Wireless Pers Commun
DOI 10.1007/s11277-016-3404-8
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things
from Korea’s Perspective
Shapna Muralidharan1 • Abhishek Roy2 • Navrati Saxena1
Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract After the World Wide Web in 1990s and the mobile internet in 2000s, we are
gradually moving towards one of the potentially most distinct phase of internet revolution—The ‘‘Internet of Things (IoT)’’. IoT is an emerging concept, based on the convergence of legacy technologies, like RFID, WSN and smart objects, for connecting billions
of ‘‘things’’. Such a massive connectivity generates a huge data for analysis, processing,
mining and storage. Moreover, the inherent heterogeneity of IoT is also raising significant
technical and application challenges. Many countries are innovating and adapting IoT for
the development of the country’s economy. Korea, being a digitally advanced country, is
already ranked second in ‘‘suitability of preparedness for IoT opportunities’’. In this paper,
we first mention the vision, capabilities and status of IoT. Next, we discuss the architectural requirements and popular global IoT projects. Subsequently, we review the history,
research plans and applications of Korean IoT. Finally, our work concludes with a list of
major open issues and challenges faced by the Korean IoT industry with pointers to
possible solutions.
Keywords Internet Of Things (IoT) IoT architecture IoT Korea IoT applications IoT
prospects
& Navrati Saxena
navrati@skku.edu
Shapna Muralidharan
shapna2013@skku.edu
Abhishek Roy
abhishek.roy@samsung.com
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University,
Suwon, South Korea
2
Advanced Technology Group, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, South Korea
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel, emerging paradigm with multiple visions. It was
first proposed by Kevin Ashton (MIT Auto ID center, 1990) [1] and developed after
Weiser’s introduction of ubiquitous computing (Xerox PARC, 1988). The basic concept of
IoT lies in converging and linking the physical and virtual objects to create ‘‘a world where
objects are seamlessly integrated across the borders, anytime, anywhere, anything and by
anyone’’. IoT is generally characterized by identifying, locating, tracking and managing
things by exploitation of data capturing, modeling and analysis [2]. The technology
including the ‘things’ (objects, vehicles and people) has to be equipped with embedded
sensors, RFIDs, actuators and processors. Gradual reduction in size, weight, cost and
energy consumption of small electronic devices, together with the increasing penetration of
RF tags have contributed significantly to the concept of IoT [3]. Being in its initial
development stage, IoT currently has no standardized definition. A set of major definitions
is tabulated in Table 1 and illustrated in Fig. 1.
Based on the above definitions, mentioned in Table 1, we first identify three important
requisites for IoT design:
1.
2.
3.
Complex Knowledge IoT consists of a large number of autonomous sensors and
actuators. The communication between various devices depend not only on the device
capabilities, but also on the physical world. The identification and the localization
technologies needs to be smart enough to recognize the physical world and resolve the
complex perception of the IoT environment [4].
Intelligence Millions of connected devices generate a huge amount of data. This huge
data demands an intelligent computing paradigm, like cloud computing. Sophisticated
data analysis and mining techniques are required to capture the relevant knowledge
from this huge data. Context awareness should be explored to analyze and get useful
data.
Communication Technologies Communication technologies include a wide variety of
wired and wireless network, equipped with heterogeneous nodes and gateways. IoT
not only uses interactions among the physical and virtual world, but also explores
Table 1 IoT definition from various organizations
Organizations
Definition
Cisco
Network of physical objects accessed through Internet. These objects contain
embedded technology to interact with internal states or external environment [5]
ITU-T
Global infrastructure for Information Society, enabling advanced services by
interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving,
interoperable information and communication technologies [6]
CASAGRAS
Global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects through the
exploitation of data capturing and communication capabilities [7]
CCSA
A network, which can collect information from the physical world or control the
physical world objects through various deployed devices, with capabilities of
perception, computation, execution and communication [8]
European
Commission
World-wide network of interconnected objects, which is uniquely addressable, based
on standard communication protocols [9]
123
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
Fig. 1 Concept of IoT
Anyone//
Anybody
Any path/ Any
Network
IoT
Anything/ Any
Device
Anywhere/
Anytime
socio-technological interactions. Hence, communication reliability needs to be
ensured.
With these definitions and the requirements of an IoT environment, we now discuss the
country-wise development of IoT. European Union (EU) has invested more than 100
million Euros in a series of new research projects through the Seventh EU Framework
Program (FP7 for R&D). These projects are getting actively deployed in smart grids,
intelligent transportation, smart cities, etc. [10]. China is gearing up their IoT development
by releasing new 12th Five-Year plan on IoT deployment [11]. Korea, on the other hand,
currently has more than 40 million connected devices. It is expected to reach more than 60
million by 2020 [12]. A trilateral collaboration between academia, industries and government are generating advanced models for the promotion of IoT [13]. This has already
put Korean IoT in second position, behind USA, in ‘‘suitability of preparedness for IoT
opportunities’’ [14]. Many significant domains, like health care, smart grids, logistics
already involve IoT. The Korean government has invested US$ 27.8 million in fundamental technology development, test bed advancement and standardization of IoT. The test
bed for smart grids have been laid out in Jeju Island, Korea [15]. Similarly, smart cities are
getting commercialized in Seongdo (40 km south of Seoul, Korea).
In this paper, we have taken an in-depth look into IoT, with a focus on Korea’s
perspective. Our major contributions are summarized below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
We first discuss the status, vision and capabilities of IoT.
Next, we delineate the IoT’s architectural requirements, major global architectural
project and Korean IoT architecture.
Subsequently, we take a detailed look into the history and future research plans
associated with Korean IoT.
In an attempt to characterize the increasing influence of IoT in Korea, we describe the
major IoT applications in Korea.
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
5.
Finally, we point out the major challenges and open issues associated with IoT and
suggest some possible solutions.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 analyzes vision, status and
capabilities of Korean IoT. We analyze an open generic architecture for IoT, specific to
Korea, in Sect. 3. Section 4 discusses the history and research plans for IoT in Korea.
Section 5 summarizes the current IoT development of various applications in Korea.
Section 6 points out the challenges and open issues faced by Korean IoT industry and also
suggests some prospective solution. Finally Sect. 7 concludes the paper.
