Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 2019; 19(2): 14289-14302
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus
Heterophyllus) IN UGANDA
Balamaze J1, Muyonga JH1 and YB Byaruhanga1*
Joseph Balamaze
*Corresponding author email: ybbyaru@gmail.com; ybbyaruhanga@caes.mak.ac.ug
1
Food Technology, Business Incubation Centre, School of Food Technology, Nutrition
and Bio Engineering Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062 Kampala Uganda
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
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ABSTRACT
Jackfruit originated from East Asia, known to be the largest tree born fruit weighs up to
30kg and yields 50-80 tons per hectare annually. The fruit has large potential in Uganda
and has been used in value added products on a small and rudimentary scale. This work
assessed the production and utilization patterns of jackfruit with a view of determining
its capacity to sustain industrial scale processing. A cross-sectional survey was
conducted in jackfruit producing regions from April to June 2016. The study variables
were household farm size, number of jackfruit trees, types, utilization methods and
constraints associated with jackfruit production. A purposive sampling design was
used to select districts, sub-counties, parishes and villages to participate in the survey.
A total of 400 household heads from the study area were interviewed using a semi
structured questionnaire. Responses and observations were recorded; secondary data
was also reviewed for information on the total number of households in a district. The
results showed that 32% of the respondents worked on 1-2 acres of farmland on which
they have at least 2-7 jackfruit trees. About 57% of jackfruit trees were planted while
the remaining 43% were inherited. The study area was estimated to have about 1.7
million fruiting jackfruit trees with the number of fruits per tree varying between 20120 fruits and weighing11 kg, on average. Jackfruit harvest season in Uganda has two
peaks in March to April and November to December, with the latter season yielding
more fruit. Jackfruit is categorized into white, orange and yellow types based on the
pulp color, hard or soft according to pulp texture. About 78% of households produced
jack fruit mainly for home consumption, 16% of the households sold the fruit, and 6%
fed it to animals while 1% of the household processed them into dried chips or jackfruit
wine. The estimated jackfruit production per district in the study area was 0.3 million
metric tons/annum. Although the study area has a potential of producing jackfruit for
industrial processing, there is need to grow more jackfruit in an organized manner to
meet the increasing and competing demands for both home consumption and industrial
processing.
Key words: Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus, production, categorization, utilization,
household, consumption, flakes
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
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INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is mainly produced in Asia with India
and Bangladesh being the world’s leading producers with an average of 1.25 million
metric tons of fruit annually [1]. The lifespan of the jackfruit tree is 60 to 70 years and
a mature plant produces up to 700 fruits per year [2]. Jackfruit is known to be the
heaviest fruit with an average fruit weight10-30 kg [3] and annual average yield of 5080 tons of fruits per hectare of land [1].
Jackfruit production and consumption in many other countries is on the rise and it is
becoming of great economic value because of its traditional value and rich mouth feel.
In India, the total area under jackfruit cultivation is approximately 30,000 acres, of
which, an estimated one million trees are grown in back yards of Karnataka region
alone producing fruits valued at 19 million dollars per year [1]. Jackfruit is also widely
grown and consumed in East Africa (Burundi, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). In
Tanzania, it is locally produced in several regions of the country including: Zanzibar,
Mwanza, Bukoba, Tanga and Morogoro where it is mainly available in the fresh form
[4]. In Uganda, jackfruit is mainly grown in the central, western and eastern regions of
the country despite the fact that many households in other parts of the country have
jackfruit trees in their gardens [5]. Like many sub-Saharan African countries, the
economy of Uganda largely depends on agriculture from which the majority of the rural
populations derive their livelihoods and incomes [6]. Due to the importance of the
agricultural sector, the Government of Uganda has put renewed emphasis on this
sector. This is supported by many proposed policies including: Plans for Modernization
of Agriculture, Uganda’s National Agriculture Policy 2011, Farmer Education and
Training Program and the Development Strategy and Investment Plan [6]. The latter
policy emphasizes that, to realize improved raw material production from agriculture,
there should be a simultaneous development in value addition and industrial production
for agricultural products [7].
Jackfruit comprising 28-33% pulp and 67% waste from which a lot of value-added
products can be processed. However, currently little information exists on the
production capacity, utilization and processing of jackfruit in Uganda. Information on
jackfruit production and utilization is crucial for the improvement of the economic
value of this fruit in the country. The main aim of this study was to establish the current
jackfruit production levels and utilization in order to explore its potential to support
both household consumption and industrial processing.
