Propósitos y Representaciones
ISSN 2307-7999
e-ISSN 2310-4635
Sep.-Dec. 2020, Vol. 8, N° 3, e581
Monographic: Educational management and teaching skills
http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2020.v8n3.581
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Evaluation of Studies on Positive Behavior Support
Interventions
Evaluación de estudios sobre intervenciones de apoyo de
comportamiento positivo
Rukiye Uslu
Department of Social Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, North Cyprus,
Mersin 10 Turkey
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3208-8038
Başak Bağlama*
Department of Special Education, Atatürk Faculty of Education, Near East University, North
Cyprus, Mersin 10 Turkey
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5484-4618
Received 01-27-20 Revised 03-03-20 Accepted 05-17-20 On line 06-30-20
*Correspondence
Cite as:
Email: basak.baglama@neu.edu.tr
Uslu, R., & Bağlama, B. (2020). Evaluation of Studies on
Positive Behavior Support Interventions. Propósitos y
Representaciones,
8(3),
e581.
doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2020.v8n3.581
© Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, 2020.
This article is distributed under license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Evaluation of Studies on Positive Behavior Support Interventions
Summary
Positive behavioral support is an approach that uses the principles of applied behavior analysis
and system changes to improve individuals' quality of life and reduce problem behaviors. In
positive behavior support, it is aimed to determine the functions of the problem behaviors of the
child and to gain appropriate behaviors that meet the same functions. This study aims to provide
an overview of the studies on positive behavior support through a comprehensive literature review
and determine the current trends in the studies on positive behavior support interventions. A total
number of 53 studies were examined in the study according to year of publication, country,
journal, subject, research method, research sample, data collection tools, data analysis method,
type of document, research sample, sample size and authors’ study interests. Data were analyzed
with content analysis method and results were presented with frequency and percentages in tables
and figures. Results were discussed with relevant literature and recommendations for further
research and practices were provided.
Keywords: Positive Behavior Support (Pbs); Behavior Intervention: Content Analysis.
Resumen
El apoyo conductual positivo es un enfoque que utiliza los principios del análisis de
comportamiento aplicado y los cambios del sistema para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas
y reducir los comportamientos problemáticos. En el apoyo de comportamiento positivo, tiene
como objetivo determinar las funciones de los comportamientos problemáticos del niño y obtener
comportamientos apropiados que cumplan las mismas funciones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo
proporcionar una visión general de los estudios sobre el apoyo conductual positivo a través de
una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura y determinar las tendencias actuales en los estudios sobre
intervenciones de apoyo conductual positivo. Se examinó un total de 53 estudios en el estudio
según el año de publicación, país, revista, tema, método de investigación, muestra de
investigación, herramientas de recopilación de datos, método de análisis de datos, tipo de
documento, muestra de investigación, tamaño de muestra y estudio de los autores. intereses. Los
datos se analizaron con el método de análisis de contenido y los resultados se presentaron con
frecuencia y porcentajes en tablas y figuras. Los resultados se discutieron con literatura relevante
y se proporcionaron recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones y prácticas.
Palabras clave: Apoyo de comportamiento positivo (PBS); Intervención de comportamiento;
Análisis de contenido.
Introducción
Problem behavior is defined as behaviors that do not comply with cultural norms in terms of
intensity, frequency and duration, which are dangerous for the individual and the environment
and seriously prevent the individual from reaching the social areas (Sucuoglu & Demir, 2017;
Castillo et al., 2018). Today, problem behaviors are very common in children with typical
developmental and developmental delays (Erbas, 2005). Children who exhibit problem behavior
experience many problems in the academic, social and familial areas that are expected to function
appropriately for their age and need support in this regard. The fact that problem behaviors can
last for a lifetime without any intervention necessitated the development and effective use of
evidence-based programs and the need for support of children (Chandler & Dahlquist, 2002;
Sugai & Horner, 2008; Ceylan &Yikmis, 2017; Atbasi, Karasu & Tavil, 2019).