2 IoT: Vision, Status and Capabilities
IoT is surging ahead as the new major trend in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In order to connect billions of devices, enriched with communication
capabilities, IoT needs to use not only existing communication technologies, like RFID and
WSN, but also demands new innovative approaches [16]. Hence vision of IoT, current
status and capabilities are discussed in this section.
2.1 Vision of IoT
Recent innovations in IoT are achieved by seamless embedding of electronics into
everyday objects, thus paving the way for new services and applications. This concept has
accredited the perception of a global infrastructure of interconnected networks of
heterogenous, physical and virtual objects. Data captured and interpreted from these
objects are analyzed, processed, mined and stored. One major challenge lies in efficient
decision making using this captured data. In addition, security, privacy and trust management are essential features to envision a prospective IoT environment.
From Korea’s perspective, IoT’s major vision is to promote the usage of innovative ICT
technologies to foster creativity and trigger economic growth. The Korean government is
collaborating with research institutes like ETRI [17] to promote IoT in a wide spectrum,
from healthcare to automated payment solutions. These notable developments ensure
positive growth in Korean IoT industry, thereby supplementing country’s economic
growth.
2.2 Status of IoT
IoT can be foreseen as an enhancement to existing communication between people and
applications through a new scope of ‘‘things’’. It creates a new intelligent, invisible network that can be sensed, controlled and programmed. Recent forecasts show that there will
be 50 billion connected devices globally by 2020—a massive increase from 14 billion in
2014 [18, 19]. Early stages of research and development in IoT shows direction on domainspecific operations. The applications developed needs to satisfy the specific industry
requirements. The services rendered should be gradually integrated with the industrial
production and business models. The status is now gradually changing by involving crossdomain specifications and heralding a world of convergence.
Currently Korea’s IoT is mostly focused on the development of convergence in specific
fields, like ship-building and food industries. It also involves a government policy with
specific roadmap on ICT convergence across all industries. Rapid progress in the design of
123
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
smart cities and test beds [13, 15] are demonstrating the initial results of Korea’s IoT
research and development. This vision of IoT is shown in Fig. 2. Furthermore to cope with
this ever-increasing appetite for data, networks have already rolled out LTE Advanced
technology in Korea. LTE offers faster data rate transfer which in higher download and
upload rate. LTE’s high speed and low latency will provide a connected, ubiquitous IoT
environment.
2.3 Capabilities of IoT
Figure 3 shows the major capabilities of IoT applications.
1.
Location Sensing
Tracking Information IoT collects information on the basis of location of people,
inventories and logistics. Subsequently, it provides services based on the information
collected. RFID tags are used in tracking location and trigger smart alarms during an
unwanted interference (as outage in smart grids) [20].
– Fleet Management Fleet (vehicle) management includes different parameters, like
vehicle maintenance, vehicle telematics (tracking and diagnostics), driver management, speed management, fuel management and safety management [21]. In
logistics, IoT improves not only material flow systems but also the global
positioning and automatic identification of freight. IoT is expected to bring
profound changes in the global supply chain by intelligent cargo movement. This
requires continuous synchronisation of supply chain information and seamless,
SMART
TY
CITY
SMART
HOMES
SMART
INDUSTRIES
SMART
VEHICLES
IoT
SMART
HEALTH
CARE
SMART
GRIDS
SMART
GISTICS
LOGISTICS
CS
SMART
FARMING
Fig. 2 Status of ICT convergence in Korea
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
Fig. 3 Capabilities of IoT
applications
Environment
Monitoring
Location
Sensing
Remote
Monitoring
Capabilities
of IoT
Secure
Communication
Ad-Hoc
Network
realtime tracking of objects. It will make the supply chain transparent, visible and
controllable, enabling intelligent communication between people and cargo/goods.
– Traffic Monitoring An integral part in smart city infrastructure is traffic
monitoring. Traffic Monitoring provides efficient control and management over
city’s traffic by using advanced technology of sensors, information and network.
Traffic monitoring is used in emergency situations, environmental pollution
control, triggering alerts on traffic congetsion, avoiding and reporting accidents
etc. These type of applications exits in many countries US, Brazil and Korea [22].
2.
Environmental Monitoring IoT systems can help in monitoring environmental
conditions like temperature, humidity, pressure, noise, radiation and pollution. IoT
is the key to solve many global challenges, like providing power, food and a clean,
pollution free environment. Smart monitoring of water and soil attributes help in smart
agriculture and water conservation. We now describe the major IoT-applications,
prevalent in Korea [23]:
– Smart Environment IoT offers efficient solutions for environment monitoring. This
includes pollution control (e.g. Gwangyangman National Industrial Complex Air
Pollution Monitoring System, Korea), disaster forecast, like volcanoes, forest fires
and earthquakes. Large number of sensors collect data and trigger the alarm to take
appropriate proactive measures.
– Remote e-health Applications By collecting real-time data from a person’s body,
IoT can aid in remote health monitoring. This can improve the quality in medical
sector by taking timely action and saving lives [24].
3.
Remote Monitoring In applications like smart homes, people can control and monitor
devices remotely, according to commands given through applications [25].
123
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
– Appliances Control Smart homes allow people to control appliances using IoT.
Existing smart homes are gradually gaining popularity in emergency detection,
anti-theft and efficient indoor energy management.
– Disaster Control IoT systems can sense and trigger the necessary controls during
natural disasters like landslide and volcanoes. Moreover, it is also going to be an
integral part in the emerging smart grids. IoT increases the reliability of smart grids
by making efficient forecast of power blackout and issuing proactive prevention
and control.
4.
5.
Secure Communication IoT can establish secure communication between the devices
based on application specific requirements and capacities [26, 27]. Technologies and
services are developed with suitable security and privacy features from the designing
stage. The personal data generated is ensured to be safe and private.
Ad-hoc Network Ad-hoc network makes IoT capable of internetworking in vehicular
networks. In order to transfer data between vehicles, the network reorganizes and
forms a pervasive connectivity. This enables the travelers and visitors informed about
accidents and traffic congestion [23].
