SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS RELATED TO THE ANIMAL ECONOMY OF THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT IN PARŢA (TIMIŞ COUNTY): AN ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL STUDY

SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS RELATED TO THE ANIMAL ECONOMY OF THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT IN PARŢA (TIMIŞ COUNTY): AN ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL STUDY Cristian OPREAN∗ Georgeta EL SUSI∗∗ Abstract. The faunal material that is the subject of this archaeozoological project comes from archaeological research on a Neo-Eneolithic settlement located on the border of Parţa village (Timiş County). The settlement represents one of the most important Neolithic settlements in northern Banat, and is believed to have been one of the region’s major settlements in the late Neolithic period. This paper offers a synthesis of all the osteological material from Parţa that has been analysed so far, and uses it to explore how animals fitted into the life of this society. It outlines some characteristics of the animal economy, observing the relative importance of activities such as animal husbandry, hunting and fishing. These findings provide insight into certain socioeconomic features of the communities of this period, as well as possible cultural characteristics. Keywords: Parţa, archaeozoology, Neolithic, Banat Culture, Tiszapolgár Culture. Introduction The settlement at Parţa is one of the most important Neolithic sites in northern Banat, believed to be the region’s main settlement in the late Neolithic period. It is located on the boundary of Parţa village, in Timiş County, approximately 15 km from the city of Timişoara, on the right bank of the Timiş River. It is known for the richness of the archaeological material discovered there, but especially for its architecture, which includes residential (multi-storey dwellings), military (fortifications) and religious (sanctuaries, community and household altars) constructions. Archaeological investigations at the Parţa site have not only contributed to our knowledge of Neolithic habitation on the last step of the Banat high plains, but were the basis for the definition and periodization of the Banat Culture. 1 A series of archaeological research campaigns on this prehistoric settlement began in 1931 with Ioachim Miloia. Investigations resumed in 1954 and 1960–1963 under Marius Moga and Ortansa Radu, and were continued from 1978 to 2009 by Gheorghe Lazarovici. During these ∗ Institute of Archaeology, Romanian Academy, Jassy, Romania; e-mail: cristioprean2009@gmail.com. ∗∗ Institute of Archaeology and Art History, Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; e-mail: getasusi@yahoo.com. 1 Lazarovici et al. 1985, p. 7–8; Lazarovici et al. 2006, p. 27. Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis, 11, 2019, p. 9-36. Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi excavations, rich archaeological material was obtained that has since been subject to various specialised analyses, including a number of archaeozoological studies. 2 In the present paper we present a synthesis of results obtained from these archaeozoological studies, to which we add a new set of unique results. First, we present an overview of the faunal material and the distribution of osteological remains found on various archaeological levels. From this foundation, we go on to discuss the results of an anatomical-comparative study of the animal remains. Finally, we present our analysis evaluating the animal resources at the settlement at Parţa, and share our conclusions so far with regards to the animal economy of the settlement. The presentation of osteological remains and distribution on archaeological levels The analysed faunal material includes 8,653 animal bones. The list of identified species is typical of prehistoric settlements in the region. Domestic mammals include cattle (Bos taurus), pig (Sus domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and dog (Canis familiaris). The wild fauna are red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), aurochs (Bos primigenius), fox (Vulpes vulpes), wolf (Canis lupus), bear (Ursus arctos), wildcat (Felis silvestris), rabbit (Lepus europaeus), marten (Martes martes) and beaver (Castor fiber) (Table 1). The prehistoric settlement at Parţa originated during phase IA of the Banat Culture, which corresponds to Vinča A1; based on absolute dating, this period was in the second half of the sixth millennium BCE. For the Banat Culture in Parţa, ordered from the earliest to the most recent, the levels are: Level 7a – Banat Culture IA-IB; Level 7b – Banat Culture IC; Level 7c – Banat Culture IIA; Level 6a-b – Banat Culture IIB; Level 5a – Banat Culture IIC; and Level 5b – Banat Culture IIIA. 3 The prehistoric habitation of the settlement ends in the first phases of Tiszapolgár culture – Level 4 (Fig. 1). According to the faunal analysis report, 1,334 animal remains have been documented for Level 7a, of which 1,233 fragments (92.4%) are from mammals. Domestic mammals are better represented than wild mammals, by about ten percent (Table 1). Of the domestic mammals, in terms of number of identifiable specimens (NISP), the greatest proportion are cattle, followed by ovicaprids (including both sheep and goats) and pigs. Wild mammals, though represented in a smaller number of remains, contain a rich range of taxa. Of the hunted species, the best represented by 2 3 Lazarovici et al. 2001, p. 16–41. Ibid., p. 68–70; Lazarovici, Lazarovici 2006, p. 210–212. 10 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy number of remains is wild boar, followed by red deer. Roe deer contribute 9.0% of the NISP, and aurochs only 1.2%. The other wild species identified were bear, marten and beaver, which together represent less than 0.2% of specimens (Fig. 2). There were 81 mollusc remains, with 77 fragments of bivalve shell (5.8% of the total sample) and four fragments of gastropod (snail) shell (0.3%). Fish remains constituted almost 1% of the sample, with 12 fragments. The share of bird bones was low (six specimens, so less than 0.5% of the sample). Two fragments of turtle were also identified (Table 1). Fig. 1. The relative and absolute chronology of the Banat Culture and the cold periods (grey colour) of the respective time (after Lazarovici and Lazarovici 2006) In terms of minimum number of species (MNI), the frequencies of the main species differ due to the varied representation of the maxillary remnants. For example, the ovicaprids prevail, with remnants from 21 individuals (23.8%) identified. Of these, five were from sheep (5.7%), three from goats (3.4%), and 13 were not specifically assigned (14.7%). Cattle (19.3%) were the second most common, followed by pigs (11.3%) (Fig. 2). For wild species the NISP frequencies do not differ significantly from MNI counts. Wild boar predominates (15.9%), followed by red deer (12.5%), roe deer (8%), aurochs (4.5%) and beaver (2.2%) (Table 1). The faunal sample from Levels 7b and 7c combined contains 3,901 bone remnants, 96.8% of which are from mammals. Among the identified mammalian remains, cattle predominate, with 33% NISP, followed by pigs 11 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi (11.8%) and ovicaprids (8.8%). There are few remains of dog. Domestic and wild species represent 53.9% and 45.8% of the sample respectively. Among wild mammals, red deer is the best represented (24.2%), followed by wild boar (15.3%), roe deer (4.8%) and aurochs (1.2%). Other wild animals identified include fox, bear, wolf, rabbit, beaver and wildcat, each representing less than 0.1% of the sample (Fig. 2). The relative proportion of domestic to wild species based on MNI is very similar, at 54.2% to 45.8%. The domestic group is dominated by cattle (26%), followed by small ruminants (16.2%) and pigs (10.5%). Among hunted species, the proportions of taxa by MNI are similar to the NISP figures: red deer prevail with 17.7%, followed by wild boar (14.4%) and roe deer (6.9%) (Table 1). In addition to mammalian osteological debris, various fragments from molluscs, fish, birds and reptiles have been identified. Molluscs include 10 bivalve fragments (Unio sp.) and five snail shells, together totalling 2.7% by NISP of all fauna identified. There were 14 remains from fish (0.4%), two fragments from reptiles (turtle), and two fragments from birds (Table 1). From Levels 6a and 6b, osteological finds total 1,789 remnants. In this faunistic horizon, the ratio of domestic to wild species favours wild animals, in terms of both NISP (49.7% to 50.3%) and MNI (48.6% to 51.4%). Among domestic mammals, cattle for the largest proportion, both by NISP (26.3%) and MNI (18.5%). They are followed by swine (14.8%; 14.4%) and ovicaprids (8.2%; 14.4%) (Fig. 2). In the case of wild mammals, wild boar and red deer predominate, both by NISP (21.7% and 14.1% respectively) and MNI (17.1%; 11%). Roe deer (NISP 5.4%; MNI 8.9%) and aurochs (8.4%; 8.2%) also form an important part of the sample. The rest of the wild species – that is, bear, wolf, fox, rabbit, marten and wildcat – are represented by 1 sample each, i.e. 0.06% of the sample. Fish and molluscs together form less than 4% NISP (Table 1). The faunal sample obtained from Levels 5a and 5b 4 is numerically smaller than those found in other Neolithic levels, with 446 fragments, of which over 99% are from mammals. Domestic mammals represent 51.8% of remains by NISP, compared to 48.2% from hunted mammals. For MNI, the proportions are 54.2% to 45.8%. Of the domestic mammals, cattle are best represented (20% of NISP), followed by ovicaprids (18.2%) and pigs (13.2%). However, by MNI, the relative proportions are different: pigs and ovicaprids are present in equal proportions (18.8%), while cattle are in second place with From these levels, a mixture of Banat Culture and Tiszapolgár Culture materials was noted. They also contain traces of a humification process which marks a hiatus between phase IIIA of Banat Culture (Level 5b) and Tiszapolgár Culture (Level 4), according to Lazarovici et al. 2001, p. 69. 