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One of the evidence-based programs developed for problem behavior is positive behavior
support (PBS). Positive behavior support emerged in the mid-1980s as an approach to
understanding and dealing with problem behaviors and was developed by using Applied Behavior
Analysis (ABA) (Dunlap et al., 2008; Doll, 2019). A relevant aspect of PBS implementation is
the adoption and integration of behavioral and non-behavioral approaches, both in theoretical
perspectives and in evidence-based practices (Childs et al., 2015). In this context, PBS can be
regarded as a framework for organizing the delivery of active service supports in accordance with
a set of basic principles. Adopting a framework approach explains the value of years of research
and professional practice development in various disciplines in health and social care, such as
psychiatry, psychology, social work, nursing, speech and language therapy, occupational and
physiotherapy. In addition, Case-Smith and Arbesman (2008) stated that there is a whole set of
research and practice that helps us understand how we can effectively work with organizations
and systems within organizations, with clear results of interdisciplinary colleagues relationships
for the intervention of problem behaviors.
PBS is a practical approach for individuals of all ages and abilities to reduce problem
behaviors and improve quality of life and focuses on meeting the needs of a person in critical
areas of life such as family, living, financial, educational / professional, social / recreational,
behavioral / emotional, psychological, health, legal, cultural and security(Crone, Hawken &
Horner, 2015). Bradshaw, Mitchell and Leaf (2010) revealed that PBS aims to increase quality of
life of the individuals, help the individual achieve his / her goals in a socially acceptable way,
make the problem behavior as insignificant, ineffective and ineffective, thereby reduce or
eliminate all parts of the problem behavior. PBS interventions are also found to be effective for
individuals with giftedness, autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay and typical
development (Erbas, 2005; Blair et al., 2011; Citil, 2016; Halder, 2019).
The key element in PBS education is to train people about internal and external factors
that contribute to coercive behaviors, reduce problem behaviors and present an alternative
functional behavior instead of the problem behavior. Basic characteristics of a PBS program are:
•
•
•
•
•
changes in lifestyle and quality of life;
continue for a life time;
environmental validity;
multiple applications;
emphasis on practices to prevent problem behavior (Lucyshyn, Dunlap & Albin, 2002;
Erbas, 2008).
PBS is a therapeutic program that can be applied by professionals from various disciplines
depending on the problem areas they live in, for individuals of all ages and abilities. When the
literature is examined, it is seen that number of studies providing an evaluation on the studies of
PBS is limited. Therefore, it is considered that this study would provide an overview on the trends
in the studies on PBS for researchers and professionals working in this field. Considering the
positive outcomes of PBS for reducing problem behavior and the importance of providing a
review for studies on PBS,the aim of this study is to focus on the topic of positive behavior support
and show the contribution of the studies on PBS to the field. In line with this general aim, answers
to the following questions were sought in the study:
1. What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to year of publication?
2. What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to year and country?
3. What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to published journal and
subjects?
4. What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to subject, year and country?
5. What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to research sample?
6. What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to data collection tools?
7. What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to type of documents and year?
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Evaluation of Studies on Positive Behavior Support Interventions
8.
9.
10.
11.
What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to research method and year?
What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to subject and research method?
What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to data analysis method?
What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to sample size?
What is the distribution of the studies on PBS according to authors’ study interests?
Method
Research Model
In this study, “positive behavioral support” was searched in Scopus database and 168 articles in
English were reached. The articles were reviewed individually and a total number of 77 articles
that involved” positive behavior support” in the title of the published documents were included
in the study and 91 articles that did not meet this criterion were excluded from the study. Of the
77 articles included in the study, 24 could not be reached because they were open-access, and as
a result, 53 articles that focused on “positive behavior support”were included in the study and
evaluated by the content analysis method. Content analysis is a research technique used to draw
systematic and objective results from certain characters defined in the text (Kocak &Arun, 2006)
and this research method has been chosen because of its suitability for the aims of the present
study.
Population and Sample
The population of this study consists of 168 articles on “positive behavior support”published in
journals within Scopus database. The research sample was composed of 53 articles published in
35 different journals, focusing on positive behavior support published between 1998 and 2019
(May). There is no limitation according to the publication year of the manuscript and all
researches that meet other criteria in the database are included in the study.
Data Collection Tool
A coding form was created and used by the researchers including the year of publication, name
of the journal, country in which the research was conducted, research subject, research sample,
sample size, authors’ research interests, research method, data collection tool and data analysis
method, type of document.
