KUSH
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR NUBIAN STUDIES
PARIS 2018
VOLUME XX
2023
KUSH
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR NUBIAN STUDIES
PARIS 2018
VOLUME XX
2023
THE PRINTING OF THIS VOLUME HAS BEEN FINANCED BY
THE MUSÉE DU LOUVRE AND SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ/UMR 8167
ORIENT & MÉDITERRANÉE
PRINTED ON THE PRESS OF THE FRENCH INSTITUTE
FOR ORIENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY (IFAO)
National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums
Ibrahim Musa, Director General
Musée du Louvre
Laurence des Cars, President-Director
Sorbonne Université
Nathalie Drach-Temam, President
Institut français d’archéologie orientale
Pierre Tallet, Director
© Musée du Louvre, Paris (France), 2023
© Sorbonne Université-CRES, Paris (France), 2023
ISBN 978-2-72471-049-6
Editors
Marie Millet & Vincent Rondot with the assistance
of Frédéric Payraudeau & Pierre Tallet
Peer Review Committee
Michele Buzon, Élisabeth David, Serge Feneuille,
Matthieu Honegger, Adam Łatjar, Séverine
Marchi, Marie Millet, Frédéric Payraudeau,
Claude Rilly, Vincent Rondot, Pamela Rose,
Salaheldin Mohamed Ahmed, Robin Seignobos,
Stuart Tyson Smith, Pierre Tallet, Pawel Wolf,
Magdalena Wozniack
Editorial committee
Rachael J. Dann (English rewiever), Faïza Drici,
Marie Millet, Vincent Rondot
Graphic designer
Fatiha Bouzidi
Copyrights: p. XVI, 1002 © Musée du Louvre, Christian Décamps ; p. 1, 163, 895
© Musée du Louvre, distr. RMN-Grand Palais, Christian Décamps ; p. 91 © Italian
Archaeological Expedition to the Eastern Sudan (IAEES) ; p. 297 © Hélène David
Cuny ; p. 401 © René-Pierre Dissaux/El-Hassa/SFDAS ; p. 605 © Musée du Louvre,
distr. RMN-Grand Palais, Georges Poncet ; p. 743 © DebaDam Archaeological Survey
Project/QSAP, Fawzi Hassan Bakhiet.
Contents
Volume 1
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Abbreviations & General Bibliography
XIII
XVII
XIX
XXVII
MAIN PAPERS
The Archaeology of Eastern Sudan and the History of the Middle Nile
Valley. Issues and perspectives
By Andrea Manzo
3
Pharaonic Presences in the Batn al-Hajar
By David N. Edwards
25
The 25th Dynasty Story. Recent progresses & perspectives
By Frédéric Payraudeau
49
Wall Inscriptions in the Upper Church at Banganarti. The “epigraphic
habit” in Late Christian Nubia
By Adam Łajtar
65
PREHISTORY
Late/Final Neolithic Occupations at the Southwestern Desert, Egypt.
The megalithic ceremonial practices
By Hebatallah A. A. Ibrahim, Maciej Jórdeczka
Neolithic Populations of Upper Nubia. A biological assessment of
continuity and change
By Emma Maines, Pascal Sellier
93
109
Prehistoric Occupation of Jebel Sabaloka
By Lenka Varadzinová, Ladislav Varadzin, Elena A. A. Garcea,
Katarína Kapustka, Jan Pacina
125
Tethering Stones in El Ga’ab Depression,Western Sahara (Sudan).
Morphometric analysis and landscape archaeology
By Yahia Fadl Tahir
149
KERMA & EGYPT IN NUBIA
Kerma Amulets. Iconography and manufacture techniques
By Elena D’Itria
165
Nubian Ascendancy in the Middle Kingdom. Exploring the foundations
of Kushite rule during the Second Intermediate Period
By Salim Faraji
183
Style and Identity Symbols. An attempt to define the social meaning of
the Kerma funerary fineware and its decorations
By Matthieu Honegger
203
Connecting the Pieces. Reassessing Classic Kerma art through digital
reconstructions of collections in Boston and Khartoum
By Elizabeth Minor
225
Mummy Masks and Coffins from Mirgissa. Sudan National Museum of
Khartoum
By Patricia Rigault‑Déon
241
C-Group Chronology: Time to Recalibrate? Case study of “C-Group Jars”
and reflections on regional sequences of C-Group funerary material
By Uffe Steffensen
257
NAPATA & 25TH DYNASTY
“Nom de Guerre” or Misnomer? Brief considerations regarding the
titularies of Amannote-erike
By Elizabeth Eltze
299
Barkal West Group. Recent interventions in the pyramid Bar. 26
By Montserrat Díaz‑de‑Cerio, Ignasi Baches
311
Negotiated Identity of Kushite Kings in Osirian Chapels in Karnak.
Taharqo in the chapel of Osiris Neb-ankh/Pa-wesheb-iad and the meaning
of the double uraeus
By Aleksandra Hallmann
329
The Edifice of Taharqa at Karnak. A preliminary study of the scattered
blocks
By Jérémy Hourdin
349
The Colonnades of Taharqo in Karnak. The mediality of legitimation
By Angelika Lohwasser
367
Tomb of Karabasken (TT 391) in the South Asasif necropolis: El-Kurru in
Thebes
By Elena Pischikova
377
Volume 2
MEROE
Secular Storage Facilities during the Meroitic Period
By Gabrielle Choimet
401
Natakamani Palace at Jebel Barkal. Old information and news on B1500
By Emanuele M. Ciampini
423
Meroitic Archers’ Rings. Part II – Iconography and typology
By Faïza Drici, Tsubasa Sakamoto
439
Amanishakheto in Meroitic Royal Texts
By Gilda Ferrandino
449
Nubian Riches – Gold and Snakes of Queen Amanishakheto of Meroe.
Initial results of a multidisciplinary project
By Jana Helmbold‑Doyé, Iris Hertel
463
The External Relations of Wad Ben Naga. As seen from the perspective of
the pottery finds
By Jiří Honzl
481
The Temple of Natakamani at Abu Erteila. Excavations 2016–2018
By Eleonora Kormysheva
499
The Goddess and the Queen. The goddess Amesemi in queen
Amanishakheto’s treasure
By Camille Labia
517
The Palace of Muweis. The early Meroitic levels
by Marc Maillot
531
Naga Project. New structures of Meroitic temple architecture
By Christian Perzlmeier, Arnulf Schlüter
547
A Relief from the Temple of Amun at Meroe showing Natakamani and
Amanitore. Comments on photograph M 328 in the Garstang archive
By Aminata Sackho‑Autissier
569
Control and Order in the Palace Economy. The collection of sealings
from the Palace of Amanishakheto at Wad Ben Naga
By Vlastimil Vrtal
579
LATE ANTIQUE & MEDIEVAL PERIODS
El Tuweina. A settlement site in the central Bayuda
By Jana Eger, Tim Karberg
605
The Apostolic College in Egyptian Art compared with Nubian wall
painting
By Magdalena Łaptaś
615
First Contacts between Islam and Nubia. A reassessment
By Artur Obłuski
637
In the Temple at Dangeil. Unusual medieval graves endowed with rich
grave goods
By Anna Pieri, Katarzyna Solarska, Mohamed Saad
653
Two Kings for One Throne? A problem of Late Medieval Nubian
chronology (ca. 1280–1311)
By Robin Seignobos
669
Nubia in the Late Antique World Trade Network. South Indian/
Sri Lankan glass bead evidence
By Joanna Then‑Obłuska, Barbara Wagner
685
Archangel Michael in Nubia. Sources about his cult and persona
By Alexandros Tsakos
693
Revisiting John of Ephesus. Considerations of Nubia’s doctrinal
positioning through the prism of the region’s political correlations
and archaeological evidence
By Effrosyni Zacharopoulou
705
All Roads Lead to Raphaelion. Origin and development of a Nubian
pilgrimage site at Banganarti
By Bogdan Żurawski
723
SURVEY, SITE MANAGEMENT, CULTURAL HERITAGE
& MUSEUMS
Mahdist Banners in the Khalifa House and the British Museum
By Julie R. Anderson
741
Endangered Toponymy. Its relevance to the history and living heritage
in Nubia
By Herman Bell
765
Fusion and Splitting of Living Space. Vernacular patterns and sociocultural relationships in Omdurman between the 19th and 20th centuries
By Marina d’Errico
771
Excavating Nubia in Museums. 2014–2018 update
By Maria Costanza De Simone
791
Managing the Christian Archaeological Heritage of the Sudan
By Mohamed Ahmed Abdelmageed
807
Visiting Nubian Temples in 1851. Felix Teynard’s calotypes plates
By Nathalie Kayser‑Lienhard
815
Archaeological Survey in el-Gibalab Village. Shendi Reach
By Nada Babiker Mohammed Ibrahim
829
Designation of the Cultures and Inhabitants of Ancient Nubia prior to
550 AD. A call to avoid using the adjective “Nubian”
By Samia Dafa’alla
841
Sudanese Archaeology in Japan. Some thoughts and reflections
By Naoyo H. Sekihiro
857
Frankincense, Myrrh, Incense & Aromatic Plants through Time.