Table 2 Existing IoT architecture related projects
Project
Objective
IoT-A
[29, 30]
Architectural reference model for interoperability, principles and guidelines for protocol,
interface and algorithm
Assess existing IoT protocol suits, mechanisms for end-to-end inter-operability and
seamless communication
Develop IoT device components, like device hardware and run-time environment
SENSEI [31]
An Integrated Project in the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme
Scalable framework and protocols for easy plug and play integration of globally
distributed WSN
Efficient wireless sensor and actuator island solutions
Pan European test-bed
SPITFIRE
[32]
Provide applications transparent of network diversity and complexity
ASPIRE [33]
Advanced Sensors and lightweight
Automated introduction of new devices by self-configuration
A unified SPITFIRE GUI to make user-friendly interaction with SPITFIRE components
Programmable middleware for Innovative Rfid Enterprise
A lightweight, royalty-free, programmable, privacy friendly, standards-compliant,
scalable, integrated and intelligent middleware platform
Low-cost development and deployment of innovative fully automatic RFID solutions
FI-WARE
[34]
An open, public and royalty-free architecture with open specifications
ETSI M2M
[35]
Develop an end-to-end telecommunication high level architecture for M2M
Open APIs for developers across multiple vendors, thus protecting developer’s
investment
Efficient response to the customer’s as well as enterprises’ and organizations’ demand
Based on a ‘‘Store and Share’’ resource based paradigm
RESTful architecture style
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
After reviewing the vision, status and capabilities of IoT, in the next section we will
discuss the existing architectural projects, functional requirements and proposed architecture for Korea.
3 IoT Architecture
The current IoT is actually a network of networks with certain unique characteristics. In
IoT it is envisioned that, physical things or devices will have different types of sensors/
actuators connected via internet or any other heterogeneous access networks. IoT is
enabled by technologies like embedded sensing, actuating, RFID, WSN, real-time, and
semantic web services. To manage this wide variety of technologies involved and the data
generated from a number of devices, IoT needs an appropriate architecture such as a
service oriented, content-centric or a thing-centric architecture. Moreover, the protocols
need to be efficient to cater the diverse IoT devices, sensors and services.
3.1 IoT: Architectural Projects
Over years a number of IoT architecture related projects [28, 29], like IoT-A [30], SENSEI
[31], SPITFIRE [32], ASPIRE [33], FI-WARE [34], ETSI M2M [35] have been implemented. Based on the scope of the project objectives, the protocols and the architecture are
different. The IoT architecture projects are detailed in Table 2. Heterogenous applications,
together with different architecture and protocols have made inter-operability a major
hindrance in growth of IoT. This motivates researchers to define an open IoT architecture,
i.e. a standardized version to reduce total cost of deployments [36]. As shown in Fig. 4,
Generally, the architecture of IoT is divided into five layers [37, 38]. Table 3 briefly
describes these layers.
3.2 IoT Architecture-Generic Requirements
For designing an open IoT architecture, we need to evaluate the functionalities demanding
common solutions. The set of major required characteristics of an inter-operable architecture are mentioned below [39, 40]:
• Physical
Objects
(Sensors,
RFID’s)
Network
Layer
• 3G, Wi-Fi,
Zigbee
Perception
Layer
Fig. 4 Generic architecture of IoT
123
• Information
Processing,
Database
Middleware
Layer
Application
Layer
• Smart
Applications
and
Management
• Graphs,
Models
Business
Layer
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
Table 3 Layers in IoT Architecture
Layer
Properties
Perception layer/
device layer
Physical objects and sensors
Network layer
Addressed as ‘‘Transmission Layer’’
Object-specific information and identification by sensors
Information is passed to network layer
Send information from sensors to information processing system in a secured
way
Wired or wireless,(4G, UMTS, wi-fi, Bluetooth, infrared, zigbee etc.)
transmission
Information transfer from perception to middleware
Middleware layer
Information processing and ubiquitous computation
Efficient information storage in relevant database
result-based service management and decision making
Application layer
Application management based on the middleware’s results
A wide scope of applications, like smart health, smart farming, smart home,
smart transportation etc.
Business layer
Manage the overall IoT system—from services to applications
Efficient business models based on the analysis of result
1.
2.
3.
4.
Contextual Information of Sensors The context awareness of sensors (what, when,
who, how and why) is an important factor, as millions of devices will be connected.
The data stored needs to be easily retrieved when it is required.
Scalability, Flexibility and Openness An open IoT architecture, which has open
standards and interfaces that can increase the scalability of performance and flexibility.
The open architecture should be adaptable to different applications in a flexible way.
Socio-Technical Challenges As IoT is human centered, a few socio-technical
challenges involved are, standard protocols, security and privacy. There are privacy
concerns for certain data collected from people [41].
Standard Protocol and Interface An analysis of various proposed IoT architecture, in
various private projects helps in modeling a generic open IoT architecture. A set of
standard protocols like IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
(LoWPAN), Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (ROLL) needs to be
developed [42]. To summarize, the main attributes that an IoT architecture should
support are: sustainability, interoperability, facilitating collaboration, supporting
experimentation
Korea’s IoT domain covers a wide spectrum of diverse applications. It is challenging to
specify one single architecture satisfying the entire set of applications. The identification of
a reference model for the entire IoT domain will provide a common ground. In 2009 a
group of researchers from more than 20 large industrial companies and research institutions joined to detail out a common IoT architecture. This flagship project of European
Union’s 7th Framework program for Research and Development [10] is termed as ‘‘Internet of Things-Architecture (IoT-A)’’. IoT-A has proposed a possible Architecture
Reference Model (ARM) for IoT systems [28, 29]. The main objective of IoT-A is to build
a reference IoT architecture provide a common structural guidelines for core aspects of
developing, using and analyzing IoT systems. The IoT-A project has proposed two
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
models—IoT RM, IoT RA, from which a reference architecture model for IoT systems in
Korea is proposed.
3.3 Proposed IoT Architecture for Korea
Figure 5 demonstrates the functional view of Korea’s IoT architecture. It incorporates a
layered model and introduces all the essential functional elements. The reference model is
layered, open and service oriented. The architecture complies with the core features like,
–
–
–
–
–
–
The underlying connectivity protocols
Connectivity and network management
Resource and service management
Semantics and knowledge management
Security and privacy
Application and services
Various applications like logistics, health, utilities have to satisfy a wide array of
requirements. This has resulted in discrete interfaces, protocols and functionality. To
overcome this hindering block and for a progressive development of IoT this IoT-A project
is proposed. It has systematized IoT architecture with a design which will help, designers
to have a concrete architectural design especially for Korea. With these above-mentioned
IoT architectural issues, we now illustrate the history and research plans of IoT in Korea.
