Cognition and Perception

Cognition and Perception How Do Psychology and Neural Science Inform Philosophy? Athanassios Raftopoulos A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, email specialsales@mitpress.mit.edu or write to Special Sales Department, MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. Set Stone Sans and Stone Serif by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Raftopoulos, Athanassios. Cognition and perception : how do psychology and neural science inform philosophy? / Athanassios Raftopoulos. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01321-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Cognition. 2. Perception. 3. Philosophy. I. Title. BF311.R25 2009 121'.34—dc22 2009000716 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Index Abstraction, 27, 28, 45, 144, 160, 161 Access awareness, 37–39, 42–44, 48, 61, 65, 125, 132, 148, 156–163, 168, 216, 229, 247, 284, 288, 294, 297, 309 Acquaintance, 164, 224–231, 226–228, 231, 344 Action, 8, 23, 27, 35, 46, 80, 101, 102, 107–113, 118, 174–180, 182, 215, 250, 259, 261, 280, 287, 309, 327–332, 336–351 Affordances, 111, 146, 158, 160, 175–178, 218, 245, 343, 346, 349 Ahissar, M., 66, 304 Aine, C., 63, Allman, J., 303 Altmann, G., 278 Amassian, V., 40 Ambiguity perceptual, 280, 284, 289, 290 syntactic, 278 Ambiguous figures, 14, 277, 279–285, 289, 295, 304, 322 Anaphora, 264, 265 Anaphoric dependents, 264 Anaphoric initiator, 265 Anstoss, 187, 188 Anterior cingulate gyrus, 6, 56 Antonini, A., 300, 303 Appearances, fixing of, 270, 292 Assumptions, general, 105, 135, 270, 305, 306 Attention active, 55, 56, 88, 294 allocation of, 25–28, 72, 78, 282, 321, 323, 324 bias competition account of, 284 bottleneck 8, 15, 38, 39, 42, 64, 217 capture of, 23, 81, 241, 281, 317 cognitively driven, 3, 47, 52–54, 67, 77, 78, 83, 84, 109, 134, 272, 283, 289, 296, 316, 321–326 conscious, 206, 207, 244–247, directing to, 245 endogenous, 3, 47, 72, 73, 86, 87, 281–284, 287, 314, 322 exogenous, 64, 72, 85, 86, 281, 284, 287, 317, 318, 322 focal, 8, 24, 40, 55, 56, 75, 84, 93 object-centered or object-based, 6, 13–16, 24, 46, 56, 58, 63, 65, 67, 73–76, 79–82, 85–94, 112, 117, 138, 144, 146, 156, 253, 283, 284, 288, 292, 309, 314, 316, 323 orienting of, 6, 32, 72, 85 selective, 6, 7, 17, 18, 22, 28, 29, 41, 42, 48, 70, 71, 82, 83, 207, 213, 214, 243, 316, 317, 326 serial 18, 24 shifts of, 81, 317 400 Attention (cont.) spatial, 3–8, 12, 13, 16–20, 29, 32, 44– 48, 53, 54, 61–87, 93, 97, 123, 205, 212–216, 243, 245, 247, 280–284, 287, 292–296, 313–326 spotlight model of, 5 voluntary control of, 46, 47, 282, 296, 317 zoom-lens view of, 6 Attentional circuits, 6 Attentional control, 46, 79, 80, 280, 295 Attentional effects, 3, 9, 36, 53, 54, 58–69, 81, 84–87, 214, 241, 248, 287, 292, 294, 308 Attentional engagement, 7 Attentional enhancement, 45, 71, 297 Attentional focusing, 12, 161, 304, 321, 324 Attentional masking 60, 258, Attentional mechanisms, 4, 59, 84, 98, 243, 245, 321 Attentional modulation, 53, 67, 68, 78, 85, 295 Attentional shifts, 25, 26 32 Attention network, 6 Attneave, F., 282 Autonomy thesis, 168 Awareness access or report, 148, 156, 157, 190, 215, 229, 294, 309 conscious, 32, 37, 112, 157 of content, 158 as event, 155–166, 192, 199–201 perceptual, 42–44, 136, 187, 239, 297 phenomenal, 34–42, 48, 51, 70, 132, 133, 134, 143, 148, 156–162, 165, 169–172, 190–193, 216, 229, 248 of things, 309 Bach, K., 227, 228 Bachevalier, J., 298, 303 Baddeley, A., 82 Baillargeon, R., 94 Index Balazs, L., 93, 97 Ballard, D., 98, 107, 108, 118, 206, 220, 252 Baptism, 253, 260 Barsallou, L., 313 Barto, A., 300, 302 Basal ganglia, 56 Base representation, 33, 34, 37, 65 Bates, E., 299 Baylis, G., 46, 47, 282 Bechtel, W., 120–122 Becklen, R., 46 Behavioral relevance, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12–15, 29, 45, 100, 106, 304 Beliefs as cognitive states having conceptual content, 135, 164, 206, 239, 270, 276 de re, 141, 226–227 directive, 331 fixation of, 270, 292 about objects, 136, 230, 327 theoretical, 270 truth of, 327–336, 349 Bermudez, J., 131, 135–139, 149, 159, 165–171, 179–183, 188–192, 245, 306, 336, 337 Bichot, N., 35, 54, 58, 59, 72, 85–87 Bickhard, M., 177, 209, 258, 345, 348 Biederman, I., 274, 287 Biederman, J., 77 Binding, 5, 13, 29, 34, 36, 50, 49, 66, 214, 219, 297 Blindsight, 216 Block, N., 30, 34, 37, 38, 43, 48, 117, 161, 198, 215 Bogen, J., 120, 123 BonJour, L., 164, 330 Bottom-up processes, 50, 90, 95, 108, 163, 170, 175, 223, 273, 278, 279, 291–294, 304, 315, 328 Bottom-up signals, 12, 14, 15, 28 Index Boundaries, 14, 50, 51, 100–102, 133, 177, 181, 182 Boyce, S., 77 Brain activity, 297 Brain damage, 300 Brain electric source analysis (BESA), 123 Brain images, 55, 56, 59, Brain macrocircuitry, 300, 304 Brain microcircuitry, 300, 304, 320 Brain as plastic, 270, 297–306 Braitenberg, V., 286 Brandom, R., 257–265, 311 Brewer, B., 193, 239 Brockmole, J., 32, 82 Bruce, V., 104 Burge, T., 140, 141, 226 Campbell, J., 147–153, 174, 177, 205–207, 212–218, 224, 231, 242–248, 259 Campion, J., 275 Carey, S., 93, 94, 96, 109, 240 Carr, T., 54 Castiello, U., 111 Categories, 31, 79, 117, 158, 163, 183, 280, 292, 331 Categorization, 33, 62, 66, 77, 90, 97, 125, 126, 132, 275, 276, 291 Causal chains, 170, 209, 211, 213, 221, 223, 226, 232, 238, 252, 253, 262, 263, 266, 267 Causal contact with world, 26, 197, 226, 329 Causal continuity, 253, 254, Causal counterfactual connection, 145, 164 Causality, 177 Causal links, 140, 145, 153, 155, 228, 311, 312 Causal processes, 343 Causal relations, 27, 145, 175–178, 188, 208–211, 227, 259, 260, 311, 329 401 Causal triangulation, 263, 264 Cavanagh, P., 35 Cave, K., 29 Chambers, D., 283 Change blindness, 20, 24, 26, 30, 73 Changeux, J.