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In this article we present various modes of burial and burial rites in use at the two principal cemeteries of central and western Slovenia – Ljubljana and Tolmin – in the period of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. With the present analysis that includes a development of both cemeteries and an examination of burial rite, as well as grave constructions, we wish to complement the knowledge and understanding of the prehistoric communities in the south-eastern Alpine area. The comparative analysis showed that the burial rites of individual communities, representing part of the Urnfield culture phenomenon, differentiated essentially between each other. Evidently, these communities intentionally wanted to identify themselves not only with the attire, but also with the mode of burial and burial rites connected with the latter. Therefore, future analyses should take into consideration all the documented components of the burials.
Eleven Augustan cremation graves were found in two groups adjacent to the northern wall of Roman Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia). These are the earliest known Roman graves from the Ljubljana basin. Amongst these, there are two military graves. These findings raise in- triguing questions about the origins of the deceased and the relationship between Early Roman graves and the prehistor- ic tumulus necropolis, as well as Roman military and civil finds dating to approximately the same period, and from the central Ljubljana area
Slovenská archeológia LXXI – 2
Cremation Graves from La Tène Period in Sládkovičovo2023 •
The article discusses three La Tène cremation graves discovered in Sládkovičovo (SW Slovakia) during the construction of a new access road to family houses in the site Pri železnici/Malý Diosek. Burnt human remains were placed together with grave inventory in one or two concentrations in northern parts in grave pits. Human remains were in one of the graves (grave 1) in a vessel. Rich equipment in graves 2 and 3 consisting especially of parts of costume points to adult woman burials. The graves can be based on grave inventory and radiocarbon dating from animal bones to the Middle La Tène – LT C1 stage (LT C1a phase). The article presents the basic processing of anthropological material, the grave inventory included archaeozoological analysis of animal bones. Very important is analysis of the burial rite of graves.
The research presented herein encompassed analysis of prehistoric graves from the necropolis of the Velika Mrdakovica Hillfort in the vicinity of Zaton, near Šibenik. These are five graves from the earliest period of burials, from the Early Iron Age. Their analysis and synthesis will serve as the point of departure for fuller insight into the long, rich and fluctuating history experienced by its inhabitants and inheritors. Based on the types of burials, the graves generally comply with rites typical of the Šibenik region and the central Adriatic coastal belt. However, the placement of the bodies fully extended deviated from the overriding practices in this core territory of the Liburnians. Most of the gathered physical cultural materials consist of personal attire items and jewellery of the deceased, which have been ascribed to the Liburnian culture in the broader sense of typological classification. In line with their previous cultural interpretation, they have been separated into men’s and women’s attire, wherein the finds of pins and fibulae, as well as ring-shaped jewellery and amber beads, are the most prominent. From the chronological standpoint, two general burial periods have been distinguished in their interpretation. Typical of the older graves is the large fibula with amber bead on the bow, while the younger graves are characterized by the predominance of the proto-Certosa fibula with a small globule at the end of the foot. Despite double or multiple interments, the materials indicate a certain chronological framework, which suggests simultaneous or very brief subsequent interments, interpreted in the sense of narrower familial graves. Synchronized with the Liburnian culture periodization, interments in the older graves proceeded in the II. A and B phases, while the younger ones proceeded from the end of cultural phase III and in phase IV according to the classical periodization scheme. In compliance with the typological-chronological analysis of the materials in comparison to coterminous phenomena in the Adriatic basin cultures, a revised relative and higher absolute chronological scheme for the Liburnian sphere are proposed in the synthesis.
KULTURNA FORMACIJA IN KULTURNI SPOMIN: Jubilejna publikacija
The transition to the afterlife: On the formation of a special burial practise of the Urnfield culture in the Late Bronze Age at Dobova and Velika Gorica (group)2022 •
In the area of Krško-Brežiško polje, in the valleys of the Sava and Krka rivers (south-eastern Slovenia), in Zagreb itself and in its surroundings, the Zagreb and Dobova-Velika Gorica groups of the Urnfield culture of the Late Bronze Age developed at the end of the 2nd and in the first two centuries of the 1st millennium BC. The basic feature of the burial practise of the Zagreb and Dobova-Velika Gorica groups was the cremation of the dead and the burial of the cremated human bones in urns, which often have a hole in the Dobova and Velika Gorica cemeteries, while urns without a hole are characteristic of the former Zagreb-Vrapče cemetery. The holes were made before the urns were cremated and these vessels are not found in settlements, so they were made intentionally to store the cremated human bones. In this article, various questions concerning the occurrence, use and symbolic meaning of urns with a hole in the burial ritual of the Late Bronze Age community of Dobova and Velika gorica (group) are discussed. Based on the results of the analysis of graves from the large cemetery of Dobova (age of individuals, sex, gender and age of individuals in urns with a hole, analysis of grave goods), it is discussed when urns with a hole appeared in south-eastern Slovenia, until when they were in use and who was buried in such urns and who in other urns. Based on the results of this study and the appearance of urns with a hole in contemporary but culturally differently assigned cemeteries elsewhere and about 800 years later (in the Roman period) in the same area, the possible symbolic meaning of urns with a hole was discussed. The results provide us with new data on burial practises in the Late Bronze Age in the Zagreb and Dobova-Velika Gorica groups.
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2019 •
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