4 History and IoT Research in Korea
Over the past few decades, Korea’s ICT industry has made great contributions to the
economic growth since 1990s. Recently Korea has been ranked first in ICT development
for the past three years. Most of these ICT industries heralded the initial research and
development needed for Korea’s IoT-related projects.
APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES
APPLICATIONS AND SERVICE
SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
SEMANTICS AND
KNOWLEDGE
TOOLS
SECURITY
AND
PRIVACY
RESOURCE AND
SERVICE MGMT.
CONNECTIVITY
AND NETWORK
MGMT.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Fig. 5 Architecture Reference Model (ARM) for Korea
123
TEST AND
DEPLOYMENT
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
4.1 Korea’s IoT Research History
Different IoT-related projects, like NII, IT839 have been actively pursued since 2000. In
2004 the Korean government proposed a new strategy called IT839 for developing both
technological infrastructure and information convergence capabilities [43]. The main
objective is to develop ubiquitous sensor networks (USN) and next generation internet
address system (IPv6) for initiating the IoT vision. The eventual changes in IT environment, including the contents, terminals and network digitalization have resulted in the
development of ubiquitous services in various Korean industries.
In 2013, the Ministry of Science ICT and future Planning (MSIP) has included IoT in
the list of emerging technological trends influencing people, business and IT experience
[14]. The MSIP is planning to support expansion of IoT services and reinforce ICT
resource system for commercialization of enterprises. This establishes a sustainable
ecosystem of new internet business and create new market solutions. Recently, Korean
government has released an initiative to invest 30 trillion won (around US$ 2.7 billion) in
IoT testbed advancement for fundamental technological growth and standardization
activities.
The MSIP has fostered a blueprint and confirmed an execution strategy for 13 future
growth engines like 5th generation (5G) wireless communication and IoT to lead its
economic growth till 2020. The main point of the execution plan is to expand the R&D of
IoT-related services for future market demands. The 13 growth engines are divided into
nine strategic units, in which IoT is listed as one of the four backbone industries. We
highlight the details of research plans in the following section.
4.2 Research and Development Plans
The MSIP have announced future plan to build a testbed and establish the IoT promotion
act. The Ministry has declared ‘‘IoT is our future’’ and determine how to utilize IoT as a
new growth engine. The ministry of trade, industry and energy will try and reinforce the
competitiveness of manufacturing industry using IoT, thereby bringing in convergence of
all industries. The testbed will be built from 2016–2020. Figure 6 shows the purpose of the
testbed. The society for supporting establishment of all policies related to IoT will include
industrial, academic, research and government experts. The main objectives of this forum
is to create,
1.
2.
3.
User oriented creative service strategy.
R&D to promote the IoT industry.
Research works on security and privacy response systems.
Various
Technologies
and Systems
Developing a
Service
Platform
Develop the
ICBM
Platform
(Operating
on a Pilot
Basis)
(Open
Service
Platform)
(ICBM- IoT,
Cloud,
Bigdata,
Mobile)
IoT
Promotion
Act
(Application
areas like
Healthcare,
Smart Grids)
Fig. 6 Strategies of IoT testbed
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
4.
R&D on ICBM (IoT, Cloud, Bigdata, Mobile).
With these IoT development and emerging research plans, we will now point out the IoT
applications already deployed in Korea.
5 IoT Applications in Korea
In Korea, the primary application domain of IoT includes, Smart industry, manufacturing
applications, Intelligent transportation, Smart grids, Smart homes, Smart healthcare, Smart
agriculture, food safety and Smart city. The corresponding uses of these applications are
discussed in the following section.
5.1 Shipbuilding Industry
Ship building industries are maintaining its global leadership through high value-added
services. All the equipments in ship building industry need pervasive information. The
government and ETRI have performed field test successfully for Ship Area Network
(SAN), which enables and creates the next generation value added services by connecting
all equipments and systems of a ship [17, 44]. SAN includes smart security and a smart
SATELLITE
MODEM
SATELLITE
SATELLITE
STATION
INTEGRATED
BRIDGE
SYSTEM
SHIP OWNER
GATEWAY
SHIP-SHORE
SUPPORT
SYSTEM
INTERNET
VOYAGE DATA
RECORDER
SHIP
BUILDER
ADMIN.
NETWORK
SHIP AREA NETWORK
A/S CENTRE
ALARM
MONITORING
SYSTEM
BRIDGE
MANEUVERING
SYSTEM
Fig. 7 Concept of Ship Area Network (SAN) in Korea
123
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
ship (global maintenance, repair technology, Intelligent navigation system, auto pilot
technique). Figure 7 shows the Ship Area Network operation in Korea.
Another emerging technology in ship building industry is Yard Area Network (YAN)—
a concept developed by ETRI for monitoring of real-time movement of blocks and
transporters. This assists in improving efficiency of shipbuilding process in shipyard. It
also develops a group communication technology for real-time production [17, 44]. Figure 8 shows the Yard Area Network operations in Korea.
5.2 Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
The Korea Expressway Corporation (ex) has implemented the Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS) in Korea [22]. During the peak hours, a wide number of travelers create
huge traffic. The traffic information is collected in real time basis through optical networks.
The collection system analyzes and simplifies the information through the operation of Hipass. Figure 9 illustrates the concept of ITS. The expressway corporation has developed
three different schemes described below:
1.
Expressway Traffic Management System (ETMS) Roadside CCTVs and Vehicle
Detection Systems (VDS) collect the traffic information. This information is analyzed
in the traffic information center. This traffic network system provides the analyzed
TP
INTEGRATED
TERMINAL
GPS/RFID POSITIONING
IDGBS SERVER
BLOCK SHAPE
ID
TP/BLOCK
POSITION
MODB
GIS
PLATFORM FOR YAN INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT
BLOCK
RECOGNITION
COMM.MGMT.
SERVER
BLOCK/TP MONITORING
YARD MANAGEMENT
Fig. 8 Concept of Yard Area Network (YAN) in Korea
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
information in real time through VMS, Internet, mobile phones, navigation, and the
traffic broadcasting station. The major features include the following:
(a)
Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV)
– Installed on expressways in 2–3 km intervals.
– Identification of delay, congestion, accidents and traffic conditions.
– Transmission of image data through optical cables.
(b)
Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC)
– Classifying vehicles into 12 types.
– Estimating traffic volume of each type.
(c)
Vehicle Detection System (VDS)
– Installed on expressways in 1 km intervals.