-P., 38, 92, 299 Channels, 120, 181, 275, 320 Chapman, B., 303 Chelazzi, L., 16, 17, 54, 58, 59, 67, 72, 76 Chernenko, G., 101 Chung, M., 32 Churchland, P., 120, 127, 162, 193, 194, 269–273, 278, 279, 289, 293, 296, 297, 300–306, 312, 315, 318, 319 Clark, A., 103, 301 Clark, V., 64, 69, 70 Classification, 72, 122, 274, 275 Codes, 55, 98, Coffey-Corina, S., 301 Cognition, perception and, 270, 307, 309 Cognitive activity, 272 Cognitive centers, 37, 61, 62, 84, 112, 124, 132, 146, 157, 182, 185, 269– 274, 293–296, 302, 305, 309, 315 Cognitive effects, 54, 73, 89, 91, 146, 307, 309 Cognitive encapsulation, 78, 79, 120, 315, 316 Cognitive factors, 73, 74, 80–84, 277, 279, 283, 295, 314, 317, 321, 322, 325 Cognitive functions, 54, 132, 270, 307 Cognitive grammar, 176 Cognitive impenetrability, 53, 54, 73, 80, 81, 84–86, 154, 271–278, 296, 302–308, 311, 314, 315 Cognitive integration, 139, 179, 180, 183 Cognitive penetrability, 47, 48, 53, 64, 76–81, 84, 119, 120, 193, 270, 271, 275, 279–280, 289–292, 295, 296, 302–308, 313–321, 324, 326 402 Cognitive processing, 73, 77, 90, 91, 123, 182, 185, 271, 292, 301, 307, 309, 321–325 Cognitive states, 44, 47, 51, 54, 67, 71, 73, 77, 83, 105, 119, 120, 134, 140, 145, 270, 273, 276, 279, 282, 292, 296, 304, 305, 318, 321, 325 Cognitive tasks, 54, 87, 292, 297, 305, 306, 309 Cohen, J., 11 Coherence, 21, 22, 25, 26 limited, 48, 98, 112, 157, 159, 169 short-term, 23 spatiotemporal, 21, 48, 92, 112, 146, 157, 158, 159, 169, 233 Communication, 62, 275, 278, 307 Competition, 7–9, 12–18, 28–30, 36, 37, 42, 45–48, 58, 60, 76, 79, 81, 86, 284, 316 Competitive interactions, 4, 8, 9, 14, 67 Concepts as abstract entities, 198, 233, 234, 313, 325 as determining reference, 136, 137 experiential, 221 as mental entities, 177, 233, 234 observational, 313 sortal, 115, 119, 141, 196, 215, 226, 241, 246–248, 262 as terms, 161, 267, 282, 283, 288, 289, 311 Conceptual articulation, 185, 221, 226, 330 Conceptual effects, 119, 120 Conceptual encapsulation, 138, 148, 225 Conceptual framework or scheme, 3, 119, 120, 144, 146, 157, 226, 236, 257, 260, 271, 281, 288, 306, 312–314, 319–325, 349, 350 Conceptual interference, 3, 248 Conceptual intuitive criterion of difference, 151 Index Conceptualism, 218, 242 Conceptualization, 158, 161, 210, 241, 288, 289, 311, 318, 325 Conceptual modulation, 16, 117, 120, 126, 193, 289, 309, 313 Conceptual representation, 175, 207, 209 Conceptual role, 263, 265, 266 Conceptual skills, 247 Conceptual structure, 211, 248, 325 Conceptual triangulation, 263, 264 Conjunctions, 10, 18, 34, 74, 75, Connection weights, 103, 298, 299 Connor, C., 64 Consciousness access or report, 73, 148, 156–162, 215, 216 content accessible to 156, 157, 162 as mental event, 215 perceptual, 186 phenomenal, 34, 38, 48, 148, 149, 156–162, 248 Constructivism epistemological, 84, 311–314, 318, 324, 326, 328 semantic, 311, 328, Constraints architectural, 299–302 chronotropic, 299–302 innate, 301 operational, 90, 103–106, 135, 183, 218, 243, 261, 262, 276–278, 306, 327, 329, 339–341, 348–351 as set that constitutes theory, 277, 306 Content(s) coarse-grained, 183, 184, 185 cognitive access to, 117, 156, 160, 161 conceptual, 107, 135, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150–164, 168–171, 188–194, 206, 210, 212, 234, 239, 249, 252, 254, 265, 267, 288 construction-theoretic, 178 Index of demonstratives, 205–210, 223, 224, 250–252, 255, 267 empirical, 173, 265 epistemologically significant, 266 experiential, 135, 147, 148, 160, 163, 164, 168, 192, 202, 206, 207 fine-grained, 40, 137, 153, 183–185, 190 imagistic, 206, 207 inner or narrow, 143, 228 intentional, 155, 198, 331 lexical, 27, 176, 278 nonconceptual, 126, 127, 131, 137, 142–148, 153–165, 168, 169, 175, 178–185, 188–194, 212, 216, 239, 242, 248, 263, 326, 328, 337, 341, 342, 350 nonrepresentational, 134 perceptual, 34, 40, 117–120, 145, 154, 164, 180, 235, 327–338, 341, 346, 349 of perceptual demonstratives, 223 phenomenal , 48, 51 131, 133, 137– 142, 147–172, 175, 178–189, 193, 197, 202, 203, 282–288, 322, 342 possession of, 139, 142 positional, 27, 28, 176 propositional. 164, 175, 198, 199, 207, 208 representational , 135–146, 154, 155, 159, 164, 165, 171, 175–183, 194, 198, 201, 202, 230, 276, 306, 338, 345 semantic, 207, 221, 251 semantically evaluable, 139, 178, 194, 251, 252, 306 structured, 179, 180, 183–185, 190, 194–197 wide, 143 Context, 9, 27, 28, 45, 46, 57, 77–79, 84, 106, 109, 177, 211, 216, 222, 228, 232, 236, 249–251, 255–259, 278–280, 283, 289, 298, 321, 330, 333, 335, 343 403 Contextual effects, 35, 64, 284, 285 Contextual modulation, 33, 35, Contextual relation, 141, 226–228 Contour, 33, 47, 51, 100, 133, 176, 273 Contrastive identification, recognition, or re-identification, 116–118 Cooper, L., 287 Correspondence, 96, 209, 238, 332, 341, 348–350 Cortex as brain structure, 15, 298–300, 303 extrastriate visual, 9, 56, 64, 65, 69, 81, 316 motor, 33, 41, 61, 110 parcellation of, 299, 301, 302 prefrontal, 6, 9, 10, 16, 37 primary visual, 16, 54, 59, 63, 64, 71, 110, 112, 308 striate visual, 5, 34, 53, 61–69, 295 visual, 5, 7, 33, 45, 62, 68, 99, 124, 284, 293, 294, 297, 303, 307 Cowey, A., 40 Crain, S., 278 Crane, T., 135–142, 153, 164 Cues, disambiguating, 256, 259 Cussins, A., 135, 140, 177 Cynader, M., 101 Czigler, I., 93, 97 Data-driven processes, 51, 134, 272–274, 279, 291, 320 Davidson, D., 193, 207 Deco, G., 15, 50, Definite descriptions, 222, 223 Dehaene, S., 25, 38, 92, 299, Deictic devicse, 207 Deictic mechanisms, 107, 206, 344 Deictic reference, 106–108, 206, 220, 229, 253, 264, 344, 345 Delineation thesis, 218, 246, 247 Demonstration, bare, 264 404 Demonstrative concepts, 118, 152, 207, 208, 221, 239, 240, 267 Demonstratives in language, 21, 106, 222, 224 mental, 