First report of Diplodia seriata causing canker and dieback on hawthorn trees in Turkey

ŞENER KURT

First report of Diplodia seriata causing canker and dieback on hawthorn trees in Turkey

Journal of Plant Pathology

Vol.:(0123456789) 1 3 Journal of Plant Pathology https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-022-01169-0 DISEASE NOTE First report of Diplodia seriata causing canker and dieback on hawthorn trees in Turkey Şener Kurt 1,2 · Aysun Uysal 2 · Emine Mine Soylu 1,2 · Merve Kara 1 · Soner Soylu 1 Received: 1 December 2021 / Accepted: 16 June 2022 © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2022 Keywords Botryosphaeriaceae · Hawthorn · Crataegus · Diplodia seriata · Dieback During 2019–2020 growing season, stem canker and dieback symptoms were observed in up to 60% of 5-8 year old hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) trees in Mersin province, Turkey. Symptoms appeared as wilting and discoloration of leaves, canker, gummosis, and dieback on stems and branches. The cross-section of symptomatic branches and twigs showed hard brown and V-shaped canker in the wood. Isolation made from surface-sterilized hawthorn twigs (n = 12) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) yielded white or grey-to-dark brown fungal colonies (n = 8) with aerial mycelium and dark pycnidia. Mature conidia were aseptate, ovoid with truncated or rounded base and obtuse apex, and 21.6–25.4 × 7.5–9.8 µm in size (n = 60). These morphological features agreed with those of Diplodia seriata De Not. (Phillips et al. 2007). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β-tubulin (TUB2) and TEF1-α (tef) genes of the representative isolate (HDs33) were amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS5, Bt2a/Bt2b, and EF1-728F/EF1-986R, respectively (Urbez-Torres et al. 2008), and sequenced (Accession Nos. OL351614 for ITS, OL362020 for TUB2, and OL362021 for tef). BLASTn search of the sequences revealed 100% homology with Diplodia seriata in the NCBI database (MK817042 for ITS, MN318125 for TUB2, and MT120836 for tef). The pathogenicity test was carried out on branches of 4-year-old young hawthorn saplings by inoculating mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) cut from a 7-day-old fungal culture into bark wounds on branches of hawthorn saplings (n = 15) in a greenhouse at 30 ℃. Plants treated with sterile agar plugs served as control. After 12 weeks, seven of the fifteen inoculated plants produced canker lesions 24 to 39 mm in length. Control plants remained asymptomatic. The pathogen was consistently reisolated, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. D. seriata has previously been reported to cause canker on Crataegus spp. in Canada, Australia, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom (Farr and Rossman 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report describing D. seriata causing canker and dieback of hawthorn in Turkey. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplemen- tary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-022-01169-0. Data availability Data used in this manuscript will be available from the corresponding author with a reasonable request. Declarations Ethical approval This study does not contain studies with human par- ticipants or animals performed by any of the authors. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References Farr DF, Rossman AY (2021) Fungal Databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/. Accessed 01 Dec 2021 Phillips AJL, Crous PW, Alves A (2007) Diplodia seriata, the anamo- rph of “Botryosphaeria” obtuse. Fungal Divers 25:141–155 Úrbez-Torres JR, Leavitt GM, Guerrero JC, Guevara J, Gubler WD (2008) Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobro- mae and Diplodia seriata, the causal agents of bot canker disease of grapevines in Mexico. Plant Dis 92:519–529. https://doi.org/ 10.1094/PDIS-92-4-0519 Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. * Şener Kurt senerk31040@gmail.com 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay 31034, Turkey 2 Centre for Implementation and Research of Plant Health Clinic, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay 31034, Turkey