From Pre-Kerma to the present
By Shadia Taha
871
WORKSHOPS
“Diffusionist” Suggestions in the Nile Valley Prehistory. Workshop 1
Coordinators: Donatella Usai, Friederike Jesse
Sudan, Thebes, Egypt. Crossing cultural and artistic influences
around the Kushite dominion over Egypt. Workshop 2
Coordinators: Frédéric Payraudeau, Raphaële Meffre
895
941
The Classification of Meroitic Ceramics. Workshop 3
Coordinators: Romain David, Jacke Phillips
949
Répertoire d’Iconographie Méroïtique. Workshop 4
Coordinators: Vincent Rondot, Elsa Yvanez
973
مقدمة
1004
Preface
by Salah Eldin Mohamed Ahmed
General Coordinator of
the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project
When my colleague and friend Vincent Rondot called me before
Christmas 2023 to ask if I would write the preface to these proceedings, we had
entered the ninth month of the war in Sudan that began on the morning of
15 April 2023. Along with my colleagues and friends, I found myself in a state of
shock at the destruction of our country’s infrastructure, the looting of property,
and the killing, rape and forced displacement of inhabitants, driven to various
regions in Sudan and abroad. Vincent’s call coincided with the war’s sudden
expansion hundreds of kilometres south of Khartoum. As archaeologists we were
doubly grieved: by the loss of a country and its people and by the danger incurred
by the cultural heritage of this region of the Nile Valley – what could happen, or
has happened, to our museums in Khartoum, Nyala, El-Geneina and the city of
Wad Madani in Al Jazirah, and the devastation threatening our archaeological
sites throughout this territory so rich in remains.
In the midst of all of this fear, distress and frustration, our colleague Vincent’s
call provided a glimmer of hope at the end of the tunnel. It made me aware
that there were still friends working for the good of this country where they had
lived, mingling with its inhabitants and appreciating its history; and where they
had spent decades conducting excavations of archaeological sites and research in
libraries and laboratories, in an effort to discover and preserve the heritage of this
part of the Nile Valley.
The focus on Sudan of the 14th International Conference for Nubian Studies
held in Paris in September 2018 brought together hundreds of specialists from
around the globe; and Sudan remains ever present in the minds of these friends,
whose love for this country is not swayed by the current bleak situation. This
conference was an extraordinary academic event. Let us note the remarkable presence of a large number of Sudanese researchers, made possible through generous
financial support from the Qatar Museums Authority, which has funded over
forty archaeological missions in Sudan in recent years. The conference centred
on the work of the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP), launched in the
winter of 2013–2014.
XIII
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR NUBIAN STUDIES
Today, I am delighted to be writing the preface to the proceedings of this
conference, the fruit of a successful partnership between the Musée du Louvre
and Sorbonne Université. These proceedings, in two volumes, will be a tremendous addition to the bibliography of Sudanese antiquities and history. We are
even more delighted that our Paris colleagues decided to publish this work in
volume XX of the journal Kush, which, since its first publication seventy years
ago, has been a precious heritage resource for the Sudanese National Corporation
for Antiquities and Museums. These two volumes, including contributions by
more than seventy specialists, represent a major scholarly achievement in the field
of Middle Nile Valley heritage, and will be accessible to hundreds of researchers and students. They encompass the results of multi-year efforts by dozens of
researchers, who undertook fieldwork, laboratory and office studies covering all
periods of Sudanese history, from Prehistory to the contemporary period; studies
on museum collections, the management of archaeological and cultural sites and
of heritage sites in general; and other additional specialised studies. This publication includes a list of references summarising the works of hundreds of researchers
spanning more than a century. We are deeply grateful to the International Society
for Nubian Studies, which, for more than half a century, has brought together
specialists from around the world to present their latest research on the antiquities
of this part of Africa to the global scientific community.
This achievement adds to the list of French contributions in Sudan, from
the travels of Linant de Bellefonds and Frédéric Cailliaud in the first quarter of
the 19th century, to the campaign to safeguard Nubian antiquities in the 1960s;
numerous Sudanese sites at Mirgissa, Batn-el-Haggar, Sai Island, Sedeinga,
Soleb and Kerma (with the Swiss mission), Kadruka and Gism Arba; and the
resettlement sites related to the Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project
(2003–2009) at El-Multaqa, Berber, Wadi El-Makabrab, El-Hobagi, El-Hassa,
Muweis, Wad ben Naga, Soba, Al-Jerif East, Ariab in the Red Sea Hills, and
Kordofan. A number of French institutions will live on in the memory of Sudanese
archaeologists for their long-standing contributions to the discovery and preservation of the country’s cultural heritage, and to training generations of Sudanese
archaeologists who have gone on to manage this heritage and teach in Sudanese
universities and institutes. These include the Lille and Sorbonne Universities, the
Louvre Museum, the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS),
the International Centre for Earthen Architecture (CRAterre) at Grenoble
University, the French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research
(INRAP), the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology (IFAO), and lastly,
the French Section of the Sudan Antiquities Authority (SFDAS, also known
as French Unit). For over fifty five years, the SFDAS has been the only foreign
archaeological institute permanently established in Sudan. Despite the war, its
work has not stopped: it continues to carry out its mission from Cairo, alongside Sudanese antiquities authorities displaced to Egypt. The French Ministry
XIV
PREFACE
of Foreign Affairs and its embassy in Khartoum have been a cornerstone of this
cooperation for decades.
We are confident that the current situation will not last, and that friends
from around the world will come together once more in a safe Sudan, to continue
to preserve the archaeological heritage of the Middle Nile Valley through major
projects such as the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project.
XV
Acknowledgments
by Marie Millet, Vincent Rondot,
Frédéric Payraudeau, Pierre Tallet
This publication is the culmination of a commitment made in summer 2014
when, at the concluding session of the 13th International Conference for Nubian
Studies in Neuchâtel, it was announced that the conference’s 14th edition would
be held in Paris in four years. A partnership between the Musée du Louvre
and the Sorbonne Université was sought from the outset for its organisation.
Additionally, the bilateral cooperation programme between Sudan and Qatar that
had been launched in 2008 was set to end after a decade, and the Qatar Museums
Authority accepted an agreement in principle to fund travel to France for a number of Sudanese colleagues. Thus, from 10 to 15 September 2018, researchers
from around the world gathered in central Paris at the Louvre Michel Laclotte
Auditorium, the Grand Amphithéâtre of the Sorbonne and the lecture halls of the
Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art, for the first conference of this scale ever held
by our national museum. From the start, the idea of the conference was endorsed
and supported by Jean-Luc Martinez, consistent with the initiative put forth by
Henri Loyrette in 2006 for the Musée du Louvre to play an active role in international archaeological and museum research in Sudan. This commitment has
taken two forms: firstly, the archaeological excavations undertaken in the Meroe
region at Muweis (2007–2019) and, since 2020, at El-Hassa, twenty-five kilometres south of the pyramids of Meroe; and secondly, training programmes in
Sudan and France for Sudanese museum personnel in the fields of collections care
and conservation. This scientific collaboration with the National Corporation for
Antiquities and Museums resulted in exceptional loans from the Sudan National
Museum in Khartoum for two exhibitions devoted to Sudan at the Louvre:
Méroé. Un empire sur le Nil, held in 2010 and Pharaon des Deux Terres. L’épopée
africaine des rois de Napata, held in 2022. Today, the Louvre is intent on upholding this commitment through a cooperation that is all the more important given
the sudden return of instability in recent times. It is vital at this time to support
our colleagues – in heritage departments, museums and universities – in order to
maintain the international quality of research on collections and archaeological
sites, to promote enhanced understanding of the history of the Middle Nile Valley
and in this way, to participate in the preservation of heritage. Featuring fifty-five
XVII
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR NUBIAN STUDIES
contributions by more than sixty-five authors spanning from Prehistory to the
contemporary period, the proceedings of the 14th International Conference for
Nubian Studies in Paris are an exemplary representation of the Louvre’s mission
of international cooperation, and of the institution’s pride in always striving for
the universalisation of knowledge.
This publication would not have been possible without the support of our
institutions, colleagues, students and volunteers. The teams from the Musée
du Louvre, the Sorbonne and its Centre de recherches égyptologiques, the UMR
Orient et Méditerranée, and the Section française de la Direction de antiquités du
Soudan, were of great help in the organisation of the conference and the preparation of these proceedings for publication. We extend our heartfelt thanks to all
involved in this undertaking. We are particularly grateful to the staff of Louvre’s
Département des Antiquités égyptiennes, whose involvement in 2018 was invaluable, as was their moral support during the proceedings editorial process, so vital
to finalising this volume.
Salah Eldin Mohamed Ahmed, our interlocutor at the Qatar Museums
Authority, and the author of the preface, was one of the architects of the conference,
and the link enabling Sudanese museum and heritage service professionals to be
present at the Paris conference. Ibrahim Musa, Director-General of the National
Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, was consistently encouraging, despite
the circumstances, during the final stages leading up to the publication of these
proceedings, and throughout their preparation; Violaine Bouvet-Lanselle, Head
of the Publications at the Musée du Louvre, provided the unwavering support so
necessary to the publication of these proceedings. The Institut français d’archéo‑
logie orientale, as well as its printing house, which had produced volume XIX of
the journal Kush, responded very favourably to the proposal for the publication
of this XXth volume.
XVIII
Abbreviations & General Bibliography
The bibliographic system adopted for this volume is adapted from that of
PRIMIS, 2018; the abbreviations follow those of IFAO which are available on line
(Mathieu, Abréviations, 2023, https://www.ifao.egnet.net/uploads/publications/
enligne/IF1324.pdf). The “Harvard System” has not been used, but the indication
of the date of publication for each reference is maintained, and the references relating
to each author are arranged according to the date of publication in order to faciliate
navigation between the two systems.
In the same spirit, we have chosen to maintain the individual bibliography
of each contribution within which the titles of articles and other works are given
in extenso when the reference publication is only cited once, and in abbreviated
form with the full reference title given in the general bibliography for references
appearing at least twice. Museum and exhibition catalogues are classified separately at the beginning of the general bibliography.