22, 210, 227, 242, 251 perceptual, 136, 141, 205–212, 216, 221, 223–229, 232, 233, 243, 247– 256, 259, 262–267, 328, 344, 351 Demonstrative thought, 207, 261, 264, 267 Dennett, D., 209, 286, 331, 339 Denotation, 223, 224, 250, 256 Depth, 273, 279 De Renzi, E., 122, 275 Descartes, R., 176 Desimone, R., 4, 5, 9, 13, 17, 30, 45, 76, 284 Detection, 4, 8, 20, 37, 60, 62, 67, 69, 73, 77, 78, 83, 94, 95, 101, 105, 115, 122, 123, 207, 244, 286, 287, 303, 325, 339 De Valois, R., 101 Devitt, M., 136, 188, 211, 212, 223, 224, 237, 249, 250, 255 Diachronic change, 304 Dipole studies, 63 DiRusso, F., 63 Disambiguation, 256, 259 Disjunction, 263, 264 Distal causes, 103, 262, 263, 264, 327 Distractors, 7, 10, 17, 18, 40, 46, 59, 72, 86, 87, 96, 282, 294 Distance, 8, 101, 102, 111, 173, 187, 261, 273, 298, 246, 347, 351 Dodwell, P., 291 Dokic, J., 117, Downing, P., 6 Dretske, F., 135, 136, 155, 158, 160, 161, 163, 234, 263, 264, 266 Driver, J., 13, 19, 24, 30, 39, 47, 49, 75, 91, 282 Duhem, P., 323 Duncan, J., 4–10, 13, 18, 30, 46, 80 Index Ebbesson, S., 299 Eckstein, M., 10 Edelman, G., 296 Edelman, S., 52, 134, 272 Edges, 14, 94, 181, 278, 285 Egeth, H., 4, 6, 20, 24, 29 Electrophysiological recordings, 61 Ellis, J., 161 Elman, J., 103, 196, 299 Embodiment, 107 Empiricism, 194 Encapsulation, 120, 270, 278 Encoding, 15, 54, 59, 71, 73, 75, 82, 92, 99, 124, 207, 209, 212–216, 229, 244, 282, 317 Encodingism, 209 Enns, J., 49 Estany, A., 315 Evans, G., 135–137, 147–151, 174, 195, 221, 227, 228, 239, 255–260 Evans, M., 24, 37, 71, 72 Event expectancy of, 82, 283, 317 preparation for, 82, 283, 317 Event-related potentials, 37, 54, 57, 61, 63, 66–75, 82, 87, 97, 121–124, 269, 293, 295, 316, 317 Evidential relation, 141, 164, 195, 329 Expectations, 71, 270, 276, 307 Experience character of, 137, 155, 160, 164, 183, 184 conceptual, 160, 161 conscious, 37, 38, 79, 150, 201 contents of, 146–151, 154, 155, 162–165, 184, 201, 255 feature-placing level of, 244 fleeting, 157, 159 perceptual, 136, 145, 147, 154, 156, 163, 175, 186, 187, 196, 222, 239 phenomenal character of, 137, 155, 160, 161, 164, 183, 184, 288, 289 phenomenological, 171, 271 Index Experiential world, 163, 164 Experimenta, 324 Experiments, 6, 40, 64–66, 72, 73, 75, 76, 96, 97, 100–102, 298, 320, 324 Externalism, 328 Evolution, 42, 300, 302, 332, 348, 349 Eye fixation, 19–21, 107, 108, 206, 279, 282, 344 Eye movements, 27, 32, 92, 107 Farah, J., 6, 14, 15, 29, 45, 56, 284 Farah, M., 56 Feature maps, 5, 9, 12, 29, 214, 266 Feature integration theory (FIT), 5–8, 15, 17, 48, 214, 206, 207, 216–219, 240, 244, 247 Features detection of, 62, 115, 194, 207, 244 observable, 95, 99, 205, 214, 245 occluded, 94, 100, 102, 255 registration of, 57 Feedback, 13–17, 33–37, 45, 58, 60–63, 67, 76, 85, 132, 278, 284, 297, 305, 307 Feedforward sweep (FFS), 32–42, 49, 51, 61–67, 73, 74, 84–87, 132–134, 146, 152, 191, 269, 284, 293, 294, 297, 309, 316, 317, 322 Feldman, J., 19 Felleman, D., 34, 119, 274 Felt position, 291 Fernandez-Duque, D., 30, 43 Ferrante, D., 285 Ferster, D., 105, 339 Ferstl, E., 278 Figure-ground separation, 14, 15, 35, 45, 50, 60, 284, 171 File folders, 233–235 Filtering interactive model, 278, 279, 294 Findlay, J., 11, 12, 27 Finlay, B., 298 405 Fixation, 8, 11, 12, 30, 46, 69, 92, 98, 99, 106–108, 206, 207, 230, 233, 270, 279, 282, 292, 345 Flombaum, J., 93, 96 Focal areas, 279 Fodor, J., 77, 105, 108, 127, 163, 269–273, 276– 279, 290–293, 298, 302–308, 346, 348 Folk, C., 46, 79, 280 Forster, K., 278 Fovea, 11, 106, 107, 206, 344, 345 Frame of reference absolute or body-centered or viewercentered or egocentric, 110, 111, 172–174, 180, 326 Cartesian, 173, 285–288, relational or object-centered or allocentric or scene-based, 110–113, 173 Franconeri, S., 82 Franklin, A., 320 Frege, G., 198, 222, 223, 238, 240, 249, 250, 257 Freiwald, W., 67, 68 Frisby, J., 105 Frontal eye field (FEF), 58–60, 85–87 Frontal lobe, 56 Function, 4–6, 10, 11, 17, 18, 29, 31, 34, 35, 40, 54, 67, 79, 82, 91, 93, 102–107, 110–114, 121–126, 132, 135, 164, 181–183, 186, 193, 196, 215, 218, 219, 222, 223, 227, 242, 250, 261–266, 270, 271, 275, 278, 283, 290, 293, 298–302, 306, 307, 316–319, 324, 326, 333, 339, 344, 345, 348, 349, 350, 351 Fundamental epistemic relation, 227, 230 Garcia-Carpintero, M., 205, 212, 223– 226, 230, 231, 236, 242, 250, 254 Gavagai, 260, 262, 264, 333–338, 350, 351 406 Gaze, 55, 80, 81, 106, 108, 195, 206, 210, 295 Gelade, G., 49 Gelman, R., 100 Generality constraint, 104, 277 Generalized cones, 287, Generalized cylinders, 287 Geniculate nucleus, 61, 293 Gestalt, 102, 245, 288 Gettner, S., 89 Gibson, B., 46, 47, 279, 282, 283, 304 Gibson, J., 174, 178 Gilbert, C., 34, 35, 87 Gilchrist, I., 11, 12, 27, 49 Girelli, M., 81 Glover S., 40, 110–113 Goldstone. R., 163, 313 Goodale, M., 40, 110, 111, 272, 347 Gooding, D., 320 Green, P., 104 Greenough, W., 301 Gregory, R., 162, 278 Grounding, 136, 147, 155, 164, 207–211, 215, 232, 241, 250–255, 265–267, 327, 350 Haenny, P., 63, 64 Hallucination, 143, 251 Han, S., 70 Hanes, D., 11 Hanson, N., 162, 312, 314 Hardcastle, V., 120 Harnad, S., 208, Haugeland, J., 171, 212, 242, 243, 245, 262, 266, 351 Haxby, J., 4, 56, 88, 110 Heck, R., Jr., 131, 135, 137, 141, 164, 195, 221, 239 Heeger, D., 68, 85 Heinze, H., 24, 54, 64, 70 Henderson, J., 7, 19, 20, 27, 30, 31, 32, 67, 77, 78, 82, 87, 116, 158 Hildreth, E., 51, 105, 134, 273, 304 Index Hilyard, S., 72 Hochberg, J., 46, 47, 67, 282 Hochstein, S., 66, 304 Hofsten, C., 101 Hollingworth, A., 7, 19, 20, 27, 30–32, 67, 77, 78, 87, 116, 158 Hopf, J., 68 Hopfinger, J., 37, 61, 68–73 Horizontal connections, 34–36, 274, 315 Hubel, D., 35, 105 Humphreys, G., 7–10, 18, 24, 30, 40, 46, 75, 76, 80, 274, 275 Hupé, J., 15, 34, 36 Identification of object, 90, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 124, 125, 126, 144, 163, 196, 219, 240, 246, 272, 291, 308 of referents of terms, 199, 224, 226, 236, 237, 249, 250–258, 311, 328, 331–336, 345 in vision, 52, 272 Identity, 93 Identity criterion, 259 Illumination, 174, 235, Illusions, 105, 137, 230, 251, 273, 270, 273, 277–279, 290, 291, 302 Images on perceptual screen, 202, 203, retinal, 11, 50, 76, 104, 105, 133, 135, 176, 272, 275–277, 290, 304, 319, 323, 327, 339 Image schemes, 27, 172, 176, 177, 203 Imaging studies, 122 Impairments, 111, 122, 275, 276 Inattentional amnesia, 30 Inattentional blindness, 4, 20, 24, 26, 30 Incommensurability, 312, 314 Indeterminacy of translation, 90, 103, 188, 260, 264, 333, 334, 338, 350 Index Indexes assigning, 91, 92, 125 as demonstrative reference, 137, 214, 264, keeping track of objects, 90, 93, 98, 163, 171, 212, 229, 257, 345, maintenance of, 94, 207, 214, 229, as picking out objects in a visual scene, 207, 210, 264 Indexical representations, 26 Indexicals causality and, 174, 177, 259 character of, 230, 240 linguistic, 211 linguistic meaning of, 252 Indexing as causal process, 91, 343 of objects, 98, 107, 114, 115, 196, 229, 263, 266, 247, 263 as preattentional process 92, 124, properties responsible for, 90, 94, 97, 99, 114, 115, 196, 212, 218, 220, 226, 227 system, 125, 229, 257, 259 theories, 98, 171, 259 Individuating and indexing, 124, 218, 247, 259, 263, as nonconceptual process 124, 223, 247, 263, of objects, 74, 89–98, 101, 108, 109, 113–118, 124–126, 144, 172, 176, 196, 206, 207, 210–222, 223, 225, 228–235, 238–249, 253, 256–263, 266, 267, 313, 318, 334, 345 and perceptual demonstratives, 223, 229, 241, 248, 249, 251, 256, 266, 267, 345 as preattentive process 91, 124, 207, 212, 213, 247 vs. recognizing or (re)identifying, 74, 90, 109, 115, 124–126, 144, 212, 215, 217, 219, 229, 238–240, 251, 259 407 Individuation, 99, 126, 212, 247 Inference, 106, 113, 195, 218, 261–263, 269, 270, 276, 340 Inferential triangulation, 263, 264 Inferior parietal lobe (IPL), 113 Inferotemporal cortex, 56, 72, 97, 308 Information cognitive, 273, 305 conceptual, 117, 219, 226, 278, 344 conceptual unmediated ways of retrieving, 153, 170, 192, 210, 212, 254, 255, 318, 325–328 descriptive, 225, 232 directly or bottom-up or preattentively retrieved, 8, 13, 22, 28, 46, 213, 220, 226, 233, 241, 248, 259, 271, 279, 287, 343 featural, 7, 90–98, 111–115, 124, 172–175, 212, 215–220, 227, 229, 232, 238, 251, 265, 267 imagistic, 206, 213, represented in dorsal system, 111 represented in ventral system, 110 retrieval of 8, 13, 22, 28, 46, 159, 170, 213, 220, 225, 279, 280, 313, 339 semantic, 92, 93, 112, 114, 157, 161, 216, 219, 233, 246, 272 spatiotemporal, 93–99, 108, 109, 171, 217, 226, 229, 241, 253, 256, 267 theory-neutral, 271 Information processing, 42, 147–151 , 217 Innatism, 196, 297, 299, 302 Input, 4–9, 14–17, 20, 35, 37, 41, 42, 49, 69–71, 81, 87, 101, 103, 110, 139, 147, 153, 163, 179, 238, 270, 271, 278, 279, 286, 291, 293, 294, 298–304, 307–309, 320, 347, 351 Instructions, 9, 46, 63, 68, 80, 85, 280 Intentional behavior 139, 167, 168, 179, 182 Intentionalism, 198, 201, 408 Intentionality, 186, 202, 234, 246 Intentional relation, 208 Interaction strong, 278, 279, 292 weak, 278, 279, 291–295 Interfaces observation/cognition, 292 perception/cognition, 292, 295 post-sensory/semantic, 134, 272 Internalism, 164 Interpenetrability, 188 Interpretation of ambiguous displays, 295 perceptual, 34, 46, 269, 282 of raw sensation or given, 193, 195 of sensory information or stimuli, 280, 341 of symbolic systems, 350 of syntactic ambiguities, 278 Introspection, 106, 131, 143, 156, 159, 161, 165–171, 186, 192, 202, 339 Inverted frames, 290, Irwin, D., 98, Jackendoff, R., 135 Jacob, P., 56, 95, 111, 114–117 Jacobs, R., 300, 302 Jeannerod, M., 56, 95, 111, 114–117 Jenkins, W., 303 Jiang, Y., 32 Johnson, M., 172, 299–301, 320 Jonides, J., 6 Joordens, S., 30 Jordan, M., 300, 302 Joseph, J., 64, 65, 85 Judgment as conceptual activity, 195, 239 de re, 211, 226, 227 discursive, 136, 193, 194, 271, 306, 319 identity, 259 recognition, 240, 257, 259 Justification, 164, 254, 330 Index Kahneman, D., 4, 23, 91, 92, 95, 98, 125 Kanwisher, N., 6, 19, 24, 25, 30, 42, 43, 44, 50, 66, 67, 79, 125, 143, 166, 297, 309 Kaplan, D., 210, 223, 251, 252 Karmiloff-Smith, A., 101, 103, 300, 301 Karni, A., 303 Kastner, S., 68 Katz, E., 300 Katz, J., 222 Kaufman, D., 188 Kawabata, N., 279, 304 Kellman, P., 100, 101 Kelly, S., 118, 135, 152, 153, 238–240 Kestenbaum, R., 101 Killackey, H., 298 Kitcher, P., 311, 327 Knowledge background, 105, 269, 270, 276, 277 and early vision, 135, 276 explicit, 32, 135, 183, 276, 277 form of, 218 implicit, 276, 277 of numerical principles 95, 96 of objects and their properties, 122, 275 of reference or demonstratum, 244, 248 of space, 258 of specific objects, 51, 52, 112, 113, 134, 135, 162, 183, 272, 274, 276, 304 Koch, C., 27, 105 Koivisto, M., 24, 70 Kolb, B., 299 Kosslyn, S., 54, 56 Kripke, S., 213, 222, 223, 242, 249, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259 Kuhn, T., 162, 312, 313, 314, 323 LaBerge, D., 5, 82, 88 Ladavas, E., 25 Index Lakoff, G., 172 Lamme, V., 10, 30–45, 48–51, 60–62, 66, 84–90, 119, 131–134, 144, 148, 215, 269, 296, 297 Langacker, R., 176 Language, 55, 93, 106, 147, 165, 168, 169, 189–192, 208, 209, 222, 238, 260–265, 299–301, 332–336, 343, 350 Latto, R., 275 Lavie, N., 75 Lawson, R., 274, Leopold, D., 47, 54, 59, 60, 282 Leslie, A., 89, 91, 93, 98, 114, 124 Levin, D., 20 Leyton, M., 286, 287 Linguistic data, 334 Linguistic game, 265 Livingstone, M., 35 Loar, B., 236–238, 254 Location as binding property, 7, 207, 214, 218, 297 relative, 20, 27, 28, 96, 176, 346 in space, 11, 12, 27, 176 Logical Positivism, 