4 12 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy 14.6%. Two osteological fragments from dogs were obtained, both from a single individual (Fig. 2). For wild mammals, the taxonomic list is no longer as large as in previous levels. Of the hunted species, in terms of the number of fragments, red deer ranks highest (15.9%), followed by wild boar (13%) and roe deer (11.8%). Many remains of hunted aurochs are also present (7.3%). Considered in terms of MNI, the rankings differ: wild boar prevails with 14.6%, followed by aurochs (12.5%), roe deer (10.4%) and red deer (6%). A single osteological fragment from a wolf was identified, plus one fragment from a mollusc and one from a fish (Table 1). For Level 4, faunal analysis has so far only targeted 463 fragments. The situation is similar to that seen in the last Neolithic level. About 93% of the debris comes from mammals; molluscs represent 4.1% of the sample; fish constitute 1.5%; while turtles and birds are poorly represented, both below 1%. The proportion of domestic to wild mammals is closer to even, with 48.1% of the former and 51.9% of the latter. Of the domestic mammals, the largest share of identified fragments are from cattle (22.2%), followed by pigs (15.8%), and small ruminants (10.0%). By MNI, ovicaprids dominate, with 18.0%, followed by pigs (14.0%) and cattle (12.0%) (Table 1). At this level, too, the list of wild species is slightly diversified. For wild species, the rankings by NISP and MNI are similar: red deer totals 20.3% NISP, 16.0% MNI, followed by wild boar (18.6%; 14.0%), roe deer (9.7%; 14.0%) and aurochs (2.8%; 8.0%). Two bear bones were identified at this level. NISP (Lev. 7a) MNI (Lev. 7a) NISP (Lev. 7 bc) MNI (Lev. 7 bc) NISP (Lev. 6 ab) MNI (Lev. 6 ab) NISP (Lev. 5 ab) MNI (Lev. 5 ab) NISP (Lev. 4) MNI (Lev. 4 ) 0% Cattle Dog 10% 20% 30% 40% Pig Aurochs 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Ovicaprines Red deer Fig. 2. Distribution by number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI) across the archaeological levels 13 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi Results from the anatomical-comparative study of osteological remains Archaeozoological analysis was conducted to help reconstruct the morphometric types of the identified animals, on the basis of the osteometric data obtained from complete or almost complete parts of the mature animals. 5 The measurements obtained provide direct information about the length, width and circumference of the various pieces of bone, which was used to reconstruct the dimensions and determine the sex of the animal. Osteometric calculations were performed in millimetres, according to standardised norms given by Angela von den Driesch. 6 Cattle In the settlement of Parţa, cattle remains are present in the greatest proportion, with 2,071 attributed to the domestic species and 225 to wild species (aurochs). Fifty-four of the bovine bone fragments could not be assigned to any specific species (Table 1). Regarding the cephalic skeleton, the remains of bovine skulls are fragmented. The only measurements taken are of horns and there are only a few instances recorded. From all the Neolithic levels, four cornual processes were measured (Table 2), one from a wild ruminant (morphological type “primigenius”); from the Eneolithic level, a single bovine horn was measured. Of these horns, four are of the “brahyceros” type; one of them (piece 4) lies in the upper domain of variation of this type of horn, the rest lying within the average range for this type. 7 Related to the morphology of the horns, pieces 1 and 4 present a wide spiral, with the tip twisted laterally and upwards, the intercornual line being flat, starting from the base of the horn slightly upwards. The remainder of the analysed horns (pieces 2, 3 and 5) are weakly or moderately arched, being placed in line with the frontal bone along its entire route, with only the tip slightly twisted to the anterior and upwards. 8 In terms of the relationship between the post-cerebral skeleton and the cornual processes, it is observed that the latter individuals are more gracile, due to the fact that individuals of this species have been domesticated for several generations. 9 In all the prehistoric levels analysed, the post-cranial skeleton is massive, with measurements well above those for cattle from the south of Banat. Remains from the appendicular skeletons of cattle have also provided a number of measurements. Osteometric calculations of the width of the Udrescu et al. 1999, p. 50–51. Von den Driesch 1976. 7 Armitage, Clutton-Brock 1976, p. 331–332. 8 El Susi 1995, p. 39. 9 Bolomey 1988, p. 214. 5 6 14 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy bones indicate that cattle from Parţa (both domestic and wild species) had a much more robust skeleton than southern Banat species. 10 The height of cattle from Parţa varies between 123.1 and 137.8 cm, with an average of 128.9 cm. There is a wide variability in size, with medium, large and very large individuals 11 (Table 3). Comparing the results of herd size for cattle from southern Banat, it is observed that animals from Parţa existed in larger herds. 12 Also, Parţa cattle were taller than those from the the Cucuteni and pre-Cucuteni communities 13 (whose size ranges between 123 and 125 cm) or those unearthed in the settlements at Zau de Câmpie 14 and Iclod. 15 Compared to cattle from the Neolithic settlements in Vinča (Serbia)16 and Gomolova, 17 which tend to sit within the average range of variation, bovines from Parţa are taller. Swine In terms of the number of osteological remains, pigs take second place in the faunal sample from Parţa, with wild species better represented (1,171 bone fragments) than domestic species (858 fragments). It was not possible to assign 196 of the fragments to one or the other species (Table 1). Due to the fact that most of the maxillary debris came from young individuals, in order separate the domestic from the wild species, measurements were also made for deciduous teeth. This method was initiated in the first archaeozoological analysis by Alexandra Bolomey 18 and was continued in subsequent archaeozoological analyses. Thus, for the domestic species, the upper limit for decidual premolars (Pd4) was 19 x 8.5 mm (length by width) and the lower limit for wild species was 21.5 x 9.8 mm. For molars, the upper limit for M1 in domestic species was around 14–15.5 x 10–11.5 mm (length/width), and the lower limit of the wild species near the values of 17–20 x 13–14 mm (length/width). For M2, measuring the length and width of the tooth, the upper limit of the domestic species is around 20–21.4 x 13–14 mm, and the lower limit of the wild species is near the values of 21–25 x 16–18 mm. Ibid., p. 216. El Susi 1995, p. 39–40. 12 Necrasov et al. 1977, p. 11–17; El Susi 1991, p. 9–17. 13 Bolomey 1980, p. 104; Haimovici 1987, p. 162. 14 El Susi 1989–1993, p. 190. 15 Haimovici, Man 1986, p. 335. 16 Bőkőnyi 1981, p. 26. 17 Clason 1979, p. 91–196. 18 Bolomey 1988, p. 211–213; they used as a model the data from: Bolomey 1973, p. 46; Bolomey 1983, p. 27. 10 11 15 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi Based on these data and their correlation with a sample from Gomolova (Serbia), 19 a database was created to show the correct distribution of domestic pig breeding to that of wild boar. Furthermore, the data obtained for the settlement from Parţa prove that pigs from the Banat Plain had more robust dentition than those from southern Banat and, more precisely, those from the Danube Valley. 20 Also, thanks to the numerous measurable osteological remains, 21 it was possible to obtain dimensions for many domestic pigs. Height measurements were obtained for seven individuals, ranging from 57.2 to 75.1 cm, giving an average height of 66.2 cm. Wild boar are much better represented in terms of the number of remains. A well-expressed sexual dimorphism can be observed, evidenced by the difference between the minimum and maximum limits of variability, with large individuals predominating. Size calculations for wild boars range from 89.5 to 108.2 cm, average 98.3 cm (n = 26). According to measurements from Parţa, the exploited boar population was more robust than that of the Danube Valley, 22 but similar to populations living near the Neolithic settlements of southern Banat. 