M.G. Danse/LEI
N. García Victoria/PPO
F. Peeters/ALTERRA
Ms. Tran Mai Huong
Ms. Cao Hong Luyen
September 2007
Project code 4043400
Report on Fieldwork for 'Sustainable Flowers in Vietnam',
Part Two, Dalat 26 February- 3 March 2007
2
Table of content
Page
Summary
5
1.
Introduction
7
2.
Problem definition
9
3.
Research objective
3.1 Research questions
3.2 Research design
10
10
10
4.
Research limitations/constraints
13
5.
Research objective one: Rose cultivation and plant health
5.1 Introduction
5.2 General agronomic aspects of rose cultivation in Dalat
5.3 Pest and diseases in rose production in Dalat
5.4 Pest control strategies by rose farmers
5.5 Estimated environmental and human health impact of rose cultivation
5.6 Hazard of pesticide use
14
14
16
25
28
40
44
6.
Market access and market constraints
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Flower collection
6.3 Market access constraints
54
54
54
55
7.
Research objective 2: Information, knowledge, and learning on sustainable
Rose cultivation
7.1 Access and availability of information on pesticide use and
Environmental friendly cultivation
8.
Observation and recommendation
8.1 Observation on the problem definition
8.2 Observation Dalat rose production area
8.3 Recommendations Dalat rose production area
Annex
57
57
65
65
65
69
73
3
4
Summary
This report describes the results of fieldwork done by Dutch and Vietnamese experts on the
Vietnamese rose sector specifically in the Da Lat region. This field work was done during
the period February 26- March 3, 2007. The main objective of the field work was to
complete the investigation on institutional arrangements that enable active participation of
rose farmers, government agencies and flower companies in enhancing sustainability
performance in the Vietnamese flower sector. This report complements the report on
fieldwork done for the rose sector in the Me Linh and Sapa regions (Danse et al., 2007).
Hands on insights in the current field practices in the Vietnamese flower sector and policy
oriented awareness activities pesticide regulation is used to complement the investigation.
In Vietnam the poverty as a whole has declined in the last decade. However, the rate
of decline and incidence of poverty varies greatly across regions. The largest difference is
between rural and urban areas. Poverty also has a clear spatial and ethnic dimension, with
the Central Highlands and the Northern Mountains having poverty incidence rates that are
twice as high as the national figure. These differences provide a large incidence for rural
households to migrate to urban areas. This results in high urbanization growth rates. To
turn the tide, increasing agriculture income for the 62 million people living in rural areas,
is a key priority to the Vietnamese government. The Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development (MARD) has designed a number of development programs in
order to improve the sustainability of the agricultural sector. These programs stimulate
agriculture research on technology development and extension work for the poor, crop
diversification, export commodity development programs and stimulating market
structures and trade promotion programs. For this, one of the specific aims is to decrease
pesticide use with 20%, as pesticide use is seen as one of the biggest threats to health,
environment and export possibilities.
The Vietnamese floriculture sector is growing fast and is expected to make a
substantial contribution to an increase of income for the rural population in specific
regions, including farmers in cooler higher altitude areas such as the Central Highlands and
Northern Mountains. So far the flower sector development has been almost exclusively
developed throughout private sector involvement, mostly innovative small farmers. Almost
all flower production is destined for the domestic market (van Wijk et al., 2005; Allbritton
et al., 2005).
The fieldwork shows that flower producers seem to experiment with different flower
varieties and chemical input applications, and these experiments are mostly based on trial
and error. Regarding learning for innovation, the producers obtain information about new
technological and cultivation practices from a variety of actors. The most important source
is neighbouring farmers or rose farmers in other regions, and shopkeepers selling
pesticides. In some cases, also information is obtained from local officials at the plant
protection department (PPD). This organisation also issues certificates to the pesticide shop
owners, and control regularly their performance by surprise inspections. Representatives of
5
pest control producing companies introduce new products developed in other regions of the
world and inform the producers through meetings on the adequate use of these products. At
the level of regulation, the Vietnamese government is responsible for tasks such as
regulation on the use of pesticides, regulation on the production of pesticides, labelling of
products (pesticides), and registration of pesticides. Nevertheless, participatory fieldwork
revealed that the solutions applied by these small rose producers to solve pest and disease
problems were mostly aggregated solutions from earlier experiences with food crop
production. Parts of these practices are not considered to be accurate for flower cultivation.
Technological innovation comes down to adequate selection and adaptation of
existing technological packages. The weak vertical linkages of flower producers with
public and private research and development organizations can be considered a hindrance
in tailoring more disruptive innovation of cultivation practices and the technology
solutions used to reach environmentally friendly production methods that apply to the
specific conditions in flower producing regions. As with regards to the Vietnamese rose
sector, distribution, certification and registration of pesticides importantly constitute
vertical interactions between flower producers and other actors. However, at the level of
technological innovation, problem solving and incremental technological changes,
establishing sustainability in the Vietnamese floricultural sector may benefit from inputs in
the sphere of promoting interactions and feed back between flower producers and
knowledge generation in public research institutes as well as in private research
laboratories. For example, the creation of a diagnose service in the production areas can
help the producers in the determination of new, unknown or less commonly occurring
diseases and to choose the right fighting method: physical control (plant removal),
chemical control, instead of recurring to the trial and error method. For this reason, the
introduction of technological innovation in the rose cultivation practices in this case will
have to be accompanied by adjustments in the institutional framework, for the producers to
be able to establish (stronger) linkages with flower experts so they will obtain new
knowledge that will not be found using the current learning practices.
In this report results are presented on the current cultivation and plant health
practices used in the Da Lat region as well as the environmental and human health impact
of rose cultivation (Chapter 5) the current pest control mechanism applied (Chapter 6). Due
to the focus on sustainable development, a brief description is presented on the current
market trends and constraints (Chapter 7). In order to be able to respond in an effective
way to these market trends, learning processes and innovation are of utmost importance.
For this, information is presented on the current practices used by small farmers to collect
information, build knowledge and enter into a sharing and learning processes (Chapter 8).
Based on these results, the report concludes with a number of key observations and
recommendations to be considered in order to help the sector to improve its sustainable
development.
6
1. Introduction
Although poverty as a whole has declined in Vietnam in the last decade, the rate of decline
and incidence of poverty varies greatly across regions. The largest difference is between
rural and urban areas. Poverty also has a clear spatial and ethnic dimension, with the
Central Highlands and the Northern Mountains having poverty incidence rates that are
twice as high as the national figure. These differences provide a large incidence for rural
households to migrate to urban areas. This results in high urbanization growth rates. To
turn the tide, increasing agriculture income for the 62 million people living in rural areas,
is a key priority to the Vietnamese government.
To achieve the goal of decreasing rural poverty through increasing agricultural
income, being a strategy linked to the Millennium Development Goals, 13 programs are
designed in the strategic five year plan (2006-2010) of the Vietnamese Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). The most important programs are focused
on agriculture research on technology development and extension work for the poor, crop
diversification, export commodity development programs and stimulating market
structures and trade promotion programs. One of the mayor goals of the program is to
improve the sustainability of the agricultural sector. For this, one of the specific aims is to
decrease pesticide use with 20%, as pesticide use is seen as one of the biggest threats to
health, environment and export possibilities.
The Vietnamese floriculture sector is growing fast and is expected to be able to make
a substantial contribution to an increase of income for the rural population, especially for
ethnic minorities in cooler higher altitude areas such as the Central Highlands and
Northern Mountains. The labor intensive nature of flower production and high returns per
hectare make it an interesting commodity to stimulate rural development in these areas and
to reduce poverty.
So far the flower sector development has been almost exclusively developed
throughout private sector involvement, mostly innovative small farmers. Almost all flower
production is destined for the domestic market. An estimated 285 million roses are
supplied to costumers in Hanoi per year, which generates income for an estimated 12610
people with a gross value of US$25 million (Quang, D., 2005). The emergence of a variety
of market channels in Vietnam, partly driven by the rise of modern distribution formats
(such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, warehouse clubs and convenience stores) offer a
largely uncharted terrain for the sector. Also, new opportunities might be available in
nearby Asian markets.
This report describes the fieldwork done in the rose sector of the Da Lat region. This
fieldwork was done by Dutch and Vietnamese experts in the period of February 29- March
3, 2007. This report complements the report on the fieldwork done for the Me Linh region
and Sapa region in the period September 18- October 2, 2006. Chapter 2, 3 and 4 describe
the problem definition, research objective and research limitations of the fieldwork. In
chapter 5 and 6 together information is presented regarding the first research objective.
7
Chapter 5 focuses on the description of the current cultivation methods applied and plant
health situation in Da Lat. This chapter also describes the environmental and human health
impact of the rose cultivation. Chapter 6 describes the current pesticide control
mechanisms used. Chapter 7 shares information on market access and market constraints.
After this, Chapter 8 describes the results on the second research objective. In this chapter
information is presented on practices used to collect information, knowledge building and
learning on sustainable rose production. The report is finished with the presentation of
observations and recommendations in Chapter 9.
8
2.
Problem definition
The first analysis made on the development of the floriculture sector being part of the
ProPoor program (project report PR-V03), indicated a possible negative effect of pesticides
use on the sustainable development of the sector.
Incidence of pesticides use seems to be very high in the sector, causing a negative
effect on the environment, the health of the growers and the surrounding community, and
also the economic performance of the rose farms (Quang et al., 2005). The dominant
attitude seems to be that more pesticides can be used in flower cultivation than fruit and
vegetable production, since flowers are not consumed by people.
A risk of these practices is the accumulation of pesticides in surface and
groundwater, which in many areas is the main drinking water source. Moreover, many
farmers raise and consume fish in surface water. Also, farmers seem to have a lack of
knowledge on safe application methods, which might result in health problems. Finally,
inefficient pesticides use might result more elevated production costs than necessary and a
possible negative impact on the quality of the final produce offered to the market.
However, little research and extension is done on analyzing current rose cultivation
practices in Vietnam and the opportunities to develop more sustainable production
methods (Van Wijck et al., 2005). Farmers seem to experiment with different flower
varieties and chemical input applications, and these experiments are mostly based on trial
and error.
In 2006, Wageningen University from The Netherlands, Fresh Studio Innovations
Asia from Vietnam and The Vietnamese Agricultural Ministry (MARD) initiated an
explorative research, to investigate and build institutional arrangements that enable the
active participation of rose growers, government agencies and flower companies in
enhancing sustainable performance in the Vietnamese flower sector.
As part of this initiative, fieldwork was done during the period September 16 and
October 2, 2006 in Me Linh and Sapa and from February 26-March 3 in Da Lat. The aim
of this field work was to obtain more specific data on the current pesticide use in small
scale farmers rose cultivation and its implication on the sustainable development of the
sector.
9
3.
Research objective
The main objective of the field work was to investigate institutional arrangements that
enable active participation of rose farmers, government agencies and flower companies in
enhancing sustainability performance in the Vietnamese flower sector. Hands on insights
in the current field practices in the Vietnamese flower sector and policy oriented awareness
activities pesticide regulation, is used to complement the investigation.
3.1
Research questions
The two research questions of the field work were:
1. what rose cultivating practices do Vietnamese rose farmers use currently, and what
are the technical aspects of pest and disease management and effects of pesticide use
on product quality, environment, health and market access;
2. what information gathering methods do Vietnamese rose growers use on rose
production in general and pest and disease management specifically, and how do they
use this information for learning and process innovation.
3.2
Research design
As part of the preparation of the stakeholder dialogue, a team of three experts of
Wageningen University visited Vietnam from September 16 to October 2, 2006 and
February 26-March 3, 2007. These experts were accompanied by three specialists of the
Vietnamese consultancy firm Fresh Studio South East Asia. During the fieldwork in Me
Linh and Sapa the group was also accompanied by two specialists of the Vietnamese
Research Center AGI. During the fieldwork in Da Lat, the group was accompanied by 2
experts from the Potatoes, Vegetables and Flowers Center (PVFC) and 2 experts from the
Local Agricultural Institute. Together they created an interdisciplinary and multicultural
team and worked together on data collecting throughout field work. This report presents
the results obtained during the field work done in Da Lat.
From November until February a multidisciplinary team of experts from
Wageningen University The Netherlands (LEI, Alterra, WI and PPO) held several
meetings to discuss the preparatory activities and the methodology to be used for the
second field work. Based on these meetings, a working schedule was defined (see
attachment 1). This schedule was shared with the Vietnamese counterparts Fresh Studio
and PVFC in order to double check the feasibility of the working plan and working
methods proposed.
In order to enable the feasibility and quality of the work to be done, it was agreed
that:
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The team would make optimal use of work already done. The Pro Poor Horticulture
project,1 a DFID funded project carried out by LEI experts and partners in Uganda
and Vietnam, was focused on rose cultivation in Vietnam. The results of this project
were taken as a starting point.
To obtain a clear overview of the Vietnamese rose sector, the results of the fieldwork
in Me Linh and Sapa of September 2006 should be complemented by fieldwork in Da
Lat.
The fieldwork would focus on completing the results of the first fieldwork by expert
observations in the field combined with consultations of a wide range of players in
the fields of learning networks and pest and disease management, including growers,
governmental workers, and representatives of the pesticide trade sector.
For data collection, methods applied would be, amongst others, semi-structured
interviews, participatory methods, transect walks, Venn diagram.
Before initiating the fieldwork, representatives of the PVFC in Da Lat were informed
about the research methods used for data collection in Sapa and Me Linh, and the
most important findings of this first fieldwork. At the same time, specialists from the
PVFC shared their knowledge and data on the Da Lat flower sector with the research
team.
Regarding the methodology, the following agreements were defined:
Team composition:
1.
The fieldwork would be headed by 3 WUR specialists: rose cultivation specialist
(Nieves Garcia/PPO), pesticide and environment specialist (Floor Peeters/Alterra),
and a specialist in sustainable supply chain development and market access (Myrtille
Danse/LEI).
2.
Three local experts from Fresh Studio South East Asia were assigned to support the
team on the application of participatory research methods to small scale farmers in
Vietnam.
3.
Also, two local experts on Vietnamese horticulture activities from the research
center PVFC and the Agricultural Center supported the team intensively before and
during their visit organizing the meetings and field visits, and providing feed back on
the results obtained.
Area of analysis
1.
The rose sector within the Da Lat flower sector. Focus was on small scale farmers,
but also bigger farms where visited especially to identify the major differences in
cultivation practices when comparing to small scale farmers.
Working method
1.
Each morning the three teams visited different areas of Dalat and held meetings with
a number of stakeholders involved in the rose sector. The interviews with these
experts took place in Vietnamese, summarized in English for the Dutch expert to be
1
See for more information www.growoutofpoverty.nl.
11
2.
12
able to understand the general discussion. Due to language difference, one of the
Vietnamese researchers in each group took care of the reporting. In the afternoon
each team (Vietnamese facilitator, Vietnamese expert, and the Dutch expert)
prepared their daily report in English. At the end of the afternoon/beginning of the
evening this information was used to plan the next day field work with the other
team members. This research method enabled the team to discuss the findings
obtained during the field visit and verify and correct possible misinterpretations due
to language problems.
The findings of this fieldwork and the fieldwork of September 2006 were used for a
power point presentation for a multistakeholder meeting in Hanoi March 7, 2007
(see annex 2).