Data Analysis
In this study, content analysis technique was used to evaluate the data obtained.Categories were
formed after content analysis. In order to find out frequency and percentages, categorized data
were entered into SPSS program and analyzed.
Reliability and Validity
The data obtained from the study were collected by a researcher by examining the articles one by
one and processing them into the coding form. At the end of the process, the collected data were
subjected to a second control by the other researcher. The researchers then divided the data into
specific categories for entry into SPSS program, mutually checked and agreed. In this way, it was
tried to provide validity and reliability by performing double checks
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Uslu, R., & Bağlama, B.
Results
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by year of publication
Figure 1 shows the distribution of articles on PBS by year of publication. While only one (1.9%)
of the 53 articles examined within the scope of the research was written in 1998, there were 21
articles (39.6%) written between 2000 and 2010 and 31 articles between 2011-2019. This reveals
that the subject matter has become more important from the past to the present.
31
100
0
58.5
between 2011-2019
21
39.6
1
between 2000-2010
Frequency
1.9
before 2000
Percentage
Figure 1. Distribution of articles on PBS by year of publication
Distribution of the countries of the articles on positive behavior support by year of
publication
Table 1 shows the distribution of the countries of the articles on positive behavior support by year
of publication. Positive behavioral support was found to be the most commonly addressed by
researchers in the United Kingdom with 50.9%, followed by the United States with 41.5%. Apart
from these two countries, it was found that there were 3 articles from Ireland and 1 article from
Greece and these 4 articles were written between 2000-2010. In other words, it is seen that this
subject, which has been given more importance and examined especially between 2011-2019, has
become a much more studied subject in the UK.
Table 1.
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by country and year of publication
Country
United Kingdom
USA
Ireland
Greece
Total
Year of Publication
Before
Between
2000
2000-2010
0
4
1
0
0
1
13
3
1
21
Total
Between
2011-2019
23
8
0
0
31
27
22
3
1
53
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by subject of the journals
Within the scope of the research, articles published in 35 different journals were examined and
among these journals, the 13 articles which is the highest frequency were published in Tizard
Learning Disability Review. The journals in which articles on PBS are published are categorized
according to their subjects and Table 2 shows the distribution of the articles according to the
subjects they focus on. The articles were published in a journal focused on learning disability with
26.4%, developmental delay with 17%, emotional / behavioral problems with 15.1%, forensic
psychiatry / psychology with 9.4%, mental health with 7.5%. Results also showed that there are
journals focusing on school psychology (5.7%), educational studies (5.7%), children / family
(3.8%).
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Evaluation of Studies on Positive Behavior Support Interventions
Table 2.
Distribution of articles on PBS by subject of the journals
Journal subject
Learning disability
Developmental delay
Emotional/behavioral
disorders
Forensic
psychiatry/psychology
Mental health
School psychology
Educational studies
Family/children
Other
Total
Frequency
14
9
8
Percentage
26,4
17
15,1
5
9,4
4
3
3
2
5
53
7,5
5,7
5,7
3,8
9,4
100
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by research topic
Table 3 shows the distribution of articles on PBS by research topic. 53 articles evaluated within
the scope of the research were categorized according to their topic and 9 different categories were
created. When the results are examined, it is seen that most of the articles were written on PBS
and school with 11 articles. This result was followed by forensic mental health and problem
behaviors. Results revealed that articles on PBS focused on different research topics and this
shows that PBS as an approach is used by different disciplines.
Table 3.
Distribution of articles on PBS by research topic
Research topic
PBS and school
Forensic mental health
Frequency
11
6
Percentage
20,8
11,3
Problem behaviors
Personnel education
PBS models
Economic evaluation of PBS
6
6
5
3
11,3
11,3
9,4
5,7
Caregiver/family
Alternative to medication
2
2
3,8
3,8
Sufficiency of PBS plans
2
3,8
Other
Total
10
53
18.9
100
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by document type
Figure 2 shows the distribution of articles on PBS according to document type. According to the
results, there were four different document types used in the articles. The document types included
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Uslu, R., & Bağlama, B.
research article, theoretical paper, case study, commentary paper and literature review
respectively in terms of their frequency.