23 Ovicaprids Of the domestic species, ovicaprids come third in terms of number of remains. Their ranks include two domestic species, Ovis aries and Capra hircus, represented through 676 osteological fragments. Within the Neolithic levels, sheep are better represented (in terms of NISP) compared to goats. For the Eneolithic level, due to the small number of remains, a significant comparison cannot be made between the two species (Table 1). A small number of cornual processes from the cephalic skeletons of both species have been found, offering the possibility of detailed analyses. Seventeen Ovis aries horns were harvested from both males and females. Hornless females, representing an advanced stage of domestication, are highlighted among this sample. 24 Similar examples are frequently encountered in early Neolithic settlements of the Starčevo-Criş Culture which spanned southeast Hungary and northeast Serbia. 25 Morphologically, the male horns are identified with the type “Copper-sheep,” and the female ones are of the “Ziegenartig” type. The section of the base is triangular; the sagittal face is flat, with a tendency for the tip to become concave; the lateral face is convex and the frontal face is Clason 1979, p. 91–196. Necrasov et al. 1977, p. 11–17; El Susi 1991, p. 9–17. 21 Payne, Bull 1988, p. 27–66. 22 Bolomey 1988, p. 215. 23 El Susi 1991, p. 12; El Susi 1993, p. 56. 24 Bolomey 1988, p. 214. 25 Bőkőnyi 1973, p. 74. 19 20 16 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy wide. Sheep horns are somewhat more robust than the postcranial skeleton, which is more gracile 26 (Table 4). One particularly noteworthy example is a ram’s skull found in Sanctuary II when dismantling a monumental pedestal for a statue – the only such structure found on the site; 27 this skull may be connected to a ritual deposition. The cornual processes of this skull are extremely massive, and the individual was of the “copper-sheep” type According to the morphological report, the horns have a very flat sagittal face, a broad (almost flat) frontal face, a convex lateral face, and the nuchal edge is well highlighted. 28 As analogues, only two cases have been identified that are closer to the dimensions of the one from Parţa: one from a Neolithic complex in Argissa-Magula (Greece)29 and one from a layer of mixed material from the Starčevo and Vinča Cultures in Anzabegovo (Macedonia). 30 For the species Capra hircus, 11 cornual processes were analysed including horns of males and females. The morphological report details “aegagrus” found in females and “prisca” types found in males (in some cases this type being in unusual proportions, with a small length, but large circumference). 31 “Aegagrus” horns are twisted, with a sword-like appearance. 32 They have a planoconvex section, due to the orbital face flaring and the sagittal face flattening. The frontal and nuchal edges are well highlighted, the tip being either rounded or sharp, and the walls are thin, with short, thick burrs (Table 5). “Prisca”-type horn sections have a planoconvex base, with the sagittal face flattened, the orbital face convex, a prominent anterior margin, and the posterior margin weakly expressed. The nucal and frontal edges are well expressed and sharp, while the lateral one is rounded. The texture of the dowel is compact, with thick walls, and bears perforations and gutter holes that are typical of the type. In terms of dimensions, goat horns from Parţa do not differ much in size from those of the same species found in southern Banat. 33 Analysis of fragments from the post-cranial skeleton indicates that sheep from Parţa were small and gracile Height calculations for this species were carried out on five faunal fragments, resulting in values ranging from 53.3 to 58.0 cm, with an average of 56.1 cm (Table 6). This type of small El Susi 1995, p. 40. Lazarovici et al. 2001, p. 226–229. 28 Bolomey 1988, p. 214. 29 Boessneck 1962, p. 29–30. 30 Bőkőnyi 1976, p. 343. 31 Bolomey 1988, p. 215. 32 Kobryn, Lasota-Moskalewska 1991, p. 163–170. 33 El Susi 1995, p. 40–41. 26 27 17 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi sheep has been found in Neolithic settlements in Oltenia, 34 Transylvania 35 and Moldova. 36 Looking further afield, the population differs from sheep identified in Neolithic settlements in the area of Greece, 37 but they are similar to those found in contemporary settlements on the territory of Serbia 38 and the Pannonian Plain. 39 Analysis of the post-cranial skeletons of goats revealed that they are more robust than sheep. Calculations of the dimensions of Capra hircus were made on the basis of three whole bones, obtaining height values of 56.9 cm, 64.4 cm and 65.68 cm, respectively. 40 Cervids A substantial number of remains in the sample from Parţa are from cervids; namely, Cervus elaphus (red deer) and Capreolus capreolus (roe deer). 41 There are 1,320 bone fragments from red deer, but only 422 fragments from roe deer (Table 1). The red deer population exploited by the prehistoric communities of Parţa are characterised by massive individuals that were much larger than those of the same species in southern Banat. To measure the cephalic skeleton, several fragments of deer horn have been identified: a deer horn base with traces of cutting off the branches, 92 mm in diameter; a horn on a peduncle with a diameter of 94 mm and a 61 mm peduncle; and a frontal bone bearing the peduncles for horns in which the circumference of the base of the horn is 284 mm, indicating a robust individual. All these pieces (some being gathered) indicate the presence in Parţa of a red deer population characterised by large males with well-developed horns. This is further evidenced by measurements of the post-cephalic skeleton, 42 which indicate a robust population with a large height. Similar populations of this species have been identified in the settlements at Luncaviţa, 43 Iclod 44 and Gomolova. 45 Bolomey 1986, p. 146. El Susi, Rusu 1995, p. 181–188. 36 Necrasov, Bulai-Ştirbu 1980, p. 29. 37 Bőkőnyi 1989, p. 320. 38 Bőkőnyi 1992, p. 80. 39 Bőkőnyi 1981, p. 26. 40 Bolomey 1988, p. 215. 41 Prummel 1988; Stranojević, Drekić 1975, p. 597–604; Stanojević, Nikolić 1975, p. 291– 295; Stanojević, Drekić 1976, p. 559–564; Stanojević et al. 1976, p. 701–708. 42 El Susi 1995, p. 34. 43 Haimovici, Gheorghiu 1969, p. 87. 44 El Susi 1989–1993, p. 191. 45 Clason 1979, p. 83–88. 34 35 18 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy However, the red deer identified at Parţa are more robust than those found in the Divostin, 46 Opovo 47 and Ljuljaci 48 settlements. For the roe deer population, analysis of the post-cephalic skeleton dimensions indicates the prevalence of large and medium-sized robust animals in the area around Parţa. Similar conclusions are indicated by the analysis of the cephalic skeleton. The number of cornual processes identified for this species is not great: a frontal with horns, which has open sutures and a pedicle diameter of 18.5 mm; a frontal with dowel present and open sutures; a straight horn with three branches, with a dowel diameter of 26.5 mm, a length of 240 mm, and open sutures. Size measurements for the roe deer population around Parţa indicates that this species is more robust than the population in southern Banat, probably as a result of different environmental conditions. 49 However, the roe deer exploited in the southwestern part of Romania have a similar fragility to the population found in Neolithic settlements in the southeast of the country. 50 Other mammals The remains of other mammals identified represent a very small proportion of the osteological remains and therefore cannot be considered as species that made a significant contribution to the faunal sample. Of dog, 18 faunal remains were identified, but only in the Neolithic levels. Mostly these are maxillary fragments. There is very little in the way of metric data, but the few measurements in existence indicate medium-sized individuals. This is backed up by measurements of the mandibles found in the sample, which indicate the presence of medium-sized and also small individuals. 51 The rest of the identified species (fox, wolf, bear, wildcat, rabbit, pine marten and beaver) are very poorly represented in the collection of osteological remains, and for these species no measurable remains have been identified that provide information regarding their dimensions. However, as we will see in the discussion of hunting, below, there is a possibility that these species were hunted for purposes other than food. Evaluation of animal resources Archaeozoological studies make it possible to describe the species of animals and the relationships between people and animals in the area of a settlement Bőkőnyi 1988, p. 419–446. Greenfield 1986, p. 372. 48 Ibid., p. 134. 49 El Susi 1991, p. 14–15. 50 Necrasov, Haimovici 1963, p. 136. 51 El Susi, 1995 p. 41. 