327 Logothetis, N., 47, 54, 59, 60, 282 Lowe, E., 135, 136, 155 Lowenheim-Skolem theorem, 208, 332 Luck, S., 13, 63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 81, 124 Mack, A., 20, 24 Magnetic fields, 63 Magnocellular retinocortical pathways, 97, 111, 112 Magnuson, S., 279 Maimon, G., 298 Maljkovic, V., 32 Mangun, G., 68, 71, 72, 123 Mapping, 7, 22, 208, 296 Marr, D., 30, 50, 51, 89, 101, 104, 133, 134, 135, 138, 162, 168, 171, 172, 178, 181, 189, 272–277, 287, 292, 316, 339 409 Martin, M., 136, 140, 145, 153, 197–202 Martinez, A., 63 Matthen, M., 44, 173 McDowell, J., 161, 186, 193–196, 228, 239, 240, 349 McLeod, P., 10 Meaning, 26, 37, 41, 55, 58, 119, 136, 164, 166, 192, 198, 206–209, 222, 223, 232, 233, 236, 238, 248–253, 258, 269, 270, 312, 313, 319, 324, 331, 332, 350 Memory and attention, 23, 29–32, 37, 58, 82, 86, 117, 233, 317 holistic theory of, 269, 270 long-term, 28, 30, 37, 77, 99, 116, 230, 284 priming, 303–304, 320 semantic, 122, 275, 276, 304 short-term or working, 6, 9–11, 16, 17, 23, 36, 45, 46, 73, 77, 82, 86, 108, 109, 158, 161, 282, 283, 317 as system, 4, 7, 19, 29, 30, 32, 45, 52, 61, 80, 92, 99, 106, 110, 113, 116– 118, 124, 132, 134, 156–162, 169, 185, 218, 229, 234, 235, 272, 274, 320, 340 visual short-term, 6, 7, 10, 23, 30–32, 45, 58, 77, 92, 99, 116, 230, 244, 284 Mental act, 43, 161, 164, 211, 216, 224 Mental images, 56, 203 Mental imaging, 309 Mental states, 143, 150, 170, 202, 208, 211, 220, 226, 270, 333, 334 Mental rotation, 287 Merikle, P., 24, 25, 30 Merzenich, M., 303 Miller, E., 11 Millikan, R., 198 Mills, D., 301 Milner, D., 40, 110, 111, 347 410 Mishkin, M., 110, 114, 115 Mitroff, S., 24 Modularity, 270, 271, 275, 290, 292, 297, 304, 305, 308 Modular organization or modularized system, 271, 276, 302, 305 Modulation, 9, 16, 33–36, 47, 53–70, 73–76, 78, 81, 84–86, 117, 120, 146, 157, 192, 193, 272, 289, 292–297, 301, 307–309, 313–316, 326, 339 Modules functional, 274, 275 hard-wired, 270, 298, 302, 305, 306 in neuroscience, 293, 299–302 perceptual, 105, 270, 274, 277, 291, 292, 296, 298, 302–308 syntactic, 278 vision, 35, 108, 115, 274, 347 Monocular cells, 47, 282 Moore, C., 24 Morgan, M., 105 Morton, J. 299 Motion, 10, 20, 23, 24, 33, 35, 39, 40, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 66, 79, 81, 82, 89–92, 95–103, 109–113, 124, 134, 178–182, 195, 205, 213, 217, 218, 222, 224, 242, 245, 248, 266, 274, 280, 281, 308, 316–318, 325, 326, 344–349 Motion signals, 20 Mounts, J., 10 Moutoussis, K., 34, 35, 347 MRI, 61, 63 Muller, V., 48 Mundale, J., 121 Myth of the given, 23, 167, 193, 194 Nakayama, K., 10, 32, 95 Name, 91, 125, 126, 232, 234, 249, 253, 254, 259, 260 Navon, D., 25 Necker cube, 46, 60, 273, 279 Needham, A., 94 Index Neisser, U., 19, 46, 278 Nersessian, N., 320 Neural activity, 4, 5, 11, 59, 66, 68, 177, 293, 345 Neural architecture, 270, 271, 290, 298, 305 Neural descending pathways, 293–296, 305–309 Neural development, 300 Neural imaging, 56, 121, 123 Neural mechanisms, 42, 187, 303 Neural network, 11, 16, 341 Neural patterns, 303 Neural selectionism, 299 Neural states, 197, 202, 288, 328 Neural structures, 233, 234, 345 Neural system, 38, 56, 103, 122, 270, 300, 301, 309 Neuronal assembly, 7, 16, 17, 58, 303 Neuronal response, 5, 9, 64 Neurons as brain cells, 284, 294–302 preferred stimuli of, 60, 69, 83 sensitivity of, 68 Neville, H., 301 Newcombe, F., 275 New Look theories, 270, 314, 322 Nexus, 22, 34 Niebur, E., 15–18, 29, 30 Niedeggen, M., 37, 73 Niederer, J., 298 Nielsen, K., 105, Nimmo-Smith, I., 6 Noa, A., 145, Nobre, A., 57 Noë, A., 24, Nonconceptual states, 138, 141, 142, 146, 173, 195, 258, 348 Nontargets, 58, 70, 317 Nonvisual properties, 27, 28, 176 Norman, J., 110–112 Notions, 113, 184, 195, 196, 233, 234 Numerical identity, 95, 109, 176 Index Object(s) constancy of, 122, 242, 275 of demonstration, 206, 215 dossier of, 225–226, 266 parsing of, 50, 91, 125, 195, 207, 214–217, 233, 241, 248, 251, 335, 344, 350 perceived as same despite featural changes, 259, 267 picking out, 92, 136, 137, 207, 248, 257, 259, 264 preattentively individuated, 89 recognition of, 14, 43, 45, 51, 52, 74, 77, 125, 134, 272, 274, 283, 291, 292, 303, 309 representation, 5, 14, 19, 24, 39, 76, 109–112, 125, 326 segregation of, 13, 14, 45–50, 65, 76, 94, 284 tracking of, 40, 96, 242 Object-centered representation, 122, 273–276, 291 Object-file, 22, 91, 92, 98, 99, 112, 114, 125, 126, 171, 172, 210–213, 216–220, 225–231, 235, 254, 260, 266–267, 344, 345, 351 assigning or opening, 91, 94–98, 113, 114, 125, 171, 210–215, 219, 220, 230–233, 241, 345, 349, 350 maintaining, 92, 95, 212, 214, 225, 259 Objecthood concept of, 113, 171, 179, 210, 211 continuity condition of, 188 existence condition of, 188 independence condition of, 188 separateness condition of, 188 Observable entities, features, or properties, 95, 99, 171, 175, 205, 214, 220, 245, 325 , 327 Observation vs. perception, 50, 132, 134, 146, 148, 158–162, 271, 272, 292, 305, 326 411 as process, 51, 134, 163, 210, 269, 272, 275 reports, 312, 324 as theory-laden or cognitively penetrated or conceptually modulated process, 159–163, 169, 269–272, 291, 292, 314, 318, 324, 325 as theory-neutral or cognitivelyimpenetrable or encapsulated, 269– 271, 278, 290–292, 297, 306 O’Connell, D., 101 O’Craven, K., 6 Oculomotor capture, 81 O’Leary, D., 298 Olson, C., 89 Ontological relativity, 260–266 Ontology, 333–337, 351 Opaque contexts, 335 Operational constraints, 90, 103, 106, 243, 261, 277, 278, 329, 339, 340, 351 Oram, M., 62 O’Reilly, R., 14, 45, 284, 300 Pacherie, E., 117 Pallas, S., 298 Palmer, J., 10 Palmer, S., 284 Paquet, L., 24 Parallel processing, 10, 14, 18, 35, 97, 207, 274, 275 Parvocellular retinocortical pathways, 97, 112 Peacocke, C., 131, 135–139, 