4. Research limitations/constraints
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Due to the short time available for the field work, the data collection could not take
place based on a big sample of individual growers and other stakeholders involved.
In order to obtain a general but representative impression on the diversity of working
practices, but also to discover certain patterns, it was decided to collect part of the
data by facilitating group discussions.
Since the experts from Wageningen did not speak Vietnamese, each team had to
translate the least information necessary for the Dutch experts to understand the
content of the conversations with the different stakeholders interviewed. This allowed
the experts to follow the content of the discussions and to intervene in case necessary.
However, the partial translation caused in some cases also confusion and a loss of
information.
Due to language differences, it was necessary to dedicate every day of the field work
considerable time in the afternoon sessions to translate the information gathered
during the interviews from Vietnamese to English.
During the field work there was no time, nor budget available to make a risks
assessment (making use of a combination of pesticide properties and local
circumstances such as use patterns, soil, climate etc. to calculate the predicted
environmental concentration). For this reason, it was decided to limit the
environmental analysis to a hazard assessment.
Regarding the meetings with the stakeholders, the logistics and coordination was
delegated to representatives from the local PVFC. Their knowledge on the local
flower sector and their local network of contacts facilitated the quality of the
fieldwork.
13
5. Research objective one: Rose cultivation and plant
health
5.1
Introduction
The flower production area of the Dalat region is about 750 hectares. A great number of
different floral products are grown, of which the greatest are Chrysanthemum, gladioli and
roses. Although rose cultivation only occupies approximately 15 to 20% of the cultivated
area in Dalat, it is the flower variety this research is focused on in order to compare
properly with the results of previous research in the areas of Me Lihn and Sapa (Van Wijk
et al., 2004, Danse et al., 2006).
The research is performed by means of several semi structured interviews (SSI) with
growers, pesticide sellers, flower collectors (traders), flower buyers and by means of farm
visits. As in the previous work, a very detailed impression of the cultivation practices in
the area was obtained, with special emphasis on all those activities having an influence on
crop health and product quality.
The information collected is, just as in the report on the fieldwork in Me Linh and
Sapa, structured in three main chapters: general aspects of cultivation, general aspects of
commercialization and flower quality, and general aspects of pest management. However,
more than an exhaustive review of the cultivations methods, the report concentrates on the
main differences with the previous areas.
5.1.1 Da Lat
Da Lat is the most important city of the Lam Dong province, a province located in the
south- eastern highlands of Vietnam. In 1984 commercial flower cultivation initiated in
this region. Currently flower cultivation takes place in four out the 10 districts at altitudes
around 1400 m. Because of the geographical position, the area has an average year round
temperature of 17.9 ∘C, with minimum temperatures of 11.4∘C and maximum of 25.4 ∘C,
which allows a reasonably constant year-round production. There is a dry and a rainy
season.
At the moment of the fieldwork the province had between 109 and 150 ha of rose
production. Besides roses, and the early mentioned chrysanthemums and gladioli, many cut
flower varieties are cultivated; Limonium, Lysianthus, carnations, lilies, Anthurium,
Cymbidium, Gypsophila and others.
Other than in Me Lihn and similar to Sa Pa, the growers are allowed to trade with
and build on the land in which they cultivate. Maybe this is the reason why the average
farm size is bigger than in Me Lihn. Farm size varies greatly in Dalat: we have
encountered plantations with a cultivated area ranging from less than 3000 m2 up to 8
hectares, in which sometimes different crops, flowers and vegetables are cultivated. The
surface unit used by growers is the 'sao', but unlike in the previous areas, a sao here equals
1000 m2. Often, the grower's house is part of the plot of land in which the greenhouse is
14
built. This makes the storage of tools, pesticides and the harvested flowers easier than in
the northern areas.
Picture 5.1 Image of the cultivation area around Dalat with the numerous greenhouses
5.1.2 The influence of Dalat Hasfarm
The flower production area in Dalat is very much influenced by the presence of the foreign
capital company 'Dalat Hasfarm', established in the area in 1996. This is a big scale farm
growing flowers on a surface of 28 Ha (roses on 5 Ha), divided over three locations. They
employ 800 workers. Currently they export 70% of the total production, and experience a
growth rate of 15% per year. Before Hasfarm settled down in the region the concept of
using greenhouses was not present in the area. Nowadays Hasfarm is surrounded by
greenhouses (see picture 5.1). Growers try to imitate Hasfarms cultivation practices, use
their varieties, and ask its workers for advice. Besides this indirect influence, Dalat
Hasfarm is purchasing flowers from local growers. These growers work based on contracts
and obtain direct information on growing methods and materials from Hasfarm through the
technical assistance program that is part of the contractual arrangements.
This model of growing under subcontract is also applied by the, in their own words
'second best' rose producing farm of the region, 'Phuong Trung Farm'. This farm cultivates
6 Ha of roses and purchases roses from 10 other growers, together good for another 4 Ha
of roses, all for the national markets. The subcontracted growers receive all the supplies
from Phuong Trung at better rates than at the shop, and receive assistance and information
about growing techniques. In return, they have the commitment to supply their entire
production to Phuong Trung.
Technologically and in terms of knowledge, there is a big difference between the
small farmers and the two mentioned bigger companies. In the description of the
cultivation method the emphasis is focused on small scale farmers since they are the object
of research of this assignment. Details about the bigger scale farms are discussed
15
separately within each subject since they provide important information on the possible
directions towards which small scale growers could develop in the future. It must be said
that the information about Dalat Hasfarm is based on an informal conversation with Mr.
Bernhardt Schenke and a quick visit to one of the locations, and not on an exhaustive
interview.
5.2
General agronomic aspects of rose cultivation in Dalat
5.2.1 Cultivation period and flower production
As in Me Lihn and Sapa, growers cultivate the rose plants for several years in a row. Until
now, the crop replacement time was kept around 5 years, but because of a new tendency to
use cuttings instead of seedlings, the life span of the crop will reduce in the future to
approximately 3 years.
Rose production has a year round character; although the temperatures are quite
stable, during the rainy season (June till November) with the abundant rains and lower
radiation, productions must be lower than during the dry season (December till May). The
yearly yield varies between 90 and 180 stems per m2 per year (depending on the variety:
lower for the Hybrid T varieties and higher for the sweethearts)1. Higher productions were
mentioned by the two big scale farms for certain varieties.
The average price growers obtain for good flowers varies between 500 and 1000
VND per flower.
5.2.2 Cultivation method
5.2.2.1 Greenhouse construction
90% or the roses in Da Lat are grown under plastic greenhouses (see picture 5.1); this is
the most evident difference with the rose cultivation in Me Lihn and Sapa, where the roses
are grown outdoors.
The greenhouses consist of a bamboo or metal structure covered with a plastic roof
and insect nets as sidewalls. Bamboo greenhouses usually last as long as the crop, around 5
years, but they are affordable to start with. Often they are replaced together with the old
crop by a more durable metal structure. The plastic usually lasts about 2 years. This is
material purchased from local producers (the cheapest) or imported from Taiwan, Thailand
or Singapore. The last type is of better quality (more durable, although the interviewed
growers complained about the actual quality/price ratio of the Thai plastic).
1
The production numbers mentioned by growers vary greatly; in general it seems higher than in the northern
areas, but lower than in production areas in countries in similar climate zones.
16
5.2.2.1 Soil preparation
Soil preparation is not limited to plowing, but usually some base fertilizing is done before
planting (see chapter 5.2.4).
Usually no soil disinfection chemicals are applied by the growers; a few of them
spray a herbicide after plowing and before planting.
The plowing results in a system of banks and troughs, although in several of the
fields seen, the troughs had compacted almost to the level of the banks.
At some growers it was observed that the soil had been mixed with goat manure
(visible in picture 5.5 right), and at others rice husks (picture 5.2), used to improve the soil
properties.
Dalat Hasfarm grows part of the roses directly in the soil but has also a greenhouse
were roses are being cultivated in substrate (coco peat). In 2007 also Phuong Trung Farm
will build a new greenhouse in which coco peat in buckets will be the cultivation substrate.
Picture 5.2 Rice husks are mixed with and cover partly the soil at some plantations
5.2.2.1 Plant densities
Plant densities vary from 8 to 10 plants per m2; this is almost twice as many plants
per m as in the northern areas of Me Lihn and Sapa. The plants seen are all distributed in
two row systems.
2
5.2.3
Irrigation
The water used for irrigation is obtained mostly from surface water (public lakes and
streams, and incidentally from about 25 m deep wells drilled specially by growers or by
others to obtain drinking quality water. A few growers reported problems in the water
17
supply provided by public sources. This occurred during this dry season for the first time,
because the dry season started earlier than normal. If they would like to use surface water,
they have to drill 40 m deep or more. Due to this, they were now obliged to reduce the
water supply and even to prune back part of the crop.
Irrigation is not done by inundation of the troughs, like in Me Lihn and Sa Pa but by
sprinkler installations (also very unusual in commercial big scale rose cultivation, see
further in chapter 5.3) that water by making the crop wet from above (picture 5.3). Some
growers prefer to use a hose (shower); they believe the water through the sprinklers is
damaging the bamboo of the greenhouse, therefore, if they have the choice, they alternate
the sprinklers with the shower hose. There are growers that always use the hose after
fertilizing, since they believe that this method increases the solubility of the fertilizers in
the soil.
Picture 5.3 Sprinkler irrigation of the roses in a traditional bamboo greenhouse.
Incidentally plots with drip lines for irrigation (picture 5.4) have been seen as a trial
at one small farmer (one of the subcontractors of Phuong Trung Farm) but this mode of
irrigation is not widespread yet, despite the advantages some growers attribute them in
terms of disease prevention (see further on 5.3). The reason seems to be the high costs
involved.
About the irrigation frequency, we have found a great variation among growers: from
twice a day (maximum mentioned for the dry season) to once per 6 days (minimum
mentioned for the rainy season).
Big water reservoirs to collect rain water are built on the premises of Dalat Hasfarm,
who irrigates the roses by means of drip lines connected to computerized fertigation
equipment from Israel.
18
Picture 5.4
5.2.4
Mr. Tam experiments with drip irrigation and the branch bending method
Fertilization
Also a great variability in the way growers fertilize was observed. All of them mix some
solid fertilizers through the soil before planting (base dressing). Usually it consists of
mixtures of organic fertilizer (chicken, pig and/or goat manure), limestone and chemical
complex (NPK) fertilizers.
Top dressing is done several times a year: a group of small growers agreed on
manure applications every 6 months and solid NPK applications every 15 days.
The subcontractor of Phuong Trung Farm was using water soluble fertilizers that he
applied trough a thin hose once every two weeks, at half height above the crop. This hose
is the same as used for spraying pesticides, but without the nozzles. This fertilization is
done separately from irrigation by the sprinklers. He also showed us the trial plot with drip
irrigation, in which he was applying the fertilizers through the drippers, but due to lack of
knowledge and appropriate equipment, this was used sub optimally (only once a week
fertilizers, in a composition that changed all the time).
Some farmers apply foliar fertilizers mixed with the pesticides. When asked which
ones, the growers told there were many, and they changed them all the time.
The amounts of fertilizers are applied by estimation of concentrations and dosage,
based on the indications of the labels. Fertilization is done on a program-like base, and not
based on analysis and a set of crop needs. Growers had never done a soil analysis, and
never heard of anyone having done so. With the exception of pH samples: there is one
local company, that sells soil supplement products. They stimulate their sales by offering
pH analysis of the soil. In this way growers pay for the pH analysis and receive advise on
the products to be used to correct the pH.
At Phuong Trung Farm, the application of organic fertilizers is always after
composting them mixed with lime and the addition of Trichoderma fungi.
19
Dalat Hasfarm sends soil and drainage water samples to The Netherlands to be
analyzed. They receive an adjusted fertilization program according to the needs of the
plants. This fertilization method by means of adjustment through analysis is the most
accurate and commonly used in commercial rose cultivation.
5.2.5
Crop management
Most of the crops seen are grown in a vertical way (no bending of branches). The trial plot
of the Phuong Trung Farm subcontractor showed us besides drip irrigation and
fertirrigation, also some experimenting with the 'bending' cultivation method, in which the
primary stem at the start of the cultivation is bent horizontally and subsequently branches
of inferior quality or blind shoots are bent during the whole cultivation period. The bent
branches do not carry harvestable stems, but do photosynthesize and contribute therefore
indirectly to the flower production.
In general, no radical pruning of the crop is done, only once in a while the high
branches are pruned back to avoid the harvestable stems from becoming too thin.
Covering the flower buds, the most labor intensive activity in Me Lihn and Sapa, is
not done in Dalat, it is tempting to think that this is because of the indoor growing, but
outdoor growers do not cover the buds either.
Disbudding (removing side- sprouts) is here a common practice, which is done
normally at one work round with the harvest.
Weeding is done depending on the grower, either manually or by means of a
herbicide. Most of the interviewed growers combine both systems; manual weeding in the
cultivation bed and by means of herbicides in the troughs between beds and the plot edges.
In his trial plot, Mr. Tam, the supplier from Phuong Trung Farm, was also
experimenting with soil covering plastic to prevent weeds and to avoid the bent foliage to
touch the soil (see picture 5.5, left). Compared to the beds without this protection, he said
to have a lot less weeds, and also fewer problems with red spider mites.
Pictures 5.5 left: Mr. Tam experiments with soil covering plastic to prevent weeds; right, weeds among the
rose plants in another greenhouse.
20
5.2.6
Choice of rootstock and varieties
As in Me Linh, the most common rootstock is the wild variety 'Sweet Briar'. Growers graft
it themselves or pay a specialized worker for grafting with a commercial variety. Certain
growers buy grafted plants from propagators.
Growers normally do not know which variety they are cultivating, because the young
plants are not bought from professional breeders under a license but growers bring a few
stems from the market and graft their plants with these varieties. They name them 'Dutch
varieties' or 'German varieties' because they have been obtained from flowers sold on the
market and grown by Dalat Hasfarm.
Phoeng Trung Farm imports Chinese varieties; the supplier of the varieties has
taught them to grow the varieties without using a rootstock (see 5.2.7.)
Dalat Hasfarm is using the Dutch rootstock 'Natal Briar' instead of the 'Sweet Briar',
because they are aware of virus problems on the local rootstock. They buy the varieties
they grow from Dutch breeders with satisfaction of all the royalties involved.
5.2.7 Propagation methods
As in me Lihn and Sapa, also in Dalat the most used propagation method for small farmers
is by means of 'seedlings'. For the grafting, often professional help is contracted (there are
workers specialized in grafting techniques).
At Phoeng Trung farm, they are propagating by means of cuttings. At the moment,
they propagate their own plants and the plants for their 10 supplying growers. The cuttings
are rooted in coco peat plugs which are in a tray, wrapped with plastic (from China) or
wrapped in a tissue (like the 'Jiffy plugs', but made locally in Vietnam, see picture 5.6).
The pots of non-rooted (failures) plants are recycled.
Picture 5.6 Propagation by cuttings at Phuong Trung Farm
21
The propagation space is not heated, but because it concerns a low, closed
greenhouse with the soil and lower part of the walls covered with a black cloth, and
provided with a dark shadow net. It feels very warm as compared to the production
greenhouses. The air is made humid by a pulse of mist from the mist-installation
(sophisticated system from Israel).