100
50
0
28
52.8
12 22.6
Research article Theoretical
paper
7
13.2
Case study
Frequency
4
7.5
3.8
2
Commentary
paper
Literature
review
Percentage
Figure 2. Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by document type
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by research method
Figure 3 shows the distribution of articles on positive behavior support by research method.
According to the results, it was found that the most commonly used method was quantitative
method (f=26, 49.1%). This is followed by review (f=16, 30.2%) and qualitative method (f=11,
20.8%).
60
49.1
40
30.2
26
20.8
16
20
11
0
Quantitative method
Review
Frequency
Qualitative method
Percentage
Figure 3. Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by research method
Distribution of the research methods of the articles on positive behavior support by
year of publication
Table 4 presents the distribution of research methods of PBS articles by years. When the table is
examined, it is seen that the use of qualitative research method has increased between 2011-2019
compared to the years 2000-2010 when compared to other research methods.
Table 4. Distribution of the research methods of the articles on PBS by year of publication
Research method
Year of publication
Total
Before 2000
Between
Between
2000-2010
2011-2019
Qualitative method
0
3
8
11
Quantitative method
0
12
14
26
Review
1
6
9
16
Total
1
21
31
53
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by data collection tools
According to the results, two of the 37 research articles were review articles and they were not
included in these results since there are no data collection tool. In the remained 35 articles, a single
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Evaluation of Studies on Positive Behavior Support Interventions
data collection tool was used in 23 articles and more than one data collection tools were used in
the 12 articles on PBS. The frequency and percentage values of the results are shown in Figure 4.
Results revealed that scale, interview and observation forms were the frequently used data
collection tools by researchers working on PBS.
25
20
15
10
5
0
22
11
18
9
16
14
7
10
5
8
4
8
4
Frequency
2 4
8
Percentage
Figure 4. Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by data collection tool
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by data analysis method
Figure 5 shows the distribution based on data analysis method used in the articles on PBS. When
the results are examined, it is seen that descriptive and predictive methods were the most
frequently used data analysis methods together. In addition, graphical analysis, predictive
analysis, thematic analysis and descriptive analysis were the other frequently used data analysis
methods in the articles on PBS.
30
24.3
21.6
20
10
9
8
18.9
7
16.2
13.5
6
2
5.4
5
0
Descriptive analysisGraphical
& predictive
Predictive
analysis
analysis
Thematic
analysis
Descriptive
analysis analysis
Other
Frequency
Percentage
Figure 5. Distribution of articles on PBS by data analysis method
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by sample size
Figure 6 shows the distribution of the articles on PBS according to sample size. When the results
are examined, it is observed that the highest rate ranged between 6-15 sample size and 501-700
was the least frequenty studies sample size range.
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Uslu, R., & Bağlama, B.
27
30
18.9
20
10
7
10
16.2
6
13.5
10.8
5
4
2
5.4
2
5.4
1 2.7
0
6-15
16-30
1--5
301-500 31-100 101- 200 201-300 501-700
Frequency
Percentage
Figure 6. Distribution of the articles on PBS by sample size
Distribution of articles on positive behavior support by authors’ field of expertise
Results on the authors’ field of expertise are shown in Figure 7. According to the results, it was
determined that clinical psychology was the most frequent field of expertise of the authors (f=24,
45.3%). This result was followed by psychology (f=14, 26.4%), special education (f=8, 15.1%)
and child psychology (f=2, 3.8%). While analyzing the professional fields of the authors, the
expertise of the first author was considered as the result for the study and occupational field of
the authors was determined based on the last degree of the authors
Discussion
In this study, a total number of 53 articles on positive behavior support published in 35 different
scientific journals in Scopus database were examined in order to provide an overview of the
studies on PBS through a comprehensive literature review and determine the current trends in the
articles on positive behavior support interventions. The articles were examined based on
previously determined content analysis criteria including year of publication, country, subject of
the journal, research topic, document type, research method, data collection tool, sample size,
data analysis method and authors’ field of expertise.
50
40
30
20
10
0
45.3
26.4
24
15.1
14
8
2 3.8
Frequency
2 3.8
1 1.9
1 1.9
1 1.9
Percentage
Figure 7. Distribution of the articles on PBS by authors’ field of expertise
The articles examined in the present study were published between 1998 and 2019 (May).