154–156, 168, 171, 174, 175, 181, 184, 188, 220, 235, 236, 255, 256, 306 Perceiving in doxastic sense, 155–160, 163 in phenomenal sense, 155–160, 325 something as in doxastic sense, 159 something as in nondoxastic or nonconceptual sense, 159, 346 things in the world, 277 412 Percept, 31, 39, 43, 48, 54, 59, 69, 83, 85, 116, 157, 158, 175, 262, 295, 308, 314, 327, 329 Perception as bottom-up stage in visual processing, 3, 4, 51, 53, 58, 90, 133, 135, 269–272, 275, 276, 279, 323, 328 causal theory or account of, 145, 342, 343 and cognition, 270, 307, 309 as process, 3, 4, 42, 51, 53, 79, 133– 135, 145, 165, 166, 170, 196, 203, 266, 269–272, 307–309, 313, 319, 326, 327, 334, 339 de re, 228 implasticities of, 270 implicit, 24, 30, 216 nonconceptual, 135 vs. observation, 50, 132, 134, 146, 148, 158–162, 271, 272, 275, 292, 305, 326 stereo, 104, 105, 172, 273 subliminal, 279 theory-ladenness of, 74, 120, 127, 269, 276–279, 289, 291, 295, 307, 311, 318, 319 as theory neutral, 127, 271, 277, 292, 296, 306, 311–315, 319, 320, 324–326 two-component theories of, 156, 186 veridical, 145, 187, 338, 342 Perceptual beliefs, 137, 164, 165, 327, 328, 331, 338 Perceptual buffers, 233, 234 Perceptual learning, 271, 279, 292, 302–306, 320 Perceptual mechanisms, 3, 170, 212, 213, 223, 291, 307, 315 Perceptual plasticity, 270, 271, 290, 304 Perceptual readiness, 79, 82, 283, 287–289, 317 Index Perceptual representations, 31, 158 Perceptual set, 45–47, 80, 282–284, 288, 322 Perceptual slow learning, 303, 304 Perceptual (mental) states, 3, 37, 42, 61, 99, 119, 120, 132, 137–147, 154, 159, 164–173, 178–180, 184–187, 190–192, 195–198, 210, 211, 218, 227, 228, 231, 240, 306, 312, 313, 322, 326–329, 332–334, 337, 338, 341–346, 349 Perceptual system, 20, 35, 77, 105, 106, 127, 145, 153, 183, 196, 227–233, 243, 251, 262, 270–273, 277, 280, 286, 290, 291, 298, 301–305, 318, 326–330, 333–335, 339, 340, 343–351 Perret, D., 54, 62, 274 Perry, J., 211, 227, 233–235 PET, 54–57, 64, 120–123, 269 Petersen, S., 54 Peterson, M., 45–47, 67, 279, 282–284, 304 Petitot, J., 27, 28, 176–178 Phenomenal properties, 138, 139, 154, 167, 169, 178–181, 197, 235 Phenomenal world, 163 Phenomenological method, 131, 167, 186. 189, 191 Phenomenology, 159, 161 Philosophy of science, 269 Physical regularities, 339 Pinch, T., 320 Plasticity, 297–306 Poggio, G., 105, 339 Poggio, T., 105, Pointers and pointing, 26, 90, 106–109, 206, 207, 210, 221–224, 231, 237, 238, 252–255, 262–265, 344, 345, 350 Polat, U., 300 Pop-out, 32, 59 Posner, M., 5, 6, 54, 57, 123 Index Positioned scenarios, 174, 235 Posterior parietal, 9, 68, 71 Postperceptual effect, 70, 80, 278, 316 Potentialities or possibilities for further interactions, 177, 345–347 Potter, M., 27 Preattentive or preattentional processes, 53, 98, 195, 217 Preattentive or preattentional stage, 65, 75, 79, 90, 91, 110, 207 Predicates, 27, 175, 176, 208, 331, 343 Predication, 345–347 Predispositions, 103 Presentation contextual de re, 228 of demonstratives, 205, 214, 221, 222, 225, 226, 231, 236, 238, 242, 245, 248–252, 255, 256 de re or nondescriptive, 213, 227, 228, 253, 344, 350 in experience, 156 nonconceptual, 251 of nonexistent objects, 258 of objects, 251, 255, 335, 336, 344, 350 of perceptual demonstratives, 223– 228, 250, 252 psychological, 224 of referents, 335, 336 in thought, 223 Price, C., 122 Primal sketch full, 51, 104, 133, 273 raw, 50, 51, 104, 133, 181 Priming, 24, 30, 32, 303, 304, 320 Principles boundness, 101, 102 closure, 104 cohesion, 101 compatibility, 104 continuity, 104, 105 epipolar, 105, 339 gestalt, 102, 413 grouping, 7, 8 locality, 351 no action at a distance, 101, 102, 261, 351 proximity, 351 rigidity, 101, 102, 261, 351 similarity, 104 uniqueness, 104 Processing global, 72 higher-level, 278, 293 local, 72 semantic, 25, 27, 55, 73, 87, 112, 122, 123, 294 Properties changes not noticed after occlusion, 94, 96 changes not noticed while tracking, 97 co-instantiated, 334–336 functional, 175–178, 188 interactive, 177, 346, 347 nonvisual, 27, 28, 176 of objects, 22, 93, 99, 100, 178, 217, 329, 349 Proto-cortex hypothesis, 298 Proto-map hypothesis, 298 Proto-object, 21, 22, 27, 28, 31, 32, 38– 41, 48, 49, 53, 65–67, 76–79, 89–92, 98, 110, 112, 114, 124, 159, 163, 169, 210, 217, 219, 229, 230, 233, 241, 242, 265, 267, 295, 297 Proto-propositions, 175 Proximal cause, 263, 264 Psillos, S., 327 Putnam, H., 208, 209, 212, 223, 238, 242, 249, 252, 254, 259, 262, 328, 331–333, 336–339, 348, 350 Pylyshyn, Z., 3, 28, 39, 40, 48–53, 67, 78–81, 84, 89–93, 96–98, 104, 108, 134–137, 163, 175, 207, 211, 214, 229, 250, 267, 287, 291, 295, 307, 321, 341 414 Qualia, 165, 166, 186, 197 Quartz, S., 320 Quine, W., 244, 260–264, 333–337 Raftopoulos, A., 53, 108, 295 Raichle, M., 6, 54, 57, 123 Rainer, G., 11 Rakic, P., 298 Ramachandran, V., 105 Ratcliff, G., 275 Ratcliff, R., 12 Reaching, 8, 41, 179 Reaction times, 64, 65, 279 Realism, 127, 311–314, 324, 327, 328, 335–343 epistemological, 251, 327 scientific, 324, 326, 327 Recanati, F., 224, 227, 228, 230 Reasoning, 194–196 Receptivity, 194 Recognition of faces, 299 of objects, 74, 125, 159, 240, 272, 274, 283, 290–292, 303 Recurrent processing (RP), 33–38, 41, 42, 49, 60–62, 84, 125, 132, 149, 152, 269, 294, global (GRP), 36, 41, 61, 38, 87, 132, 146, 148, 157, 283, 288, 294 local (LRP), 34–41, 48–51, 61–67, 73, 74, 84–87, 132, 134, 148, 149, 152, 156, 157, 165, 170–172, 229, 269, 294, 309, 316 Reentrant connections, 58, 62, 296, 305 Reference causal theory of, 3, 126, 213, 220, 242, 252, 254, 259–265 of concepts, 238 deictic, 106–108, 206, 220, 229, 253, 344, 345 demonstrative, 137, 205, 211–214, 220, 221, 224, 227, 231, 233, 242– 245, 259, 264 Index descriptive theories of, 136, 137, 223, 224, 226, 248–250, 253–256 descriptivism and, 215, 230, 251, 256 direct, 223, 226, 250, 252, 257, 258 disambiguation of, 259 identifying descriptions of, 250 inscrutability of, 333–335 nondescriptive theories of, 210 of perceptual demonstratives, 141, 205–209, 212–216, 222, 223, 227, 254, 267 of terms, 198–203, 207, 208, 242, 248–251, 256, 257, 264, 332, 333 underdetermination of or indetermination of, 209, 332, 333, 336, 338, 350 Reference fixing, , 205, 215, 225, 228– 230, 244, 247–249, 253–257, 260 foundational facts in, 233, 234, 253, 254 indexicals in, 252, 254 Referential relation, 311, 348 Referents of demonstratives. 