At the moment, they are doing some trials for propagation by means of the 'stenting'
technique, consisting of rooting in the same media a rootstock segment on which the
cutting of the variety has been fixed by means of a clip. The farm learned about both
techniques (cuttings and stent) from its Chinese supplier of the varieties. Compared to the
seedlings method, propagation by cuttings or stentlings has the advantage of being very
fast (only 6 weeks till planting). In less than three months after planting the first stems are
being harvested.
Stents is also Dalat Hasfarm's propagation method. The 'cuttings' technique is widely
used in substrate cultivation, but is less suitable for soil cultivation, because the life span of
the plant is much shorter (about 3 years).
Smaller farmers using the grafted seedlings have heard about the cuttings but they
don't have any clear information about this technique. Some are planning to use the
cuttings in the future, but have a lot of prejudices about the quality of imported cuttings
from China, and about the quality of the flowers grown from cuttings.
5.2.8
Harvest
Harvest in Da Lat is done once a day to once every two days. We were able to see the
harvesting in progress in one of the visited small scale greenhouses. The ripeness of the
flower (cut stage) is the most important criterium to decide which flower to harvest. The
flowers are collected in the arms and dropped on the greenhouse floor (picture 5.7 right)
until the pile is big enough; then the flowers are wrapped in a carpet and transported on the
back to the front of the house, a colder, shaded space (outdoors) where the classification is
done.
22
Picture 5.7 Harvest in progress at one of the farms; left harvesting; right, pile of harvested flowers
At Dalat Hasfarm roses are harvested twice a day, to ensure the right cut stage.
5.2.9
Rose post harvest handling and storage
Big differences were found in the way growers treat the roses after harvest. Some growers
do not classify, but they cut and tie flowers directly on the field, where the collectors pick
them up, usually shortly after harvest, and mostly by motorbike.
Other growers bring the flowers to a cool place after harvest, they make the flowers
and the floor on which they lay completely wet with a hose (picture 5.8, left); after that
they classify qualities and lengths, and make bunches with the help of a wooden shape
(picture 5.8, right). The bunches are then wrapped in a protecting card board, and are
collected by small traders that transport them by motorbike, or by a more important
collector owing a truck and moving bigger volume of flowers. The small growers do not
have a cold storage to store flowers; some collectors do.
Pictures 5.8 Post- harvest in progress at one of the farms; left: wetting; right: bunching
23
Four of these collectors were interviewed. They are in business for more than 10
year already. The flowers they collect are mostly stored dry until the moment of packing
for transport or selling. The boxes with flowers (sometimes reused carton from grocery
products) are usually overloaded because transport is paid per package, not per weight.
Flowers are mainly sold to wholesalers in Hanoi, Ho Chi Mihn city and other provinces.
One of these collectors was exporting flowers to Russia; the flowers for export were
treated a lot gentler: he hired workers to harvest at the growers in order to ensure the
freshness of the product at the moment of collecting. These flowers were stored in water
buckets till packing in the cold room. According to him export boxes were never
overloaded. Because he had the facilities and had achieved the habit of placing flowers in
water, he was the only of these four traders watering the flowers destined to the local
market.
Phuong Trung Farm has a special space for grading and packing (picture 5.9, left)
and a cold store (picture 5.9, right). This enables the possibility to carry out three different
post harvest processes. Each one depends on the destination market of the flowers, which
is determined by quality (see figure 5.1). For the more distant markets (Hanoi), the best
quality flowers are treated in the best possible way. The worst flowers receive a less
careful treatment, are not cooled nor wrapped in a protective cardboard or cellophane, and
are sent to the provincial markets. Surprinsingly, only the new introductions (new varieties
that need to earn a market) are watered with a chemical post-harvest treatment. Known
varieties - varieties having already a market- do receive no treatment, independently of the
destination market. This is an unfortunate situation for the long term, because only a
consistent quality will stimulate repeated purchases of flowers.
.
Pictures 5.9 Post- harvest space at Phuong Trung Farm; right; a glimpse of their dry cold store, where the
flowers for the more exigent markets are stored in water buckets till packing for transport
The cold stores seen are not made of concrete, but of coated metal and other than in
Me Lihn, they are dry (there is no layer of water covering the floor).
The post harvest process of all the roses grown and purchased by Dalat Hasfarm is
very well organized in order to ensure the quality of the flowers till export and beyond.
Four big cold rooms ensure there is sufficient cooling capacity for the farm production and
the purchased flowers from subcontractors. The farm is making constantly efforts to
24
improve the process, including hiring experts to audit it step by step and sending data
loggers with the flowers to detect gaps in the cold chain.
Figure 5.1
5.3
The three post-harvest processes at Phuong Trung Farm
Pest and diseases in rose production in Dalat
All interviewed farmers, pesticide shop owners and agricultural officers agreed that not the
number, but the severity of the pests and diseases have increased considerably in the past 5
years. They also agreed upon the most serious pests and diseases affecting the roses in the
area (see tables 5.1 and 5.2). The red spider mite (Tetranynchus urticae) is the most serious
pest and both the grey and white mould (respectively Botrytis cinerea and powdery mildew
25
caused by the fungus Sphaeroteca panosa) are the most serious diseases. All of them are
very easy to recognize for all growers.
Other insects (thrips, white fly, plant hoppers, caterpillars, flower borers) were
mentioned as present, but not so serious, and not by all growers. A few of them also
mentioned to have some minor problems with nematodes.
As in Me Linh residue of pesticides was observed on the leaves of the plants of the
fields visited. The growers attributed this not to the way they apply the pesticides or the
drop size, dispersal agents, etc, but to the fact that they mixed them with fertilizers. One of
the growers facing water restrictions attributed the residue to the lack of water for
irrigation by sprinklers, which is normally washing out the leaves.
Table 5.1
The pests with the highest incidence in Da Lat area
Importance
English name
Presence
The most serious period
1.
Red spider mite
Dry season
The changing from dry to rainy season
2.
Thrips
Dry season
The changing from dry to rainy season
3.
Plant hopper
Dry season
The changing from dry to rainy season
3.
White fly
Dry season
The changing from dry to rainy season
4.
Caterpillars
Year round
Year round
No other diseases or insects were seen except for the ones mentioned by the growers.
In the visited fields, nutrient deficiencies and other disorders as for instance bull heads as
well as pesticide damage were observed. The growers were aware of the deviations but did
not always know how to avoid them.
Despite their efforts to kill the fungi by means of pesticides, seriously affected plants
and harvested stems were seen (picture 5.10); because of this uncontrolled disease, the
flowers are classified as the lowest quality, which implicates being sold on the less exigent
market and subsequently a lower return.
Picture 5.10
26
Despite all efforts against powdery mildew, many flowers end up in the in the cheapest
qualities due to visible infections on the leaves
Not a single grower mentioned downy mildew or the dead plant among the current
diseases (those were among the most serious in the northern areas of Me Lihn and Sa Pa).
Only one grower - seedling supplier mentioned the incidental presence of aphids.
One of the district officers and the director of the 'Potato, Vegetable and Flower
Research Centre' mentioned the 'yellow leave' as a serious disease. This disease was not
mentioned by any of the growers. Although there was no chance to see any affected plants,
a description of the symptoms and a discussion with Mr. Schenke from Hasfarm brought
up the possibility of these symptoms to be caused by virus.
Table 5.2
Importance
disease
1.
1.
5.3.1
The diseases with the highest incidence in Da Lat area
Local name
English name
Caused by
Present
Nam
Trang
Rung La
Phang
Powdery
mildew
(White fungus)
Grey fungus
Sphaeroteca
panosa
Year round
Botrytis cinerea
Year round
The most serious
period
Dry, sunny,
windy period
Rainy season
Relationship between pest and diseases and growing methods
The possible relationship of the pests with varieties and watering method were discussed
with some of the groups. It is the growers' experience that the different varieties show a
distinct sensibility to diseases; this difference was clear at one grower, where the red
variety (possibly 'First Red') showed very little infection by powdery mildew, although it
was being cultivated next to a very sensitive variety. But of course, not every red variety is
less sensitive to powdery mildew; the fact that growers do not really know which varieties
they purchase makes impossible to consider the choice of varieties as a primary form of
disease prevention.
Interestingly, not all growers agree on the fact that there could be a relationship
between the cultivations methods like irrigation by sprinklers and the disease incidence.
The grower experimenting with drip irrigation affirmed to have seen a decrease in his
fungus incidence, but an increase in his incidence of red spider mite. Drip irrigation was
also mentioned by Mr Trung as one of the strategies to reduce the use of pesticides in the
future. This opinion was shared by other growers, but at the same time they indicated to
have stopped the implementation of this irrigation system due to the high costs involved.
There was also a grower convinced of the relationship between the quality of the
water and disease incidence: he had observed a lower incidence of red spider mites when
using water from deep wells, and higher when using water from public lakes (it is not clear
whether he referred to the water used for irrigation or to prepare the pesticide solutions).
The application of foliar fertilizers makes the foliage dirty, which as it was pointed
out before, creates the need of wetting the crop to wash out this residue. However, it is
known that most foliar fertilizers are not absorbed by the crop. The contribution of this
way of fertilizing to plant nutrition and to disease should be reconsider.
27
5.4
Pest control strategies by rose farmers
To obtain a broad insight about the pest control strategies several pesticide shop sellers and
government officials were interviewed besides the rose growers from small and bigger
farms. Very useful information was obtained from the vice manager of the PPD of Lam
Dong Province, responsible for monitoring/checking pests and residues in the agricultural
products and also from an agricultural specialist of the Dalat Agricultural Center.
Picture 5.11 Semi structured interview of rose growers (left) and a look in the field (right)
5.4.1
Integrated pest management
The term 'Integrated pest management' was often mentioned by the interviewed growers
and the agricultural officers in Da Lat area. Some growers have followed training courses
and seminars organized by the PPD (see text box 5.2), the extension office, the
Agricultural Centre and the pesticide companies, and have obtained certificates. But
according to them, they can not use this acquired knowledge, because they believe what
they have learnt is general for vegetables and other flowers, but not applicable to roses.
Another argument mentioned is that it makes no sense to use natural predators of the pests
when the neighbours don't use them; in their opinion, the chemical control by the
neighbour would kill their useful insects.
The interviewed farmers do not apply any non chemical methods for pest and disease
control. Only Phuong Trung Farm admitted to remove severely affected plants from the
field. Although some of the growers indicated to scout for pests, detection of the pest
results in reactive spraying of the whole field, sometimes with special emphasis on the
affected spots.
As in Me Lihn and Sa Pa, there is space for improvement in the attitude towards pest
and disease prevention, the other pillar for integrated pest management. Piles of organic
waste are found in and around the greenhouses. Sometimes, this waste is being burnt next
to the greenhouse, which can lead to increased ethylene and other combustion gases in the
field causing physiological disorders to the crop that can be easily confused with diseases
(pictures 5.12). Consequent weeding or weed prevention can also contribute to a lower pest
pressure, since weeds are very good hosts for insects, nematodes and other plant
pathogens; unfortunately, not all growers pay enough attention to this handling.
28
Pictures 5.12 lack of hygiene around the greenhouses increases the disease pressure; left: piles of organic
waste next to greenhouses; right: waste is burnt very close to the greenhouse
The greenhouse construction by means of the insect nets on the side walls is such,
that it could greatly prevent the in flight of insects like trips, provided they have the right
mesh size. Unfortunately, not every grower seems to be aware of this, to judge from the
state in which some of these nets were observed (picture 5.13): big holes and complete
walls and roofs irreparably broken, but not yet replaced.
Pictures 5.13
maintenance of the greenhouses can contribute to disease prevention
The use of drip irrigation is mentioned by some growers and by one of the extension
officers as a measure to prevent diseases. One grower indicated to use Trichoderma
compounds (a fungus antagonistic of certain soil borne pathogens) to make his plants
healthier. Other suggestions for disease prevention included the use of bioorganic
fertilizers instead of chemicals, which indicates that there is some misinformation or
confusion between biological cultivation methods and integrated pest management.
Dalat Hasfarm is not using natural enemies of the pests yet, but it is a good example
for local growers when it comes to disease prevention and scouting. And they keep on
working in new improvement measures in their newest greenhouses, such as insect nets on
29
the roof openings, airlock doors and disposable protection clothes to prevent the workers
from spreading the pests from their own fields through their working clothes. Against
fungal diseases, they evaporate sulphur during the night; this is possible in their
greenhouses with closed side walls; the prevention effect in open side greenhouses should
be studied, in order to make this technology available for the smaller growers.
PPD gives since 1992 IPM training courses
Crops:
rice, vegetables (from 1996) and tea (from 2000). Not yet for roses.
Working method
1.
2.
3.
4.
Field research
Develop training materials
Train the trainers
IPM course for growers: theory (indoor class) and practice (grower field
school -FFS). FFS takes the majority time compared to indoor class. FFS is
carried out on the grower's field. An IPM club is established to gather growers
for the IPM course. The club includes about 25-30 members. The training
course takes place once per week and last about 3- 4 months (the season of a
certain vegetable crop). Members are selected among good growers who are
motivated to learn new techniques.
Contents of the IPM course:
1.
2.
Text box 5.2
5.4.2
Identify pests, natural enemy of pests
Combination of IPM methods such as: farming practice, selecting clean
varieties, pruning, fertilization and pesticide use.
Integrated Pest Management courses organized by the PPD
Chemical control
Apart from the mentioned prevention measures, which are absolutely not generalized yet,
the use of chemicals is the only pest control method used by the interviewed growers.
The choice of the chemicals mostly takes place according to indications by other
growers or the pesticide shop owners. A lot of the information is gathered by 'trial and
error'. This leads to frequent damage to the crop by the use of the pesticides such as
burning leaf. Some growers do trial applications in small areas before they spray the whole
field, others do rely on the information obtained from colleagues and skip this trial phase,
sometimes with disastrous consequences.
Unlike Me Lihn and Sa Pa, the use of wetting agents together with the pesticides is
not a rarity in this area.
Calendar spraying is the most frequently encountered way of application.
30
5.4.2.1
Application methods
Almost all pesticides are diluted with water in a bucket. The application method (back sack
pump or a hose, pictures 5.14) varies per grower; some growers alternate both methods.
For small areas: The pesticides are applied with the spray mast connected to a tank
that is carried on the back, and a small engine pump that pushes the fluid out under
pressure.
For big areas: the solution is pumped through a pipe/hose with a nozzle and from
this hose the pesticide will be sprayed over the fields (picture 5.15).
The hose pump is at some of the visited greenhouses also used for fertilizers, but
without the nozzles.
The growers indicated to change the nozzles for both methods approximately once a year.
Picture 5.14 Pesticide application methods: left hose with a nozzle; right back sack pump
Normally men at the age of 20 - 40 year spray the pesticides, if available in the
family; if no man are available in the family hired labor or woman will spray the
pesticides. In the field, growers spray pesticide on the upper part of the plant and then turn
the nozzles up side down to spray the lower parts of the plant. Growers usually follow the
wind during spraying. Growers spray pesticide along the plant row, not in the middle of the
two rows.
5.4.2.2
Amount of pesticides used
Growers do not register the exact amounts of pesticides they use. Therefore, no objective
information about amounts has been provided. The general impression though is that there
has been a great increase in the last 5 years. The reasons mentioned are also very divers,
but the increase is attributed to the increasing incidence of pests/diseases, especially red
spider mite and white fungus. This last one appears nowadays year round while in the past
it was only present in the rainy season. The diversity of pesticides has increased as well,
which growers explain as a reaction to the number of pests, consequence of the growing
diversity of crops.
