New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics

New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics Imad Al Kassaa New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics From Research to Applications Imad AL KASSAA Laboratoire de Microbiologie Environnement et Santé (LMSE) Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University Tripoli, Lebanon ISBN 978-3-319-49687-0 ISBN 978-3-319-49688-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49688-7 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959215 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland The registered company address is Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland I would like to thank all the authors who took part in the success of this book, mainly Dr. Mohammad-Bachar ISMAIL and the promising M. Mazen ZAYLAA who works in Pasteur Institute in Lille on the probiotics effects on Crohn’s disease. I would like also to thank my leader Pr. Monzer HAMZEH for the great support he presented and for his patience throughout my scientific career. Great thanks go as well to my sincere friend Pr. Fouad DABBOUSSI. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Hawa DHAYBI for her patience and for the calm ambiance she created to help me writing this book. Tala, Omar and Ali, my dear children, thank you for tolerating my long absence. I would like also to thank Dr. Khaled EL OMARI and Ms Yemen SAYOUR for their support. Foreword In 1908, Elie Metchnikoff, a Russian researcher who was a Nobel laureate and professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, discovered that the lifespan of Bulgarian people was related to the consumption of fermented milk containing lactic acid bacteria. In 1900, Henry Tissier, a researcher at the Pasteur Institute, isolated a bacterial strain from a breastfed child belonging to the Bifidobacterium genus, which he called Bacillus bifidus communis. The researcher declared that this strain reduced the infectious incidence of pathogenic bacteria, in particular Clostridium difficile, which causes acute and inflammatory diarrhea. Moreover, Tissier recommended the administration of such strains to children with this symptom. After many years of research, these beneficial strains were considered an alternative treatment and were named “probiotics”, meaning “for life”. This term was introduced in 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell. Nevertheless, probiotics and antibiotics were defined as microbes, of molecule derived from microbes, which inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Probiotics belong to several genera, such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, and Enterococcus as Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli Nissle) and yeast like Saccharomyces boulardii, which may or may not be present in the resident intestinal microflora of humans and animals. Probiotics were considered to be vectors that can transport active molecules to the gut or vaginal ecosystem. Moreover, they can enhance immunity and exclude undesirable bacteria by direct or indirect mechanisms. Indeed, probiotics inhibit pathogenic bacteria, neutralize toxins, improve food digestibility, and enhance the immune system. In addition, probiotics can be considered a source of vitamins (mainly B group vitamins) and minerals. In general, probiotics have a variety of mechanisms which can lead to beneficial effects. However, this depends on the bacterial strain in question. vii viii Foreword The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the limited number of antiviral agents are major threats to public health. In addition, the increase of cancers related to viral infections requires scientists to find new solutions. Indeed, researchers are focusing on the place of probiotics and some of these metabolites in controlling these complicated problems. Hence, the authors of New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics have promoted the importance of the role and place of probiotics in the treatment of respiratory and enteric viral infections, as well as the different mechanisms of action. One chapter is devoted to the use of probiotics as vaccine vectors in preventing some viral infections (influenza, HIV, HPV, rotavirus). Chronic diseases related to viral infection are the subject of another chapter. The majority of viruses involved in this type of pathology are discussed (HPV, EBV, herpes, HIV, HTLV, etc.), as well as the impact of probiotics on reducing cancer development during infection. The authors have also drawn attention to the importance of probiotic metabolites in inhibiting viral infections. Finally, the authors have included a chapter on the methods used to evaluate probiotic strains with antiviral effects. This chapter is a valuable tool and an excellent reference for researchers. I am convinced that this is a book with great scientific value, which will be highly useful to the scientific community and will bring much new information on the role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of viral infections. Monzer HAMZE Head of Laboratoire de Microbiologie Sante et Environnement (LMSE) Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University Tripoli, Lebanon Preface It has been more than 20 years since viruses were first considered a threat to public health. The rate of viral infections is increasing dramatically worldwide, and definitive solutions seem to be far from reality. Moreover, numerous factors – pollution, immunosuppressive drugs, and non-equilibrate diets – have impaired immunity and thus amplified the risk of infection, while also causing the appearance of new pathogens. In addition, antiviral agents are rare because of the genetic variation of many viruses. Furthermore, vaccines are considered a last resource for microbiologists attempting to prevent complicated viral infections. However, it is not possible to defeat some viruses due to their genetic variation. More than a century ago, scientists began using, by chance, lactic acid bacteria naturally present in fermented products to fight viral infections. Researchers have focused during the last 20 years on the importance of probiotics in bacterial infections and chronic diseases, including cancers. In fact, antiviral probiotics appeared first in 1990, when they acted as agents to help protect the intestinal epithelium from viral infection and to help to decrease diarrhea. Noting this effectiveness, some researchers conducted further studies to determine the mechanisms causing this antiviral effect. This book highlights probiotics with antiviral effects, which can be named “antiviral probiotics” due to their direct and indirect effects on viral particles. New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics contains five chapters that discuss the different applications of this kind of probiotics in infectious and chronic viral diseases. The third chapter focuses on the use of probiotic strains as vaccine vectors. The two last chapters prove the importance of the antiviral metabolites of certain probiotics and the methods used to characterize bacterial strains as antiviral probiotics. Imad AL KASSAA Laboratoire de Microbiologie Environnement et Santé (LMSE) Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University Tripoli, Lebanon ix Contents 1 2 3 Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . Imad AL KASSAA 1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Part I-A: Probiotics and Respiratory Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Part I-B Probiotics and Viral Gastroenteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Use of Probiotics as Vaccine Vectors to Prevent Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bachar ISMAIL 2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Mucosal Immunity and Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Probiotic Bacteria as Vaccine Delivery Vehicles: A Promising Strategy for Mucosal Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Parameters that Modulate the Immune Responses Induced by Recombinant Probiotic Vaccines. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 Probiotics as Vaccine Vectors to Prevent Viral Infections . . . 2.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Probiotics: Role in the Prevention of Chronic Viral Diseases . . . . . . . . Imad AL KASSAA and Mazen ZAYLAA 3.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Cancer Related to Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 The Impact of Probiotics in Cancers Related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4 4 13 14 14 35 35 47 48 49 49 50 51 56 57 61 63 64 67 xi xii Contents 3.4 The Impact of Probiotics in Cancers Related to Human T-Cell Lymphotropic/Leukemia Virus (HTLV) Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Probiotics as a Novel Prevention Strategy Against Type 1 Diabetes Related to Viral Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Probiotics as a Treatment and Prevention Strategy for Liver Complications Caused by Hepatitis B and C Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Treatment and Prevention Strategy of Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 Using Probiotic Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Probiotics and Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 The Antiviral Activity of Probiotic Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imad AL KASSAA 4.1 Antiviral Activity of Probiotic Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Non-organic Substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Organic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Probiotics and Their Proteinaceous Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Unspecified Antiviral Metabolites by Assessment of Probiotic/LAB Native Supernatants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods and Techniques to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity of a New Probiotic Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imad AL KASSAA 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Evaluation of a Potential Probiotic Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Strains . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.3 Screening Tests to Confirm Potential Probiotic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.4 Safety of Selected Probiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5 Antibiotic Resistance Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.6 In Vivo Studies in Animal Models and Human Trials . . . . . . 5.3 Evaluation of Antiviral Probiotics (AvPrs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 In Vitro Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2 Antiviral Assays for Bacterial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3 In Vivo Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.4 Clinical Trials (CTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 71 72 74 76 77 78 83 84 84 85 91 92 93 94 99 100 101 101 102 103 103 103 104 104 105 106 108 110 111 111 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117