212, 215, 222, 224, 226, 237, 239, 244, 251, 265 individuation of, 226, 229, 232 of perceptual demonstratives, 205, 226, 229, 230, 233, 249 of terms 199, 205, 249, 257, 331, 335 Re-identification of objects 116, 118, 152, 239, 240 in perception, 239 Re-identification condition, 118, 152, 153, 239, 240 Reification, 244, 245, 250, Reisberg, D., 283 Relational frame of reference, 110–113 Relational properties, 178 Relations and relationships de re, 136, 141, 226–228, 344 descriptive, 136 Relativistic theories of science, 269, 270, 312 Index Reliabilism, 327, 330, 331, 337, 338, 342 Rensink, R., 19–32, 40, 44, 45, 48, 49, 78, 107, 118, 144, 297 Report awareness, 37, 40–44, 48, 61, 65, 125, 132, 148, 156–163, 168, 169, 247, 284, 288, 294, 297, 298, 309 Representation(s) in allocentric coordinates, 7, 8, 40, 44, 90, 110–113, 116, 118, 173 in egocentric coordinates, 7, 8, 40, 90, 110–112, 118, 173 fleeting or unstable, 45, 144, 230 functional, 31, 345, 346 higher-level, 31, 117, 158, 275 image-based, 274 internal, 52, 58, 106, 107, 118, 134, 177, 206, 272, 274, 344, 345 intrinsic or innate, 298–300 levels of, 273 mental, 232, 252 object-centered, 122, 273–276, 291 of objects, 26, 116, 118, 218, 272, 325 perceptual, 31, 116, 158, 202, 252, 345 pre-specified, 299 purely descriptive, 250 strong, 112, 114, 118, 126 structured, 7, 50, 110, 133, 163, 164, 172, 178, 185, 272, 292 of token, 23, 43, 44, 142–144, 183, 185, 297 of type, 45, 142–146, 153, 163, 183, 297 viewer-centered, 110, 122, 172, 178, 272–276 virtual, 21, 25, 28, 29, 32 visual, 31, 93, 117, 158, 173, 291 volatile, 21, 159, 160 weak, 111–114, 118, 126, 218–220, 230, 244, 318, 325 Representational innateness, 299 415 Representationalism, 288 Representational properties, 199, 202 Representational relations, 207 Representational states, 43, 139, 145, 155, 179, 183, 200, 203, 284, 326, 338 Representational vehicle, 159, 198, 201, 202, 228, 338, 341, 345 Representing as conceptual 208, 218, 241, 297 as nonconceptual, 159, 213 Response times, 10, 18 Ress, D., 68, 85 Retinotopic organization, 11, 22, 68 Retrieval, 3, 75, 82, 113, 169, 196, 213, 218, 220, 232, 282, 317, 319, 321, 325, 326 Revonsuo, A., 24, 70 Reynolds, J., 8, 68 Richard, M., 237 Richards, W., 339 Riddoch, M., 275 Rigid designator, 222 Rock, I., 20, 24 Roe, A., 298 Roelfsema, P., 10, 32–39, 49, 61–66, 84–86, 296, 297 Rolls, E., 308, 309 Rothbart, M., 6 Rousselet, G., 27 Saccades, 11, 12, 20, 27, 31, 38, 58, 59 Sagi, D., 303 Salience, 9, 11, 29 Salmon, N., 223 Satisfaction conditions, 118, 139, 152, 182, 240 Satisficing, 327 Scenarios, 145, 174, 175, 181, 187, 235 Scene context, 27, 28, 77–79 Scene, superimposing of, 20 Schaffer, S., 320 416 Schall, J., 11, 35, 47, 54, 57–60, 72, 85–87 Schiller, P., 63, 64 Scholl, B., 13, 49, 89, 91, 93, 97–100, 124, 217 Scotti, G., 122, 275 Search attentional, 87, 296, 305, 309 parallel, 10, 18, serial, 6, 7, 10, 16–18, 29 single-feature, 18, 64 Sedivy, S., 193, 239 Seeing doxastic, 158–162, 282, 283, 286–289, 312, 323 phenomenal, 158–162, 280, 286–289, 312 Seeing as, 158–162, 282, 283, 286–289, 312, 323 Seeing something, 158, 159 Segmentation figure-ground, 46, 280 of objects, 13, 34, 46–49, 91, 100, 102, 216, 217, 282, 344, 351 Segmentation processes, 13, 14, 76, 89–92, 95–98, 101, 102, 178, 212, 216–220, 226, 230–232, 242–247, 253, 262, 263, 344, 351 Sejnowski, T., 320 Selection negativity (SN), 74, 75 Sellars, W., 186, 193, 222, 265 Semantic interference, 269 Semantic processing, 25, 27, 55, 73, 87, 112, 122, 123, 272, 294 Semantic properties, 325 Semantic role, 224, 242 Semantics, 208, 209, 331, 332, 350 Semantic task, 57, 122 Sensation(s) as not truth-evaluable or semantically evaluable, 193, 271, 306, 319 as qualia, 156, 166, 167, 186, 187, 193, 319 Index raw, 167, 193–197, 306 as stage of visual processing, 4, 50, 51, 132–134, 139, 162, 166, 181, 185, 193, 271, 272 Sense-data theories, 193–197, 200, 203 Sensitivity, 78 Sensory fields, 187 Sensory input, 139, 179, 301, 308 Sensory memory, 16, 17, 114, 230 Sensory systems, 296, 305 Sergent, C., 37–39 Shades, 31, 117, 138, 158–162, 168, 180, 184, 185, 240 Shagi, D., 300 Shape, 34, 66, 89, 93, 163, 172, 178, 267, 292, 326 Shepard, R., 287 Shipp, S., 9, 13 Shoemaker, S., 135–137, 154, 155 Short, K., 101 Shrager, J., 299 Signal-to-noise ratio, 5, 10, 68, 71, 81, 84 Signs, 61, 200, 202, 206, 207, 238, 248, 249, 252 Silverman, G., 10 Similarity, 18, 104, 329 Simons, D., 20, 23 Single-object advantage, 75, Slopes, 10, 18, 181 Smith, A., 135, 136, 156, 186, 187, 195, 211, 218, 227, 239, 241 Smith, L., 103 Smith, P., 12 Soames, S., 232–234 Sosa, E., 164, 330 Space of reasons, 194, 239 Spatial layout, 19, 23, 31, 32, 66, 78, 297 Spatial location, 5, 6, 8, 20, 27, 28, 40, 47, 68, 75, 78, 89, 90, 96, 111–113, 124, 145, 176, 205, 214, 217, 229, 245, 283, 304, 344, 346 Index Spatial over-againstness, 187 Spatial properties, 135, 174, 183 Spatial relations, 145, 180, 308 Spatial resolution, 66, 123, 297 Spatial type, 174, 175, 235 Species typical environment, 299, 301 Spekreijse, H., 34, 49, 89, 91, 119, Spelke, E., 95, 100–105, 135, 188, 277 Spinnler, H., 122, 275, Spivey, M., 10, 18, 307–309 