31
According to the PPD the use of pesticides has increased in volume in the last two
years. Only a few growers mentioned the resistance of pests against pesticides as a reason
for the increased volume used.
When asked about their expectations concerning pesticide use in the next 5 years, the
growers reacted also contradictorily. Some believe that more pesticides will be required to
handle the increasing problems. It is interesting, however, to hear that other growers
believe that the pesticide use will remain the same in the next five years: on one hand they
expect new pesticides with better efficiency; on the other hand because of the market
demand for high quality roses with less residue.
To the question if they believed that it was possible to reduce the use of pesticides by
20%, a group of growers answered that such a reduction is not feasible: less pesticides
would mean for them to have to quite the business.
Picture 5.15
5.4.2.3
A grower spraying pesticides in the greenhouse with the hose
Pesticide products used and frequency of application
Around 30 different kinds of pesticides are mentioned by the growers which they use for
the rose production.
Growers choose the pesticides they use based on the following criteria:
1.
Efficiency
2.
Price
3.
Products from Reliable companies (Bayer, Syngenta)
32
The Puong Trung Farm chooses the pesticides based on:
Efficiency
- Price
- Toxicity (least toxicity preferable, based on label information).
Table 5.3 provides an overview of the most frequently used pesticides at the Puong
Trung company according to the director of this company. They are ranked in terms of
frequency in use.
Table 5.3
Chemicals used for pest control at Puong Trung Farm
Trade name
Common name (AI)
Pest/dis
ease
1 Score 250 EC
Difenoconazole 250 g/L
WF
2
3
3
Kummulus 80 DF
Cuproxat 345 SC
Zineb bul 80 WP
Sulfur 800 g/kg
Tri Copper sulphate 345 g/L
Zineb 80%
WF
WF
WF
1
Melody duo 66,75 WP
GF
2
3
Aliette 800 WG
Ridomild 68 wp
?
Biobass
Iprovalicarb 55 g/kg
Propineb 612,5 g/kg
Fosetyl Aluminum 800 g/kg
Metalaxyl 40g/kg +
Mancozeb 640 g/kg
?
A
Nissorum
Hexythiazon 5%
GF
GF
WF
+GF
RSM
Spraying frequency
2 x/week in dry season. No or
rarely use in wet season
See above
See above
2 x/month in rainy season
Once a month in dry season
2 x/week in rainy season,
fewer frequency in dry season
See above
See above
1x/week in dry season.
2x/week in rainy season. more
popular in dry season
A
A
A
Sirpon 5EC
Halfenprox 5%
RSM
Comite 73 EC
Propagite 73%
RSM
Vetimec 1.8EC
Abamectin 1.8%
RSM
Neem-nim green 0.3 EC
Azadirachtin 0,30%
On trial
(A) = pesticides for red spider mite are rotated over time. WF = White fungus = Powdery Mildew
Rainy season starts from June till November
GF = Grey fungus = Botrytis
Dry season: December till May
RSM = Red spider mite
For all pesticides: the minimum dosage on the label is followed. The amount of
diluted pesticide is 400 - 500 l per hectare.
Normally, a spraying program is followed by the company. When a pest/disease is
found, the spraying schedule is changed and the interval is shortened. When no
pest/disease is present a longer interval is applied.
It was not possible to obtain information on the volume used at an annual basis.
Nematode is sometimes present but this is no considered as a serious problem, it just
occurs in small areas. To treat this problem, Furadan-OH 50 WP (copperhydroxide (77%)
& Monceren 250 EC (pencycuron 250 g/L) is used and applied on the soil.
Because of the resistance against the pest, the company changes pesticides they use over
time.
Trials of new pesticides are done on a small plot of 100 m2 during 2-3 weeks. If the
trial is successful, the product is applied on a bigger area (1 - 2 Ha) and later at the whole
33
area. On the trials the common products will be tested; the trial do not consider upcoming
pests and diseases in the field.
Picture 5.16 three pesticides: Score, Map-Permethrin and Long C.A (Chinese pesticide)
Table 5.4 provides an overview of the most frequently used pesticides by three small
growers interviewed. They are ranked in terms of frequency in use.
Table 5.4
Chemicals used for pest control by three small growers
Trade name
Common name (AI)
Pest/di
-sease
WF
Dose per
(in 8 L
water per
100 m2)
3-5 ml
Volume
in
2006/10
00m2)
0.5 liter
1
Score 250 EC
2
3
Anvil 5 SC
Calyxin
Difenoconazole 250
g/L
Hexaconazole 50g/L
Not available anymore
WF
WF
Idem
3-5 ml
Iprovalicarb 55 g/kg
Propineb 612,5 g/kg
Mancozeb 800 g/kg
Propineb 700 g/kg
Abamectine
GF
20 - 30 g
0.5 liter
No more
available
in the
shop
4-6 kg
1
2
3
1
Melody duo 66,75
WP
Dithane 80 WP
Antracol 70WP
Long C.A = A
GF
GF
RSM
30 - 50 g
30-50 g
1-2 ml
20 kg
20 kg
1
Sumi alpha 5 EC
Esfenvalerate 5%
RSM
8-10 ml
0.6 liter
2
Polytrin 440 EC
RSM
15-20 ml
2
Nissorum
Profenofos 400 g/kg
Cypermethrin 40 g/kg
Hexythoazo 5%
3 - 5 ml
Lannate 40 SP
Methomyl 40%
RSM,
BPH
Flowe
r borer
0.9 - 1
liter
0.25 liter
10-20g
2 kg
WF = White fungus = Powdery Mildew A = Chinese product without label
GF = Grey fungus
RMS = Red spider mite
BPH = blue plant hopper
34
Spraying frequency
1 x per week; 1 x per 3
days (many incidence)
Idem
1 x per 10 -15 days (max
2 x then change product)
1 x per week; 1 x per 3
days (many incidence)
Idem
Idem
1 x per 10 -15 days (max
2 x then change product)
Mixed with Long C.A.;
same spraying schedule
1 x per 20 days or month
1 x per 7 - 10 days
Only in early spring; will
be controlled after 2 x
(1 x per 7 - 10 days)
Table 5.5 provides an overview of the most commonly used pesticides as indicated by
10 small growers. The table is ranked in terms of serious level for the pest and diseases.
The growers indicated the serious level based on the problems they experience in the fields
with the pests and diseases. In the third column the pesticides are ranked in terms of
importance.
Table 5.5
Ranking
pest/dis.
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
Chemicals used for pest control by ten small growers
Pest/disea
se
WF/GF
WF/GF
WF/GF
WF/GF
WF/GF
WF/GF
WF/GF
Ranking
pesticide
Trade name
Common name (AI)
Difenoconazole 250 g/L
Hexaconazole 50g/L
Sulfur 800 g/kg
Iprodione
GF
Score 250 EC
Anvil 5 SC
Kummulus 80 DF
Rovral 50 WP
M8
Mancozeb 80 WP
Tilt super 300
EC
Melody duo 66,75
WP
Ridomild 68 wp
GF
Aliette 800 WG
GF
Dithane 80 WP
Mancozeb 80%
Difenoconazole
Propiconazole
Iprovalicarb 55 g/kg
Propineb 612,5 g/kg
Metalaxyl 40g/kg +
Mancozeb 640 g/kg
Fosetyl Aluminum 800
g/kg
Mancozeb 800 g/kg
GF
Presence
period
WF: year
round
GF: rainy
season
Serious
period
WF: the
weather is
dry, sunny,
windy.
GF: changing period
from dry to
rainy
RSM: dry
season
Thrips: dry
season
RSM: dry
season Æ
rainy season.
Thrips: dry
season Æ
rainy season.
Ammate
Abamectine 1.8%
Profenofos 50%
Profenofos 440 g + 40%
cypermethrin
Thiamethoxam
Dry season
Methidafion of
methidation?
Lufenuron
Year round
dry season
Æ rainy
season and
lack of water
Year round
Xxxx/
xxx
Xxxx/
xxx
Xxxx/
xxx
Xxxx/
xxx
Xxxx/
xxx
Xxxx/
xxx
xxx
RSM/
thrip
RSM/
thrip
RSM/
thrip
RSM/
thrip
RSM/
thrip
RSM/
thrip
thrip
RSM
Thrip
thrip
1
Nissorum
Hexythiazox 5%
1
Abamectine
2/3
Pesticide
with
abamectine
Kenthane 18.5 EC
2
Sunix
4
Supracide 40 EC
methidathion?
5
Map cypermethrin
50 EC
Ammate 150 SC
Plutel 1.8 EC
Selecron 500 EC
Polytrin 440 EC
Cypermethrin 50%
xx
PH/white
fly
PH/white
fly
caterpillar
1
Actara 25 WG
2
Supracide 40 EC
1
Match 50 EC
xx
x
2
Dicofol 18.5%
WF = White fungus = Powdery Mildew
GF = Grey fungus
RSM = Red spider mite
PH = plant hopper
The first group of growers interviewed (see table 5.4) spray with a maximum of 2
times a week. From the second group of growers interviewed (see table 5.5) it can be
observed that these growers spray more often (compared with the first group). These
35
growers spray with a maximum of 4-5 times a week. It can be concluded that different
growers in different areas use different spraying frequencies (the amount of times they
spray).
5.4.2.4
Mixing of different pesticides
The growers were asked to explain which pesticides they normally mix together.
All kinds of pesticides are usually mixed together, but the different growers gave different
reasons for decision which chemicals to mix: while certain growers said to avoid to mix
fungicides with insecticides, others said to avoid mixing basic and acid products; other
growers mixed everything, unless the label explicitly indicated that a product can not be
mixed. Unlike Me Lihn and Sa Pa, the use of wetting agents together with the pesticides is
not a rarity in this area.
The reasons to mix pesticides are:
To save labor
To increase efficiency
Based on own experience (growers have tried different mixtures and come up with
the mixtures because the mixtures do not result in plant damage with appropriate
dosage compared to other mixtures).
The interviewed growers did not learn from any training course how to mix; their
knowledge on mixing is partly based on their own experiences. Before they apply a
pesticide to the whole field they do trials first on a small plot. If several pests/diseases are
found at the same time, they will mix different products based on the efficiency to control
the problems.
5.4.2.5
Information from the pesticide shops
In Dalat are many pesticide shops. Two of them were interviewed; one big shop and one
small shop.
Interview with the technician of a big pesticide shop.
According to the technician of the big shop he visits the fields himself and advises to the
growers on which products and fertilizers to use (based on AI, doses, toxicity and
efficiency). Samples of the new products are given for free to the growers. They can try the
products for six months on trial plots.
The technician regularly monitors the trials. After six months he concludes if the
pesticide is effective and if it should be introduced to the growers through a seminar in
Dalat and if it will be available in the shop. If more pesticides are available for one pest or
disease the choice between the products will be made based on the AI with quick results.
Based on the label and the experiences of the trials they define the recommended doses.
Usually he advises to use a lower doses than mentioned on the label; the maximum doses
he advises never exceeds the maximum doses recommended on the label.
Instead of advising to use pesticides all the time he prefers to advise to use some
fertilizer (Phan Con Voi) because by using this fertilizer the pests and diseases decrease
and less pesticides are required.
36
Based on his knowledge and experiences the technician advises how to mix different
products (he said he knows this because he studied chemistry on the Dalat university).
He said that the growers are not very aware of the risks of spraying pesticides.
During seminars (when new products are introduced) he advises them to protect
themselves while spraying: wear boots; wear gloves, wear masks, wear a hat, in some
cases motor helmet (in case the grower wants to protect himself very carefully), spray
pesticides following the wind direction, do not smoke during spraying, Follow the
instruction on the label according to doses and mixing of different products, take a bath
after spraying pesticides and clean the equipment and clothes after spraying pesticides.
According to him the growers are more careful spraying pesticides by protecting
themselves after his advises.
The persons in the shop are trained by the PPD; the training course is 10 days a year,
annually. They have to pay a fee for the course and they have to pass the exam to get a
certificate. After that they have knowledge to advise the growers.
Interview with the owner of a small pesticide shop.
Usually the owner of the shop doesn't provide information related to the use of pesticide
because most of her customers are regular ones and they are knowledgeable about the
pesticide use. She only gives advise on the new products (AI, doses and efficiency) and she
also will give advises to the new customers (old and new products).
If a new product is available the growers will get samples (sometime for free) and
they give feedback to her about their experience with the products in the fields. If the result
is good, then she will import more amount of the new product. If not, she has to refund the
growers (if the growers have paid).
She has attended several seminars organized by the pesticide companies. These
seminars are hold to introduce new products.
If more products are available for a pest or disease she will recommend the product
from the well known companies (Bayer, Syngenta).
Picture 5.17 overview of pesticides showed during an interview
37
She is aware of the toxicity level of the products (by color on the label) and provides
that information to the growers. Sometimes she invites growers to go to the field school (to
introduce new products) organized by the pesticide companies.
According to the owner the growers do not pay attention to protect themselves
during spraying.
A lot of products are not registered for roses. According to her this is because it is
not possible to register a product for too many different crops. She explained that if a
product is against a certain pest or disease in another crop this product can also be used for
roses.
She knows which products can be mixed from the course by PPD. She said there is a
table with this information but she could not show this to us because she left it at home.
She advises the doses based on the recommendation of the company (written on the label).
Table 5.6 presents an overview of the most important pesticides provided by the shop
sellers to rose growers. The table also gives an overview of the recommended doses.
Table 5.6
Advised dosage of pesticides in Dalat (2 shops)
Pesticide
Active ingredient
Period
Advised dosage to grower
(ml product/L water)
(1)
(2)
Judi 5SC
Hexaconazole 5%
Year round
Glory
Carbendazim 50%
Year round
Cure Supe 300EC
Year round
Mataxyl
Phantom 60EC
Propiconazole 150g/L +
Difenoconazole 150g/L
Tricyclazole 58g/Kg +
Carbendazim 92g/kg
Validamycin 50g/kg
Diazinon 60%
20-40ml/8liter
water
320-400l/ha
8-16ml/8Liter of
water
0.2 - 0.25L/ha
Year round
Year round
CammalinSuper 170EC
Profenofos 15%
Year round
BM Delta 2.8EC
Cyper Map 25EC
Deltamethrin 2.8%
Cypermethrin 25%
Year round
Year round
Manage 5WP
Imibenconazole 5%
Year round
Bayfidan
Propiconazole 150g/L +
Difenoconazole 150g/L
Triadimenrol 250g/L
Year round
Carzole 20WP
Tilt Super
Year round
Year round
Sec Saigon
Cypermethrin 500g/L
Year round
Abatin
Abamectin 1.8%
Year round
Peran
Permethrin 50%
Year round
Pegasus
Diafenthiuron 500g/L
Year round
(1, big shop): Shop owner: (2, small shop): shop owner:
38
0.5 - 1kg/ha
0.4 - 0.6L/ha
10 - 5 ml/8liter of
water
20 - 25 ml/8L of
water for 250m2
320 - 400 L/ha
5-6ml/8liter
of
water,
32L/1000m2
20g/8L, 3240L/1000m2
10cc/8L
5ml/8L
season)
10ml/8L
season)
20ml/8L
10ml/8L
10ml/8L
10g/8L
(dry
(Rainy
Besides these two shops another small shop between the rose fields was very shortly
interviewed.