46 47 19 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi and highlight how animals were used in the community (food, raw material for tools, clothing, traction force, etc.). They also illustrate certain ecological consequences of human intervention and can be used to reconstruct the palaeoeconomics and paleoenvironment of the historical communities investigated. 52 In the case of the site at Parţa, most of the excavated faunal remains represent the household waste of the prehistoric population. Thus, the identified species allow us to reconstruct details about nutrition in these communities. The presence or absence of certain species gives us information about the activities involved in obtaining food, such as animal husbandry, hunting, fishing and gathering. Animal husbandry Animal husbandry was the main source of meat for the prehistoric communities of Parţa, based on the presence of many relatively large bones of domestic mammals. The taxa identified in the archaeozoological analysis were domestic beef (Bos taurus), pig (Sus domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and dog (Canis familiaris). Of the domestic species, as mentioned above, cattle remains are the most numerous among the analysed samples. Following the representation of this species through the various archaeological levels, we noticed that by NISP, from the earliest Neolithic level to the Eneolithic level, cattle remains decrease from around 30% to 18.6%. By minimum number of individuals (MNI) the situation is similar, starting around 20% in the earliest layers, increasing slightly in levels 7 b-c (27%), then decreasing to 12% in the level that corresponds to the Tiszapolgár Culture (Fig. 3). The situation with pigs is different from that of cattle, with prevalence rising from around 9% NISP at the earliest Banat Culture level to 13% in the Tiszapolgár level. The overall trend is similar from the MNI point of view: starting at about 12% in Level 7a, it decreases to 10%, then rises to over 16% in the last Neolithic level but, similar to cattle, presenting a slight decline in the Tiszapolgár level (14%) (Fig. 3). The proportion of sheep and goat remains (considered together) by NISP stays within a fairly narrow range (8%–10%) throughout most of the life of the settlement, except for in Level 5, when it suddenly increases to 18%. However, figures for the minimum number of individuals gives a different perspective to the story. Ovicaprids represent 24% MNI at the earliest Neolithic level (exceeding cattle), then drop sharply to about 12% in the levels of phase IC–IIA of the Banat Culture (Levels 7 b–c), then show a slight increase, reaching 18% in the Tiszapolgár level (Fig. 3). 52 Bălăşescu, Radu 2004, p. 185. 20 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy Fig. 3. Change in NISP and MNI of domestic species from Parţa through the archaeological levels Dogs (not shown on the graph) are much less prevalent in the sample, both by NISP and MNI. They only appear in levels associated with the Banat Culture and maintain a consistent presence of less than 0.5% NISP and around 1% MNI. Also worth noting is that no traces were observed on the surface of dog bones to suggest they were consumed for meat. Level 7a Level 7 b-c Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 0% Infant 10% 20% 30% Juvenile 40% 50% Sub-adult 60% 70% Adult 80% 90% 100% Senile Fig. 4. The age at which cattle were slaughtered through the historical ages of the settlement in Parţa Information obtained on features such as the age and sex of slaughtered animals allows us to observe how prehistoric communities 21 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi managed and used their domestic species. 53 Analysis of the age at which cattle in the Parţa sample were slaughtered indicates changes in the management of this species from the earliest Neolithic levels up to the Eneolithic period. In Level 7a, the greatest proportion of individuals were sacrificed when subadults. In levels 7b–c, there is a more even distribution of age at slaughter (only the oldest animals are missing). In Levels 6 and 5 it can be observed that the inhabitants increasingly favoured the slaughter of juvenile and adult animals, a strategy for managing cattle that supports the maintenance of a greater proportion of useful stock. Under this model, infant and sub-adult animals were slaughtered more rarely. In the Tiszapolgár Culture level, only three individuals’ age could be determined: namely, one infant, one sub-adult and one adult, so given the tiny sample, the results are inconclusive (Fig. 4). The results show that in the first phases of the Neolithic habitation at Parţa, domestic cattle were primarily exploited for meat. But the observed reorientation of how cows were managed towards the end of the settlement’s existence probably reflects a shift towards exploiting them for milk and labour as well. It is probably that deficiencies in the way the breeding stock was managed and maintained, possibly including intense culling of immature animals, led to their numerical diminution, as reflected by the decreasing share of this species seen throughout the period of habitation. 54 Level 7a Level 7 b-c Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 0% 20% Infant Juvenile 40% 60% Sub-adult 80% Adult 100% Senile Fig. 5. The age at which domestic pigs were slaughtered through the historical ages of the settlement in Parţa Silver 1969, p. 298–299; Habermehl 1961, p. 181–185; Bull, Payne 1982, p. 55–71; Prummel, Frisch 1986, p. 567–577. 54 Bolomey 1988, p. 214; El Susi 1995, p. 42–43. 53 22 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy With regards to pigs, analysis of age at slaughter reveals that they were exploited in much the same way throughout the entire history of the prehistoric settlement. The highest percentage were slaughtered when under two years old, thus leaving only a small percentage of breeding stock (subadult and adult animals) (Fig. 5). The correlation between the increasing reliance on domestic pigs from earlier levels to the most recent ones, and the slaughter of a large number of young individuals, could be evidence for the reproduction of domestic animals based on the population of wild pigs that were abundant in the area around Parţa (thus, explaining the wild osteological remains with dimensions close to those of domesticated hybrids). 55 This would explain the increased maintenance of the young pig population despite the very low breeding stock of the domestic species. Level 7a Level 7 b-c Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 0% Infant 20% Juvenile 40% 60% Sub-adult 80% Adult 100% Senile Fig. 6. The age at which domestic pigs were slaughtered through the historical ages of the settlement in Parţa As in the case of swines, ovicaprids were exploited in much the same way throughout the entire habitation of the settlement. In terms of slaughter ages, these animals appear in similar proportions for each of the age categories. Overall, young animals (up to 1.5 years old) represent around 25% of those slaughtered, those aged 2–3 years old around 20–22%, and adult animals (over 3.5 years old) form around 23% of the sample (Fig. 6). The wide variety of slaughter ages, with a mix of young (infant and juvenile), subadult and adult animals suggests these species were raised for milk, meat, fleece, hide and breeding, implying the settlement maintained sufficient breeding stock for constant maintenance of its herds. 56 55 56 Animal resulting from the crossing, in our case, a domestic pig with the wild boar. Bolomey 1988, p. 214; El Susi 1995, p. 43. 23 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi Hunting The presence in the faunal sample of bone debris from wild animals suggests that the people of the settlement at Parţa hunted. The list of wild mammals identified in this settlement is quite long, a fact which correlates with the fairly large share of remains from wild species (about 45%). This suggests that the prehistoric inhabitants relied on animal husbandry and hunting to a similar degree. As we will see below, some species of wild animals were hunted throughout the year, others seasonally, both cases aiming to supplement and improve the diet. However, it seems likely that some of the wild species occurring in the faunal remains were killed to protect the settlement and its livestock from predators. As mentioned above, the taxonomic list of wild animals identified at Parţa consists of red deer, wild boar, roe deer, aurochs, bear, wolf, fox, marten, beaver, wildcat and rabbit. Of the wild species, red deer predominate in the faunal record. Considered through time, NISP fluctuated throughout the life of the settlement, starting around 15% in Level 7a, rising significantly within Levels 7b–c to almost 26%, then to dropping again to 12.5% in Level 6. In the level associated with the Tiszapolgár Culture, the proportion goes up to almost 17%. Figures for minimum number of individuals follow a similar trajectory, rising from about 13% in the earliest Neolithic level to almost 20% in Levels 7 b–c, dropping to 11% in Level 6, and rising again in the last level of the Neolithic to 20%. In the Tiszapolgár Culture layer, red deer prevalence dropped to 16% MNI (Fig. 7). Fig. 7. Change in NISP and MNI of domestic species from Parţa through the archaeological levels As with red