– Detecting Information such as traffic volume, speed, occupancy rate, and
length of vehicles.
– Monitoring traffic situations and urgent incidents.
(d)
Variable Message Sign (VMS)
– Installed on interchanges and junctions of expressways.
– Providing customers with information about traffic situation on the road
ahead.
– Two types of VMS: Overhead-text type and graphic type.
(e)
Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)
DATA COLLECTION
DATA PROCESSING
INFORMATION
VEHICLE DETECTION
SYSTEM (VDS)
VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGN
(VMS)
CCTV
TRAFFIC BROADCASTING
SYSTEM
Hi-pass (DSRC)
TRAFFIC
INFORMATION
CENTRE
LL CENTR
CALL
CENTRE
LESS THAN 2 MINUTES
PATROL TEAM
Fig. 9 Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in Korea
123
INTERNET/SMARTPHONE
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
– Installing DSRC RSE on expressways (per 3.6 km, in total 1845 km).
– Collecting traffic information from OBUs (On-Board Units).
– Providing OBU users with traffic situations on the road ahead.
2.
Expressway Toll Collection System (ETCS) In 2007, ETC (Electronic Toll Collection)
was installed in Korean expressways. It reduces the congestion near toll gates
dramatically, and allows customers to use expressways more conveniently. The main
advantages of the system are:
(a)
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC): Hi-Pass
–
–
–
–
(b)
ETCS without stopping at toll gates.
The world’s 1st active-frequency and infrared integrated system.
Reducing 40 thousand tons of CO2 emission (2010).
Usage rate: More than 50 % of users.
Toll Collection System (TCS)
– Entrance: Automatically classify vehicles and issue ticket.
– Exit: Read the ticket and get the information about vehicle.
– Reducing time for toll collection.
3.
Tunnel Traffic Management System (TTMS) This system has functions of collecting
real-time information of tunnel traffic, detecting accidents and making emergency
announcements inside the tunnels. With this application it is possible to respond to
incidents quickly and prevent subsequent accidents and congestion inside the tunnels.
5.3 Smart Grids (SG)
Korean power grid is one of the advanced smart grid system, which incorporates automated
demand response programs. An operating test bed is developed in Jeju Island, Korea [15].
The main driving force behind the roll out of Smart grids lies in its fast response to climate
Table 4 Smart Grid application in Korea
Objectives
Phase 1
Phase 2
Smart place
Installing Smart meters in homes and buildings
Real time pricing and smart
power generation
Smart
transportation
Service model for electric vehicles charging
Enhancement of charging
facilities
Smart renewable
Field test of power stabilization with renewable
energy
Identifying new renewable and
storing
Smart power grid
Two way communication between supplier and
consumer
Intelligent distribution system
Smart electricity
Real-time pricing and high quality electricity for
consumers
Virtual power market
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
change, higher energy efficiency, low carbon emissions and green growth. Korean government is now aiming for SG in all metropolitan areas by 2020 and nationwide by 2030.
The test bed incorporates smart power grids, smart transportation, green electricity generation and smart place. We summarize the outcomes of phase 1 and visions of phase 2 in
Table 4.
5.4 Smart Homes
Korea’s Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) is developing three
major areas of smart homes: (1) energy management, (2) u-health, and (3) environment
control and protection. The system is open, extensible, integrated, intelligent and usagecentric. The ultimate goal is to develop an integrated and multi-faceted home management system, encompassing energy management, home appliance control, environment
management, u-health, and living support functionalities under a single unified design
[45].
5.5 Smart Healthcare
In order to provide safe and high-level medical service to patients, the Next Generation
Medical Information System (BESTCare 2.0) has been developed by visualizing
patient’s data [46]. This helps medical staffs in making faster and intuitive decisions.
Major functions include: (1) Core Process—focusing on treatment for patients; (2)
Ancillary Service—supporting examination and treatment functions; (3) Intelligent
Process Support—ensuring safe treatment for patients; and (4) automated Billing for
medical payment and insurance claim. In BESTCare 2.0, an integrated hospital information system, more than 2000 windows are provided in a smart phone application,
allowing each medical team to organize and use the individualized user interface. By
applying international standards and modularizing functions, different solutions are
provided depending on the hospital, nature of the treatment and user requirements.
Various data, ranging from the treatment and prescription records of patients to the result
of various examinations, are now easily managed. This system is also effective in
enhancing medical technologies, as it analyzes disease types and predicts appropriate
treatment methods. The major achievements are:
– Excellent compatibility achieved by sharing interface compatibility technology with
domestic medical equipment.
– Improved satisfaction of medical teams by enabling fast and effective treatment.
– Improved medical service quality and patients’ satisfaction by the reduction in the
patient’s waiting time and medical service cost.
5.6 Smart City
Songdo, a prime example for a smart city, is now being developed in 1500 acres of
reclaimed land in Korea [13]. Situated at 40 miles south of Seoul, Songdo will soon be a
world-wide model for smart cities. Songdo is a new, connected city, which shares information ubiquitously. This is possible by exploiting new technologies, like IoT, cloud
computing and big data. The underlying seamless connection among all the buildings
reduce 30 % energy consumption and enables a greener environment. The city is now in
123
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
the initial phases of development. The city’s infrastructure contains sensors, which monitors energy consumption, temperature and city traffic. Songdo also involves smart grid
development. It is completely geared towards a sustainable future.
5.7 Smart Agriculture and Food Safety
As part of public service promotion program, the state-of-the-art automated facility for
raising seedlings has been established [47]. This facility creates cultivating environment,
without getting affected by any weather or season. The Smart Farm Factory Crop Container System is built by installing various facilities to artificially foster the basic environment, like temperature, humidity, light source and CO2 required for cultivation. It is
done inside a container in such a way that the system and software can be controlled and
managed with digital devices like computers and smart phones. Figure 10 depicts the
growth modeling process. The crop container is furnished with modern cultivation
equipments, like bed soil filling, sowing and transplanting. The required salinity (EC:
Electric Conductivity) and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) are measured, and the nutrient
concentration is automatically adjusted. The internal environment information is monitored
using a remote computer and the basic facilities are adjusted for optimum growth environment. The major achievements are:
– Use of crop container to enhanced labor productivity by minimizing the man-hour,
solving the labor shortage in remote areas and optimizing the farmland area.