Picture 5.18 A small pesticide shop between the rose fields
The only question we asked the owner of the shop is which pesticides do you usually
sell to the rose growers. In Table 5.7 an overview is given of these products. According to
him all pesticides have the same importance.
Table 5.7
Overview of chemicals fold in a small shop between the rose fields
Pesticide
Active ingredient
Anvil 5 EC
Hexaconazole
Daconil 500 SC
Map-permethrin 50 EC
Cypermethrin
Selecron 500 EC
Profenofos
Abatimec 1.8 EC
Abamectine
Score 250 EC
Difenoconazole
The three shop owners could not rank the pesticides on importance.
From the tables it can be seen that the three different shops sell different products with
different active ingredients to the growers of roses.
The technician of the big shop could give information about the amount of pesticides
sold in a year but there is no information available about the area on which these pesticides
are used.
Table 5.8 provides an overview of the total amount of volume of pesticides sold in a
year.
39
Table 5.8
Amount of pesticides sold in one year in Dalat (1 shop) to rose growers
Pesticide
Active ingredient
Total amount of product
sold in a year
Total amount of AI sold in 2005
(kg)
Judi 5SC
Glory
Cure Supe 300EC
Hexaconazole 5%
Carbendazim 50%
Propiconazole 150g/L +
Difenoconazole 150g/L
Tricyclazole 58g/Kg +
Carbendazim 92g/kg
Validamycin 50g/kg
Diazinon 60%
Profenofos 15%
300 l
100 l
100 l
500 kg
100 l
100 l
15
50
15
15
11.6
18.4
250
60
15
Deltamethrin 2.8%
Cypermethrin 25%
50 l
200 l
1.4
50
Carzole 20WP
Mataxyl
Phantom 60EC
Cammalin Super
170EC
BM Delta 2.8EC
Cyper Map 25EC
200 kg
The shop owner could not make a ranking of the pesticides based on importance.
According to the results of table 5.8 it can be observed that the amount of product sold in a
year does not differ a lot between the different products (50 l - 500 kg). Based on AI the
differences are bigger; for example: the amount of metalaxyl (AI) sold is 250 kg/year while
the amount of deltamethrin sold is 1.4 kg/year.
5.4.2.6
Costs for using pesticides
Cost for pesticides varies from seasons and types of field. The pesticide use is less in the
dry season compared to the rainy season and less in the net house relative to the open field,
the cost is less accordingly. The percentage of the costs of the pesticides compared to the
total input costs is identified as 25 - 50 % by the small growers.
According to the director of the Phuong Trung Farm the costs of pesticides occupies for
30% of the total input cost (incl. labor cost). The input cost is VND 300-400/rose, the price
is VND 500 - 1.000/rose.
5.5
Estimated environmental and human health impact of rose cultivation
5.5.1
Label of products
Growers in Dalat were asked to explain how they read the label. When using pesticides,
the interviewed growers pay attention to :
1.
The toxicity of the product based on color.
2.
The description how to use the pesticide.
3.
The dose written on the table.
In order to increase the efficiency of the products, the growers sometimes increase
the dosage up to 30% compared to the recommendation on the label. This will only be
done for open field rose production. In the net house, they use the maximum dose found on
40
the label when more pests are found. In general, more pesticides are used in open field
compared to that in the net house.
5.5.2
Environment
5.5.2.1 General
The growers do not experience negative impact on the environment which they relate to
the use of pesticides.
According to the PPD there is no impact on aquatic life noticed because there are few
fish ponds in Da Lat. Affected regions may be other ones in lower elevation such as Dong
Nai, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan provinces.
5.5.2.2 Domestic water sources
By spraying pesticides in the field direct exposure of pesticides to the surface water might
take place (see risk for aquatic organisms, chapter 5.6.3) Pesticides also might leach to the
groundwater (see chapter 5.6.5)
Drinking water
In Dalat in most areas drinking water for local people is provided from a mineral stream
which is under treatment by a factory called Suoi Vang Waterworks funded by Danida. In
some suburb areas people are not connected to this water supply but are dependent on the
groundwater they collect from deep wells (15 - 40 m). According to the PPD it might be
possible that some growers in the suburb areas may be affected by the pollution from using
this groundwater as drinking water but this number is quite low (this information is coming
from the PPD).
Cleaning and maintenance of equipment
Spraying machines are cleaned with surface water and discharged right on the field not
directly to the surface water.
5.5.2.3 Disposal and waste
Disposal
Growers were asked what they do with the diluted left-over's in the tank/bucket. They
often finish the pesticide they already mixed by extra spraying of the field. After that they
clean the equipment with surface water and spray the rising water also on the field.
Waste:
Compared to Me Linh and Sapa the amount of waste found in the rose fields was smaller.
Still there is a lot of waste found in piles round the green houses and open fields.
Growers were asked what they do with the waste. All of them collect waste (empty
pesticide bag/bottles) and put it in one big bag for later burning or disposing into the
landfill. According to their estimate, most of growers (90%) in the region are quite good at
41
taking care of the waste because they are well informed by the local government (such as
the Dalat Agricultural Center) related to this issue.
According to the PPD each grower takes care of treating agricultural product waste
by their own. No official treatment methods have been developed by the government.
Domestic waste is collected in one place. No waste treatment plant is present in the region
so far. The local government plans to set up such plant for domestic waste in the near
future.
5.5.3
Human health
5.5.3.1 Protective clothes
Table 5.9 presents the respondents indications on the protective personnel devices they use
while spraying pesticides.
Table 5.9
Protection
device
Regular mask
(cotton)
Special mask
Boots
Raincoat
Percentage of growers using the following personal protection items
Frequency Reason (note)
(%)
100
The cotton mask can be used for 3-5 times and will be disposed. Growers
20
always wear masks in the rose production because the plants are higher
than most vegetables.
100
Idem
50
Some hot days they don't wear rain coasts because they don't feel
comfortable
Hat (sometimes 100
necessary
motor helmet)
Glove
50
Most growers only use gloves while mixing the pesticide, not while
spraying (they feel uncomfortable - hot)
Glasses
20%
Growers explained the glasses are current not well designed, the water
comes from their breath would make it hard for them to see
Picture 5.19 growers showing special mask (left) and standard cotton mask and glasses (right)
Sometimes the growers become totally wet of spraying pesticides (picture 5.20). In
70% of the cases the protective devices (raincoat, mask, hat) are washed after spraying.
The remaining 30% leaves the devices to dry and wear them as such during the next
pesticide application.
42
Picture 5.20 getting wet during spraying pesticides
The Phuong Trung Farm always recommends his workers to wear protective devices while
spraying. According to the estimation of the director:
95% wear raincoat
90% wear mask (the regular one only. At first, he advised his workers to wear
special mask but they later on don't follow because they don't feel comfortable)
50% wear glasses
100 % wear boots
The company provides money to his workers to buy these clothes.
5.5.3.2 Side effects of pesticides
The growers were asked to mention health problems and its possible relation with pesticide
use. They indicate that there are some direct effects. Symptoms they have experienced
themselves are:
1.
Dizziness
2.
Headache
3.
Breathing difficulties when spraying pesticides for more than 4 hours, especially at
noon in hot days.
4.
Skin problem sometimes
5.
Eye alergy (cay mat)
The problems are present more frequently in net or plastic houses than in open
fields.
A 5-10 hour interval after spraying pesticides to come back into the net house to
work is followed by about 70% of the farm owners. Contract workers usually enter the
green house right after spraying.
43
5.5.3.3 Storage of pesticides
Growers were asked where they store their pesticides. Storage of pesticides and equipment
is mostly arranged in a separate barn on the field (picture 5.21 left). Some growers who do
not have the financial means to build a barn and keep these items in a specific place just
outside of the house (picture 5.21 right). According to the respondents the nozzles are
replaced once a year. The Puong Trung company has one separate pesticide store to
provide products to every farm.
Picture 5.21
5.6
5.6.1
Equipment and pesticides stored in a separate barn on the field (left) and in the greenhouse
just on the ground behind the house (right)
Hazard of pesticide use
Introduction
A hazard assessment is done based on the observations and data provided during the field
work and using four different hazard indicators (WHO hazard class, leaching potential, and
terrestrial and aquatic toxicity index). Hazard estimations are made for crop management
practices currently applied by growers in the research area. Hazard estimations are based
on pesticide parameters solely and do not take into account site specific aspects, such as
climate, soil type and application practices. Also the amounts of pesticides used in the field
are not taken into account. Therefore hazard estimations give a relative ranking of the
hazards associated with pesticide use patterns. A hazard assessment can be performed in
many different ways. In this study four different types of hazards are considered:
occupational hazard to human health, hazard to terrestrial and aquatic life, and hazard to
groundwater pollution. For each type of hazard a hazard indicator is selected (in part I of
the report more information is given concerning each type of hazard).
5.6.2
Hazard to human health using the WHO classification
In Danse et al., 2007a the WHO Classification by hazard is explained. In Dalat the
respondents mentioned 36 pesticides that are used for the rose production. According to the
44
shop keepers interviewed some other pesticides are also used by the growers for the rose
production. In figure 5.1 these results are not included (only the mentioned pesticides by
the growers are included in the figure).
Methomyl and methidathion are ranked as highly hazardous. These active
ingredients are used to protect the roses against flower borer, plant hopper and white flies.
No other extremely or highly hazardous active ingredients were identified. Remarkable is
that 30% of the Active ingredients are not included in the WHO classification. In the annex
an is presented overview of the different pesticides, active ingredients and the WHO class
to which the active ingredient belongs.
WHO classification
pesticides Dalat
6%
18%
32%
Class Ib: highly hazardous
Class II: moderately hazardous
Class III: slightly hazardous
18%
Class U: no acute hazard in normal
use
Not in classification
26%
Figure 5.1
5.6.3
Classification of the used pesticides according the to WHO hazard classification
Hazard to aquatic life using the Aquatic Toxicity Indicator
In Danse et al., 2007a the use of the Aquatic Toxicity Index (ATI) is explained.
Approximately 50% of the pesticides indicated by the respondents pose a very high
hazard for aquatic life (see figure 5.2). Abamectine (LC50 = 0.0003 mg/L), cypermethrin
(LC50 = 0.0003 mg/L), esfenvalerate (LC50 = 0.0001 mg/L), halfenprox (LC50 =
0.000031 mg/L) need special attention; these active ingredients are more toxic (< 1 ug/L)
than the other very highly toxic active ingredients.
45
Classification according to A.T.I.
15%
3%
3%
Very highly toxic
Highly toxic
Moderately toxic
8%
Slightly toxic
53%
non toxic
n.a.
18%
Figure 5.2
Classification of the used pesticides according to the Aquatic Toxicity Index
The potential risk for the aquatic organisms also dependents on the persistence of the
active ingredient in the water phase. Extra care should be taken if a pesticide is very toxic
for aquatic organisms and if the degradation rate in water is low. In the annex an overview
is given of all pesticides, their Aquatic toxicity index and the DT50 in the water phase. This
appendix shows that dicofol, hexythiazox and esfenfalerate are very highly toxic for
aquatic organisms and have a DT50 of respectively 29, 11.5 and 30 days.
5.6.4
Hazard to terrestrial life using the Terrestrial Toxicity Indicator
In Danse et al., 2007a the use of the Terrestrial Toxicity Index (ATI) is explained.
Pesticides with methiodathion are toxic to terrestrial organisms. Pesticides with
abamectine, methomyl, thiamethoxam, dicofol and propargite are moderately toxic to
terrestrial organisms.
46
Classification according to T.T.I.
0%
3%
18%
26%
Highly toxic
Toxic
Moderately toxic
Slightly toxic
n.a.
53%
Figure 5.3
Classification of the used pesticides according to the Terrestrial Toxicity Index
The potential risk for the terrestrial organisms also dependents on the persistence of
the performance of the active ingredient in the soil. Extra care should be taken if a
pesticide is toxic for organisms and if the degradation rate in soil is low. This is not the
case for the pesticides used by the growers for the rose production in Dalat.
5.6.5
Hazard to groundwater using the GUS index
In part one of the report the use of the GUS or Groundwater Ubiquity Score is explained.
Figure 5.4 shows the persistence in soil of the Active ingredients used in Dalat. One active
ingredient is very persistent: propiconazole.
47
Persistence in soil
11%
3%
23%
very persistent
persistent
fairly degradable
34%
readily degradable
n.a.
29%
Figure 5.4 Classification of the used pesticides based on persistence in soil
The DT50 values used for the classification of the used pesticides based on
persistence in soil and the calculations of the GUS leaching index are standardized to a
temperature of 20ºC (for the Dalat region).
The half-lives and sorption coefficients used in the study are presented in the annex
The following figure shows the classification of the used pesticides using the GUS
leaching index.
48
GUS index (leaching to groundwater)
15%
3%
3%
12%
55%
very low
low
moderate
high
very high
n.a.
12%
Figure 5.5
Classification of the used pesticides using the GUS leaching index
In Dalat, the active ingredients azadirachtin and methomyl pose a very high and high
hazard to groundwater.
5.6.6
Overall results
Table 5.10 gives an overview of the pesticides with a potential high hazard.
49
Table 5.10
Active Ingredients, formulations and potential high hazard
Potential
Formulation/pesticide Active
Potential Potential
to
hazard
to hazard
ingredients
hazard
groundwater
according aquatic life
to WHO
Lannate
methomyl
High
Very highly
high
toxic
Supracide
methidathion
High
Very highly
toxic
Tilt super
Propiconazole
Moderate Very highly
Moderate
toxic
Polytrin
cypermethrin,
Moderate
propenofos
Very highly
toxic
Map cypermethrin
Cypermethrin
moderate Very highly
toxic
Selecron
profenofos
Moderate Very highly
toxic
Polytrin
Profenofos
Moderate Very highly
toxic
Sumi alpha
esfenvalerate
Moderate Very highly
toxic
Melody duo
Propineb
Very highly
toxic
Antracol
Propineb
Very highly
toxic
Ridomild
Mancozeb
Very highly
toxic
Mancozeb
Mancozeb
Very highly
toxic
Dithane
Mancozeb
Very highly
toxic
Nissorum
Hexythiazox
Very highly
toxic
Sirpon
Halfenprox
Very highly
toxic
Vetimec
Abamectin
Very highly
toxic
Plutel
Abamectine
Very highly
toxic
Long C.A
Abamectine
Very highly
toxic
chinese pesticide
abamectine
Very highly
toxic
Kenthane
Dicofol
Very highly
toxic
Match
lufenuron
Very highly
toxic
Super Tilt
Difenoconazole
Anvil
Hexaconazole
Moderate
Rovral
iprodione
Moderate
Melody duo
iprovalicarb
Moderate
Neem-nim green
azadirachtin
Very high
50
Potential
hazard
to
soil
(persistence)
Very
persistent
persistent
persistent
persistent
persistent
Persistent
Persistent
persistent
5.6.6.1 Assessment of hazards to human health
If growers use formulations with hazardous active ingredients that are listed by the WHO
classification these poses a potential risk to their health. In Dalat the pesticides with
methomyl and methidathion are ranked as highly hazardous. The active ingredients
Propiconazole, cypermethrin, profenofos and esfenvalerate are ranked as moderately
hazardous. Safe use training with special attention for these pesticides is a suitable
intervention.