ABBREVIATIONS
AAALiv
AAR
ABK
Achet
ÄAT
Aegyptus
Aeragram
Afriques
AfrPraehist
ÄgLev
AJHIS
AJHB
AJP
AJPA
Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology (Liverpool)
African Archaeological Review. University Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology (Cambridge)
Amtliche Berichte aus den Königlichen Kunstsammlungen (Berlin)
Achet. Schriften zur Ägyptologie (Berlin)
Ägypten und Altes Testament (Wiesbaden)
Aegyptus. Rivista italiana di egittologia e di papirologia (Milan)
Aeragram. Newsletter of the Ancient Egypt Research Associates (Boston)
Afriques. Débats, méthodes et terrains d’histoire (Institut des mondes
africains, Aix-en-Provence, Aubervilliers)
Africa praehistorica (Cologne)
Ägypten und Levante. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Archäologie und deren
Nachgebiete (Vienna)
Athens Journal of History (Athens)
American Journal of Human Biology. Onlinelibrary.wiley.com
American Journal of Philology (Baltimore)
American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Philadelphia)
XXVII
ABBREVIATIONS & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
AmAnt
AmAnthr
AmJHG
AnHB
AncEg
AnIsl
ANM
ANRW
Anthropologie
AnthrAnz
Antiquity
AOAT
Apocrypha
ARA
Arabica
ARAM‑Period.
Archaeology
Archaeometry
ArchAnz
Archéo‑Nil
ArchPol
ArchVer
AREEF
ArOr (C)
ArS
ASAE
ASEg
ASN
ASN Bull.
Azania
AWWS
American Antiquity. Society for American Archaeology (Washington)
American Anthropologist (Lancaster)
American Journal of Human Genetics (Chicago)
Annals of Human Biology: Journal of the Society for the Study of Human
Biology (London)
Ancient Egypt (and the East) (London, New York)
Annales islamologiques. IFAO (Cairo)
Archéologie du Nil Moyen. Association pour la promotion de l’archéologie nilotique (Lille)
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms
im Spiegel der neueren Forschung (Berlin, New York)
L’Anthropologie (Paris)
Anthropologischer Anzeiger (Stuttgart)
Antiquity. Quarterly Review of Archaeology (Newbury, Cambridge)
Alter Orient und altes Testament (Kevelaer, Neukirchen-Vluyn)
Apocrypha. Le champ des Apocryphes (Paris)
Annual Review of Anthropology (Palo Alto)
Arabica. Journal of Arab and Islamic Studies (Leiden)
ARAM Periodical. ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies
(Leuven)
Archaeology. An Official Publication of the Archaeological Institute of
America (Boston)
Archaeometry. Bulletin of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the
History of Art. Oxford University (Oxford)
Archäologischer Anzeiger. Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologischen Instituts
(Berlin)
Archéo‑Nil. Revue de la Société pour l’étude des cultures prépharaoniques
de la vallée du Nil (Paris)
Archaeologia polona. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the
Polish Academy of Sciences (Warsaw)
Archäologische Veröffentlichungen. Deutschen archäologischen
Instituts, Abteilung Kairo (Berlin, Mainz)
Archaeological Reports of the Egypt Exploration Fund (London)
Acta orientalia. Societates orientales batava, danica, fennica, norvegia,
suecica (Lund, Copenhagen)
Archäologie im Sudan (Muenster)
Annales du Service des antiquités de l’Égypte (Cairo)
Archaeological Survey of Egypt (London)
Archaeological Survey of Nubia (Cairo)
Archaeological Survey of Nubia Bulletin (Cairo)
Azania. British Institute in Eastern Africa (Nairobi)
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Sprachenkommission (Vienna)
XXVIII
ABBREVIATIONS
BÄBA
BACE
BAH
BAM
BAOM
BAR-IS
BCE
BCMA
BCH
BCH-Suppl.
BDJ
BEPHE
BeitrÄg
BES
BEStud
BiEtud
BiGen
BiOr
BioRxiv
BIFAO
BMFA
BMOP
BMSAES
BMSAP
BMPES
BSF
BSFE
BSNSN
BSPF
CahAARS
CahKarn
Beiträge zur ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde (Cairo,
Wiesbaden)
Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology. Macquarie University
(Sydney)
Bibliothèque archéologique et historique. Institut français d’archéologie
de Beyrouth (Paris)
Bulletin d’archéologie marocaine. Institut national des sciences de
l’archéologie et du patrimoine (Rabat)
Bulletin of Ancient Orient Museum (Tokyo)
British Archaeological Reports, International Series (London)
Bulletin de liaison du Groupe international d’étude de la céramique égyp‑
tienne. IFAO (Cairo)
Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)
Bulletin de correspondance hellénique (Paris)
Supplément au BCH (Paris)
British Dental Journal (London)
Bibliothèque de l’École pratique des hautes études (Paris)
Beiträge zur Ägyptologie. Institut für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der
Universität Wien (Vienna)
Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar (New York)
Brown Egyptological Studies (Providence, Rhode Island)
Bibliothèque d’étude. IFAO (Cairo)
Bibliothèque générale. IFAO (Cairo)
Bibliotheca orientalis. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten
(Leiden)
BioRxiv. The preprint server for biology (Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory)
www.biorxiv.org
Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. IFAO (Cairo)
Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston)
British Museum Occasional Papers (London)
British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (London)
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/bmsaes
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris (Paris)
British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan (London)
Beiträge zur Sudanforschung (Vienna)
Bulletin de la Société française d’égyptologie (Paris)
Bulletin de la Société neuchâteloise des sciences naturelles (Neuchâtel)
Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française (Paris)
Cahiers de l’Association des amis de l’art rupestre saharien
(St-Benoist-sur-Mer)
Cahiers de Karnak. Centre franco-égyptien d’étude des temples de
Karnak – CFEETK-CNRS (Paris)
XXIX
ABBREVIATIONS & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
CArchJ
Caesarodunum
CCE
CCoptEnc
CENiM
CFEETK
CHANE
CHRB
CIL
CMMA
CNRS
CNWS
CoptEnc
CRAIBL
CRE
CRIPEL
CSCO
CSSH
CT
CTA
CurrAnthr
DentAnthr
DOP
DossArch
Dotawo
EAO
EES-OP
EES-TE
EgArch
EgToday
EgUit
EtudTrav
EvAnthr
Cambridge Archaeological Journal (Cambridge)
Caesarodunum. Bulletin de l’Institut d’études latines et du Centre de
recherche A. Piganiol (Tours)
Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne. IFAO (Cairo)
Claremont Coptic Encylopedia, Torjesen K. J., Gabra G., Takla H. N. (eds.),
Claremont Graduate University (Claremont)
Cahiers d’Égypte nilotique et méditerranéenne. Institut d’égyptologie
François Daumas, université Paul-Valéry (Montpellier)
Centre franco-égyptien d’études des temples de Karnak (Egypt)
Culture & History of the Ancient Near East (Leiden, Boston)
Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines (Besançon)
Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, 1862 (Berlin)
Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology (Oxford)
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)
Centrum voor Niet-Westerse Studies. Research School of Asian, African,
and Amerindian Studies (Leiden)
The Coptic Encyclopedia, Atiya A. S. (ed.), New York, 1991.
Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles‑lettres (Paris)
Current Research in Egyptology (Oxford)
Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et égyptologie de Lille.
Université de Lille (Lille)
Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Université catholique
de Louvain (Leuven)
Comparative Studies in Society and History. Cambridge University (The
Hague)
Egyptian Coffin Texts
Cahiers techniques de l’art (Strasbourg)
Current Anthropology (Chicago)
Dental Anthropology (Cambridge)
Dumbarton Oaks Papers (Washington, New York)
Dossiers d’archéologie (Paris)
Dotawo. A Journal of Nubian Studies (Fairfield)
Egypte, Afrique et Orient. Centre vauclusien d’égyptologie (Avignon,
Paris)
Egypt Exploration Society-Occasional Papers/Publications (London)
Egypt Exploration Society-Texts from Excavations (London)
Egyptian Archaeology. The Bulletin of the Egypt Exploration Society (London)
Egyptology Today (Warminster)
Egyptologische uitgaven (Leiden)
Études et travaux. Travaux du Centre d’archéologie méditerranéenne de
l’Académie polonaise des sciences (Warsaw)
Evolutionary Anthropology (New York)
XXX
ABBREVIATIONS
ExcMem
FelRav
Festch.
Forsch.
FHN
Excavation Memoirs. Egypt Exploration Society (London)
Felix Ravenna (Faenza)
Festschrift
Forschung(en)
Eide T., Hägg T., Pierce R.H., Török L., Fontes Historiae Nubiorum.
Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the
eighth century BC and the sixth century AD, 4 vol., Bergen, 1994-2000.
FIFAO
Fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. IFAO (Cairo)
Gallia
Gallia. Archéologie des Gaules. CNRS (Paris)
GAMAR
Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports (Gdańsk)
Genava
Genava. La revue des Musées d’art et d’histoire de Genève (Geneva)
GeoJour
The Geographical Journal. Royal Geographical Society (London)
GHP Egyptotogy Golden House Publications. Egyptology (London)
GöttMisz
Göttinger Miszellen. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion (Göttingen)
HAS
Harvard African Studies. Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
HbOr
Handbuch der Orientalistik (Leiden, Boston)
HES
Harvard Egyptological Studies
Homo
Homo. International Zeitschrift für die vergleichende Forschung am Menschen.
Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie (Amsterdam)
Homm.