Results showed that the highest number of articles were published between 2011-2019 and the
number of articles published on this subject increased from the past to the present. This suggests
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Evaluation of Studies on Positive Behavior Support Interventions
that PBS has gained importance in the recent years. In parallel with these results, Tanhan and
Cevik (2018) emphasized the increasing prevalence of positive behavior support especially in
school environments for reducing or preventing problem behaviors and creating positive school
environments. In the study, it was also determined that PBS was mostly studied by researchers in
the United Kingdom and USA in the recent years. Therefore, it could be inferred that PBS as an
approach is mostly referred in professional and educational literature of these two countries.
When the distribution of the subjects of the journals in which the articles on PBS were
published is examined, it is seen that majority of the articles were published in Tizard Learning
Disability Review. The subject categories of the journals were found as learning disability,
developmental delay, emotional / behavioral problems, forensic psychiatry / psychology, mental
health, school psychology, educational studies and children / family. In this study, it was also
determined that “PBS and school” was the most frequently discussed research topic. This might
be related with the increasing evidence for the positive outcomes of PBS interventions in school
environments (Freeman et al., 2016; Hieneman & Fefer, 2017; Gage et al., 2019).
Results indicated that most of the published documents on PBS were research articles.
According to this result, it can be inferred that authors prefer to publish research articles when
compared to other document types. In addition, theoretical paper, case study, commentary paper
and literature review were also found as the other document types used by researchers. This result
is parallel with the results of other researches which analyzed the research articles on PBS
(Horner, Sugai & Anderson, 2010; Solomon et al., 2012). Furthermore, it was determined that the
most frequently used research method was quantitative method, followed by review and
qualitative research respectively and the use of qualitative research method has increased between
2011-2019 compared to the years 2000-2010 when compared to other research methods.
It was observed that the scales were the most commonly used data collection tools in the
articles on PBS. This might be related with the fact that scales provide low-cost and validated
data in a short period of time and examine certain events, phenomena and objects in terms of
scientific research (Bayat, 2014). When the findings related to sample size are examined, it is
seen that the highest rate ranged between 6-15 sample size. It was also found that descriptive and
predictive analysis methods were used together as the data analysis method, followed by graphical
analysis, predictive analysis, thematic analysis and descriptive analysis methods. The reason why
quantitative data analysis methods are frequently used is that the features examined among
variables can be explained and interpreted more easily (Bektas & Ceylan, 2013; Gunay & Aydin,
2015).
It was determined that the most common professional fields of the authors were clinical
psychology, followed by psychology, special education, child psychology and developmental
psychology, library and knowledge management, applied psychology and computer science.
According to these results, it is remarkable that researchers concentrated on PBS are generally
from the fields of psychology. This might be entirely related with the notion that the origins of
PBS come from applied behavior analysis and psychology (Johnston et al., 2006). However, it is
also noteworthy that PBS approach is open to multidisciplinary practice and there is a need for
this approach to be adequately introduced for other professional fields. It is considered that
researches to be carried out by other professionals will add richness to the field and will support
the further development of this approach.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The results of this study focusing on articles related with PBS are limited to a total of 53 articles
published in 35 different scientific journals in Scopus database between 1998-2019 (May). It is
considered that result obtained from the present study can be used as an important source in terms
of giving an idea about the current situation and trends in research on PBS and guiding further
research. Accordingly, it is expected that further research with the inclusion of more databases
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Uslu, R., & Bağlama, B.
will provide more generalizable information on this subject. In line with the results,
recommendations for further research and practices are as follows:
• The application of a multidisciplinary practice such as PBS by professionals from
different fields such as psychiatry, nursing and social work may lead to a more widespread
use of PBS.
• Other scientific databases might be examined in order to reveal the trends in research on
PBS.
• Guidelines for how to apply PBS approach in practical settings should be prepared in
order to extend the use of PBS accross different settings such as general and special
education environments.
This study might be replicated periodically in order to determine current trends on PBS
research and reveal the progress throughout the years
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Propósitos y Representaciones
Sep.-Dec. 2020, Vol. 8, N° 3 , e581
http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2020.v8n3.581