5.6.6.2 Assessment of hazards to aquatic life
In Dalat further risk assessments should be focused on formulations containing methomyl,
methidathion, propiconazole, profenofos, esfenvalerate, propineb, mancozeb, hexythiazox,
halfenprox, abamectine, dicofol and lufenuron because these active ingredients are very
highly toxic to aquatic life. Special attention is needed for the active ingredients dicofol,
hexythiazox and esfenfalerate because these substances are persistent in water! There is a
potential risk for the aquatic ecosystem and therefore further risk assessment taking
specific site aspects, such as climate and application practices into account is
recommended.
5.6.6.3
Assessment of hazard to terrestrial life
In Dalat further risk assessments should be focused on formulations containing
methidathion, because this active ingredient is toxic to terrestrial life.
5.6.6.4 Assessment of hazard to groundwater
In Dalat the focus should be on formulations containing methomyl and azadirachtin
because there is a potential health risk through the consumption of groundwater and
therefore further assessment of the risks of leaching of pesticides to groundwater is
recommended.
6. Pesticide control mechanism
6.2 Legislation and registration for roses
Chapter 6.2.4 of part I of the report needs to be updated. Table 6.20 of part I is not totally
correct. Table 5.11 provides an adapted overview of the registered pesticides for roses in
2006.
51
Table 5.11 . Registered pesticides for roses (year = 2006)
LIST OF REGISTERED PESTICIDES IN VIETNAM
(Issued according to the Decision No. 31/2006/QĐ-BNN on April 27th 2006
by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)
TYPE
ORDER
TRADE NAME
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
CROP
APPLICANT
Fungicides
6
Bemyl 50 WP
Benomyl (min 95 %)
flower
Công ty CP Nông dược H.A.I
Fungicides
112
Baovil 25 WP
Pencycuron (min 99 %)
flower
Fungicides
144
Sameton 25 WP
Bathurin S 3 x 109 5 x 109 spores/ml
Dibaroten 5 WP,
5SL, 5G
Dibonin 5 WP, 5
SL, 5G
Triadimefon
flower
Bacillus thuringiensis(var. aizawai)
flowers
Rotenone
flowers
Rotenone 2.5% + Saponin 2.5%
Acid Gibberellic 1.34% + ZnSO4 +
MnSO4 + CuSO4 + NPK + FeSO4 +
Borax
Sodium - 5 - Nitroguaiacolate 0.3% +
Sodium - O - Nitrophenolate 0.6%+
Sodium - P - Nitrophenolate 0.9%
flowers
Kuang Hwa Chemical Co., Ltd
Công ty TNHH 1 TV BVTV
Sài Gòn
Viện Cơ điện NN & Công nghệ
sau thu hoạch, Hà Nội
Công ty TNHH nông dược Điện
Bàn
Công ty TNHH nông dược Điện
Bàn
flowers
Công ty Thuốc sát trùng Việt
Nam
flowers
Asahi chemical MFG Co., Ltd
rose
rose
Công ty TNHH Việt Thắng
Doanh nghiệp Tư nhân TM Tân
Quy
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
22
171
172
Growth
regulator
1
Growth
regulator
25
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
Vimogreen 1.34
BHN
Atonik 1.8 DD
1
Reasgant 1.8 EC;
3.6 EC
67
GC - Mite 70 DD
Abamectin
Cotton seed oil 40% + close oil 20% +
garlic oil 10%
114
May 050 SC
Fenpyroximate (min 96%)
rose
Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd
122
Nissorun 5 EC
Hexythiazox (min 94 %)
rose
Nippon Soda Co., Ltd
171
Rotenone
rose
Công ty CP Nông Hưng
Chaetomium cupreum
rose
Viện Di truyền nông nghiệp
Chlorothalonil (min 98%)
Copper Oxychloride 17% + Zinc
sulfate 10% + Streptomycin sulfate 5%
rose
Fungicides
34
Limater 7.5 EC
Ketomium 1.5 x 106
Cfu/g powder
Fungicides
37
Daconil 75 WP
Fungicides
52
PN - balacide 32WP
Fungicides
57
Stifano 5.5SL
Fungicides
61
GC - 3 83DD
Fungicides
71
Fungicides
71
Lilacter 0.3 SL
PN - Linhcide 1.2
EW
Fungicides
81
Fungicides
Cucuminoid 5% + Gingerol 0.5%
Dầu bắp 30% + dầu hạt bông 30% +
dầu tỏi 23% (maize oil 30% + cotton
seed oil 30% + garlic oil 23%)
rose
SDS Biotech K.K, Japan
Công ty TNHH Phương Nam,
Việt Nam
Công ty TNHH Sản phẩm Công
nghệ cao
rose
Doanh nghiệp Tư nhân TM Tân
Quy
Eugenol
rose
Eugenol
rose
Công ty CP Nông Hưng
Công ty TNHH Phương Nam,
Việt Nam
Anvil 5 SC
Hexaconazole (min 85 %)
rose
Syngenta Vietnam Ltd
83
Manage 5 WP
Imibenconazole (min 98.3 %)
rose
Hokko Chem Ind Co., Ltd
Fungicides
84
Bellkute 40 WP
rose
Nippon Soda Co., Ltd
Fungicides
157
TP - Zep 18EC
Iminoctadine (min 93%)
Vegetable oil combination (temple oi,
lemongrass oil, rose oil, holy basil oil,
lemon oil)
Growth
regulator
52
15
Stinut 5 SL
Gibberellins
rose
rose
Công ty TNHH Thành Phương
rose
Công ty TNHH Sản phẩm Công
nghệ cao
TYPE
ORDER
LIST OF REGISTERED PESTICIDES IN VIETNAM
(Issued according to the Decision No. 59/2006/QĐ-BNN on August 8th 2006
by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
CROP
TRADE NAME
(COMMON NAME)
APPLICANT
Red spider mite
powdery
mildew
20
Atamite 73 EC
propagite
rose
76
Vieteam 80 WP
rose
Growth
regulator
1
Alsti 1.4 SL
tricycazole 0.5% + sulfur 79.5%
sodium ortho-nitrophenolate 0.71%
+sodium para-nitrophenolate 0.46%
+sodium 5-nitroguaacolate 0.23 %
Công ty TNHH Việt Thắng
Công ty CP Thuoc BVTV Việt
Thrung
rose
Công ty TNHH SP Công Nghe
Cao
33
Plutel 1.8 EC, 3.6
EC
abamectine
rose
Guizhou CVC INC.
41
Susupes 1.9 EC
emamectin benzoate
rose
Công ty TNHH San pham Công
nghe cao
1
Bio-Humaxin Sen
Vang 6 SC
Trichoderma spp 10+05 CFU/ml 1% +
K-Humate 5%
rose
Công ty TNHH An Hung
Truong
4
Etobon 0.56 SL
cytokinin (Zeatin)
rose
Công ty TNHH An Hung Phat
Fulhumaxin 5.65 SC
Trichoderma spp 10+06 CFU/ml 1% +
K-Humate 3,5% + fulvate 1% +
Chitosan 0.05% + vitamin B1 0.1%
rose
Công ty TNHH An Hung
Truong
bio- origin products
Insecticide
(RSM, thrips,
aphids)
Insecticide
(RSM, thrips,
aphids)
Fungicide
(underdeveloped
roots)
Fungicide
nematode/root
spot
Fungicide,
Black spot, rust,
powdery
mildew
5
According to table 5.11, 33 pesticides are registered for roses currently. The
pesticides Nissorun 5, EC Anvil 5 SC and Plutel 1.8 EC, 3.6 EC were mentioned by the
growers in Dalat as pesticides they use in the rose fields. In almost all the cases growers
use pesticides which are registered for other crops. This is also the case in Me Linh and
Sapa. Growers use these pesticides registered for other crops. According to them they
know how to use these pesticides for roses.
53
6.
6.1
Market access and market constraints
Introduction
The field work allowed us to assess at a general level the current status of marketing chains
between small rose growers from Dalat and their most important final market, being Ho
Chi Minh and decreasingly Hanoi. In this region there are also a number of companies
present that initiated export activities, but they do not include roses. The most important
flowers for export are chrysantum and lilies.
The research team interviewed different combinations of actors related to different
levels of the rose chain; small growers, managers of larger cultivation and trade companies
and their workers, wholesalers, flower shops, flower stalls, hawkers and final consumers.
Due to the short time available it was not possible to survey in a systematic way these
different chain actors. But based on semi structured interviews, site visits and participatory
observations useful information was collected, that helped to reconfirm and up date
information already collected as part of the ProPoor Horticulture program (Quang et al.,
2004).
The Lam Dong area, where Dalat is situated at, is the main flower cultivation area of
Vietnam. The total flower production area in Da Lat is approximately 400 ha, and is
estimated to have an output of 250 million stems per year 7. The local government
development policy has projected an increase to a total production area of 500 ha by 2010.
A high percentage of flower producers in Da Lat are small family enterprises. Very few
growers sell their products directly to the final consumer. Most flowers are sold through
traders and wholesalers. There have been recent moves to establish flower grower
cooperatives in Da Lat to better support farmers. The majority of produce is transported to
Ho Chi Minh City for sale or distribution to other cities, while some is transported directly
to other major cities Nha Trang, Da Nang and Ha Noi. In Da Lat flowers are sold in the
central city retail market where there are 30 permanent stall holders, and in many small
town markets. Local shops also sell bunches of flowers, especially on lunar special days.
6.2
Flower collection
Information about flower collection was gathered by a visit to one collectors/traders home
followed by a SSI with 5 invited rose collectors. Only the collector were the interview took
place had installed a cold store in the collectors area. The others did not consider the
investment necessary. The owner of the visited cold store started this activity to comply
with the requirements of the export of lilies. The collectors interviewed are also rose sellers
and rose growers themselves. Besides their own production, they also buy roses from other
farmers and work together with the transporters to bring the flowers to the markets outside
of the region.
54
-
Criteria for them to buy flowers include:
Big bud
Thick and long stem
Straight stem, without branch
Having many leaves.
Green, greasy leaves.
No spots (due to pests and diseases) on the leaves
One collector indicated the presence of residue on the leaves as one of the quality
criteria that would cause rejection by some of the buyers in the Ho Chi Minh market.
However, when there is less supply than demand, they are prepared to accept flowers
that do not meet these quality criteria, which is the case in periods of important holidays
such as Tet. As in the Me Linh and Sapa region, the flowers of different suppliers (all
regular suppliers, selected because of their quality) are mixed together to be classified into
3 categories:
First class (criteria not specified)
Second class (criteria not specified)
Third class (criteria not specified)
6.3
Market access constraints
The price that collectors pay to rose farmers depends on the daily market price.
Information on price is provided by collectors and whole sellers in Ho Chi Minh, Dalat and
Hanoi or at the commune market, and the demand-supply relation on markets. Collectors
offer prices based on the actual market price of flowers in their final market destination.
For flowers of higher quality they would offer higher price and vice versa. The collectors
observe a change of selling to the whole sale markets towards sales to the retail sector.
These consist mainly of flower shops. Supermarkets represent still a small market segment.
Red rose is still considered the most popular flower among consumers and the best
flower to be sold, but in recent years there has been an increasing demand for roses of
other colors such as white, yellow, and pink roses. Besides roses, customers are more and
more interested in other flower variety such as lily, chrysanthemum and orchids. In the
Hanoi market Dalat roses compete with cheaper Me Linh roses and flowers coming from
other regions, partially also outside of Vietnam. For this reason, the sales from Dalat to
Hanoi have decreased the last ten years, and sales have become more concentrated to the
Ho Chi Minh market, and in some cases to foreign markets, such as Russia, Malaysia, and
even in some cases Japan.
The Dalat flower sector enjoys some geographical benefits for flower cultivation,
such as the climate conditions, altitude and availability of sufficient water. Besides that, the
local growers have significant experience with commercial farming activities, which shows
by the way the farmers search for cultivation practices and post harvest techniques that
help them to comply with the market requirements. Most farmers have implemented green
house techniques on their farms, which helps to protect the flowers against some pests and
diseases. Also, most collectors store the flowers after harvesting in water buckets and
55
classify the flowers by size and other criteria in order to be able to sell the different flower
qualities to the different possible market segments.
However, an important condition that affects the Dalat flower sector is its long
distance to attractive markets. Besides the local Dalat market, the most important market in
its region is Ho Chi Minh city. This city is located at a 4-5 hours distance by truck.
Currently there is no air transport for cargo available which implies that all transport has to
be done over the road. The conventional mean for road transport is using small trucks over
loaded with cardboard boxes full of flowers (picture 6.1). This transport mean affects in a
very negative way the quality of the flower offered to the market, and limits the
possibilities of the growers and the intermediaries to comply with requirements of growing
market segments, such as the retail sector.
An exception to the above mentioned transport problems is Dalat Hasfarm. This
company, currently exporting a great deal of their production, owns refrigerated trucks that
bring the flowers to the airport of Ho Chi Minh City.
Picture 6.1 Conventional transport meant to bring flowers from Da Lat to its markets
56
7. Research objective 2: Information, knowledge, and
learning on sustainable rose cultivation
7.1 Access and availability of information on pesticide use and environmental
friendly cultivation
7.1.1
Relevant actors
Da Lat Commune
As in Me Linh and Sapa, also in Da Lat growers, local district officials and representative
of the local agricultural research institutes were invited to indicate the relevant actors that
provide information to local rose farmers on cultivation practices. Figure 7.1 presents the
actors indicated by 3 rose growers. Two of them grow flowers since 1994, one of them
since 1978. Each of them started first with roses, but are now also involved in growing
gladioli, gerbera, baby's breath, and carnation. Nevertheless, the rose is the most profitable
flower of their assortment. Lilly is also very profitable but the bulbs come from The
Netherlands and are very expensive. The growers deliver their flowers directly to local
whole sellers, whom transport the flowers to Ho Chi Minh city. The flowers are sold in
three districts, being: Ho Thi Ki, Dam Sen and Hau Giang markets. In most of the cases,
high quality flowers go to HCMC. Lower quality flowers are sold at the local market in Da
Lat. The whole sellers pay the growers after the sales. The growers have the impression the
whole sellers pay less than they really receive at the market.
Other small scale flower
farmers in Da Lat
Family
members
active in the
sector
Shop owners for
fertilizers and
pesticides
TV and radio
PVFC
Flower traders
from Ho Chi
Minh
Da Lat rose
growers
Employees
Hasfarm
PPD and
CAO
Protective
device shop
Figure 7.1
Pesticide producing
company
Hasfarm
Green house
technology
providers
Perception of Dalat rose growers on actors providing information and support towards the
sector
57
The most important direct source of information for these growers is exchanging
experience with other farmers, and then especially family members. The information they
obtain through these linkages is related to cultivation practices, green house installations
and market opportunities. Besides that, they receive information through the traders whom
visit the region periodically. The information they obtain from them is related to price,
quality requirements (length, bulb size and freshness), bulb color, and market acceptance
of new flower varieties.
The most important indirect source of information is Hasfarm (see also chapter
5.1.2). This company is leading in the region the introduction and use of new cultivation
techniques, the use of new varieties, and creating access to new markets, especially export.