Hommages
Hugoye
Hugoye Journal of Syriac Studies. Beth Mardutho – The Syriac Institute
IAEES
Italian Archaeological Expedition to the Eastern Sudan of the University
of Naples “L’Orientale” (Naples)
IANSA
Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica. Natural Sciences in Archaeology (Olomouc)
IBAES
Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie (Berlin)
IFAO
Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Cairo)
IJAHS
International Journal of African Historical Studies (New York)
IJO
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology (Chichester, New York)
Islam
Der Islam. Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients
(Berlin)
JAA
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)
JAEA
The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture (South Burlington, Vermont)
JAEI
Journal of the Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. University of Arizona
(Tucson)
JAH
Journal of African History (Cambridge)
JARCE
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt (Boston, New York)
JASR
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Online. Elsevier.com
JEA
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Egypt Exploration Society (London)
JEH
Journal of Egyptian History. Th. Schneider ed. Board (Leiden)
JEOL
Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch‑egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux
(Leiden)
XXXI
ABBREVIATIONS & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
JCA
JFA
JLA
JHE
JIIA
JJP
JJP-Suppl.
JMEMS
JNES
JÖAI
JournAfr
JPKult
JRS
JSA
JSSEA
JWP
Kêmi
Kerma
KMT
KRITA
KSG
Kush
LÄ
LCI
LD
Libyca
LIMC
MAAT
MÄS
Journal of Conflict Archaeology. Centre for Battlefield Archaeology,
University of Glasgow (Glasgow)
Journal of Field Archaeology. Association for Field Archaeology, Boston
University (Boston)
Journal of Late Antiquity. Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore,
Maryland)
Journal of Human Evolution (London)
Journal of Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Archaeology (Rome,
Heidelberg)
Journal of Juristic Papyrology. Warsaw University, Institute of Archaeology,
Department of Papyrology (Warsaw)
Journal of Juristic Papyrology. Supplements. Warsaw University,
Institute of Archaeology, Department of Papyrology (Warsaw)
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (Durham, N.C.)
Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Department of Near Eastern Languages
and Civilizations, University of Chicago (Chicago)
Jahreshefte des österreichischen archäologischen Instituts (Vienna)
Journal des africanistes. Société des africanistes, musée de l’Homme
(Paris)
Jahrbuch preußischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin)
Journal of Roman Studies (London)
Journal of Social Archaeology (London)
Journal of the Society of the Studies of Egyptian Antiquities (Toronto)
Journal of World Prehistory (Dordrecht, New York). Online. Springer.com
Kêmi. Revue de philologie et d’archéologie égyptienne et copte (Paris)
Kerma. Documents de la Mission archéologique suisse au Soudan.
Université de Neuchâtel (Neuchâtel)
KMT. A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt (San Francisco)
Kitchen K. A., Ramesside Inscriptions. Translated and Annotated. Series A:
Translations, Oxford, 1993-2008.
Königtum, Staat und Gesellschaft früher Hochkulturen (Wiesbaden)
Kush. Journal of the Sudan Antiquities Service (Khartoum)
Lexikon der Ägyptologie (Wiesbaden)
Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie, Kirschbaum E., Braunfels W. (eds.),
Rome, Freiburg, Basel, Vienna, 1968-1976.
Lepsius K. R., Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien, Berlin,
1849-1859.
Libyca. Bulletin du Service des antiquités (Alger)
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (Zürich)
MAAT. Nachrichten aus dem Staatlichen Museum Ägyptischer Kunst
München (Munich)
Münchner ägyptologische Studien (Berlin, Munich)
XXXII
ABBREVIATIONS
MÄSB
Mitteilungen aus der ägyptischen Sammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu
Berlin (Berlin)
Mansueto Res Pap Mansueto Institute for Urban Innovation Research Paper (Chicago)
MDAIK
Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo
(Wiesbaden, Mainz)
MedMus‑Bull
Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin. Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern
Antiquities (Stockholm)
Meroitica
Meroitica (Berlin)
MeroitNewsl
Meroitic Newsletter (Paris)
Mél.
Mélanges
MIFAO
Mémoires de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. IFAO (Cairo)
MMJ
Metropolitan Museum Journal. Metropolitan Museum (New York)
MittSAG
Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu
Berlin e. V. (Berlin)
MRE
Monographies Reine Élisabeth. Fondation égyptologique Reine Élisabeth
(Bruxelles)
Muséon
Le Muséon. Revue d’études orientales (Leuven)
NAR
Norwegian Archaeological Review (Oslo)
Nature
Nature. Nature Publishing Group (London)
NatCommun
Nature Communications. Nature Publishing Group (London)
NeHeT
NeHeT. Revue numérique d’égyptolologie. Université Paris-Sorbonne,
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Nekhen News
Nekhen News. The Hierakonpolis Expedition’s Newsletter. The Friends of
Nekhen (London)
NS
Nova Series
NubLett
Nubian Letters (The Hague)
NyAk
Nyame Akuma. Newsletter of African Archaeology. Society of Africanist
Archaeologists, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary
(Calgary)
ODB
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Kazhdan A.P. (ed.), New York,
Oxford, 1991.
ODNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online edition) https://www.
oxforddnb.com
OI
Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Chicago)
OIIRJ
Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (Kolhapur,
Maharashtra)
OIP
Oriental Institute Publications. University of Chicago (Chicago)
OINE
Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition, Oriental Institute of the University
of Chicago (Chicago)
OLA
Orientalia lovaniensia analecta. Département d’études orientales, université catholique (Leuven)
OLZ
Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (Berlin)
XXXIII
ABBREVIATIONS & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
OrAnt
OrChr
Orientalia
Origini
OrSuec
OW
P. QI 3
P. QI 4
PAM
PapCol
PatrOr
PCMA
PES
Phoenix
PM
PLOS Gen
PLOS One
PNAS
PPP
ProblÄg
PTRS B
QI
QSR
RAHAL
RAPH
RCK
RCRF
RdE
RdO
REM
RecTrav
Oriens antiquus. Rivista del centro per le antichità e la storia dell’arte del
Vicino Oriente (Rome)
Oriens christianus. Halbjahreshefte für die Kunde des christlichen Orients
(Wiesbaden)
Orientalia. Commentarii periodici Pontificii Instituti biblici (Rome)
Origini. Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche (Rome)
Orientalia suecana (Uppsala)
Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia. Online. Brill.com
Browne G. M., Old Nubian texts from Qaṣr Ibrīm, vol. 3, London, 1991.
Ruffin G. R., The Bishop, the Eparch and the King, Old Nubian Texts
from Qasr Ibrim IV, Warsaw, 2014.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. PCMA (Warsaw)
Papyrologica coloniensia (Cologne)
Patrologia orientalis (Turnhout, Paris)
Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. University of Warsaw
(Warsaw)
Pražské egyptologické studie. Charles University (Prague)
Phoenix. Bull. uitgegeven door het vooraziatisch‑egypt. Genootschap. Ex
Oriente Lux (Leiden)
Porter B., Moss R. L. B., Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian
Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, 7 volumes, Oxford, 1927-1995.
PLOS Genetics (San Francisco). Online. Journals.plos.org
PLOS One (San Francisco, Cambridge). Online. Journals.plos.org
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America (Washington)
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Amsterdam)
Probleme der Ägyptologie (Leiden)
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. Biological Sciences
(London)
Quaternary International (Oxford)
Quaternary Science Reviews (Amsterdam)
Revue des archéologues et historiens d’art de Louvain (Leuven)
Recherches d’archéologie, de philologie et d’histoire. IFAO (Cairo)
The Royal Cemeteries of Kush (Boston)
Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta (Oxford)
Revue d’égyptologie. Société française d’égyptologie (Paris)
Routes de l’Orient. Revue d’archéologie de l’Orient ancien. Association
Routes de l’Orient (Paris)
Répertoire d’épigraphie méroïtique. Corpus des inscriptions publiées,
Leclant J. (ed.), Paris, 2000.
Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l’archéologie égyptiennes et
assyriennes (Paris)
XXXIV
ABBREVIATIONS
RevArch
RevLouvre
RevPaléobio
RevSR
RSE
SAAC
SAArch
Saeculum
SAGA
Sahara
SAK
SAOC
SARS
SARS-Publ.
SASOP
SAWW
SDAIK
SFDAS
SGKAO
SGUA
SEP
Sieglin Exp.
SJE
SNM
SNRec
SRAT
StudAeg
StudEgypt
StudPohl
SudNub
SymbOsl
Syria
TAVO
TT
UEE
UNESCO
Revue archéologique (Paris)
Revue du Louvre et des musées de France (Paris)
Revue de paléobiologie. Muséum d’histoire naturelle (Geneva)
Revue des sciences religieuses (Strasbourg)
Rassegna di Studi Etiopici (Rome)
Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization. Jagiellonian University (Krakow)
Studies in African Archaeology. Poznan Archaeology Museum (Poznan)
Saeculum. Jahrbuch für Universalgeschichte (Fribourg, Munich)
Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens (Heidelberg)
Sahara. Preistoria e storia del Sahara (Milan)
Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur (Hamburg)
Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations (Chicago)
Sudan Archaeological Research Society (London)
Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publications (London)
Sudan Antiquities Service, Occasional Papers (Khartoum)
Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Philosophisch-Historische Klasse (Vienna)
Sonderschrift des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo
(Mainz)
Section française de la Direction des antiquités du Soudan (Khartoum)
Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients (Berlin)
Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten (Strasbourg, Berlin,
Leipzig, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden)
Studi di Egittologia e di Papirologia. Rivista internazionale (Pisa, Rome)
Veröffentlichungen der Ernst von Sieglin Expedition in Ägypten (Leipzig)
Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (Odense)
Sudan National Museum (Khartoum)
Sudan Notes and Records (Khartoum)
Studien zu den Ritualszenen altägyptischer Tempel (Dettelbach)
Studia aegyptiaca (Budapest)
Studies in Egyptology (London)
Studia Pohl (Rome)
Sudan & Nubia. Sudan Archaeological Research Society (London)
Symbolae osloenses. Norvegian Journal of Greek and Latin Studies (Oslo)
Syria. Revue d’art oriental et d’archéologie (Paris)
Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B (Geisteswiss.), no. 1,
Beihefte (Wiesbaden)
Theban Tomb
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Wendrich W. (ed.), Los Angeles.
https://uee.ucla.edu/
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(Paris)
XXXV
ABBREVIATIONS & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Urk.