METHODOLOGY
Study area
The study was conducted in five purposively selected districts of Central and Eastern
regions of Uganda namely: Mityana, Kayunga, Kamuli, Luuka and Jinja which cover a
total land area of 6,046 Km2 in 49 Sub-counties with 426,136 households and a
population of 1.5 million [8]. These districts were selected mainly because the jackfruit
vendors in Kampala city markets identified them as the major sources of the fruit sold
in Uganda.
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
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The sample size “n” was calculated according to [9]
Z 2 pq (1.96 ´ 1.96 ) ´ 0.5 ´ 0.5
n=
=
= 386
d2
0.05 ´ 0.05
Where;
𝑛 = sample size
P= proportion of respondents growing jackfruit nationwide (not known, so it was
assumed at 50%)
q = (1-p)
d = Acceptable degree of error (5%)
z = Normal deviation (confidence limit as 1.96 at 95% CI)
The annual jackfruit production was estimated by multiplying the average number of
trees per house hold (T), the yield per tree (Y), the number of seasons (S), the average
weight of a jackfruit (W) Kg and the number of households in study area (H). The
product was converted into tons by dividing by 1000.
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (Million MT) = [𝑇 × 𝑌 × 𝑆 × 𝑊 × 𝐻] 0.001
In each of the study districts, one county and sub-county were purposively selected.
One parish was purposively selected from a county and four villages were purposively
selected from each parish. In summary, the sampling plan for respondents was 5
districts x 1 county x 1 sub-county x 1 parishes x 4 villages x 20 households summing
up to = 400 respondents. An average of 20 respondents was selected from each village
and interviewed using a comprehensive, semi-structured questionnaire. It included
information on farmer’s land size, jackfruit production levels (number of trees on the
farm and yield per tree), types of harvesting methods, post-harvest losses, consumption,
utilization, marketing and associated problems. The respective Village Council
chairpersons guided the enumerators through the village when selecting and
interviewing respondents. Eligibility for inclusion in the study was the presence of
jackfruit tree (s) in the household garden. The questionnaire was pre-tested using 40
farmers in Naluwembe village, Kammengo sub-county Mpigi district. During the pretesting, respondents were probed to determine the precision and flow of the questions.
The questionnaire was then revised and edited before the final interview.
Data entry and analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 software. Descriptive
statistics were used to discuss results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Jackfruit production
The household farmland size in the study area varied from 1 to 16 acres with 81%
owning 1 to 4 acres, 8% owned more than 5 acres while 10% of the households did not
know their farmland size (Table 1). The number of trees owned varied from 1 to 16
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
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No. of respondents
trees (Table 2); the majority of households (69%) owned 2 to 7 trees with about 41% of
the respondents reported that their trees were planted, 23% were inherited while others
(19%) did not know (Figure 1). Households reported jackfruit yield ranging between 20
and 120 fruits per tree per season, about a third of the households reported 50 – 60
fruits per tree per season, while the rest reported varying yields. Annual jackfruit yield
for the districts ranged from 0.17 to 0.40 MT with an average of 0.3 MT (Table 3).
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
79.8
planted
60.6
55.2
55.2
Kayunga
inherited
34.6
28
24
9.6
5.8
grew on its
own
16
14.1
3.52.6
Kamuli
19
8
Luuka
19 19
18.7 18
others
6.7
Jinja
Mityana
District
Figure 1: Showing how jackfruit trees are acquired by households in selected
districts of Uganda
The jackfruit production reported in the study area was mainly characterized by small
holder farm sizes (1-4 acres) on which 2-7 jackfruit trees are grown either intercropped
or planted along the edges of the farming area. There was no single jackfruit orchard
reported in the study area. Despite the non-existence of orchards, most of the jackfruit
trees found in the study area were deliberately planted (41%) which is an indication
that farmers are interested in the crop and they may be ready to scale up production if
the opportunity arises. This is consistent with what was observed in Hawaii, one or two
jackfruit tree(s) are commonly found near rural farm homes often intercropped with
coffee, pepper, vanilla, and betel palm [10]. This type of farming system may not be
adequate for industrial processing of jackfruit, where volumes of a particular variety
may be required. In some parts of Kenya and South Africa, however, commercial
production for other fruits has been initiated [11]. In India on the other hand, jackfruit
orchard production exists where trees are planted at 30 x 40 ft and the country has
roughly 30,000 acres under jackfruit production. The increasing importance of jackfruit
has caused the Indian government horticulturists to promote the planting of jackfruit
trees along highways, waterways and railways to add to the country's food supply chain
[10]. This probably explains why India is among the world’s leading producers of
jackfruit [10]. The production patterns reported in the present study area need to be
improved possibly by planting known jackfruit varieties in orchards with proper
agronomical management practices. This will probably increase the average jackfruit
production, beyond the current estimated annual production of 0.3 million metric
tonnes. The improvement in the jackfruit production may result in increased production
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
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levels enough to support both household consumption and industrial processing.