– Increase in the income of farming villages by improving seedling germination rate by
30 % and transplanting success rate by 90 % in comparison to legacy outdoor farming.
Table 5 discusses the main attributes of the applications in brief. Like any other emerging
technology, IoT is also currently facing many open issues. Successful deployment and
wide commercialization of IoT depends on efficient solutions of these open issues. In the
next section, we would like to highlight the major open issues and the prospect for IoT
development in Korea.
Fig. 10 Smart farm factory crop container system in Korea
123
123
Table 5 IoT applications in Korea
Shipbuilding
industry
Intelligent
transportation
Smart grids
Smart homes
Smart
healthcare
Smart city
Smart agriculture and
food safety
Network size
Medium/Large
Large
Large
Small
Medium/Large
Medium/Large
Medium/Large
Users
Community
level, owners
General public
Government,
utilities, general
public
Very few, family
members
General
public,
government,
owners
General public,
policy makers,
government
Landowners, policy
makers
IoT devices
RFID, WSN
RFID, WSN
RFID, WSN
WSN, NFC,
wearables
Wearables,
WSN
RFID, WSN, NFC
WSN
Internet
connectivity
Wifi, 3G, LTE
Wifi, satellite
communication
Wifi, 3G,
LTE,satellite
communication
Wifi, 3G, LTE
Wifi, 3G, LTE
Wifi, 3G, LTE,
satellite
communication
Wifi, satellite
communication
Bandwidth
requirement
Medium/Large
Large
Large
Small
Medium
Large
Medium/Large
Energy
Rechargeable
battery, Energy
harvesting
Rechargeable
battery
Rechargeable
battery, Energy
harvesting
Rechargeable
battery, Energy
harvesting
Rechargeable
battery,
Energy
harvesting
Rechargeable
battery, Energy
harvesting
Energy harvesting
Project name
SAN, YAN [44]
Expressway traffic
info.application
[22]
Jeju testbed [15]
POSTECH smart
homes test bed
[45]
BESTcare 2.0
[46]
Songdo [13]
Smart farm factory [47]
Applications
Digitized
manufacturing,
Industrial
convergence
Internet of
vehicles,
Vehicle
positioning,
Intelligent traffic
control
Jeju Testbed,
Integrating DER,
Demand response
programs, Smart
meters
Home automation,
Wi-fi devices,
Mobile computing
devices, Home
security
Health
monitoring
devices,
Wearable
Seongdo, seoul,
Exemplar model,
Ubiquitous city,
security, Smart
homes
Agricultural resources
utilization, Quality and
safety of food products,
Traceability of products
S. Muralidharan et al.
Domains
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
6 IoT: Open Issues and Prospects
As mentioned before, there are many challenges for developing an unified, open, scalable,
flexible and service oriented IoT platform. The heterogeneity of various domains with
widely different applications and user requirements make the problem even more complex.
We illustrate the major issues behind the designing of an IoT system and possible solutions
below [48].
6.1 Open Issues
Some of the open issues faced by the IoT industry is addressed below.
1.
2.
3.
Standardization Issues The Standardization activity is critical for commercial roll out
IoT. The standards developed needs to be globally acknowledged and applied by
multiparty [54]. We have highlighted the major existing standardization efforts in
Table 6. In 2012 Korea officially launched Telecommunication Technology Association (TTA), consisting of 267 industries, including Cisco, Huawei, 3M, Intel, IBM,
and Oracle [55]. 13 Korean industries, including Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics,
SKT, KT, LGU?, are now participating in IoT standardization. The Korean Agency
for Technology and Standards (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy) announced
that Korea has become the chair of the Internet of Things (IoT) Standardization
Working Group in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 2014 [56].
Architectural Issues We need an open, scalable, inter-operable architecture in IoT. The
architecture should be able to support the context awareness of the events [57, 58]
generated by the connected devices. The communication among these connected
devices can happen anytime, anywhere in any context. The communication network
can be wired, wireless or ad-hoc. Hence, a single architecture cannot be referred for
current IoT. This architectural issue is one of the biggest challenge. A Service Oriented
Architecture (SOA) is proposed to address this issue.
Networking and Addressing Issues The technology and the devices used in IoT is
extensive for a variety of reasons [59]. IoT uses different distinct network
technologies. This includes cellular, WLAN and RFID, with each having its own
features. While integrating different technologies, issues like security, scalability and
compatibility need to be considered. If not addressed and resolved properly, this may
Table 6 Standardization activities
Standardization
Objectives
EPCglobal [49]
Integration of RFID into electronic product code (EPC) for product information sharing
GRIFS [50]
European initiative on RFID standardization for transition from localized RFID
applications to IoT
CASAGARAS
[7]
International standardization for RFID applications and conformance
ETSI M2M [51]
Cost-effective solutions for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications
6LoWPAN [52]
Low-power IEEE 802.15.4 device integration with IPv6 networks
ROLL [53]
Routing protocols for heterogeneous, low-power, lossy networks
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
4.
5.
hinder IoT development. A conceptual perspective at all stages is the need at the
moment. IoT includes an incredibly high number of communicating nodes, each of
which will produce content that should be retrievable by any authorized user
regardless of its position. This requires effective addressing policies, like IPV6.
Hardware and Software Issues The objects with embedded intelligence will enable
IoT to implement a completely new set of applications, like healthcare [60]. The main
research trends of hardware include low cost, small size, low weight and low energy
electronic devices. Two main technologies that support IoT are RFID systems and
Sensor systems [61]. Diverging hardware requirements significantly increase the
challenge. The next difficult part lies in building an unified IoT software platform. This
is termed as middleware and it demands a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA).
A SOA does not use specific technique or implement a particular service. While most
of the projects follow SOA, few projects, like e-sense, have developed middleware
solutions based on their own customized requirements [62]. This is also a tough
challenge that needs to be addressed.
Privacy and Security Issues Comparing with existing networks, security and privacy
issues are more complicated in IoT [63]. The dynamic activity cycle and heterogeneous interactions demand a security different from the traditional network security.
Major issues include data integrity and authentication. The solution methodologies
include cryptographic algorithms and light weight encryption technology. This
consumes a lot of energy and a few light symmetric key management schemes are
proposed [65]. Another impending issue in IoT is privacy. The personal data should be
processed with proper privacy and safety. A recent technique on digital forgetting has
been recognized [66] to address the major security and privacy issues. The issues are
summarized in brief in Table 7.