VicOr
Wb
WorldArch
WUNT
WZB
ZÄS
ZPE
Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums (Leipzig, Berlin)
Vicino Oriente. Annuario dell’Instituto di studi del Vicino Oriente
dell’Università di Roma (Rome)
Erman A., Grapow H., Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, 5 volumes,
Leipzig, Berlin, 1926-1931.
World Archaeology. University College (London)
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (Tübingen)
Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin (Berlin)
Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (Leipzig, Berlin)
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (Bonn)
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Museum catalogues
Cat. mus. Berlin, 1967 = Ägyptisches Museum Berlin, Kaiser W. (ed.), Berlin, 1967.
Cat. mus. Berlin, 1985 = Ägyptisches Museum Berlin, Settgast J. (ed.), Berlin, 1985.
Cat. mus. Berlin, 1991 = Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und
Papyrussammlung, Priese K.-H. (ed.), Berlin, 1991.
Cat. mus. Boston, 1960 = Smith W. S., Ancient Egypt as represented in the Museum of Fine
arts, Boston, Boston, 1960.
Cat. mus. Boston, 1992 = Haynes J. L., Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa, Museum of
Fine Arts Boston, 1992.
Cat. mus. Boston, 2014 = Markowitz Y. J., Doxey D. M., Jewels of Ancient Nubia,
Boston, 2014.
Cat. mus. Boston, 2018 = Doxey D. M., Freed R. E., Berman L. M., Arts of Ancient
Nubia, Boston, 2018.
Cat. mus. Cleveland, 1999 = Catalogue of Egyptian Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art,
Berman L. M., Bohac K. J., Kozloff A. P. (eds.), 1999.
Cat. mus. Copenhagen, 2015 = Bagh T., Finds from the excavations of J. Gartstang in Meroe
and F.Ll. Griffith in Kawa in the NY Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, 2015.
Cat. mus. Kyoto, 2016 = Catalogue of the Egyptian Collection in the Kyoto University
Museum, Collections in the Kyoto University Museum 1, Kyoto, 2016. [in Japanese
language]
Cat. mus. Leipzig 2, 1998 = Steinmann F., Tongefäße von der vordynastischen Zeit bis zum
des Mittleren Reiches, Katalog ägyptischer Sammlungen in Leipzig 2, Mainz, 1998.
Cat. mus. Lisbon, 2006 = de Araújo L. M., Egyptian Art: Calouste Gulbenkian Collection,
Lisbon, 2006.
Cat. mus. London, 1922 = Kendrick A. F., Catalogue of Textiles from Burying‑Grounds in
Egypt, vol. III. Coptic Period, London, 1922.
XXXVI
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cat. mus. London, 2006 = Serpico M., Past, Present and Future, An Overview of Ancient
Egyptian and Sudanese Collections in the UK (Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archeology,
University College London on behalf of The Association of Curators for Collections
from Egypt and Sudan), London, 2006.
Cat. mus. New York, 1984 = Needler W., Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn
Museum, Wilbour Monographs 9, The Brooklyn Museum, New York, 1984.
Cat. mus. Paris, 1990 = Ziegler C., Barbotin C., Rutschowscaya M.-H., Le Louvre: les
antiquités égyptiennes, Paris, 1990.
Cat. mus. Paris, 2012 = Rigault-Déon P., Masques de momies du Moyen Empire égyptien
‑ Les découvertes de Mirgissa, Paris, 2012.
Cat. mus. Toledo, 2011 = The Ancient Egyptian Collection at the Toledo Museum of Art,
Peck W. H., Knudsen S. E., Reich P. (eds.), Toledo, 2011.
Cat. mus. Turin, 1888 = Catalogo Generale dei Musei di Antichità e degli oggetti d’arte racco‑
lti nelle gallerie e biblioteche del regno, edito per cura del Museo della pubblica istruzione,
serie prima – Piemonte, vol. II, Lanzone R. F., Fabretti A., Rossi F. (eds.),Turin, 1888.
Cat. mus. Stockholm, 2015 = Dodson A., Ancient Egyptian Coffins: The Medelhavsmuseet
Collection, Stockholm, 2015.
Cat. mus. Stockholm, 2016 = Warner N., Collecting for Eternity: R.G. Gayer‑Anderson
and the Egyptian Museum in Stockholm, Stockholm, 2016.
Cat. mus. Washington, 2019 = Catalogue of the Textiles in the Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine
Collection, Bühl G., Dospěl Williams E. (eds.), Washington, 2019.
https://www.doaks.org/resources/textiles
Exhibition catalogues
Cat. ex. Africa in Antiquity, 1978 = Africa in Antiquity. The Arts of Ancient Nubia and the
Sudan, vol. II, The Catalogue, Wenig S. (ed.), Brooklyn, 1978.
Cat. ex. Age of Spirituality, 1979 = Age of Spirituality. Late Antique and Early Christian Art,
Third to Seventh Century: Catalogue of the Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of
Art, November 19, 1977 through February 12, 1978, Weitzmann K. (ed.), New York,
1979.
Cat. ex. Ancient Nubia, 1993 = O’Connor D., Ancient Nubia. Egypt’s Rival in Africa,
Philadelphia, 1993.
Cat. ex. Egypt’s Golden Age, 1982 = Freed R., Egypt’s Golden Age: The Art of Living in the
New Kingdom 1558‑1085 BC. Catalogue of the Exhibition, Boston, 1982.
Cat. ex. Egyptian Sculpture, 1960 = Bothmer B. v., De Meulenaere H., Muller H. W.,
Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period, 700 B.C. to A.D. 100: The Brooklyn Museum
1960, Brooklyn, New York, 1960.
Cat. ex. Excavating in Egypt, 2006 = Excavating in Egypt for 40 years: Waseda University
Expedition 1966‑2006. A Special Exhibition of Japanese archaeological discoveries in
Egypt in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Yoshimura S. (ed.), Cairo, 2006.
XXXVII
ABBREVIATIONS & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cat. ex. Five Years, 1956 = Five Years of collecting Egyptian Art 1951‑1956, Brooklyn, New
York, 1956.
Cat. ex. Gold Meroe, 1992 = Priese K.-H., Das Gold von Meroe, Mainz, 1992.
Cat. ex. Gold Meroe, 1993 = Priese K.-H., The Gold of Meroe, Mainz, 1993.
Cat. ex. Il Leone e la Montagna, 2019 = Il Leone e la Montagna. Scavi Italiani in Sudan,
Ciampini E. M., Iannarilli F. (eds.), Rome, 2019.
Cat. ex. Kerma, 1990 = Kerma, Royaume de Nubie, L’antiquité africaine au temps des
pharaons, Bonnet C. (ed.), Geneva, 1990.
Cat. ex. Königsstadt Naga, 2011 = Königsstadt Naga: Grabungen in der Wüste des Sudan/
Naga – royal city: excavations in the desert of the Sudan, Kroeper K., Schoske S.,
Wildung D. (eds.), Berlin, 2011.
Cat. ex. Méroé, 2010 = Méroé. Un empire sur le Nil, Baud M. (ed.), Paris, 2010.
Cat. ex. Nubie, 1994 = Nubie. Les cultures antiques du Soudan à travers les explorations et
les fouilles françaises et franco‑soudanaises, Gratien B., Le Saout F. (eds.), Lille, 1994.
Cat. ex. Pharaonen‑Dämmerung, 1990 = Pharaonen‑Dämmerung. Wiedergeburt des Alten
Ägypten, Leclant J. (ed.), Strasbourg, 1990.
Cat. ex. Pharaons des Deux Terres, 2022 = Pharaon des Deux Terres. L’épopée africaine des rois
de Napata, Rondot V., Drici F. (eds.), Paris, 2022.
Cat. ex. Pharaons noirs, 2007 = Pharaons noirs. Sur la piste des quarante jours, Bruwier M.-C. (ed.),
Mariemont, 2007.
Cat. ex. Servir les dieux d’Égypte, 2018 = Servir les dieux d’Égypte : Divines adoratrices, chan‑
teuses et prêtres d’Amon à Thèbes. Catalogue d’exposition : musée de Grenoble, 25 octobre
2018 – 27 janvier 2019, Gombert-Meurice F., Payraudeau F. (eds.), Paris, 2018.
Cat. ex. Soudan, 1997 = Soudan. Royaumes sur le Nil, Wildung D. (ed.), Paris, 1997.
Cat. ex. South Asasif Necropolis, 2021 = South Asasif Necropolis: Journey through Time exhi‑
bition catalogue, Pischikova E., Blakeney K., Abdelrzk Mohamed Ali (eds.), Cairo,
2021.
Cat. ex. Stadt in der Steppe, 1999 = Wildung D., Schoske S., Die Stadt in der Steppe,
Berlin, 1999.