Besides, under large scale jackfruit production the tree parts contribute to both
firewood and timber supply [11] which in the long run can reduce pressure on
environmental degradation caused by deforestation.
Fruiting time and harvesting periods
A 3-4 year period was reported by the majority (46%) of the respondents as the starting
time for jackfruit to bear fruits (Table 4). Also, two peak harvest seasons were reported:
March to April and November to December, the latter generally regarded as the major
jackfruit harvest season. The fruit harvest season overlaps (March-June) were reported
mainly in Mityana district (Table 5). The average yield per tree per season was
approximately 55 fruits with an average weight of 11±5kg. In relation to the large fruit
size, high yield, two peak season harvest and season overlaps, jackfruit has a big
potential for reliably supplying fruits for industrial processing. On the other hand, early
fruit bearing period (3-4 years) after planting, would ensure a quick raw material
supply and may encourage farmers to venture into commercial planting of the crop.
The yield of 250 fruits and 4-14 years reported in India as fruiting time after planting
were different from what was observed in the study area [1, 12]. This probably could be
due to differences in environmental conditions and management practices existing in
the two production areas and possibly explains why India is one of the leading jackfruit
producers. Generally, in Uganda, jackfruit is mainly concentrated in the central and
eastern regions of the country; this could possibly be due to heavy rains received by the
two regions [13]. In relation to size, jackfruits in the study area were relatively heavier
(11±5kg) than 4.6 kg reported in Malaysia [14]. In this context, large fruits yield more
pulp and waste compared to small ones. Therefore, jackfruit varieties grown in the
study area could be more profitable for industrial processing due to their larger than
those grown in other parts of the world. On the other hand, the harvesting season
reported in the study area is not as widely spread as that reported in India, which
principally occurs from March to June, April to September, or June to August,
depending on the climatic conditions of the region. In view of this, India enjoys a more
spread annual jackfruit production than the study area which has only two distinct
season periods with a few overlaps. In general, jackfruit is a perennial crop and it takes
over 70 years continuously producing fruits, making it a reliable source of raw material
for industrial processing [1].
Characterization of jackfruit by the farmers
Respondents characterized jackfruit pulp based on the color, texture and ease of
splitting open when the fruit is ripe (Table 6). Three pulp colors reported were; yellow
(41%), orange (31%) and white (28%), in terms of texture 71% reported white while
63% reported orange to have hard texture flakes. About 64% of the respondents
indicated that yellow flakes had a softer texture, there was also a jackfruit type locally
called Lebbe in Mityana district which could be split open when ripe using bare hands,
and this was reported by only 2% of the respondents. Categorizing jackfruit based on
pulp color as reported in the study area may not be conclusive particularly when the
fruits are for making minimally processed jackfruit flakes packed in transparent
packets. In such products flake size and texture plays a major role in determining
product acceptability. Usually consumers prefer big size and hard textured flakes and
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therefore jackfruit varieties which produce such types of flakes are more suitable for
minimal processing. Compared to soft flakes, the hard texture ones would withstand
textural defects caused by minimal processing operations such as blanching and
vacuum packaging [15]. Furthermore the Lebbe type of jackfruit (Table 6) seemed to
be related to Barka type reported in India, which has soft, sweet flakes and the fruit
easily breaks open using bare hands [12]. This type of jackfruit could be more suitable
for making pulp-based products like jams, marmalades or juices. In terms of energy
conservation, pulping soft flakes takes a reasonably short time and therefore less costly
than pulping hard flakes. Other types of flakes reported in India are; Koozha chakka,
the fruits have small, fibrous, soft, mushy, but very sweet flakes. Whereas, Koozha
pazham, a more commercially important type with hard and crisp flakes [12]. The way
jackfruit is identified in India is in some way different from that reported in the study
area where it is mainly based on pulp color differences. Therefore, if jackfruit is to be
produced for industrial processing scale, the fruits should be adequately characterized
in terms of physical and chemical properties to enable accurate identification of
varieties. In Bangladesh for example sweetness and texture of jackfruit pulp are quality
characteristics considered seriously by producers or marketers of agricultural products
[16].