Until recently Hasfarm did not provide local farmers the opportunity to visit and learn
about their cultivation practices. Nevertheless, since the presence of Hasfarm in the region
local farmers obtain information through the workers of Hasfarm. Also some workers
started working as technical advisors for local companies after having worked for some
year in Hasfarm. Recently Hasfarm has opened up the company and initiated with the
support of the Danish development agency Danida a technical assistance program, which
enables 10 farms to become subcontracting farms of Hasfarm. These farms will receive
training and technical advice on cultivation and post harvest practices from Hasfarm and
will be able to sell their flowers through Hasfarm.
58
MARD
Hanoi
Agricultural
University
PPD
State level
District
People
Committee
Pesticide
shops at
district
level
Agricultural
cooperative
PPD
Institute
Provincial
PPD
Comune
People
Committee
PPD at
district
level
Group of
Extensionist
Rose
farmer
Figure 7.2
Indication of local authorities and growers on public actors providing information to rose
farmers in Me Linh commune
59
With regard to public technical assistance, the growers recognize the presence of
local governmental entities providing support to the agricultural sector. The available
structure on public services is comparable to the structure present in Me Linh (see figure
7.2.). Their support consists of training, technical assistance, and conducting applied
research. However, the information and knowledge available in these institutes are not
considered useful, since they perceive a lack of specialized knowledge on flower
cultivation within the staff available. And in some cases growers even feel that they
provide them information and teach them instead of the other way around (see arrow in
figure 7.1.).
With regard to the information on crop protection methods, there are local pesticides
shops present, and local representatives of pesticides producing companies sometimes
organize meetings to introduce a new product. The growers perceive the knowledge and
experience of pesticide shop owners regarding pests and diseases and crop protection
methods as limited. Their information on new products is useful, but the pesticides
producing companies do not use the opportunities of local meetings to provide information
on other crop protection methods but the application of chemical products.
Growers are aware of the importance to protect themselves against inhaling and
direct skin contact with pesticides. They have learned about risks and personal protective
devices through the television. In Da Lat there is a specialized shop on personal protective
devices. However, in practice they use only textile masks and rain coats, since they
consider the more professional equipment offered as too expensive and uncomfortable in
use.
Regarding their knowledge on irrigation systems and green house construction (see
also chapter 5.2.2), they have learned from looking at the technology used by Hasfarm, but
build the infrastructure themselves. There are local companies present that sell the
materials and install the infrastructure, but the growers consider them too expensive.
Information on the design of the irrigation infrastructure is obtained from local vegetable
farmers and adjusted to the conditions of flower cultivation (not necessarily roses). The
greenhouse design is copied from the Hasfarm model, but built with local materials and
poorly maintained, due to which the structure is sub optimal in comparison to the
infrastructure at Hasfarm.
The farmers have access to internet, but they hardly use this to obtain information
about cultivation practices, since there is no useful information available in Vietnamese
and most of the information they would like to know about is provided in English.
The growers indicated that they have a need to access better information on
cultivation techniques, especially on pest and disease control methods and post harvest
treatment. (Note author: It is interesting that they mentioned this issue, since earlier they
had answered they are not doing any post harvest treatment because the flowers go directly
from the farm to the whole seller and then to the market).
An important difference between the institutional framework present in Da Lat and
the other two regions analyzed, is the recent establishment of the flower growers
association. This association is a public private initiative meant to be a platform to
represent the interests of the sector towards local public institutes. Besides that, it is
expected that the Association will also help to collect and make available market
information. The opinions about this initiative resulted to be diverse. Some farmers and
60
representatives of public entities consider the Association an opportunity to improve the
negotiation power of the sector towards different external entities, and a good vehicle to
collect and organize market information. Others feel it as an extra bureaucratic entity of
which not too many results should be expected. This last opinion is logical, since the
Association is a very new initiative, that formalized its institutional settings at the end of
2006. The practical activities to support the sector still have to be initiated. The
development of the platform receives aid from the Danish development agency DANIDA.
The director of the Phuong Trung Farm gets his knowledge related to plant
protection from books, newspapers, internet, and based on his own experience. The
director has also gained knowledge after some trips to China. He also learns from his
friends in Australia and Israel. He has been supported by the provincial government to
attend a training course in China. He got this support because he provides a lot of jobs
The small growers get information related to pesticides from neighbor growers, from
shop keepers, workshop by pesticide companies and newspapers. The interviewed growers
indicate that not only them but also other growers are willing to share information related
to pesticides, pesticide use, and even varieties. However, based on their experience,
different growers have different ways to use pesticides depending on their land properties,
fertilization and watering regime.
They get the information related to how to spray pesticides:
Self learning (own experience)
Update from the available equipments in the market. For instance, they used to use
tank for pesticide spraying. When the motor with pipe is introduced to the market,
they buy and keep using this as its effectiveness over the tank. Usually, the nozzle is
replaced with the new one once per year.
Sometimes samples of new products are introduced by the pesticide companies
and/or the pesticide.
According to the PPD they provide the following information to the growers and
flower association in terms of plant protection:
Training course
Seminar
Mass communication means: TV, newspapers, etc,. PPD in cooperation with other
institutes such as DAO, University, agricultural office to develop solutions for plant
protection and provide this information to growers through Agricultural Office.
Recommend 4 A (Appropriate pesticide, appropriate timing, appropriate method,
appropriate dose).
7.1.2
Information flows and sources
Based on the interviews with representatives of local authorities and representatives of
local research institutes, the flows of information between the different public and private
actors are comparable to the situation in Me Linh and Sapa (see Danse et.al, 2007a). Also
for this area one can identify three different levels of linkages and flows of information,
being: planning, research and development, identification and control of pests and diseases,
and the control of pesticides use and new pesticide product introduction. The main
61
difference in this area is related to the presence of local planning, research and
development capacity. In Da Lat there is a number of research institutes present that
provide research and technical assistance on the development of breeding and cultivation
techniques. As a result of a national policy that stimulates the development of local
varieties all institutes have initiated the last 5 years breeding programs and propagation
through tissue cultivation techniques. Nevertheless, none of the institutes has been able to
develop a profitable business activity out of this. On one hand, the legislation allowing a
breeder to register a variety requires that a certain variety is cultivated at surfaces beyond
the reality of the intensive horticultural crops. Therefore, the variety must be given to
growers to allow registration. On the other hand, the growers are not prepared to pay
royalties for the new local varieties, when they can buy the flowers on the market and
propagate them 'for free'.
Although there are floricultural crops that benefit from propagation by tissue culture,
roses are world wide mostly propagated by other, faster techniques.
7.1.3
Information availability and accessibility
As indicated already before, the most important source of information Da Lat farmers use
to learn about cultivation practices is information obtained from other farmers in the region
and by copying the cultivation practices of Hasfarm. The information on cultivation
techniques and practices from Hasfarm is not easily accessible for small farmers. Hasfarm
limits its training activities to their own workers. Recently they became involved in a
Business Development Services program of DANIDA. As part of this program they
initiated working relations with small scale rose farmers. The cooperation agreement
includes the training of these farmers by Has farm experts. Other farmers in the region
obtain their information through family members or acquaintances working for Hasfarm
and through former employees that have started their own commercial technical assistance
initiatives. Nevertheless, what can be observed is that the access to information is mainly
obtained by observing and copying, without receiving the related knowledge needed to
understand the reasons behind these techniques. Due to this lack of real knowledge
transfer, small farmers apply the copied techniques in a sub optimal way. Evidences for
this are the illicit use of the varieties for which Dalat Hasfarm pays royalties, and the
inappropriate use and maintenance of the green house structure and sub optimal irrigation
systems (good for Chrysanthemum, the main crop of Dalat Hasfarm, but not suitable for
roses). For further information see chapter 5.3.1.
62
Picture 7.1 locally adjusted rose cultivation techniques
7.1.4
Existing initiatives on adjustments of production methods
Dalat rose growers were asked to indicate the most important adjustments that the rose
production and trade had experienced since the establishment of Hasfarm in 1995. Table
7.1 presents the information collected.
Table 7.1
Inventory by rose growers of most important adjustments made to flower cultivation and post
harvest activities in Da Lat before and after 1995
Cultivation activity
1995
2007
Rose variety
French rose variety
French, German and Dutch variety
Flower variety
Roses, local gladioli
Roses and other flowers
Higher plant density (10plants/m2)
Site planning
Lower plant density (5
plants/m2)
Cultivation method
Open field
Green house
Irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation, no change
Pesticides application
Formula ?
Increase use of mixtures ?
Pesticides amount
Lower dosage
Higher volumes
Frequency of pesticides
1-2 times a week
3-4 times a week
application
Fertilizer application
Cow manure
Cow, goat, fish manure
Protective devices
Limited
Mask, raincoat
Post harvest treatment
No special treatment given/In most of the farms nor collectors sites is
cold storage available
Market segments
Ho Chi Minh city and Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh City and middle
provinces
Market linkages
Direct sales, or via local Direct sales, local collectors and out
collectors
grower schemes with bigger
intermediary farms.
One can observe from the list of changes indicated, that the production chain has
experienced some changes towards functional specialization. New actors got involved,
providing business development services, which help the rose growers to improve their
63
negotiation position in the market. Also, adjustments have been made to the production
methods, partially to improve the quality of the flower and to comply better to market
requirements. But also adjustments have been made, to reduce costs for the growers to be
better able to cope with a continuous decrease of sales prices and increase of competition.
An important difference between the situation for small rose farmers in Dalat in
comparison to the growers in Me Linh and Sapa, is the fast change they have experienced
in the cultivation techniques applied. This is due to the introduction of new techniques by
Hasfarm. This example shows that the introduction of market conform process innovations
can be accepted and assimilated by small farmers in a relative short period. In this case, the
knowledge and experience of public entities is far behind and has great difficulties to
recuperate the knowledge gap created.
Another important difference between Dalat and Me Linh is the introduction of out
grower schemes. This scheme has also been introduced by ATI in the Sapa region and
seems to be an attractive solution for bigger farms to expand their production capacity
without becoming the owner of all the land. And for the small scale farmers involved it is a
great opportunity to learn from the buyer about improved cultivation practices and market
requirements.
To change the pesticide use toward the environmental friendly way, the director of
the Phuong Trung Farm proposes to:
1.
Grow roses in substrate
2.
Grow roses in modern glass house because glass house can reduce pests, hence,
reduces pesticide use
3.
Reduce waste and reuse waste. Dead rose plants can be reused as compost.
4.
post harvest technology improvement
5.
use of sulfur gas for diseases.
-
64
According to the PPD a plan for prevention includes:
Apply IPM on rose production
Implement research to set up standard technical procedure on every crop product
Improve growers' awareness of pesticide use
Improve management capacity
8. Observation and recommendations
8.1
Observations on the problem definition
The general problem definition of this field work can be summarized as:
The abundant and incorrect use of pesticides limits the sustainable development of
the rose sector in the Da Lat region
Based on the interviews with different stakeholders involved in the rose sector in this
region, it can be observed that:
The vast majority of small scale rose growers in Da Lat are not aware of the negative
impact of pesticides use on sales opportunities.
The bigger growers that started export activities have been confronted with the
negative relation between pesticides use and market opportunities based on the feed
back received from foreign potential buyers.
At an institutional level, representatives of the Agricultural Institute and the local
agricultural research centers observe the need to improve knowledge on the safe use
of products to decrease the negative impact of pesticides use on human health.
However, they do not observe a clear relation between pesticides use and market
opportunities.
Representatives of local research institutes observe a negative relation between
pesticides use, plant growth and flower quality, and confirm the need to improve the
knowledge on integrated pest management methods but also the use of new varieties,
better adapted to the local climate and geographic conditions.
For this reason, it can be concluded that a number of stakeholders related to the by
small growers dominated Vietnamese rose cultivation sector, reconfirm the importance of
doing more research on the relation between pesticides use and market development, and
the importance of exchanging information and experiences regarding more sustainable
cultivation practices, since this can help the small growers to improve their production,
market opportunities, health and environment.
8.2
8.2.1
•
•
Observations Dalat rose production area
Cultivation practices and their relation with pest and disease incidence
Great differences are encountered among the Dalat growers concerning the level of
knowledge, technology and equipment. Therefore, not all of these observations
apply for all the companies visited.
The current cultivation practices are in general more advanced compared to the areas
of Me Lihn and Sapa. Still, there are a lot of opportunities for improvement in
65
•
•
•
•
•
•
hygiene, irrigation, fertilization and post harvest practices that can directly lead to a
reduced use of pesticides, increased production and quality.
In the current cultivation practices, plant health is seen as a synonymous for
abundant pesticide use. Too little attention is paid to prevention of diseases by
correct fertilization (healthier plants), correct irrigation (less fungal diseases),
precedence and health of plant material (the seedlings and cuttings).
There is a serious lack of hygiene in and around the field and too little awareness on
the effect of hygienic measures on the prevention of plant diseases.
There is a serious lack of maintenance of the greenhouse structure and equipment,
which has a direct effect on the pest pressure.
The number of pests and diseases the growers have to deal with seems to be smaller
than in the previously visited areas of Me Lihn and Sapa.
As in previous areas, plant nutrient deficiencies are not recognized as such, which
potentially leads to the unnecessary use of pesticides.
Damage caused by pesticides is not always identified as such, but it is sometimes
attributes to fungi, which leads to unnecessary pesticide application.
8.2.2 Integrated pest management
•
Integrated Pest Management is not yet a feasible possibility to combat pests and
diseases in most of the visited Dalat farms, but it is certainly closer to become a
reality than in the northern areas. There are however exceptions to this observation:
provided they would receive the appropriate support, Dalat Hasfarm is definitely
prepared to start experiencing with IPM; they are probably not the only ones, as
farms supplying Phuong Trung Farm could make some small steps towards IPM
soon.
8.2.3 Chemical control
•
•
•
•
•
•
66
Chemical control is the only pest and disease control method used by growers at this
moment.
Pesticides are chosen without a proper diagnose and mostly by trial and error.
Pesticides are mostly chosen, alternated and mixed without a resistance management
plan.
Growers are not aware of the negative effect of pesticide applications on production,
which increases indirectly the costs of every application.
The maintenance of the spraying equipment is limited to cleaning the spray tank and
parts are replaced only when broken; this can lead to excessive pesticide use.
All growers interviewed spray the whole field in case of a pest or disease; even if the
pest or disease is found in a small area (except the Phuong Trung company). The
impact on the human health and environment increases by doing this. It is also a
waste of money and time since more pesticides are used.
•
•
•
The presence of pests and diseases has increased over the last 5 years. It is unclear if
the amount of pesticides used has increased over the last 5 years. Different growers
have different opinions about this
According to the small growers the costs of the pesticides is 25 - 50 % of the total
input costs.
30 different kinds of pesticides are mentioned by growers in Da Lat which they use
for the rose production. Some of the pesticides are the same as mentioned by the
growers of Me Linh and Sapa like: Score 250 EC, Alliette 800 WG and Mancozeb
80 WP. In Da Lat also some pesticides are used which are not used in the other
regions like, Melody duo 66.75 WP, Sumi alpha 5 EC and Kummulus 80 DF .
8.2.4 Estimated environmental and human health impact of pesticide use in rose
cultivation
Environment
•
Growers do not experience negative impact on the environmental which they relate
to the use of pesticides.
•
According to the opinion of the growers they are quite good in taking care of the
waste. But during the fields visits a lot of waste was found in piles around the green
houses and open fields.