Cat. ex. Sudan, 1996 = Sudan. Antike Königreiche am Nil, Wildung D. (ed.), Munich,
1996.
Cat. ex. Sudan, 1997 = Sudan: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile, Wildung D. (ed.), Paris, New
York, 1997.
Cat. ex. Sudan Treasures, 2004 = Sudan Ancient Treasures. An exhibition of recent discoveries
from the Sudan National Museum, Welsby D. A., Anderson J. R. (eds.), London,
2004.
XXXVIII
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Articles and Monographs
A
A Neolithic Cemetery, 2008 = A Neolithic Cemetery in the Northern Dongola Reach:
Excavation at Site R12, Salvatori S., Usai D. A. (eds.), BAR-IS 1814, 2008.
Acta Nubica 2004, 2006 = Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the International Conference of
Nubian Studies, Rome 9‑14 September 2004, Caneva I., Roccati A. (eds.), Rome,
2006.
Adams, Nubia, 1977 = Adams W. Y., Nubia, Corridor to Africa, London, 1977.
Adams, Ceramic Industries, 1986 = Adams W. Y., Ceramic Industries of Medieval Nubia,
Lexington, 1986.
Adams, Qasr Ibrîm, 1996 = Adams W. Y., Qasr Ibrîm. The Late Mediaeval Period,
ExcMem 59, 1996.
Adams, Meinarti I, 2000 = Adams W. Y., Meinarti I: The Late Meroitic, Ballaña and tran‑
sitional occupation, SARS-Publ. 5, BAR-IS 895, London, 2000.
Advances in Dental Anthropology, 1991 = Advances in Dental Anthropology, Keller M. A.,
Larsen C. S. (eds.), New York, 1991.
Aegean Seals = Aegean Seals, Sealings and Administration: Proceedings of the NEH‑Dickson
Conference of the Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory of the Department of Classics,
University of Texas at Austin, January 11‑13, 1989, Palaima T. G. (ed.), Liège, 1990.
Ägypten und Kusch, 1977 = Ägypten und Kusch: Fritz Hintze zum 60. Geburtstag,
Endesfelder E., Priese K. H., Reineke W. F., Wenig S. (eds.), SGKAO 13, 1977.
Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana, 2016 = Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana. The Włodzimierz
Godlewski Jubilee Volume on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, Łajtar A., Obłuski A.,
Zych I. (eds.), Warsaw, 2016.
Africa in Antiquity 1978, 1979 = Africa in Antiquity. The Arts of Ancient Nubia and the
Sudan. Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Conjunction with the Exhibition, Brooklyn
September 29‑October 1, 1978, Hintze F. (ed.), Meroitica 5, 1979.
An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, 1993 = An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian
Pottery, Arnold Do., Bourriau J. (eds.), SDAIK 17, 1993.
Ancient Nubia, 2012 = Ancient Nubia. African Kingdoms on the Nile, Fisher M. M.,
Lacovara P., Ikram S., d’Auria S. (eds.), Cairo, 2012.
B
Bayuda Studies, 2018 = Bayuda Studies. Proceedings of the First International Conference on
the Archaeology of the Bayuda Desert in Sudan, 10.‑12. September 2015 in Münster,
Lohwasser A., Karberg T., Auenmüller J. (eds.), Meroitica 27, 2018.
Between the Cataracts, 2008 = Between the Cataracts, Proceedings of the 11th Conference
for Nubian Studies, Warsaw University, 27 August‑2 September 2006, Godlewski W.,
Łajtar A. (eds.), Part one, Main papers, PAM-Suppl. Ser. 2.1, 2008.
XXXIX
ABBREVIATIONS & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Between the Cataracts, 2010 = Between the Cataracts, Proceedings of the 11th Conference
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Shinnie, Bradley, Capital of Kush 1, 1980 = Shinnie P. L., Bradley R. J., The Capital of
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LII
A Relief from the Temple of Amun at Meroe
showing Natakamani and Amanitore
Comments on photograph M 328 in the Garstang archive*
by Aminata Sackho-Autissier
The collection of photographs of excavations carried out by John Garstang
at Meroe (1909–1914) is held by the Garstang Museum of Archaeology in
Liverpool, England. It provides first-hand documentation for anyone working on
Meroe, whether that involves the archaeology of the site, the history of the collections, or the material culture. These photographic archives, comprising 1 100
glass-plate negatives and 125 cellulose-acetate negatives, were inventoried and
digitised in 2015.
Among the thirty-six albums of paper prints, this article focuses on photograph M 328 (Fig. 1),1 published by Garstang and later discussed by László Török
in his essential book, Meroe City, An Ancient African Capital: John Garstang’s
Excavations in the Sudan. The blocks and carved reliefs, which were removed from
their context prior to being photographed, feature rich dress and royal finery.
The relief covers six adjacent blocks of sandstone belonging to the north wall
of kiosk M 279 in the Temple of Amun (Fig. 2).2 This wall was originally carved
with depictions of Natakamani, Amanitore, and Prince Arikankharor before a
procession of deities (mid first century AD).
The blocks were not found in place and were reassembled blind before being
photographed. They were part of the main register on which the king and queen
* For their material assistance, I am grateful to Ashley Cooke, senior curator of Antiquities
at the World Museum, Liverpool, and Gina Criscenzo-Laycock, curator of the Garstang Museum
of Archaeology, Liverpool. The text was translated from the French by Deke Dusinberre.
1
The corresponding glass-plate negative is JG/M/D25a. Garstang et al., Meroë, 1911,
73 (20), pl. XII.1; Török, Meroe City, 1997, 128, fig. 59 (279–1). A recent print was displayed
at the 2016 exhibition Meroë: Africa’s Forgotten Empire, organised by the Garstang Museum of
Archaeology, Liverpool.
2
Also from kiosk M 279 came a pillar decorated with an image of the god Bes on
three sides, now in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, AEIN 1333. Painted sandstone,
H. 0.64, W. 0.49, Th. 0.155 m. See Cat. mus. Copenhagen, 2015, 36, fig. 1.15 with earlier
bibliography.
569
AMINATA SACKHO-AUTISSIER
Fig. 1. Relief discovered in the temple of Amun (M 279). Photograph M238, Meroe 1910.
© A. Sackho-Autissier.
Fig. 2. Facsimile drawing of the relief at time of discovery. © C. Populaire.
570
A RELIEF FROM THE TEMPLE OF AMUN AT MEROE
were depicted on a human scale.3 All the blocks were recut after discovery. They
are currently held by the World Museum (Liverpool) and the Garstang Museum
of Archaeology (Liverpool), distributed as follows (Figs. 3, 4 and 5):
– World Mus., 49.47.721: H. (max) 227; W. (max) 489; Th. (max) 11 mm.
(Fig. 6)
– Garstang Mus. of Archaeology, E 8656: H. (max) 70; W. (max) 263;
Th. (max) 115 mm. (Fig. 7)
– World Mus., 49.47.722: H. (max) 186; W. (max) 341; Th. (max) 94 mm.
(Fig. 6)
– World Mus., 49.47.723: H. (max) 253; W. (max) 696; Th. (max) 123 mm.
(Fig. 8)
– Garstang Mus. of Archaeology, E 8649: H. (max) 115; W. (max) 31; Th.
(max) 105 mm. (Fig. 7)
– Garstang Mus. of Archaeology, E 8640: H. (max) 115; W. (max) 263;
Th. (max) 7 mm. (Fig. 7)
The backs of all these pieces show signs of cutting, but it is not known
whether the blocks were recut when packed for shipping or when acquired by
the museums.4
The relief was originally carved with three cartouches of Meroitic hieroglyphs bearing the names of (N)tkm(ni) [Natakamani], (M)ni(tore) [Amanitore]
and (A)rkxror [Arikankharor].5 The photograph taken in 1910 already shows the
hieroglyphs in a poor state of preservation. The names of the king and queen were
heavily eroded; only Arikankharor’s name was relatively legible (Figs. 1 and 2).
Natakamani’s name has disappeared due to the recutting of World Museum block
49.47.721.
The monarchs were probably dressed in the so-called “tripartite” costume of
a close-fitting cloak, long cord with tassels, and fringed shawl. A long necklace of
large beads was also customary.6
Natakamani is wearing the pshent. This royal headdress was retained among
Kushite regalia after the end of the 25th Dynasty and can be seen in official Meroitic
depictions.7 The earliest attested appearance dates to the reign of Arnekhamani
(c. 240–214 BC). In the Lion Temple in Musawwarat es-Sufra, that king is shown
twice wearing the pshent – once on the outer north wall of the temple (where
Török, Meroe City, 1997, 128, fig. 59 (279–1).
World Museum, Liverpool, 49.47.721, 722 and 723, acquired in 1949, formerly John
Garstang Collection. Garstang Museum of Archaeology, E 8640, E 8649 and E 8656, gift of
John Garstang.
5
REM 0415.
6
See, for example, the depiction of Natakamani on the outer north wall of the Lion
Temple in Naga, in Löwentempel Naq’a III, 1983, pl. 9b.
7
Török, Royal Crowns, 1987, 14-15 (type A.IX).
3
4
571
AMINATA SACKHO-AUTISSIER
Zones érodées
Fig. 3. Facsimile drawing of the blocks in their current condition. © C. Populaire.
Liverpool WM 49-47-721
Liverpool GM E 8656
Liverpool WM 49-47-723
Liverpool GM E8649
Liverpool WM 49-47-722
Liverpool GM E 8640
Fig. 4. Diagram of the arrangement of the blocks with their inventory numbers.
© C. Populaire.