No. of Respondents
Axis
Title
(%)
Utilization of jackfruit in the household
Over 80% of respondents reported that jackfruit produced is used for home
consumption with about half of the respondents consuming it any time of the day by
every family member. Teenagers and children under 10 years were identified to be
consuming more jackfruit than younger or older family members (Table 7). Sixteen
percent of the respondents reported to sell some of the harvested fruit whereas 6% fed
some of the harvested fruits to animal (cows and pigs). Very few respondents (1%)
reported processing the flakes into other products like dried jackfruit chips or wine
(Fig. 2).
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
86
83.9
80.7
79.8
57
home consumption
selling
animal feeds
24.3
18.7
1.8 0
kamuli
processing
19.2
18.3
12.3
12.2
0
mityana
3.8
luuka
0
1 1
kayunga
1 1
jinja
Districts
Figure 2: Showing how Jackfruit is utilized by households in selected districts in
Uganda
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
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The biggest portion (over 80%) of the harvest is consumed, jackfruit being the largest
known fruit, a single fruit could serve several family members. Nutritionally, jackfruit
is known to be a good source of vitamin B6 which is not common in other fruits [1].
Vitamin B6 is required for the formation of red blood cells and various
neurotransmitters; it helps to maintain nerve function, a healthy immune system and
healthy antibodies [1]. Therefore, consumption of jackfruit may contribute to good
nutrition and health status of household members. In many Asian countries’ jackfruit is
considered a miracle crop that can be used to save millions of people from hunger due
to its nutritional composition, size and the many ways in which it can be prepared [12,
17]. During peak season periods due to lack of alternative use, the fruits which cannot
be consumed are fed to animals and therefore nutrient drain. In the study area,
processing of jackfruit flakes to value added product is still limited and was only
reported in Kayunga district where the flakes have been dried into jackfruit fine chips
and sold to local market. The proportion of the harvested fruits processed is very small
(1%) compared to that which is consumed (80%) or fed to animals (6%). Therefore,
encouraging farmers to focus on processing of jackfruit will be a solution to solving
fruit wastage particularly during season periods. It should also be noted that jackfruit
quality characteristics are critical considerations for value addition and having a lot of
produce does not guarantee marketability if consumers do not like the produce [16, 18,
19].
Jackfruit marketing and losses
In the study area, 11-23% of the respondents reported selling their harvested jackfruit
through middle men who pay an average price of USD 0.57 per fruit. Whereas only 26% of the respondents reported selling their fruits by the road side either whole fruit or
cut pieces for passers-by to buy, 76% reported they do not sell jackfruit at all. With
regards to jackfruit losses, 60% of the respondents reported losing an average of 15
fruits per season, 23% reported losing 50 fruits per season whereas 13% of the
respondents reported not to lose any jackfruit in a season (Fig. 3).
80
70
61
% frequency
60
52
50
40
35
50+
49
None
33
30
20
10
15
71
69
66
11
13 16
10
8
3
Not sure
22
19
11
9
2
20
11
17
16
9
2
1
0
Jinja
Mityana
Kamuli
Kayunga
Luuka
Districts
Figure3: Showing jackfruit loss estimates experienced by households in selected
districts in Uganda
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
14296
Results showed that very little income is obtained from jackfruit sells (about USD 0.57)
per 10 kg jackfruit. Similarly, a report from Malaysia indicated that the money
generated from selling jackfruit is very low and can only be used to meet daily
household requirements [20]. Obtaining little income from jackfruit sales results in the
underutilization of the fruits and therefore causing the post-harvest losses reported in
the study area. High post-harvest losses of jackfruit could also be caused by the fact
that jackfruit spoils easily if not consumed or preserved within a few days [21]. Similar
to many Asian countries, 75% of jackfruit produced is lost due to poor harvest handling
and lack of a ready market [22]. Lack of alternative ways of utilizing the crop, prompts
farmers to feed it to animals, allows it to waste or cut down trees for wood fuel. To
curb such losses, alternative ways of utilizing jackfruit (value addition) other than
household consumption need to be developed. Saving losses in the harvested jackfruit
may reduce strain on food supplies particularly when the harvests from other food
sources are low due to unfavorable environmental conditions.