deer, the proportion of wild boar in the sample fluctuated from one period to another, but in the opposite direction, increasing when 24 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy deer residues decreased and vice versa. In the earliest Neolithic level, wild boar represented about 16% by both NISP and MNI, dropping to almost 14% NISP and 13% MNI in Levels 7b–c; rising to almost 20% NISP and 19% MNI in Level 6; down to 13% NISP and 12.5% MNI in the last Neolithic level; and rising again to almost 16% NISP and 14% MNI in the Tiszapolgár level (Fig. 7). Roe deer increase overall in prevalence from the earliest Neolithic level to the Tiszapolgár Culture layer, from a range of around 5% to 8% NISP in earlier ages, increasing to 11% in Level 5, and dropping again in the final age of the settlement. Figures for MNI paint a much clearer picture, starting from 8% in the earliest Neolithic era and reaching 14% in the Tiszapolgár Culture layer (Fig. 7). Aurochs also form an increasingly large proportion of remains from the first phase of the Neolithic period until the end of the habitation during the Eneolithic period. From a very low base of around 1% NISP and 4% MNI, prevalence increased in the mid-to-late Neolithic: in Level 6 both NISP and MNI stood around 8%, while Level 5 contained 7% by NISP and over 12% by MNI. In the Tiszapolgár Culture layer, aurochs were less important to the settlement, prevalence dropping to just under 3% NISP and around 8% MNI (Fig. 7). Only traces of other wild mammals are found in the sample (both by NISP and MNI), so it is not relevant to trace the evolution of their representation through the ages. Red deer Wild Boar Roe deer Aurochs 0% 20% Infant 40% Juvenile Sub-adult 60% Adult 80% 100% Senile Fig. 8. Age at death of the main wild species hunted in the area of Parţa Analysis of age at death of hunted species indicates a preference for sub-adult and adult animals, with the exception of red deer, for which a significant number of remains from young individuals has been identified. In the case of wild boar, there are some remains from juveniles, but most are 25 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi from sub-adults and adults, and even some from old adults. Among roe deer and aurochs, juvenile and sub-adult individuals are poorly represented compared to adults, the latter representing well over 60% on the sample in both cases (Fig. 8). For the prehistoric communities of Parţa, hunting was not only undertaken during the hot season, but also during the cold periods. This is suggested by the remains from red deer remains in which the horns are still preserved on the skull, suggesting this species was hunted intensively from September to March (through autumn and winter). The presence of osteological remnants from all parts of the body implies that the animals were carried intact to the settlement, where they were later cut. Among the remains of red deer, males predominate. In the case of the roe deer, the identification of the remains of males whose horns are visible on the cranial peduncle suggests that this species was hunted intensively in spring and summer (or at least that they were present in the territory exploited by the settlement during these seasons). As with red deer, seems there was a preference for hunting males. It is possible that cervids were not only exploited for meat, but for their hides and also their horns, which could also be gathered, and were used to make tools. 57 The variations observed in red deer’s prevalence in the faunal sample probably correlate with significant periods of deforestation that took place throughout the area’s habitation, as presented by the archaeological data. 58 As a result of deforestation, animals like red deer that require a well-wooded biotope declined. 59 However, over the same period, the proportion of animals that thrive in shrubland, such as wild boar, 60 and those that can survive in open areas or forests, such as roe deer and aurochs, increased. 61 Among the wild mammals poorly represented in the osteological record, bear is the only species that seems to have had any importance as a food source for the prehistoric communities of Parţa. The other wild carnivore species identified were probably only killed sporadically, or even accidentally. 62 One hypothesis is that the more dangerous predators were killed to protect the settlement’s domestic animals. The sporadic hunting of species such as fox, marten, beaver, rabbit, wildcat and wolf, may have been for their fur. El Susi 1995, p. 36. Lazarovici et al. 1985, p. 7–46. 59 Cotta et al. 2001, p. 75–109. 60 Ibid., p. 175–192. 61 Ibid., p. 124–150. 62 El Susi 1995, p. 46. 57 58 26 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy Fishing and gathering Fishing is a complex activity that requires a certain degree of organization, experience and specialised tools. In areas suited to fishing, it became an important occupation within palaeoeconomics. 63 The presence of fish remains in the analysed sample suggests that fishing was practiced by the prehistoric people of Parţa. In the faunal sample, 44 fragments from fish were harvested. The species represented are pike (Exos lucius), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and sheatfish (Silurus glanis). For pike, 18 osteological remains from a minimum number of five individuals were identified. In terms of dimensions, for this species, medium-sized specimens predominate, with lengths of around 0.50 m and a mass of about 0.7–1 kg. The pike is a predatory fish that lives in clear, calm waters where fish abound. Pikes lead solitary lives, but gather in small banks during the breeding period or in the autumn. 64 For carp, 16 osteological remnants from a minimum number of six individuals were identified. The species Cyprinus carpio lives in the Danube, Prut and most of the major rivers in Romania. 65 Carp remains found in the Parţa excavations are medium to large in size, from 0.60 to 0.75 m in length, suggesting fish that would have weight 3 to 6 kg. 66 For the species Silurus glanis 10 osteological remains were identified, these being attributed to a minimum number of five individuals. Sheatfish favour flowing water, and are common to the big rivers of the region, including the Danube. 67 The sheatfish specimens found at Parţa were about 0.60 m in length, suggesting the whole fish would have weighed around 0.9–1.7 kg. The three species of fish identified at Parţa represent native species which can be found even today in the Timiş River, which is in the immediate vicinity of the settlement. The gathering of molluscs is attested to by the presence of a large number (233) of shell fragments in the sample from Parţa. Two species have been identified: Unio crassus (thick-shelled river mussel) and Unio pictorum (painter’s mussel). Unio crassus is considered a key bioindicator species, whose presence indicates a healthy freshwater ecosystem. This species is currently on the verge of extinction, but used to be found across almost the whole of Europe, its range extending from the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains and beyond the Tigris-Euphrates region. 68 Unio pictorum is a more nacreous species, found in abundance in shallow waters near river banks and in the Bălăşescu, Radu 2004, p. 194. Bănărescu 1964, p. 292–301. 65 Ibid., p. 472–474. 66 Bindea 2006, p. 83–86. 67 Bănărescu 1964, p. 547–551. 68 Frechter Falkner, 1990. 63 64 27 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi dead arms of rivers. In the Banat area, one of the rivers where this species is found in abundance is the Timiş River. 69 Snail shell fragments from Helix pomatia (Roman or Burgundy snail) were also found among the animal remains. This edible species is widespread in regions that are not affected by sea breezes. In the territory of Romania, it is found in large numbers in shady and humid places (gardens, forests, vineyards), up to an altitude of 1,500 m. 70 Conclusions In this article, we have tried to present a synthesis of the archaeozoological results obtained so far from the faunal materials excavated from the Neolithic settlement of Parţa. The anatomical-comparative study of the osteological remains suggests that cattle from Parţa were taller than their contemporaries from southern Banat, Transylvania or Moldova. Domesticated pigs, on the other hand, are represented by individuals of similar height to those found in other contemporaneous settlements in southern Banat, but they are more robust. Regarding ovicaprids, sheep are represented by small animals, similar to those found in other Neolithic settlements in Oltenia, Transylvania and Moldova. Turning to cervids, in the case of the red deer a population of large, robust animals predominates, and it appears that the inhabitants preferred to hunt for males. For roe deer, robust animals predominate, with a medium to large stature; similarly, the preference seems to have been for hunting males. Based on the analytical evaluation of animal resources, it is clear that hunting and animal husbandry were both major activities in the prehistoric communities of Parţa. However, there is also plenty of evidence that, at a secondary level, fishing and gathering were also important, as indicated by the remains of various species of fish and mollusc that were common to the waters near the settlement. Changes in the relative proportion of remains from domestic species were analysed in order to show the evolution of animal husbandry and the ways in which animals and animal products were exploited throughout the history of the prehistoric settlement. It was observed that for the majority of the period covered in the archaeological record, cattle were primarily raised for meat, with dairy farming and use in labour only emerging later. Ovicaprids were used in a more a mixed economy, exploited for meat, milk and fleeces/hides. Pigs were mainly kept for meat, and it appears that in some periods residents neglected to maintain viable breeding stock of the domestic species. It is likely that this was rectified by interbreeding stock with native wild boar. 69 70 Sîrbu et al. 2010, p. 21–43. Grossu 1993, p. 291–366. 