Perte de matière
Fig. 5. Drawing of the relief as it would be in its current state of conservation.
© C. Populaire.
572
A RELIEF FROM THE TEMPLE OF AMUN AT MEROE
Fig. 6. Blocks
49.47.721 and
49.47.722,
World Mus.,
Liverpool.
© World
Museum,
Liverpool.
Fig. 7. Blocks
E 8640, E 8649
and E 8656,
Garstang Mus.
of Archaeology,
Liverpool.
© A. SackhoAutissier.
Fig. 8. Block
49.47.723,
World Mus.,
Liverpool.
© World
Museum,
Liverpool.
573
AMINATA SACKHO-AUTISSIER
the pshent is adorned with a uraeus) and again on a column inside the temple (a
pshent with two uraei).8 It was last attested during the reign of Amanitenmenide
(late first or first half of second century AD).9 The depictions of Natakamani and
Amanitore suggest that the two raised cobras on the pshent were replaced by a
single uraeus during the first century AD.10
Just as the king is identified with Horus, so Queen Amanitore wears the Isis
headdress, thereby identifying her with the goddess.11 The significance of the Isis
headdress for the iconography of queens was demonstrated by the discovery of
mud seal impressions in tomb W 126 at Meroe West. The seals show the Kushite
cap crown with double uraei, topped by the Isis headdress.12 The Isis headdress
is first attested in the mid third century BC and is found on a column in the
Lion Temple at Musawwarat es-Sufra, showing a queen worshipping ram-headed
Amun.13 In theory, there is no other occurrence until the first century AD, when
Amanitore was shown wearing the Isis headdress in the Lion Temple and on an
architrave of the Temple of Amun.14 The latest example is seen in the chapel
of pyramid N 32 at Meroe (Queen Amanakhalikha[?]).15 In the Lion Temple,
Natakamani (wearing the Atef crown) and Amanitore (crowned with the solar
disk between the horns of a cow) are represented as Osiris and Isis, as evidenced
by reliefs on the outer north wall where Isis, at the head of a procession of goddesses, welcomes the king and the Candace, both wearing the tripartite dress.16
In general, Meroitic royal dress was enriched with jewellery of all kinds.
Finery for the ear included pendent earrings in the shape of stelae. An example
found at Faras (Sudan National Museum, Khartoum, 762a) recalls depictions of
these stela-like ornaments on the ears of kings and queens of Meroe (Fig. 9).17
Initially described as a ceremonial ring,18 in fact it is an earring, as demonstrated
by a corpus of examples ranging from the first to the third century AD:
Mus. es Sufra I,2, 1971, pl. 35 (outer north wall) and pl. 89 (column 4).
Amanitenmenide before Osiris, Beg. N 17, PM VII, 250.
10
Török, Royal Crowns, 1987, 15, with earlier bibliography.
11
Török, Royal Crowns, 22-24 (type B.XVIII).
12
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 22-2-198 and 22-2-199, 14 x 13 mm; RCK V, 166,
fig. 119.f; 120 a/2 and a/3.
13
Mus. es Sufra I,2, 1971, pl. 93 (column scene 512).
14
Lion Temple, Naga, see Löwentempel Naq’a III, 1983, pl. 9b; Temple of Amun, see
Hofmann, Tomandl, Unbekanntes Meroe, 1986, 102, 104, fig. 135.
15
Beg. N 32, RCK III, pl. 23a-c.
16
Löwentempel Naq’a III, 1983, pl. 9b.
17
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum, 762a. Gold and glass. H. 33, W. 30 mm,
first century BC–first century AD, mastaba 2782, Faras; Griffith, AAALiv 11, 1924, 167,
pl. LVIII; Griffith, AAALiv 12, 1925, 80-81.
18
For its identification as a ring, see Cat. ex. Africa in Antiquity, 1978, 248, nr. 179;
Cat. ex. Soudan 1997, 327, nr. 369; Cat. ex. Méroé 2010, 140, nr. 188.
8
9
574
A RELIEF FROM THE TEMPLE OF AMUN AT MEROE
Fig. 9. Stela-shaped earring.
Sudan Nat. Mus., Khartoum,
762a. © Musée du Louvre,
C. Décamps.
Fig. 10. Relief 49.47.705,
World Mus., Liverpool.
© World Museum, Liverpool.
Fig. 11. Photo of relief
49.47.705, World Mus.,
Liverpool. Photograph M 343,
Meroe, 1910. © A. SackhoAutissier.
– World Mus., Liverpool, 49.47.705. Relief depicting the head and shoulders of a queen holding a sceptre, a flail, and a clutch of vegetation. Sandstone.
H. 320; W. 490; Th. 140 mm. Meroe, M 281, reused block, wall to the north of
the temple of Amun. First century AD (Figs. 10 and 11).19
– Mus. Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, E.3976. Relief showing the profile of a king. Sandstone. H. 420; W. 320; Th. 220 mm. Meroe, building M 292.
Mid first century AD.20
– Lion Temple, Naga (rear of temple, facing east). Relief showing the figure
of Queen Amanitore. Sandstone. Mid first century AD (Fig. 12).
129.
19
Garstang et al., Meroë, 1911, pl. XIII, 2. On the dating, see Török, Meroe City, 1997,
20
Cat. ex. Pharaons noirs, 2007, 158-159, nr. 72.
575
AMINATA SACKHO-AUTISSIER
Fig. 13. Relief. Profile of King
Amanakhareqerem. Sudan Nat. Mus.,
Khartoum, 34665. © Musée du Louvre,
C. Décamps.
Fig. 12. Relief. Depiction of Queen Amanitore.
Lion Temple, Naga (rear of temple, east face).
©A. Sackho-Autissier.
Fig. 14. Relief. King Amanitenmenide
seated on his throne sheltered by Isis with
outstretched wings. Ägypt. Mus., Berlin, 2261.
© A. Sackho-Autissier.
– Sudan Nat. Mus., Khartoum 34559+34562. Relief showing the profile of
King Amanakhareqerem. Sandstone. H. 340, W 1220; Th. 35 mm. Naga, temple 200. Late first century AD (?).21
– Sudan Nat. Mus., Khartoum, 34665. Relief showing the profile of King
Amanakhareqerem. Sandstone. H. 390; W. 660; Th. 290 mm. Naga, temple 200.
Late first century AD (?) (Fig. 13).22
Cat. ex. Königsstadt Naga, 2011, 76, fig. 88, nr. 44.
Cat. ex. Méroé, 2010, 71, nr. 71; Cat. ex. Königsstadt Naga, 2011, 68, fig. 89, nr. 45;
Kuckertz, MittSAG 29, 2018, 127, fig. 7.
21
22
576
A RELIEF FROM THE TEMPLE OF AMUN AT MEROE
Fig. 15. South wall of the chapel of pyramid Beg. W 51. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
24.1793. © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
– Ägyptisches Mus., Berlin 2261. Relief with the depiction of King
Amanitenmenide seated on his throne sheltered by Isis with outstretched wings.
Meroe North, pyramid 17. Sandstone. Late first or first half second century AD)
(Fig. 14).23
– Meroe North, pyramid 17. Relief with a depiction of King Amanitenmenide
standing, wearing royal dress, in a procession scene. Late first or first half of second century AD.24
– Mus. of Fine Arts, Boston, 24.1793. Relief showing a king seated on a
throne sheltered by Isis receiving offerings from priests and servants carrying palm
fronds. Meroe West, pyramid W 51, chapel, south wall. Sandstone. H. 1,524;
W. 2,438 m. Third century AD (?) (Fig. 15).25
All the examples in this corpus show that the stela-shaped earring was
reserved for representations of royalty. While awaiting other images that provide
additional examples of this detail, it is suggested here that these stela-shaped earrings are part of the monarchs’ dress and constitute an additional iconographic
criterion for dating middle and late Meroitic depictions.
23
Ägypt. Mus., Berlin. Sandstone, Beg. N 17, inner south wall. LD V, 51a; REM 0067
(with earlier bibliography); Kuckertz, MittSAG 29, 2018, 132-133, fig. 10.
24
Inner north wall, LD V, 51c; Kuckertz, MittSAG 29, 2018, 133, fig. 11.
25
Cat. mus. Boston, 2018, 128-129.
577
AMINATA SACKHO-AUTISSIER
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Cat. ex. Africa in Antiquity, 1978.
Cat. ex. Königsstadt Naga, 2011.
Cat. ex. Méroé, 2010.
Cat. ex. Pharaons noirs, 2007.
Cat. ex. Soudan, 1997.
Garstang J., Sayce A. H., Griffith F. L., Meroë, the City of the Ethiopians, Oxford, 1911.
Griffith, AAALiv 11, 1924.
Griffith F. L., “Oxford Excavations in Nubia”, AAALiv 12, 1925, 57-172.
Hofmann I., Tomandl H., Unbekanntes Meroe, BSF Beiheft 1, 1986.
Kuckertz J., “Amanakhareqerema – a Meroitic King of the 1st Century AD”, MittSAG 29,
2018, 119-144.
Löwentempel Naq’a III, 1983.
Mus. es Sufra I,2, 1971.
RCK III, 1952.
RCK V, 1963.
Török, Royal Crowns, 1987.
Török, Meroe City, 1997.