CONCLUSION
The present study showed that jackfruit production in Uganda is still largely
subsistence in nature despite farmers growing a variety of jackfruit types. The
unorganized jackfruit production coupled with small scale production may not suit
industrial processing of jackfruit. The production of jackfruit needs to be improved for
it to contribute significantly to household livelihoods of farmers. Quality parameters
need to be given prime consideration when growing jackfruit. Jackfruit farmers and
traders need to be educated about quality requirements in order to develop capacity for
market orientated production and industrial scale jackfruit processing. Further studies
should focus on detailed characterization of the different jackfruit varieties in Uganda
and establishing their potential for industrial and commercial uses.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge MAK-AFDB-HEST GOU project and Food Technology
Incubation Center School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bio-Engineering,
Makerere University, for the funds and facilities that made this work possible.
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
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Table1: Showing the distribution of total farmland sizes for households in selected
districts of Uganda
Farmland size (acres)
Percentage frequency of households by district
Jinja
Kamuli
Kayunga
Luuka
Mityana Average
1
13
34
11
39
42
28
1-2
28
43
27
30
32
32
3-4
33
14
31
20
10
21
5-9
4
3
5
6
6
6
10-15
3
0
3
1
3
2
16
2
0
2
1
0
1
Not sure
17
6
21
3
7
10
Table 2: Showing the number of jackfruit trees owned by households in selected
districts of Uganda
Number of tress owned
Percentage frequency of households by district
Jinja
Kamuli
Kayunga
Luuka
Mityana
Average
1
6
3
7
9
6
6
2-3
39
26
38
33
33
34
4-7
35
32
35
34
38
35
8-11
14
17
14
11
13
14
12-15
2
3
2
6
9
4
>16
4
19
4
7
1
7
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
14298
Table 3: Showing estimated jackfruit yields reported by households in selected districts
of Uganda
Yield
Percentage frequencies of households by district
(Fruits tree-1 season-1
Jinja
< 20
18
12
30-40
9
50-60
Luuka
Mityana
19
5
1
11
7
9
10
23
12
30
31
30
46
26
33
70-90
15
9
13
13
20
14
100-120
9
17
9
13
13
12
> 120
17
22
16
11
5
14
Not sure
2
2
4
2
12
4
0.345
0.297
0.172
0.309
0.305
Annual
production 0.403
Kamuli Kayunga
Average
(MT)
Table 4: Showing estimated jackfruit fruiting time as reported by households in
selected districts of Uganda
Fruiting time
Percentage frequencies of households by district
(Years)
Jinja
Kamuli Kayunga Luuka
Mityana
3
30
32
31
25
9
25
4
20
25
20
20
20
21
5
6
27
3
28
16
16
6
17
4
18
9
5
11
Not sure
27
12
28
18
50
27
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
Average
14299
Table 5: Showing jackfruit harvesting seasons as reported by households in
selected districts of Uganda
Season
Percent frequencies of households by district
Jinja
Kamuli
Kayunga
Luuka
Mityana
Average
January-February
20
5
22
11
6
13
March-April
17
8
15
2
41
17
May-June
8
0
8
6
19
8
July-August
0
4
0
1
1
1
September-October
1
8
2
7
6
5
November-December
50
72
49
73
28
54
Not sure
4
3
4
0
1
2
Table 6: Showing jackfruits flake texture as reported by households in selected
districts of Uganda
Percentage frequency of households in selected districts growing different
Pulp
jackfruit types
type
Jinja
Kamuli
Kayunga
Mityana
Luuka
Average
Hard Soft Hard Soft Hard Soft Hard Soft Hard Soft Hard Soft
Yellow
51
49
26
74
53
47
30
70
18
82
36
64
Orange
61
39
53
47
64
36
66
34
73
27
63
37
White
74
26
63
37
75
25
74
26
67
33
71
29
lebbe
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
Table 7: Showing jackfruit consumption as reported by households in selected
districts of Uganda
Consumer
category
<10 years
Teenagers
Adults
All members
Neighbors
Others
Percent frequencies of households by district
Luuka
9
21
1
47
1
22
Jinja
8
5
0
57
4
27
Kamuli
4
13
0
54
0
28
Mityana
14
7
2
45
0
32
DOI: 10.18697/ajfand.85.17290
Kayunga
9
6
0
58
4
24
Average
Frequency
9
10
1
52
2
27
14300
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