Journal of Plant Pathology https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-022-01169-0 DISEASE NOTE First report of Diplodia seriata causing canker and dieback on hawthorn trees in Turkey Şener Kurt1,2 · Aysun Uysal2 · Emine Mine Soylu1,2 · Merve Kara1 · Soner Soylu1 Received: 1 December 2021 / Accepted: 16 June 2022 © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2022 Keywords Botryosphaeriaceae · Hawthorn · Crataegus · Diplodia seriata · Dieback During 2019–2020 growing season, stem canker and dieback symptoms were observed in up to 60% of 5-8 year old hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) trees in Mersin province, Turkey. Symptoms appeared as wilting and discoloration of leaves, canker, gummosis, and dieback on stems and branches. The cross-section of symptomatic branches and twigs showed hard brown and V-shaped canker in the wood. Isolation made from surface-sterilized hawthorn twigs (n = 12) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) yielded white or grey-to-dark brown fungal colonies (n = 8) with aerial mycelium and dark pycnidia. Mature conidia were aseptate, ovoid with truncated or rounded base and obtuse apex, and 21.6–25.4 × 7.5–9.8 µm in size (n = 60). These morphological features agreed with those of Diplodia seriata De Not. (Phillips et al. 2007). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β-tubulin (TUB2) and TEF1-α (tef) genes of the representative isolate (HDs33) were amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS5, Bt2a/Bt2b, and EF1-728F/EF1-986R, respectively (Urbez-Torres et al. 2008), and sequenced (Accession Nos. OL351614 for ITS, OL362020 for TUB2, and OL362021 for tef). BLASTn search of the sequences revealed 100% homology with Diplodia seriata in the NCBI database (MK817042 for ITS, MN318125 for TUB2, and MT120836 for tef). The pathogenicity test was carried out on branches of 4-year-old young hawthorn saplings by inoculating mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) cut from a 7-day-old fungal culture into bark wounds on branches of hawthorn saplings (n = 15) in a greenhouse at 30 ℃. Plants treated with sterile agar plugs served as control. * Şener Kurt senerk31040@gmail.com 1 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay 31034, Turkey After 12 weeks, seven of the fifteen inoculated plants produced canker lesions 24 to 39 mm in length. Control plants remained asymptomatic. The pathogen was consistently reisolated, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. D. seriata has previously been reported to cause canker on Crataegus spp. in Canada, Australia, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom (Farr and Rossman 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report describing D. seriata causing canker and dieback of hawthorn in Turkey. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-022-01169-0. Data availability Data used in this manuscript will be available from the corresponding author with a reasonable request. Declarations Ethical approval This study does not contain studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References Farr DF, Rossman AY (2021) Fungal Databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/. Accessed 01 Dec 2021 Phillips AJL, Crous PW, Alves A (2007) Diplodia seriata, the anamorph of “Botryosphaeria” obtuse. Fungal Divers 25:141–155 Úrbez-Torres JR, Leavitt GM, Guerrero JC, Guevara J, Gubler WD (2008) Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the causal agents of bot canker disease of grapevines in Mexico. Plant Dis 92:519–529. https://doi.org/ 10.1094/PDIS-92-4-0519 Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Centre for Implementation and Research of Plant Health Clinic, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay 31034, Turkey 13 Vol.:(0123456789)