6.2 Prospects for Designing IoT in Korea
IoT industry is gathering momentum around the world and massive developments are
underway in Korea, Japan, China, USA and many other countries. The Korean government
is sponsoring and promoting IoT with different research institutes, like ETRI and KAIST
[17, 67]. Major participants of industrial leaders include Samsung, LG, Korea Telecom.
Table 7 Open issues and solutions
Open issues
Solutions
Architecture [57, 58]
Open, scalable, interoperable Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Networking & addressing
[59]
Transport protocols to avoid congestion, object addressing, managing data
traffic
Hardware [60]
Flexible gateways, low energy consumption devices
Software [61]
Middleware solutions for heterogeneity, interoperability, security,
dependability
Security/Privacy [63]
Authentication, confidentiality, integrity, privacy, trusted, robust
communication
Standardization [64]
Several standardization efforts without comprehensive integration
123
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
We now summarize the major prospects in designing IoT systems in Korea, which has
been explained in detail in Sect. 3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
In IoT systems, an integrated approach is an utmost requirement. Hence a seamless
interaction amongst the various layers is crucial to envisage the vision of IoT. This is
the first prospect while designing an IoT system.
IoT explores ubiquitous computing over fast reliable networks, with context awareness
[68] as a core feature. As the number of connected devices is continuously increasing,
context awareness is an important aspect to analyze the big data generated and trigger
a suitable action based on that.
In IoT people are an integral part. There are few obstacles in socio-technical view for
development of IoT in Korea. The main hurdle is linking human with information
systems. IoT needs to be made effectively available at the user level.
Energy is indispensable to the growth of any country. In near future energy efficiency
and sustainability is a major concern. As IoT involves seamless connectivity, the
gateways and the nodes consume more power. Hence, new techniques like compact
batteries and energy harvesting have a great impact on IoT.
7 Conclusion
In this paper we have made a comprehensive review of IoT from Korea’s perspective. We
first discuss the vision, status and capabilities of IoT. Next, we analyze the global as well as
Korean IoT architecture. Subsequently, we have taken an in- depth look into the history
and future research plans of Korean public and private IoT industries. We have also
pointed out a variety of present and future applications, test-beds and projects, prevalent in
Korea. Finally, we point out the major challenges and open issues of IoT and highlight a
few possible solutions. We hope our work would assist in IoT development by supporting
an increasing number of applications, eventually leading to a new revolutionized internet.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant
funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (Grant Number S-2014-0586-000).
References
1. Ashton, K. (2009). That ‘internet of things’ thing. RFID Journal, 22(7), 97–114.
2. Stankovic, J. A. (2014). Research directions for Internet of Things. IEEE Internet Things, 1(1), 3–9.
3. Srivastava, L. (2006). Pervasive, ambient, ubiquitous:the magic of radio. In European Commission
Conference from RFID to the Internet of Things, Belgium.
4. Liu, T., & Lu, D. (2012). The application and development of IoT. In Proceedings International
Symposium on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME) (Vol. 2, pp. 991–994).
5. Cisco systems. (2013). http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/IoT
6. Overview of IoT. (June 2012). ITU-T Standard Y.2060.
7. CASAGRAS. (2009). http://www.rfidglobal.eu/userfiles/documentsCASAGRAS26022009
8. Terms of the Ubiquitous Network. CCSA Standard YDB 062-2011.
9. European Commission. (2009). Internet of things in 2020 road map for the future. Working Group RFID
of the ETP EPOSS, Technical Report, http://ec.europa.eu/informationsociety/policy/rfid/documents/
IoTprague.
10. European Research Commission. http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
11. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China (February 2012). The National 12th FiveYear Plan Including IoT Development (2011–2015) [Online]. Available: http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/
2012-02/14/content2065999.html
12. International Data Corporation. http://www.ap.idc.asia/
13. Songdo, Smart City. (2013). http://www.songdo.com/
14. Ministry of Science, ICT and Planning. http://english.msip.go.kr/index.do
15. Korea Smart Grid Institute. http://www.smartgrid.or.kr/
16. Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F., & Chlamtac, I. (2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications
and research challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(7), 1497–1516.
17. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI). (2014). https://www.etri.re.kr/eng/
main/index.etri
18. International Data Corporation. (2014). http://www.idc.com/
19. Internet of Things World Forum. (2014). http://www.iotwf.com/iotwf2014
20. Singh, D., Tripathi, G., & Jara, A. J. (2014). A survey of internet-of-things: future vision, architecture,
challenges and services. In Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2014 IEEE World Forum on (pp. 287–292).
IEEE.
21. Fleet Management. (2014). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet management
22. Korea Expressway Corporation. (2014). http://www.ex.co.kr/english/business/EX
23. Huang, J., Meng, Y., Gong, X., Liu, Y., & Duan, Q. (2014). A novel deployment scheme for green
internet of things. Internet of Things Journal, IEEE, 1(2), 196–205.
24. Lee, Byung, & Jinsong, M. (2014). Intelligent Healthcare Service by using Collaborations between IoT
Personal Health Devices. Blood Pressure, 10, 11.
25. Khan, R., Khan, S. U., Zaheer, R., & Khan, S. (2012). Future internet: the internet of things architecture,
possible applications and key challenges. In Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), 2012 10th
International Conference on (pp. 257–260). IEEE.
26. Keoh, S. L., Kumar, S. S., & Tschofenig, H. (2014). Securing the internet of things: A standardization
perspective. Internet of Things Journal, IEEE, 1(3), 265–275.
27. Raza, S., Shafagh, H., Hewage, K., Hummen, R., & Voigt, T. (2013). Lithe: Lightweight secure CoAP
for the internet of things. Sensors Journal, IEEE, 13(10), 3711–3720.
28. Krco, S., Pokric, B., & Carrez, F. (2014). Designing IoT architecture (s): A European perspective. In
Internet of Things (WF-IoT), IEEE World Forum on (pp. 79–84). IEEE.
29. Internet of Things-Architecture (IoT-A). (2013). http://www.iot-a.eu/public
30. EU FP7 Internet of Things Architecture project. (2013). http://www.IoTa.eu/public, last accessed 08/10/
2013.