28 Synthesis of Results Related to the Animal Economy Hunting was an important activity for the prehistoric communities of Parţa, with red deer, wild boar, roe deer and aurochs the main target species. Analysis of skulls and horns indicates that red deer were the object of active hunting in the autumn-winter period, with a preference for mature animals. In the spring-summer period, roe deer hunting was more common, again, with mature animals favoured. During periods when the local red deer population declined, possibly as the result massive deforestation that occurred at certain times, an increase was observed in the prevalence of species that can live in shrubland, such as wild boar, and open areas or forest edges, such as roe deer and aurochs. The results presented here represent a synthesis of results from several research campaigns, offering a detailed analysis and interpretation of the gathered data on the rich and complex faunal sample excavated from the settlement of Parţa. The purpose of this synthesis was to try to present a detailed description of the archaeozoological results related to the animal economy of the prehistoric communities of Parţa. 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Stanojević et al. 1976 – Dragojla Stanojević, Zora Nikolić, Dmitar Drekić, Uporedne Karakteristike Pojedinih Kostiju Distalnog Dela Prednjeg I Zadnjeg Ekstermiteta Srne (Capreollus Capreolus) I Ovce (Ovis Aries) U Cilju Utvrdivanja Pripadnosti Vrste Zivotinja, in Veterinarski Glasnik Br, 8, 1976, p. 701–708. Teichert 1969 – Manfred Teichert, Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berenchnung der Widerrishöhe bei vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Schweinen, in KühnArchiv, 83, 1969, p. 237–292. Udrescu et al. 1999 – Mircea Udrescu, Luminiţa Bejenaru, Carmen Hrişcu, Introducere în arheozoologie, Jassy, 1999. 32 Level 7a LEVEL SPECIES Bos taurus Sus domesticus Ovis aries Capra hircus Ovicaprids Canis familiaris Level 7b–c 372 110 18 10 104 33.8 10 1.6 0.9 9.5 17 10 5 3 13 19.3 11.3 5.7 3.4 14.7 DOMESTIC MAMMALS 614 55.9 48 54.5 Bos primigenius Cervus elaphus Capreolus capreolus Sus scrofa Vulpes vulpes Ursus arctos Canis lupus Lepus europaeus Martes martes Castor fiber Felis silvestris 14 182 88 195 1.2 16.5 9 17.7 4 11 7 14 4.5 12.5 8 15.9 1 0.09 1 1.1 WILD MAMMALS Level 6a–b Level 5a–b Level 4 NISP NISP% MNI MNI% NISP NISP% MNI MNI% NISP NISP% MNI MNI% NISP NISP% MNI MNI% NISP NISP% MNI MNI% 3 2 0.2 0.1 1 2 1.1 2.2 485 44.1 40 45.6 DETERMINATED Bos/Cervus Bos taurus/Bos primigenius Suinae INDETERMINABLE TOTAL MAMMALS 1099 27 Mammals Unio sp. Gasteropoda Pisces Emys orbicularis Aves TOTAL 1233 77 4 12 2 6 1334 100 56 51 1233 88 88 92.4 5.8 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.4 100 100 1127 406 45 24 233 11 1846 33 11.9 1.3 0.7 6.8 0.3 72 29 6 5 34 4 26 10.5 2.2 1.8 12.2 1.4 404 227 23 20 83 5 26.3 14.8 1.5 1.3 5.4 0.3 54.0 150 54.2 762 49.7 41 832 164 524 1 2 1 6 1.2 24.3 4.8 15.3 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.2 9 49 19 40 1 1 1 4 3.2 17.7 6.9 14.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.4 2 1 0.05 0.03 2 1 0.7 0.4 1574 46.0 127 3420 84 45 68 160 3777 3777 101 5 14 2 2 3901 100 277 277 96.8 2.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 100 45.8 100 128 216 83 332 1 1 1 1 6 8.4 14.1 5.4 21.7 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.4 27 21 6 3 12 2 71 12 16 13 25 1 1 1 1 3 18.5 14.4 4.1 2.1 8.2 1.4 48.6 8.2 11 8.9 17.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.1 1 0.06 1 0.7 771 50.3 75 51.4 1533 57 9 48 74 1721 100 146 146 1721 52 5 9 96.2 2.9 0.3 0.5 2 1789 0.1 100 100 88 58 5 2 73 2 20 13.2 1.1 0.5 16.6 0.5 14.6 18.8 4.2 2.1 12.5 2.1 80 57 1 3 32 22.2 15.8 0.3 0.8 8.9 6 7 1 2 6 51.8 7 9 2 1 6 1 32 70 52 57 26 54.2 173 48.1 6 3 5 7 12.5 6 10.4 14.6 10 73 35 67 2.8 20.3 9.7 18.6 22 7.3 15.9 11.8 13 2 1 0.2 1 2.1 212 48.2 22 45.8 187 228 440 2 100 2 444 48 48 100 360 12 44 4 8 7 7 8.0 16.0 14.0 14.0 0.6 2 4.0 51.9 28 56.0 100 24 35 431 50 50 444 1 99.6 0.2 431 19 93.1 4.1 1 0.2 446 100 7 2 4 463 1.5 0.4 0.9 100 Table 1. Distribution of species as number of remains and minimum number of individuals for the Neolithic levels of the settlement at Parţa 12.0 14.0 2.0 4.0 12.0 100 Cristian Oprean, Georgeta El Susi Maximum length Greatest diameter of the horncore base Smallest diameter of the horncore base Horncore basal circumference Diameter at 5 cm Sex Piece 1 Piece 2 230 Piece 3 272 Piece 4 Piece 5 74 65.4 53 68 62 57 54.5 49 55 55.5 210 69 M 199 58 M 168 198 60 M 183 54 M - Table 2. Osteometric data for cattle horns from Parţa Radius 298 85.5 43 77.5 M 128.1 GL Bp SD Bd I1 I2 Sex Height Metacarpus 212 63 34 60 29.7 16 F 127.8 Metacarpus 224 66.5 35 67 29.6 15.6 E 137.8 Metatarsus 234 52 28 58 22.2 11.9 E 127.9 Metatarsus 231 47 28 54.5 20.3 12.1 F 123.2 Table 3. Estimation of height for the cattle from Parţa OVIS ARIES Maximum 118 112 82 118 98 104 121 length Greatest diameter of the 45 51 50.5 49 48 44 51 51.5 48 54.5 47 36.5 39 51.2 32 33 35 69.5 horncore base Smallest diameter of the 33 38 37.5 30 36.5 31.5 38 34 39.5 36 34.5 26 31 36 25.6 23.5 27 50 horncore base Horncore basal 130 131 138 130 144 131 139 148 154 130 99 117 130 89 90 98 195 circumference Sex M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F M Table 4. Osteometric data of sheep horns from Parţa Maximum length Greatest diameter of the horncore base Smallest diameter of the horncore base Horncore basal circumference Sex CAPRA H IRCUS - - - - - - - - - - - 36.5 36.5 37.5 44 48.5 56 36 48 29.5 39 39 24.5 25 25 30 31 33 23.5 34 24 3.5 31.5 98 101 107 117 128 80.5 118 118 F F F M M F F F 96.5 M F M Table 5. Osteometric data of goat horns from Parţa GL Bp SD Bd Sex Height METACARPUS 117 23 13.5 22 F 56.7 124 18 10 21.5 F 58 METATARSUS 118.5 17 9.5 19.5 F 55.4 114 17.5 10,1 20 M 53.3 Table 6. Estimation of height for ovicaprids from Parţa 34 TIBIA 185 13.5 23.5 56.6 Bos taurus MANDIBLE Length M3 M1 – M3 P2 – M3 SCAPULA SLC GLP LG HUMERUS BT Bd RADIUS BFp Bp Bd METACARPUS Bp Bd TIBIE Bd METATARSUS Bp Bd PHALANX I GL ASTRAGALUS GLl Bd CALCANEUS GL GB NR Variability Average NR Bos primigenius Variability Average 12 5 3 37 – 42 88.5 – 97 135 – 143 31.2 95.3 138 10 10 12 54 – 67.5 70 – 85 59.5 – 69.5 59.1 78.4 61.8 3 4 4 69 – 85 93 – 102 74 – 80 11 9 73 – 84 76 – 87.5 78.4 81.4 2 1 100; 102 113 13 11 13 71 – 84 82 – 93 64 – 81 76.6 80.2 74.1 5 5 84 – 107 92.5 - 165 17 17 60 – 68 60 – 67 62.8 63.2 2 71; 78 25 62 – 75 67.9 1 82.3 17 23 47 – 60 54.5 – 66 53.7 60.7 2 73; 73.5 37 60 – 70 64.5 3 77.5; 78; 78.5 32 35 61.5 – 78 40 – 50 72 45.1 8 7 78 – 85 48 – 58 80.1 52.5 17 21 132.5 – 146 50 – 59 139.1 54.2 6 6 144 – 175 60 – 71 155.5 63.9 77.3 97,8 93 112 Table 7. Osteometric data of cattle from the settlement of Parţa Sus domesticus MAXILLARE P2-M3 M1-M3 Length M3 MANDIBLE M1 – M3 Length M3 SCAPULA SLC GLP HUMERUS BT Bd PELVIS LAR RADIUS Bp Bd TIBIA Bd Mc III GL Mt IV GL Mt III GL ASTRAGALUS GLl CALCANEUS GL NR Variability Average 1 3 3 99 63; 64; 65 26; 28; 30 2 6 62; 63 28 – 38 12 2 17 – 24 32; 34 32.8 19.9 Sus scrofa NR Variability Average 1 4 6 137 85 – 93 19 – 22 87.2 20.4 8 15 82 – 92 40 – 50 88.5 45.4 31 15 29 – 42 42 – 53 32.6 48.6 35 34 35 – 45 42 – 56.3 42.8 54.7 13 27 – 40 34.6 16 40 – 58 45.1 7 24 – 27.5 26.3 35 9 34.2 – 43 40.5 – 54 40 44.7 4 28 – 36.5 32.1 30 34 – 41.5 38.8 9 89 – 101 96.8 6 93 – 104 98.7 3 110; 113; 126 21 48.5 – 58 103.3 13 96.5 – 115 98.3 2 73; 76 Table 8. Osteometric data of swines from the settlement of Parţa NR Variability Average 9 9 16 64 – 85 44 – 60 20.5 – 27.5 71.5 48.6 22.9 SCAPULA SLC GLP. LG 13 9 10 18.5 – 23 28.5 – 32.5 18.5 – 23 20.6 29.9 22.3 HUMERUS BT Bd 4 5 24 – 25 25.5 – 27 24.5 26.3 RADIUS BFp Bp Bd 10 8 1 24 – 28 26 – 29.5 23.5 25.3 27 METACARPUS Bp Bd 10 11 19.5 – 27 22 – 26 23.2 23.5 TIBIA Bd 8 23 – 30 27.6 METATARSUS Bp Bd 11 14 17 – 19 19.5 – 25.5 18.1 21.6 MANDIBLE P2-M3 M1-M3 Length M3 Table 9. Osteometric data of ovicaprids from Parţa MAXILLARE M1-M3 MANDIBLE M1 – M3 Length M3 SCAPULA SLC GLP HUMERUS BT Bd RADIUS Bp BFp Bd TIBIA Bd METACARPUS GL Bp Bd METATARSUS GL Bp Bd ASTRAGALUS GLl Bd CALCANEUS GL GB NR 2 Cervus elaphus Variability Average Capreolus capreolus NR Variability 13 14 66 – 72 34.5 – 45 Average 81; 82.5 68.8 39.8 20 14 33.5 – 41.5 41 – 68 37.4 54.9 31 21 16.5 – 20.5 27 – 31 18.4 29.6 17 20 52.7 – 63 55 – 70.5 58.3 61.7 2 13 23; 26 26 – 32 29.1 14 13 22 56.5 – 67.5 51 – 64.5 52 – 64 63.9 58.8 56.8 11 2 2 26 – 28.5 24.5; 26.5 25.5; 26.5 17 50 – 68 56.9 2 22; 22.5 18 24 41 – 62.5 41 – 57.5 51.5 47.4 1 4 1 203 22.5 – 24.5 22 23.3 8 16 44.5 – 49 41 – 59 45.3 51 1 5 1 203 21 – 23.5 25 22.1 15 16 58 – 65 35 – 48 53.7 39.3 2 2 29.5; 31.5 19.5; 21 12 14 98 – 145 34.5 – 54 125.5 46.6 1 1 70 25.5 Table 10. Osteometric data of cervids from Parţa 27.2 LISTA ABREVIERILOR DE PERIODICE AAH ABLR ACMI Acta ActaArch ActaMN ActaMP Acta Theriologica AÉ AIIAI/AIIX AIICCMER AIIGB AIP AISC Altertum Alt-Thüringen AM AMET AMM AnA – Acta Archaeologica Hungarica (actualmente Acta Archaeologica). Budapesta. – Archäologische Berichte des Landkreises Rotenburg. Wümme. – Anuarul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice, secţia pentru Transilvania. Cluj-Napoca. – Acta (Siculica). Muzeul Naţional Secuiesc. Sfântu Gheorghe. – Acta Archaeologica. Budapesta. – Acta Musei Napocensis. Muzeul de Istorie a Transilvaniei. Cluj-Napoca. – Acta Musei Porolissensis. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă Zalău. – Acta Theriologica. Mammal Research Institute PAS. – Archaeologiai Értesitö a Magyar régészeti, müvésyttörténeti és éremtani társulat tudományos folyóirata. Budapesta. – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie „A. D. Xenopol” Iaşi (din 1990 Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „A. D. Xenopol” Iaşi). – Anuarul Institutului de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului şi Memoria Exilului Românesc. Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului şi Memoria Exilului Românesc. Bucureşti. – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie ,,George Bariţiu”. Series Historica. Institutul de Istorie ,,George Bariţiu” din Cluj-Napoca. – Аrheološki institut Posebna izdanja. Belgrad. – Anuarul Institutului de Studii Clasice. Cluj-Napoca. – Das Altertum. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. – Alt-Thüringen. Museum of Prehistory and Early History of Thuringia. – Arheologia Moldovei. Institutul de Istorie şi Arheologie „A. D. Xenopol” Iaşi. – Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei. Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei. Cluj-Napoca. – Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis. Muzeul Judeţean Vaslui. – Analele Aradului. Societatea Culturală „Asociaţia Naţională Arădeană pentru cultura poporului român”. Arad. 532 Lista abrevierilor de periodice AnB AnBr AnD Angustia Antiquity AO Apulum ArcheoSciences ArchHist Argesis ArhMed ArhSom ASC Astra Salvensis ASUAIC ATS AUASH AUASJ AUDJG AVSL BAM Banatica BAR BB BCŞS – Analele Banatului (serie nouă). Muzeul Naţional al Banatului. Timişoara. – Analele Brăilei. Muzeul Brăilei „Carol I”. Brăila. – Analele Dobrogei. Revista Societăţii Culturale Dobrogene. Constanţa (1920-1923). Cernăuţi (19241938). Din 1995, seria nouă a publicaţiei este editată de Muzeul de Istorie Naţională şi Arheologie Constanţa. – Angustia. Muzeul Carpaţilor Răsăriteni. Sfântu Gheorghe. – Antiquity. A Quartely Review of World Archaeology. York. – Arhivele Olteniei (serie nouă). Institutul de Cercetări Socio-Umane. Craiova. – Apulum. Acta Musei Apulensis. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii Alba Iulia. – ArcheoSciences, revue d’archéométrie. Groupe des Méthodes Pluridisciplinaires Contribuant à l’Archéologie. – Archaeologia historica. Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta. Brno. – Argesis. Studii şi comunicări. Seria Istorie. Muzeul Judeţean Argeş. Piteşti. – Arheologia Medievală. Reşiţa, Cluj-Napoca. – Arhiva Someşeană. Muzeul Năsăudean. Năsăud. – Archeologie ve středních Čechách. Praga. – Astra Salvensis. Cercul Salva al ASTRA. Salva. – Annales Scientifiques de l’Université „Al. I. Cuza”. Iaşi. – Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. Sibiu. – Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Historica. Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia. – Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Jurisprudentia. Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia. – Analele Universităţii „Dunărea de Jos” Galaţi. Seria Istorie. Universitatea „Dunărea de Jos” Galaţi. – Archiv des Vereins für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde. Sibiu. – Bibliotheca Archaeologica Moldaviae. Iaşi. – Banatica. Muzeul de Istorie al Judeţului Caraş-Severin. Reşiţa. – British Archaeological Reports (International Series). Oxford. – Bibliotheca Brukenthal. Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal. Sibiu. – Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti. Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia. 533 Lista abrevierilor de periodice Bergbaukunde BHAUT BMA BMB BMJT BMN BMÖ BMP BMS Brukenthal BS BSNR BTh BUA BudRég Bulletin Bylye Gody CA Caietele ARA Caietele CNSAS CAH Carpica Carinthia I CCA – Bergbaukunde. Leipzig. – Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis. Universitatea de Vest. Timişoara. – Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii. Alba Iulia. – Berliner Münzblätter. Berlin. – Buletinul Muzeului Judeţean Teleorman – seria Arheologie. Alexandria. – Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis. Muzeul de Istorie a Transilvaniei. Cluj-Napoca. – Beiträge zur Mittelalterarchäologie in Österreich. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Mittelalterarchäologie. Viena. – Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă Zalău. – Bibliotheca Musei Sabesiensis. Muzeul Municipal „Ioan Raica” Sebeş. – Brukenthal. Acta Musei. Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal. Sibiu. – Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis, Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu. – Buletinul Societăţii Numismatice Române. Bucureşti. – Bibliotheca Thracologica. Institutul Român de Tracologie. Bucureşti. – Bibliotheca Universitatis Apulensis. Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia. – Budapest Régiségei. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum. Budapesta. – Bulletin de l’Association Pro Aventico. Lausanne. – Bylye Gody. International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research. Washington. – Cercetări arheologice. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României. Bucureşti. – Caietele ARA: arhitectură, restaurare, arheologie. Bucureşti. – Caietele CNSAS. Consiliul Naţional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securităţii. Bucureşti. – Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae. Budapesta. – Carpica. Complexul Muzeal „Iulian Antonescu” Bacău. – Carinthia I. Zeitschrift für geschichtliche Landeskunde von Kärnten Verlag des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten. Klagenfurt. – Cronica cercetărilor arheologice. cIMeC. Bucureşti. 534 Lista abrevierilor de periodice Celticum CMA CNRS CollMed Cumania Cumidava Dacia Dacia Magazin DAMN.SRD Danubius DR EJA EphNap FI FolArch FVL Gând românesc Germania Godišnjak Hierasus Hileya HU – Celticum. Supplément à OGAM-Tradition celtique. Rennes. – Concilium medii aevi. Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit. – Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Paris. – Collegium Mediense. Comunicări ştiinţifice. Colegiul Tehnic „Mediensis” Mediaş. – Cumania. A Bács-Kiskun Megyei Önkormányzat Múzeumi Szervezetének Évkönyve. Kecskemét. – Cumidava. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie Braşov. – Dacia. Recherches et découvertes archéologiques en Roumanie. Bucureşti, I, (1924) - XII (1948). Nouvelle série: Revue d’archéologie et d’historie ancienne. Bucureşti. – Dacia magazin. Dacia Revival International Society. New York. – Din activitatea muzeelor noastre. Studii, referate, documente. Sfatul Popular al Regiunii Ploieşti. Muzeul Regional de Istorie Ploieşti. – Danubius. Muzeul de Istorie. Galaţi. – Dacoromania. Institutul de Lingvistică şi Istorie Literară „Sextil Puşcariu” din Cluj-Napoca al Academiei Române. Cluj-Napoca – European Journal of Archaeology. European Association of Archaeologists. – Ephemeris Napocensis. Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei Cluj-Napoca. – File de Istorie. Muzeul de Istorie Bistriţa (continuată de Revista Bistriţei). – Folia Archaeologica. Magyar Történeti Múzeum. Budapesta. – Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde. Sibiu. – Gând românesc. Asociaţia culturală ,,Gând Românesc, Gând European”. Alba Iulia. – Germania, Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Frankfurt pe Main. – Godišnjak grada Beograda. Belgrad. – Hierasus. Muzeul Judeţean Botoşani. – Hileya: naukovyy visnyk. Natsional’nyy pedahohichnyy universytet imeni M. P. Drahomanov. Kiev. – Historia Urbana. Academia Română. Comisia de Istorie a Oraşelor din România. Bucureşti. 