578
مقدمة
ملكتبــة آثــار وتاريــخ الســودان .وســعداء أكثــر أن قــرر الزمــاء فــي باريــس نشــر هــذا العمــل
باســم العــدد ٠٢مــن مجلــة كــوش ) ، (Kush XXهــذه املجلــة التــي أصبحــت إرثــا لهيئــة اآلثــار
الســودانية وقــد مضــي علــي إصدارتهــا األولــي نحــو ســبعني عامــا .ويعتبــر هــذان املجلــدان
اللــذان يحتويــان علــي مســاهمات أكثــر مــن ســبعني متخصصــا انجــازا أكاديميــا عظيمــا فــي
تــراث وادي النيــل األوســط و ســوف يكــون فــي متنــاول مئــات الباحثــني والطــاب إذ يحتــوي
املجلــدان علــي نتائــج عــدة ســنوات مــن الجهــد لعشــرات الباحثــني الذيــن قامــوا باألعمــال
الحقليــة والدراســات املعمليــة واملكتبيــة فــي كل فتــرات تاريــخ الســودان منــذ فتــرات مــا قبــل
التاريــخ حتــي العصــر الحديــث ودراســات املجاميــع املتحفيــة وإدارة املواقــع األثريــة والتــراث
الثقافــي بشــكل عــام والدراســات املتخصصــة املســاعدة األخــري .ويحتــوي هــذا العمــل علــي
قائمــة مراجــع تعتبــر عصــارة أعمــال مئــات العلمــاء عبــر أكثــر مــن قــرن مــن الزمــان .فالشــكر
واإلمتنــان للجمعيــة العامليــة للدراســات النوبيــة والتــي ظلــت وعبــر أكثــر مــن نصــف قــرن تجمــع
املتخصصــني مــن شــتي أنحــاء العالــم ليقدمــوا للمجتمــع العلمــي العاملــي أحــدث أبحاثهــم حــول
آثــار هــذا الجــزء مــن أفريقيــا.
ســوف يضــاف هــذا الجهــد إلــي إنجــازات املهتمــني بالســودان مــن الفرنســيني منــذ رحــات
لينانــت دو بلفونــد و فريدريــك كايــو فــي الربــع األول مــن القــون التاســع عشــر وحملــة إنقــاذ
آثــار النوبــة فــي الســتينات مــن القــرن املاضــي والكثيــر مــن مواقــع الســودان فــي مرقســا
وأرض الحجــر وجزيــرة صــاي وصادنقــا وصلــب وكرمــة )مــع البعثــة السويســرية( وكدركــة
وقســم أربعــة ومواقــع إعــادة التوطــني املرتبطــة بحملــة إنقــاذ آثــار ســد مــروي ) ٢٠٠٣ـ (٢٠٠٩
فــي امللتقــي وفــي بربــر وفــي وادي املكابــراب وفــي الهوبجــي وفــي الحصــا واملويــس وود
بانقــا وســوبا والجريــف شــرق وأريــاب فــي جبــال البحــر األحمــر وفــي كردفــان .هنالــك قائمــة
مــن املؤسســات الفرنســية ســوف تبقــي علــي الــدوام فــي ذاكــرة اآلثاريــني الســودانيني حيــث
أســهمت علــي الــدوام فــي الكشــف والحفــاظ علــي إرث البــاد الحضــاري وتدريــب أجيــال
مــن اآلثاريــني الســودانيني الذيــن تحملــوا مســئولية إدارة هــذا التــراث وتعليمــه فــي الجامعــات
واملعاهــد الســودانية .وفــي هــذه الســانحة ال بــد لنــا مــن ذكــر جامعــة شــارل ديجــول ـ ليــل
٣وجامعــة الســوربون ومتحــف اللوفــر واملركــز الفرنســي للبحــث العلمــي ) (CNRSواملركــز
العاملــي للعمــارة الطينيــة ) (CRAterreبجامعــة جرونوبــل واملعهــد الوطنــي للبحــوث اآلثاريــة
الوقائيــة ) (INRAPواملعهــد الفرنســي لآلثــار الشــرقية ) (IFAOوأخيــرا وليــس آخــرا وحــدة
اآلثــار الفرنســية امللحقــة بمصلحــة آالثــار ) (SFDASوالتــي ظلــت علــي مــدي أكثــر مــن أربعــني
عامــا املعهــد اآلثــاري األجنبــي الوحيــد املقيــم فــي الســودان بشــكل دائــم ولــم يتوقــف عطــاءه
حتــي بعــد إنــدالع الحــرب إذ واصــل أداء رســالته مــن مدينــة القاهــرة جنبــا إلــي جنــب مــع
مســئولي اآلثــار الســودانية الذيــن نزحــوا لجمهوريــة مصــز العربيــة .وتبقــي وزارة الخارجيــة
الفرنســية وســفارتها فــي الخرطــوم همــا الدعامتــان االساســيتان إلســتمرار هــذا التعــاون عبــر
عشــرات الســنني.
كلنــا ثقــة فــي أن مــا يحــدث اآلن ســوف ينجلــي وســوف يلتقــي األصدقــاء مــن كل أنحــاء العالــم
فــي ســودان آمــن ملواصلــة الحفــاظ علــي اإلرث اآلثــاري لــوادي النيــل األوســط تحــت مظلــة
مشــروع عمــاق كاملشــروع القطــري ـ الســوداني لآلثــار.
1003
مقدمة
صاح الدين محمد أحمد
املنسق العام /املشروع القطري السوداني لآلثار
عندمــا إتصــل بــي الزميــل والصديــق فانســا رونــدو ) (Vincent Rondotقبيــل أعيــاد امليــاد
للعــام ٢٠٢٣طالبــا منــي كتابــة مقدمــة هــذه الوقائــع ،كنــا قــد دخلنــا فــي الشــهر التاســع لحــرب
الســودان التــي بــدأت فــي صبيحــة ١٥أبريــل .٢٠٢٣وقــد كنــت وكل زمائــي وأصدقائــي تحــت
صدمــة الدمــار الــذي أصــاب البنيــة التحتيــة فــي بادنــا ومــا أصــاب أهــل البــاد مــن نهــب
للمتلــكات وتقتيــل وإغتصــاب ونــزوح قســري مــن الديــار لشــتي أنحــاء ا لســودان وخارجــه.
وتزامــن إتصــال الزميــل فانســا مــع إتســاع الحــرب بشــكل فجائــي ملئــات الكيلومتــرات جنــوب
الخرطــوم .لقــد كانــت حســرتنا نحــن قبيلــة اآلثاريــني مضاعفــة فهــي حســرة علــي ضيــاع البــاد
وأهلهــا وحســرة علــي اإلرث الحضــاري لهــذه املنطقــة مــن وادي النيــل وخوفنــا علــي مــا يمكــن
أن يحــدث أو يكــون قــد حــدث بالفعــل ملتاحفنــا فــي الخرطــوم وفــي نيــاال وفــي الجنينــة وأخيــرا
فــي مدينــة ود مدنــي فــي الجزيــرة والخــراب الــذي يمكــن أن يحــل بمواقعنــا األثريــة فــي شــتي
أنحــاء هــذه األرض الغنيــة بمخلفاتهــا اآلثاريــة.
وســط كل هــذا الخــوف والتوجــس واإلحبــاط كان إتصــال الزميــل فانســا خيــط مــن ضــوء وأمــل
فــي نهايــة النفــق .شــعرت بأنــه ال زال هنالــك أصدقــاء يعملــون مــن أجــل هــذه البــاد التــي
عاشــوا فيهــا وإختلطــوا بأهلهــا وإحبــوا تاريخهــا وظلــوا يعملــون تنقيبــا فــي املواقــع األثريــة
وبحثــا فــي املكتبــات واملعامــل لعشــرات الســنني مــن أجــل الكشــف واملحافظــة علــي إرث هــذا
الجــزء مــن وادي النيــل.
الســودان الــذي تجمــع مــن أجلــه مئــات املتخصصــني مــن شــتي بقــاع العالــم فــي باريــس
فــي املؤتمــر الرابــع عشــر للجمعيــة العامليــة للدراســات النوبيــة فــي ســبتمبر ٢٠١٨ال زال فــي
وجــدان هــؤالء األصدقــاء الذيــن لــم يتخلــوا عــن حبهــم لهــذه البــاد رغــم الظــروف العصيبــة.
لقــد كان ذلــك املؤتمــر تظاهــرة أكاديميــة إســتثنائية .وقــد كان حضــور عــدد كبيــر مــن الباحثــني
الســودانيني أمــرا الفتــا وقــد تحقــق هــذا بفضــل مســاهمة ماليــة كريمــة مــن متاحــف قطــر والتــي
ظلــت عبــر الســنوات املاضيــة تقــوم بتمويــل أكثــر مــن أربعــني بعثــة أثاريــة تعمــل فــي الســودان
وقــد كان جــزءا كبيــرا مــن أعمــال هــذا املؤتمــر مخصصــا ألعمــال )املشــروع القطــري ـ
الســوداني لآلثــار( والــذي بــدأ فــي شــتاء .٢٠١٤/٢٠١٣
واليــوم نحــن ســعداء بكتابــة مقدمــة وقائــع هــذا املؤتمــر والــذي كان شــراكة موفقــة بــني متحــف
اللوفــر وجامعــة الســوربون .هــذه الوقائــع التــي تجــئ فــي مجلديــن ســوف تكــون إضافــة مقــدرة
1004
كــوش
أعمال
املؤتمر الدولي الرابع عشر للدراسات النوبية
باريس ٢٠١٨
العدد العشرون
٢٠٢٣
كــوش
أعمال
املؤتمر الدولي الرابع عشر للدراسات النوبية
باريس ٢٠١٨
العدد العشرون
٢٠٢٣
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2023_Sackho-Autissier, "A relief from the temple of Amun at Meroe showing Natakamani and Amanitore : comments on photograph M 328 in the Garstang archive", Kush 20, p. 569-578
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