31. Haller, S., Serbanati, A., Bauer, M., & Carrez, F. IoT-A Deliverable D1.5-Final Architectural Reference
Model for the IoT v3.0. www.IoT-a.eu/public/publicdocuments/
32. Semantic-Service Provisioning for the Internet of Things using Future Internet Research by Experimentation, FP7, http://spitfire-project.eu/
33. Advanced Sensors and lightweight Programmable middleware for Innovative RFID Enterprise applications, FP7. (2013). http://www.fp7-aspire.eu/
34. FI-PPP FI-WARE project. (2011). http://www.fi-ware.eu
35. ETSI M2M latest technical specifications. (2014). http://docbox.etsi.org/M2M/Open/LatestDrafts
36. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision,
architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645–1660.
37. Tan, L., & Wang, N. (2010). Future Internet: The Internet of Things. International Conference on
Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering.
38. Wu, M., & Lu, T., et al. (2010). Research on the Architecture of Internet of Things. International
Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering.
39. Yang, K., & Zhang, Z. (2012). ‘‘Summarize on IoT and explorationinto technical system framework’’,
Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Robotics and Applications (ISRA) (pp. 653–656).
40. Ortiz, A. M., et al. (2014). The cluster between Internet of Things and social networks: Review and
research challenges. IEEE Internet Things, 1(3), 206–215.
41. Shin, D. (2014). A socio-technical framework for Internet-of-Things design: A human-centered design
for the Internet of Things. Telematics and Informatics, 31(4), 519–531.
42. Shelby, Z. (2009). News from the 75th IETF, August 3, from the 75th IETF, 2009, http://zachshelby.
org.
43. Chin, D.-J., & Rim, M.-H. (2006). IT839 strategy: the Korean challenge toward a ubiquitous world.
Communications Magazine, IEEE, 44(4), 32–38.
123
An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s...
44. Kang, J., Moon, D., & Kim, J. (2013). Building communication interface in ship area network for
merchant marine: A practical approach. In Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), 13th International Conference on (pp. 1417–1420). IEEE.
45. Xiao, Jin, & Boutaba, Raouf. (2013). The design and implementation of an energy-smart home in
Korea. Journal of Computing Science and Engineering, 7(3), 204–210.
46. Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2014). http://english.mw.go.kr
47. GIMJE-SI. (2014). http://en.gimje.go.kr
48. Da Xu, L., He, W. & Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey. IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, 10(4), 2233–2243.
49. EPC GLOBAL. (2014). http://www.gs1.org/epcglobal
50. Global RFID Interoperability Forum for Standards (GRIFS). http://www.iotstandards.org/
51. European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). http://www.etsi.org/
52. IPv6 over Low power WPAN (6lowpan). http://www.ietf.org/
53. IPv6 routing for low power/lossy networks (ROLL). http://www.ietf.org/
54. Telecommunication Technology Association (TTA). http://www.tta.or.kr/
55. Sheng, Z., Yang, S., Yu, Y., Vasilakos, A., Mccann, J., & Leung, K. (2013). A survey on the ietf
protocol suite for the internet of things: Standards, challenges, and opportunities. Wireless Communications, IEEE, 20(6), 91–98.
56. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso-anddeveloping-countries.html
57. Chen, Y., Han, F., Yang, Y. H., Ma, H., Han, Y., Jiang, C., Lai, H. Q., Claffey, D., Safar, Z., & Liu, K.
R. (2014). Time-reversal wireless paradigm for green internet of things: An overview. Internet of Things
Journal, IEEE, 1(1), 81–98.
58. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P., & Georgakopoulos, D. (2014). Context aware computing for the
internet of things: A survey. Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, 16(1), 414–454.
59. Vermesan, O., Friess, P., Guillemin, P., Gusmeroli, S., Sundmaeker, H., Bassi, A., Jubert, I. S., Mazura,
M., Harrison, M., Eisenhauer, M., & Doody, P. (2011). Internet of things strategic research roadmap. In
O. Vermesan & P. Friess (Eds.), Internet of Things-Global Technological and Societal Trends (pp.
9–52).
60. Marrocco, G., Occhiuzzi, C., & Amato, F. (2009). Sensor-oriented passive RFID. In Proceedings of
TIWDC.
61. Finkenzeller, K. (2003). RFID Handbook. Hoboken.
62. Pasley, J. (2005). How BPEL and SOA are changing web services development. IEEE Internet Computing, 9(3), 60–67.
63. Ning, H., Liu, H., & Yang, L. T. (2013). Cyberentity security in the Internet of Things. Computer, 46(4),
46–53.
64. Sheng, Z., Yang, et al. (2013). A survey on the ietf protocol suite for the internet of things: Standards,
challenges, and opportunities. Wireless Communications, IEEE, 20(6), 91–98.
65. Feldhofer, M., & Dominikus, S., et al. (2004). Strong authentication for RFID systems using AES
algorithm. In Proceedings of Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems.
66. Mayer-Schönberger, V. (2011). Delete: The virtue of forgetting in the digital age. Princeton University
Press.
67. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). http://www.kaist.edu/html/en/index.
html
68. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P. & Georgakopoulos, D. (November 2012). CA4IOT: Context
awareness for internet of things. In Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom), 2012 IEEE
International Conference on (pp. 775–782). IEEE.
123
S. Muralidharan et al.
Shapna Muralidharan completed her degree in bachelors of architecture from Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Kamarajar University, India. She is currently pursuing her combined degree Masters and
Ph.d in Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea. Her research interests are on Optimizing energy resources in Smart Grids, Green Networking, and Internet of Things (IoT).
Abhishek Roy is currently working in, Advanced Technology Group
Samsung Electronics South Korea. He received his PhD in 2010 from
Sungkyunkwan University, his MS degree in 2002 from the University
of Texas at Arlington, USA, and his BE degree in 2000 from Jadavpur
University, India. His research interests include mobility and resource
management aspects of 4G wireless systems. He serves as an editor
and in the technical programme committee of many international
conferences. He has co-authored one book (Taylor & Francis) and
published in almost 20 international journals.
Navrati Saxena is an associate professor in the Electrical Engineering
Department, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea. She worked as
an assistant professor in Amity University India and as a visiting
researcher in the University of Texas at Arlington. She completed her
PhD from the Department of Information and Telecommunication,
University of Trento, Italy. Her prime research interests involve 4G/5G
wireless and smart environments. She serves as guest editor in the
technical programme committee of many international conferences.
She has co-authored one book (Taylor & Francis) and published in
more than 20 international journals.
123