ในความเป็นรัฐสมัยใหม่ในโลกตะวันตกนั้นได้แยกศิลธรรมทางศาสนาและวิถีทางของคนธรรมดาไปเป็นที่เรียบร้อยแล้ว หลังสนธิสัญญา เวสปาเลี่ยน นำมาสู่จุดกำเนิดรัฐสมัยใหม่ที่เป็นรัฐฆราวาสวิสัย (secular state ) ปราศจากการครอบงำใดๆของทางศาสนา แต่ในกรณีของไทยนั้นมีความแตกต่างออกไปในกระบวนการสร้างรัฐสมัยใหม่ในรัชกาลที่5 หรือช่วงราว พ.ศ.2435 ในการปฏิรูประบบราชการเพื่อสร้างให้สยามกลายเป็นรัฐสมัยใหม่เหมือนกับประเทศมหาอำนาจตะวันตก แต่ในความแตกต่างของสยามนั้นมิได้แยกศาสนาออกจากรัฐแต่กลับนำศาสนาเข้ามาเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของระบบราชการในรัฐสมัยใหม่ด้วย นั้นคือการตั้งมหาเถระสมาคมเพื่อเป็นองค์กรที่ดูแลควบคุมพระสงฆ์ของไทยโดยเฉพาะ โดยจัดตั้งขึ้นในปี พ.ศ.2445 จนมีพัฒนาการมาจนถึง พ.ศ.2485 และกลับมาสู่รูปแบบเดิมในปี พ.ศ.2505 และยังใช้รูปแบบการปกครองสงฆ์สืบเนื่องมาจนถึงทุกวันนี้ และจากการที่รัฐได้นำเอาพุทธศาสนามาเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของรัฐแล้วทำให้รัฐไทยเกิดความกำกวมในความเป็นรัฐสมัยใหม่เหมือนตะวันตกกับรัฐก่อนสมัยใหม่ที่ศาสนายังมีความเกี่ยวข้องกับการเมืองการปกครองอยู่ ดูจากการแทรกแซงการปกครองสงฆ์ในกรณีการแต่งตั้งสมเด็จพระสังฆราชองค์ใหม่ การนำเอาวันสำคัญในทางพุทธศาสนามาเป็นวันหยุดราชการ และรัฐพิธีที่เน้นไปทางพุทธศาสนาเป็นส่วนมาก ทำให้รัฐไทยไม่ได้เข้ารูปแบบของรัฐสมัยใหม่อย่างสมบูรณ์หรือเป็นรัฐก่อนสมัยใหม่ แต่เป็นรัฐกำกวมที่อยู่ร่วมกับศาสนาและเชิญชูศาสนาพุทธมากกว่าศาสนาอื่น แม้ไม่ได้ระบุไว้อย่างชัดเจนในรัฐธรรมนูญก็ตามและมีศาสนาพุทธเป็นกลไกหนึ่งของรัฐในการสร้างระเบียบแบบแผนให้กับสังคม

Ciriaco was one of the most original and remarkable minds of the late Middle Ages who, in light of the most recent information, can be considered a proto-archaeologist and “initiator” of the Renaissance thanks to his friendship, contact, and information dissemination network. Documentary sources describe him as a curious and thirsty-for-knowledge man, at times so much eccentric not to hide his own “faith” in neo-pagan cults, replacing the sacredness of Christian relics with archaeological material of pagan origin and fabulating stories about an ideal golden antique world. With this spirit, Ciriaco used to review the past adapting it to the present, naming the cities that he visited with ancient names, using ancient Greek units of measurement, translating his name into the antique de Piceni Collibus, and not disdaining forgeries that he considered as a means of “reviving” original finds. Merchant, philologist, antiquarian, politician, diplomat: Ciriaco D’Antona’s versatility suits well to a multi-disciplinary conference that at the same time refers to his birth city, Ancona, which he celebrates for its commercial abilities, the reliability of its contracts and treaties, and especially for its antiquities; a passion for Antiquity which led him to invent a suggestive storytelling about the foundation of Ancona by the Persian Queen Faith, the personification of Fides, hence the city motto “Ancon doric civitas fidei.” The Institute Villa Adriana e Villa d’Este, in the person of the Director Andrea Bruciati, promotes some Study Days about Ciriaco d’Ancona given the pivotal role that he played in appreciating the Tiburtine sites, being him one of the first scholars to record the inscriptions of the Plautii’s Mausoleum and to interpret correctly, as belonging to the Imperial residence, the remains of Villa Adriana. Proposed thematic itineraries: Ciriaco d’Ancona: a pioneer of his age Ciriaco d’Ancona: studies, friends and dissemination Ciriaco d’Ancona: his legacy and success DATES 31ST MARCH 2024 abstract submission deadline 30TH APRIL 2024 notification of acceptance/rejection of abstracts 31ST JANUARY 2025 Full article submission deadline 31ST MARCH 2025 Notification of acceptance/rejection of full articles Scientific committee Andrea Bruciati, Michail Chatzidakis, Stefano Casu, Giuseppina Enrica Cinque, Giorgio Mangani, Arnold Nesselrath, Silvia Danesi Squarzina Organising committee Viviana Carbonara, Sergio Del Ferro, Tiziano Latini CONTACTS va-ve@cultura.gov.it va-ve.convegni@cultura.gov.it Specify “Information about Conference – Ciriaco d’Ancona” in the email subject line.

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First report of Diplodia seriata causing canker and dieback on hawthorn trees in Turkey