Spontaneity, 196 Spotlight metaphor, 5–7, 81 Stalnaker, R., 140, 146, 153, 207 State of affairs, 142, 159, 178, 184, 198, 222, 336, 337, 340 Steedman, M., 278 Stewart, M. C., 120 Stich, S., 340, 341 Stiles, J., 300, 303 Stimuli, 5, 9–12, 16, 17, 22, 25, 27, 30–38, 41–47, 53, 57–73, 76, 80–87, 101, 123, 125, 159, 166, 262, 265, 278, 282, 284, 293–296, 303, 304, 308, 309, 316–318, 321, 322, 325, 336, 337 distal, 263, 327 proximal, 262, 266, 267, 270 task-irrelevant, 72, 84, 87, 294, 296 task-relevant , 72, 83, 296 Strawson, P., 244 Strycker, M., 303 Stufflebeam, R., 120 Subdoxastic states, 51, 133, 137, 138, 149, 162, 165, 188–191 Subpersonal level, 229 Subpersonal states, 42, 149, 165, 168, 188–192 Success semantics, 327–330, 336–339, 343 Supér, H., 11, 34, 38, 60 Superior colliculus, 11 Sur, M., 298 417 Surfaces of objects, 100, 104, 110, 162–164, 172, 174, 178, 185, 188, 261, 286, 292, 308 occluding, 100, 101 viewer-centered, 39, 51, 110, 134, 160, 163, 171, 272, 273, 292 Symbols, 136, 208, 209, 332, 348, 350 Symmetry, 285, 286 Synchronous neural activity, 4 Syntactic analysis, 277, 278 Syntactic processor, 278 Syntactic structure, 278 Taddei-Ferretti, C., 279 Talbot, W., 105, 339 Target, 5–7, 10–12, 15–19, 38, 46, 58– 63, 67–73, 78, 80, 86, 97, 101, 109, 282, 297, 298, 303, 308, 309 Task demands, 16, 58, 73, 83, 109, 296, 304, 317, 318 Task-driven processes, 57, 87, 273, 293, 294, 318, 320, 321–323 Task-relevant factors, 83, 317, 318 Taylor, A., 275 Templates, 7, 10, 18, 46, 52, 80, 82, 134, 272 Temporal cortex, 11, 31, 54, 58, 158 Terms extension of, 249, 252, 331 natural-kind, 253, 254 referential, 251, 328, 331, 333, 337, 338, 349, 350 senses of, 198–203, 222, 224, 228, 238, 242, 245, 249–251, 255–258 singular, 236, 237, 249, 253–264, 333, 349, 351 Texture, 31, 62, 64, 115, 117, 158, 174, 235, 246, 273, 303 Thalamus, 6, 298 Thatcher, R., 299 Thelen, E., 103 Thinghood, 243 418 Theoretical commitments, 269, 313, 318–326 Theoretical entities, 324, 325 Theory-driven processes, 291, 321 Thinking, 105, 236, 256–259, 277, 327, 329, 331 Thompson, K. G., 60 Thorpe, S., 66 Thoughts, 207 TMS, 40 Tokens, 23, 25, 43–45, 79, 106, 142– 146, 152, 153, 157, 163, 164, 183– 185, 188, 213, 222, 225, 237, 238, 248, 250, 264, 265, 297, 309 Tomaselli, R., 10 Tovee, M., 308, 309 Tracking, 90, 94, 98, 108, 118, 206, 218, 220, 242, 318, 343, 345 Transparent contexts, 335 Transducers, 139, 166, 179, 182 Trehub, A., 19 Treisman, A., 5, 7–10, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27, 43, 49, 50, 66, 68, 71, 88, 91, 92, 98, 125, 205, 214, 243, 245, 297, 309 Tremoulet, P., 95 Triadic architecture, 26, 29, 32, 107 Truth conditions, 236, 332, 336 Tsotsos, J., 107 Tye, M., 117, 135, 136, 137, 140–144, 153–156, 182–185, 197–202, 239 Type-token distinction, 23, 43–45, 106, 142–146, 153, 157, 163, 164, 183–185 Uller, C., 96 Ulmann, A., 339 Ulmann, S., 51, 101, 104, 105, 134, 135, 273, 277, 304 Unconscious processing, 38, 39, 62 Ungerleider, L., 4, 56, 68, 88, 110, 114, 115, 298, 303, Uniqueness, 100, 104 Updating, 91, 95, 99, 225, 237 Index Usher, M., 15–18, 29, 30 Utility conditions, 330, 336, 337 Van Essen, D., 293 Vecera, P., 6, 9, 13–15, 29, 45–49, 67, 75, 80, 87, 89, 91, 284 Veridical representation, 338 Viewer-centered representation, 110, 122, 172, 274–276 Viewpoint, 138, 323 Vision computational theories of, 104, 105, 189, 274, 339 constitutive standards of, 261, 266, 351 deficits in, 300 dual-component theories of, 195 early, 3, 4, 27, 28, 35, 39, 45, 49–51, 61, 70, 71, 81, 91, 93, 105, 108, 120, 125, 132–135, 138, 139, 146, 148, 158, 159, 163, 172, 177, 186, 213, 217, 238, 241, 261, 271–276, 290, 306, 314–317, 320, 347 feedforward linear systems accounts of, 307–309 intermediate level of, 51, 134, 272–274, 304 late, 126, 134, 135, 146, 158, 160, 169, 274, 314 low-level, 21, 22, 27, 28, 51, 111, 134, 272–276 mid-level, 22 preattentive or preattentional mechanisms in, 64, 241 as processing system, 3, 4, 21, 22, 35, 40, 45, 53, 93, 109, 126, 269–274, 307, 308, 347 spatial framework of, 173–175 stages, 7, 8, 13–17, 21, 22, 28, 29, 38, 45, 48–51, 58, 64, 65, 73, 75, 91, 105, 134, 135, 146, 194, 207, 214, 269–274, 277, 304, 311, 316, 347 top-down effects in, 50, 67, 289 Index Vision, G., 135, 158, 195, 196, 240, 338 Visual agnosia, 275, 276 Visual array, 55, 79, 87, 89, 238, 270, 273, 294, 320 Visual attention, 5, 29, 43, 49, 89, 91, 243, 297, 307 Visual buffer, 19, 20, 23 Visual display, 11, 49 Visual evoked potential (VEP), 69 Visual field, 5–17, 29, 34, 48, 59, 69, 70, 81, 86, 89, 91, 99, 206, 287, 290, 295 Visual form, 31, 95, 117, 122, 123, 158 Visual image, 105, 340 Visual imagery, 55, 56, 294, 297 Visual index(es), 90–94 Visual properties, 27, 28, 43, 144, 176, 185, 297, Visual search, 8, 9, 13, 18, 29, 46, 59, 62, 76, 79 Visual system(s), 4, 7, 8, 13, 20, 22, 24, 40, 41, 50, 55, 62, 64, 66, 89–93, 97, 99, 102–104, 107, 124, 133, 135, 144, 153, 155, 163, 176, 181, 182, 188, 192, 217, 261, 267, 277, 288, 290, 301, 303, 305, 335, 337, 339 dorsal, 8, 40, 44, 61, 97, 110–112, 115, 116, 173, 174, 215, 347 ventral, 7, 8, 13, 33, 40, 44, 48, 57, 61, 97, 110–118, 173, 347 Visual understanding, 135 Visuomotor system, 111 Von Hofsten, C., 101 Wallach, H., 101 Walsh, V., 40 Warrington, E., 122, 275 Watson, D., 1994. 274 Watt, R., 105 Webster, M., 298, 303 What system, 110, 115, 300, 302 Where system, 110, 114, 115, 300, 302 419 Wiesel, T., 35, 105 Wiggins, D. 249, 256 Williams, C., 116 Wittgenstein, L., 223, Wolfe, J., 10, 23, 29, 30, 39, 49 Work space, 38, 39, 92, 158 Wynn, K., 95, 96 Xu, F., 93, 94, 109, 240 Yantis, S., 6, 29, 100 Yeo, R., 303, Yonebayashi, Y., 303 Zeki, S., 34, 35, 293, 347 Zero crossings, 50, 133, 168, 181–183, 189–192 Ziegler, J. C., 54, 123, Zipser, K., 35, 64