerin, Smolla].
interglacial range appears to have been
view that the most important result of
Dubois in 1924 [Schwerin, Smolla].
than today's winter/summer
smaller
bipedal
posture in early Hominidae
I Ido
not equate evolution with changes
smaller than today's winter/summer
bipedal posture in early Hominidae
do not equate evolution with changes
range.
As an example, the glacial!interwas
the freeing of the anterior limbs for
capacity [Anati]. I wish to
inincranial
range. As an example, the glacial/interwas the freeing of the anterior limbs for
cranial capacity [Anati]. I wish to
range as measured by isotopic
glacial
toolmaking.
My point however is that
amplify
my statement on cannibalism
glacial range as measured by isotopic
toolmaking. My point however is that
amplify my statement on cannibalism
of fossil marine shells (food
analysis
bipedal
posture was not achieved
totoemphasize
that cannibalism includes
analysis of fossil marine shells (food
bipedal posture was not achieved
emphasize that cannibalism includes
the
Haua
Fteah
Cave
of
refuse)
from
through
the
necessity
of
making
tools,
not
only
nutritional
cannibalism but
refuse) from the Haua Fteah Cave of
through the necessity of making tools,
not only nutritional cannibalism but
Cyrenaica
appears to have been about
but
through the more primordial nealso
cultural cannibalism. The latter is
Cyrenaica appears to have been about
but through the more primordial nealso cultural cannibalism. The latter is
8°C
(Emiliani et al. 1964: Fig. 5) while
of better perception for scoutlikely.
to have been more important
cessity
8?C (Emiliani et al. 1964: Fig. 5) while
cessity of better perception for scoutlikely to have been more important
today's
winter/summer
range
is
11°C.
Mammals
which
have
attained
a
ing.
than
the
former, and I should have distoday's winter/summer range is 11C.
ing. Mammals which have attained a
than the former, and I should have disAA more
more appropriate
appropriate generalization
generalization
body size (making hiding difficertain
cussed
this point [Anati, Lasker]. The
certain body size (making hiding difficussed this point [Anati, Lasker]. The
would
be that, for Europe and the Mewhich are preyed upon by carnicult),
age
which I estimated for Swanscombe
would be that, for Europe and the Mecult), which are preyed upon by carniage which I estimated for Swanscombe
diterranean
basin, glacial summers
vores,
and which have no adequate
(Emiliani
1956) is 125,000 years and
diterranean basin, glacial summers
vores, and which have no adequate
(Emiliani 1956) is 125,000 years and
were
similar to today's late autumns
defense
mechanism, tend to have their
not
95,000 years. Also, I provided no
were similar to today's late autumns
defense mechanism, tend to have their
not 95,000 years. Also, I provided no
[Frisch,
Hester, Holloway]. In the
perception
centers as high above the
time
estimate for Steinheim [Coon].
[Frisch, Hester, Holloway]. In the
perception centers as high above the
time estimate for Steinheim [Coon].
low
latitudes, on the other hand, the
ground
as permitted by their general
The
Neanderthals had apparently a
low latitudes, on the other hand, the
ground as permitted by their general
The Neanderthals had apparently a
glacial!interglacial
range was much
body
architecture (gazelles, zebras,
very
advanced culture: they not only
glacial/interglacial range was much
body architecture (gazelles, zebras,
very advanced culture: they not only
greater
than the modern winter/sumetc.).
This is not the case for other maminvented
religion but exhibited excelgreater than the modern winter/sumetc.). This is not the case for other maminvented religion but exhibited excelmer
range. My estimate of a 6°C temmals
having similar feeding habits but
lent
judgment
in choosing the right
mer range. My estimate of a 6?C temmals having similar feeding habits but
lent judgment in choosing the right
perature
decrease
for
the
Caribbeanendowed
with
powerful
offense
and
place
(Monte
Circeo,
only 50 miles
perature decrease for the Caribbeanendowed with powerful offense and
place (Monte Circeo, only 50 miles
equatorial
Atlantic area was found by
defense
mechanisms (bisons, rhinocefrom
Rome) [Longyear].
equatorial Atlantic area was found by
defense mechanisms (bisons, rhinocefrom Rome) [Longyear].
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