535 Lista abrevierilor de periodice IJMP Istros JAS JASREP JKK JRA JRLS JSKV JSRI Közlemények Kühn-Archiv LIUGC Limba română LSCMIB Marisia MAQ MCA MI MKKCC Mousaios MN Münzen Revue NAC Naukovi zapysky – International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. – Istros. Muzeul Brăilei. Brăila. – Journal of Archaeological Science. Elsevier. – Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Elsevier. – Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen CentralCommission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale. Viena. – Journal of Roman Archaeology. Editorial Committee of the Journal of Roman Archaeology. – Journal of Romanian Literary Studies. ALPHA Institute for Multicultural Studies. Târgu Mureş. – Jahrbuch des siebenbürgischen Karpathen-Vereins. Hermannstadt (Sibiu), I-XXX (1881-1922). – Journal for the Study of Religions & Ideologies. The Academic Society for the Research of Religions and Ideologies. Cluj-Napoca. – Közlemények az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem - és Régiségtárából. Cluj-Napoca. – Kühn-Archiv. Berlin. – Lucrările Institutului de Geografie al Universităţii din Cluj. Institutul de Geografie al Universităţii din Cluj. Cluj-Napoca. – Limba română. Institutul de Lingvistică al Academiei Române „Iorgu Iordan - Al. Rosetti”. Bucureşti. – Lucrările Staţiunii de Cercetări Marine „prof. Ioan Borcea” Agigea. Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iaşi. – Marisia. Muzeul Judeţean Târgu Mureş. – Medium Aevum Quotidianum. Krems. – Materiale şi cercetări arheologice. Bucureşti. – Magazin istoric. Bucureşti. – Mittheilungen der K. K. Central-Commission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmäle. Viena. – Mousaios. Muzeul Judeţean Buzău. – Muzeul Naţional. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României. Bucureşti. – Münzen Revue. International Coin Trend Journal. – Numismatica e Antichità Classiche - Quaderni Ticinesi. Lugano. – Naukovi zapysky Ternopilskoho natsionalnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu im. V. Hnatiuka. Ser. Istoriia. Ternopil’s’kyy natsional’nyy pedahohichnyy universytet imeni V. Hnatyuka. Ternopil’. 536 Lista abrevierilor de periodice NIMPR Notae Numismaticae NZ ONS PA PB Pferdeheilkunde PHN. Istoriia Plural PRA Prilozi Problemy istorii QFA RA RAE RAN RAP RB – Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. Elsevier. – Notae Numismaticae. Zapiski numizmatyczne. Cracovia. – Numismatische Zeitung: Blätter für Münz-, Wappenund Siegel-Kunde. Weissensee. – Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’. Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Moscova. – Patrimonium Apulense. Direcţia Judeţeană pentru Cultură Alba. Alba Iulia. – Patrimonium Banaticum. Direcţia Judeţeană pentru Cultură Timiş. Timişoara. – Pferdeheilkunde. Equine Medicine. Official Organ of the German Veterinary Association, Section – Equine Medicine. Baden-Baden. – Problemy humanitarnykh nauk. Ser. Istoriia. Drohobych State Pedagogical University named after Ivan Franko. Drohobîci. – Plural. Revista Departamentului de Istorie şi Geografie a Universităţii Pedagogice de Stat „Ion Creangă” Chişinău. – Proceedings of the Romanian Academy, Series A: Mathematics, Physics, Technical Sciences Information Science. Academia Română. – Prilozi. Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu. Zagreb. – Problemy istorii i istoriografii. Sbornik dokladov mezhvuzovskoy nauchnoy konferentsii. Federal’noye gosudarstvennoye avtonomnoye obrazovatel’noye uchrezhdeniye vysshego obrazovaniya SanktPeterburgskiy gosudarstvennyy elektrotekhnicheskiy universitet LETI imeni V. I. Ul’yanova (Lenina). Sankt Petersburg. – Quaderni Friulani di Archeologia. Società Friulana di Archeologia onlus. Udine. – Revista arhivelor. Arhivele Naţionale ale României. Bucureşti. – Revue Archéologique de l’Est. Société archéologique de l’Est. Dijon. – Révue Archéologique de Narbonnaise. Paris. – Revue Archéologique de Picardie. Societe des antiquaires de Picardie. – Revista Bistriţei. Complexul Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud. Bistriţa. 537 Lista abrevierilor de periodice REF RevArh RHSEE/RESEE RI RITL RJP RMNK RMV RN ROB RP RRH RRS Rusin SAI Sargetia SCA SCIV(A) SCN Skhid SlovArch – Revista de Etnografie şi Folclor. Institutul de Etnografie şi Folclor ,,Constantin Brăiloiu”. Academia Română. Bucureşti. – Revista Arheologică. Centrul de Arheologie al Institutului Patrimoniului Cultural al Academiei de Ştiinţe a Moldovei. Chişinău. – Revue historique du sud-est européen. Academia Română. Bucureşti, Paris (din 1963 Revue des études sud-est européennes). – Revista de Istorie (din 1990 Revista istorică). Academia Română. Bucureşti. – Revista de Istorie şi Teorie Literară. Academia Română. Institutul de Istorie şi Teorie Literară „G. Călinescu”. Bucureşti. – Romanian Journal of Physics. Bucureşti. – Rocznik Muzeum Narodowego w Kielcach. Kielce. – Rad Muzeja Vojvodine. Novi Sad. – Revue Numismatique. Société française de numismatique. Paris. – ROB. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. Amersfoort. – Revista pădurilor. Societatea „Progresul silvic”. – Revue Roumaine d’Histoire. Academia Română. Bucureşti. – Revista Română de Sociologie. Institutul de Sociologie al Academiei Române. Bucureşti. – Rusin. Ob’yednannya “rus’”. Toms’kyy derzhavnyy universytet. Kyshyniv. Tomsk. – Studii şi articole de istorie. Societatea de Ştiinţe Istorice şi Filologice a RPR. Bucureşti. – Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis. Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane Deva. – Studii şi Cercetări de Antropologie. Institutul de Antropologie „Francisc I. Rainer”. Academia Română. Bucureşti. – Studii şi cercetări de istoria veche (din 1974, Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche şi arheologie). Bucureşti. – Studii şi Cercetări de Numismatică. Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan” Bucureşti. – Skhid. Ukrainian Cultural Centre. Institute of Industrial Economics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Institute of Philosophy named after G. S. Skovoroda of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Zaporizhzhya National University. – Slovenská Archeológia. Nitra. 538 Lista abrevierilor de periodice – Studii de Preistorie. Asociaţia Română de Arheologie. Bucureşti. SprArch – Sprawodzania Archeologiczne. Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Archeologii Gór i Wyżyn w Krakowie. Cracovia. SS – Siebenbürgische Semesterblätter. Arbeitskreis für siebenbürgische Landeskunde. München. Studii Clasice – Studii Clasice. Societatea de Studii Clasice din R.S.R. Bucureşti. ST – Studii teologice. Revista Facultăţilor de Teologie din Patriarhia Română. Bucureşti. StComCaransebeş – Studii şi Cercetări de Etnografie şi Istorie Caransebeş. Muzeul Judeţean de Etnografie şi al Regimentului de Graniţă Caransebeş. StComSibiu – Studii şi comunicări. Arheologie-istorie. Muzeul Brukenthal. Sibiu. StComSM – Studii şi comunicări. Muzeul Judeţean Satu Mare. SUCSH – Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica. Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” Sibiu. SympThrac – Symposia Thracologica. Institutul Român de Tracologie. Bucureşti. Terra Sebus – Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis. Muzeul Municipal „Ioan Raica” Sebeş. TMNHN – Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie Naturală Grigore Antipa. Bucureşti. Transilvania – Transilvania. Complexul Naţional Muzeal ASTRA. Sibiu. Universul Juridic – Universul Juridic. Revistă lunară de doctrină şi jurisprudenţă. Bucureşti. VAH – Varia Archaeologica Hungarica. Budapesta. Vestnik Nizhegorodskoy – Vestnik Nizhegorodskoy akademii Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossii. Nizhegorodskaya akademiya Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Nizhniy Novgorod. Vestnik Voronezhskogo – Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye nauki. Voronezhskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. Voronej. Vestnik Tomskogo – Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Istoriya. Tomskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. Tomsk. Vestnik Tverskogo – Vestnik Tverskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Istoriya. Tver. Veterinarski glasnik Br – Veterinarski Glasnik Br. University of Belgrade. Belgrad. SP 539 Lista abrevierilor de periodice Vіsnyk Vjesnik VTT WA ZfAM ZfTZ Ziridava ZISP ZSL ZVHGL – Visnyk Kyyivs’koho natsional’noho linhvistychnoho universytetu. Serіya: Іstorіya, ekonomіka, fіlosofіya. Kyyivs’kyy natsional’nyy movnyy universytet. Kiev. – Vjesnik za arheologiju i povijest dalmatinsku. Arheološki muzej Split. – Veszprémi Történelmi Tár. Veszprém. – Wiadomości Archeologiczne. Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie. Varşovia. – Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters. Bonn. – Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie: Organ der Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Tierzucht im Forschungsdienst (continuă: Zeitschrift für Züchtung. Reihe B, Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie). Berlin, Hamburg. – Ziridava. Muzeul Judeţean Arad. – Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki. Natsional’nyy issledovatel’skiy universitet “Vysshaya shkola ekonomiki”. Moscova. – Zeitschrift für siebenbürgische Landeskunde. (Arbeitskreis für siebenbürgische Landeskunde). Heidelberg. – Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde, Neue Folge. Kassel. 540