•
Due to the way of irrigating and spraying by the growers there is drift to the ditches.
All the surrounding water in the communes will be polluted by pesticides. This will
cause a potential environmental risk for aquatic organisms, birds and mammals.
Human health
•
Growers do experience problems with their health which they relate to the use of
pesticides. Dizziness, headache, breathing difficulties are mentioned as most
problematic side effects.
•
Growers often wear protective clothes like mask, boots, raincoats, hat and gloves.
Glasses are used in 20% of the times because the growers believe that the current
glasses are not well designed.
•
Sometimes during spraying of pesticides (especially in the green houses) the growers
become totally wet which can be more risk full for health.
8.2.5 Hazard assessment of pesticide use to human health and environment
•
•
When farmers use formulations with hazardous active ingredients according to the
WHO classification it poses a potential risk to their health.
Risks for human health and environment are estimated by hazard assessment on the
basis of farm monitoring and the use of different hazard indicators. Hazard
estimations are based on pesticide parameters solely and do not take into account site
specific aspects, such as climate, soil type and application practices. Based on the
hazard assessment it can be observed that there is a potential health and
67
•
environmental risk due to the current use of pesticides in the rose production in Da
Lat.
Special attention is required for those pesticides which are ranked hazardous
according to the WHO classification; very toxic and highly toxic according to
aquatic or terrestrial toxicity indicator; high according to the GUS leaching index.
8.2.6 Pesticide Control Mechanism
•
33 pesticides are officially registered for roses. The pesticides Nissorun 5, EC Anvil
5 SC and Plutel 1.8 EC, 3.6 EC were mentioned by the growers in Dalat as
pesticides they use in the rose fields. In almost all the cases growers use pesticides
which are registered for other crops.
8.2.7 Commercialization and pesticides use
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The absence of pesticide residue on the leaves is not a quality requirement used by
buyers.
Vase life is not a buyer requisite, but a certain awareness of its importance is present,
since most of the growers mentioned it as one of the criteria for classification (the
best flowers are sent to the most distant market) and was and as one of the subjects
they would like to improve on.
For the only rose exporting company visited, pesticide residue and vase life are
certainly part of the relevant market requirements.
A lack of knowledge on the importance of post harvest treatment methods harms the
produce considerable during the temporary storage and transport to the market. A
big part of their efforts to produce a good quality flower in the field, is lost due to the
post harvest activities for which farmers do not receive the price they should receive.
The majority of the local traders sell to a variety of market segments, such as whole
sale, street hawkers, flowershops and even supermarkets.
Some have been able to export to neighboring countries, especially chrysanthemum
and lilies.
The governmental program has stimulated the last years the development of local
varieties. Due to this, the majority of the local research and development institutes
have made great efforts in this (and even tried commercial activities selling
seedlings). However the regulations for variety registration hinder the protection of
new varieties. Moreover, due to this effort concentration there is not enough capacity
left for research on cultivation practices, technological innovation/adaptation/market
information. It could be because the government has not invested in making a good
value chain analysis of the sector to identify the diverse constraints.
8.2.8 Findings learning and innovation
•
68
The most important stimulator for learning and innovation of small scale rose
cultivation in Da Lat has been the establishment of Hasfarm.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Farmers learn about cultivation methods mostly through other farmers, and
especially through the exchange of information with (former) technicians of
Hasfarm.
The local institutions currently lack the required knowledge and capacity to support
small scale farmers with entrepreneurial attitude to apply the required practices and
technology to be able to compete.
Farmers have been able to copy certain important cultivation practices from
Hasfarm, but lack the real knowledge to understand the optimal use of it, which
results in a semi optimal development of the competitiveness of their produce.
With the support of development cooperation, a flower association was created
recently. This could help the farmers, managers of private companies, and officials
to exchange knowledge and experience on cultivation practices and markets.
However, it has not been clear yet how they are going to bring in the required
knowledge.
Due to the higher level of development of the sector in comparison to Me Linh and
Sapa and the more commercial focus (explain better), respondents of the private
sector, farms and officials in Dalat are more aware of the importance to obtain
information and learn about market requirements and market opportunities.
The introduction of outgrower schemes has created private sector learning networks
that link in an effective way market demand with production capacity.
Due to the introduction of out grower schemes, small farmers growing
chrysanthemum and lily have been able to comply with export market requirements.
Out grower schemes are also being applied by rose growers, but have not resulted
yet in successful export.
It might be difficult to develop certain Business Development Services needed by
small scale farmers (such as protective personal devices, drip irrigation) due to the
lack of awareness and knowledge on the importance of these services for the
development of the sector.
The public institutional framework is comparable in the three regions. Nevertheless,
the local research and agricultural assistance offices in Da Lat have more difficulties
to offer services that comply to the needs of the farmers, due to the rapid changes the
sector has experienced during the last ten years, which are difficult to deal with in a
public environment since there is a lack of money and capacity.
8.3
Recommendations Dalat rose production area
•
There is a lot to gain on pesticide use reduction by the implementation of elementary
hygienic measures and maintenance of the greenhouse equipment that contribute to a
lower pest and disease pressure in the greenhouse.
The creation of demonstration and training plots in which the relationship between
the irrigation method and the disease pressure becomes clear for all the growers is
recommended.
•
69
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
70
The effects and feasibility of the use of preventive measures against f.i. powdery
mildew in the existing greenhouses should be studied.
The exemplary value of the more advanced farms should be encouraged and
supported (the DANIDA business development project is an good example!)
The development of a pest control guide for farmers is recommended. This guide
should contain information on (i) all pests and diseases occurring in the area, (ii)
how to recognize them; (iii) all growth abnormalities not caused by pests or diseases;
(iv) which IPM strategies can be followed; (v) which active ingredients are effective;
(vi) which formulations contain this active ingredient (only formulations with clear
and sound use instructions on the package should be mentioned) and (vii) for each
solution a simple indication of the environmental and health risks should be given.
The creation of a diagnose service in the production areas would be recommended,
to assist growers in the determination of new, unknown or less commonly occurring
diseases and to choose the right fighting method: physical control (plant removal),
chemical control, instead of recurring to the trial and error method.
Attention should be paid to the use of varieties with special emphasis on pest and
disease resistance. For this, awareness on the knowledge gaps derived from the
illegal use of varieties needs to be created.
More emphasis should be put on creating public private partnership for local
capacity building on market conform cultivation practices. The state of the art
knowledge and experience should not only be shared between bigger farms and their
sub contracting farms, but also with local representatives of public entities so they
can share this knowledge with the rest of the sector.
The upgrading of process and product innovation of the entire sector, might help to
improve the entire image of the Da Lat flower sector and improve the access to
higher market segments in main local urban areas and attractive export markets in
the region.
There is a number of techniques and services that could be provided as a commercial
business development services, such as soil analysis, diagnose services, drip
irrigation, fertilization equipment, personnel protective devices and pest scouting
methods. However, the demand for these commercial activities has to be stimulated
by organizing awareness and capacity building activities.
Training of growers in how to read the labels and symbols is recommended.
Training of the growers in how to deal with waste is recommended.
Training of farmers in understanding the importance of wearing protection clothes
can improve the health situation of the growers.
Training of growers and their family in safe storage is recommended.
Training of growers on how to use pesticides in general is recommended and can
improve the health situation for the growers. Safe use training should focus on the
use of safety equipment, safe storage, prevention and treatment of pesticide
poisoning, disposal of containers, and regulation.
Hazard estimations are based on pesticide parameters solely and do not take into
account site specific aspects, such as climate, soil type and application practices.
Based on the hazard assessment it can be observed that there is a potential
•
environmental risk through the current use of pesticides in the rose production in Da
Lat. Further assessment of the risks including mentioned site specific aspects is
recommended.
It is unclear why the growers do not use the registered pesticides, especially because
the registered pesticides often have the same active ingredients as the pesticides the
growers use. Further research to understand this topic is recommended.
71
72
Annex X: Overview of the WHO classification of the pesticides used in Dalat
Trade name
Common name (AI)
Score 250 EC
Kummulus 80 DF
Cuproxat 345 SC
Zineb bul 80 WP
Melody duo 66,75 WP
Difenoconazole 250 g/L
Sulfur 800 g/kg
Tri Copper sulphate 345 g/L
Zineb 80%
Iprovalicarb 55 g/kg
Propineb 612,5 g/kg
Fosetyl Aluminum 800 g/kg
Metalaxyl 40g/kg +
Mancozeb 640 g/kg
?
Hexythiazox 5%
Halfenprox 5%
Propagite 73%
Abamectin 1.8%
Azadirachtin 0,30%
Aliette 800 WG
Ridomild 68 wp
Biobass
Nissorum
Sirpon 5EC
Comite 73 EC
Vetimec 1.8EC
Neem-nim green 0.3 EC
Anvil 5 SC
Calyxin
Dithane 80 WP
Antracol 70WP
Long C.A (A Chinese product without label)
Sumi alpha 5 EC
Polytrin 440 EC
Lannate 40 SP
Rovral 50 WP
M8
Mancozeb 80 WP
Tilt super 300 EC
Pesticide with abamectine
Kenthane 18.5 EC
Sunix
Supracide 40 EC
Map cypermethrin 50 EC
Ammate 150 SC
Plutel 1.8 EC
Selecron 500 EC
Actara 25 WG
Match 50 EC
Hexaconazole 50g/L
Not available anymore
Mancozeb 800 g/kg
Propineb 700 g/kg
Abamectine
Esfenvalerate 5%
Profenofos 400 g/kg
Cypermethrin 40 g/kg
Methomyl 40%
Iprodione
?
Mancozeb 80%
Difenoconazole
propiconazole
abamectine
Dicofol 18.5%
methidathion
Cypermethrin 50%
Ammate
Abamectine 1.8%
Profenofos 50%
thiamethoxam
lufenuron
WHO
classification
III
U
Not found
U
U
U
Not found
III
U
U
Not found
III
Not found
Not found
U
U
U
Not found
II
II
II
Ib
U
U
III
II
Not found
III
Ib
II
Not found
Not found
II
III
Not found
Total amount of different products: % of AI in following WHO classification
Ib: 2
II: 8
III: 6
U: 9
Unknown: 11 (not found)
73
Annex X: Overview of the properties of the Active ingredients of the pesticides used
in Dalat
DT50 in
water
phase (d)
4
LC50
earthw.
(mg/kg)
33
DT50
soil (d)
Source
Abamectin
LC50
aquatic
(Mg/L)
0.0003
30
Database Alterra
Ammate
-
-
-
-
Azadirachtin
0.48
-
-
26
Cypermethrin
Dicofol
0.0003
0.075
3
29
100
43.1
68
80
140
A.I.
Difenoconazole
0.77
3
610
Esfenvalerate
0.0001
30
212.5
44
Fosetyl Aluminum
Halfenprox
5.9
0.000031
4
1
1000
218
0.1
10
Hexaconazole
1.7
112
414
122
Hexythoazo??
Hexythiazox
0.04
11.5
105
30
Iprodione
0.66
30
1000
84
Iprovalicarb
10
54
1000
15.5
Footprint
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Footprint
Database Alterra
Footprint
Database Alterra
Footprint
Sulfur
1.35
thiamethoxam
100
?
1000
?
Footprint
Footprint
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Footprint
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Footprint
Footprint
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Tri Copper sulphate
Zineb
0.51
-
-
30
Footprint
lufenuron
Mancozeb
0.0013
?
1000
22798
Metalaxyl
0.044
36
0.5
47.5
299
830
0.1
20
methidathion
Methomyl
Profenofos
0.0064
0.0076
0.08
6
2.9
5.6
19
10
14.8
1169
Propargite
0.1
-
62
56
propiconazole
Propineb
0.011
0.4
6
4
686
700
214
3
74
100
Appendix x
Pesticide
Score
Kummulus
Cuproxat
Zineb bul
Melody duo
Aliette
Ridomild
Biobass
Nissorum
Sirpon
Comite
Vetimec
Neem-nim green
Anvil
Calyxin
Dithane
Antracol
Long C.A
Sumi alpha
Polytrin
Lannate
Rovral
M8
Mancozeb
Tilt super
Chinese pesticide
with abamectine
Kenthane
Sunix
Supracide
Map
cypermethrin
Ammate
Plutel
Selecron
Actara
Match
Overview of Pesticides, A.I, the A.T.I and the DT50 in the water phase
A.I.
Difenoconazole
Sulfur
Tri Copper sulphate
Zineb
Iprovalicarb
Propineb
Fosetyl Aluminum
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb
?
Hexythiazox
Halfenprox
Propagite
Abamectin
Azadirachtin
Hexaconazole
Not available anymore
Mancozeb
Propineb
Abamectine
Esfenvalerate
Profenofos
Cypermethrin
Methomyl
Iprodione
?
Mancozeb
Difenoconazole
propiconazole
abamectine
Aquatic Toxicity Index
Highly toxic
Moderately toxic
?
Highly toxic
Moderately toxic
Very highly toxic
highly toxic
Slightly toxic
Very highly toxic
?
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Highly toxic
Moderately toxic
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Highly toxic
?
Very highly toxic
Highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
DT50 in water
3d
?
?
?
54 d
4d
4d
47 d
0.2 d
?
11.5 d
1d
?
4d
?
112 d
0.2 d
4 d.
4d
30 d
?
3d
4d
30 d
?
0.2 d
3d
Dicofol
?
methidathion
Cypermethrin
Very highly toxic
?
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
29 d
?
6d
3d
Ammate
Abamectine
Profenofos
thiamethoxam
lufenuron
?
Very highly toxic
Very highly toxic
Practical non toxic
Very highly toxic
?
4d
?
?
?
4d
75
Appendix x
Pesticide
Score
Kummulus
Cuproxat
Zineb bul
Melody duo
Aliette
Ridomild
Biobass
Nissorum
Sirpon
Comite
Vetimec
Neem-nim green
Anvil
Calyxin
Dithane
Antracol
Long C.A
Sumi alpha
Polytrin
Lannate
Rovral
M8
Mancozeb
Tilt super
Chinese pesticide
with abamectine
Kenthane
Sunix
Supracide
Map
cypermethrin
Ammate
Plutel
Selecron
Actara
Match
76
Overview of Pesticides, A.I, the T.T.I and the DT50 in the soil
A.I.
Difenoconazole
Sulfur
Tri Copper sulphate
Zineb
Iprovalicarb
Propineb
Fosetyl Aluminum
Metalaxyl
Mancozeb
?
Hexythiazox
Halfenprox
Propagite
Abamectin
Azadirachtin
Hexaconazole
Not available anymore
Mancozeb
Propineb
Abamectine
Esfenvalerate
Profenofos
Cypermethrin
Methomyl
Iprodione
?
Mancozeb
Difenoconazole
propiconazole
abamectine
Terrestrial Toxicity Index
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
?
?
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
?
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
Moderately toxic
Moderately toxic
?
Slightly toxic
?
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
Moderately toxic
Slightly toxic
?
Slightly toxic
Moderately toxic
Slightly toxic
?
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
Moderately toxic
DT50 in soil
140 d
?
?
30 d
84 d
3d
0.1 d
20 d
0.1 d
?
30 d
10 d
56 d
30 d
26 d
122 d
?
0.1 d
3d
30 d
44 d
7d
68 d
7d
84 d
?
0.1 d
140 d
214 d
30 d
Dicofol
?
methidathion
Cypermethrin
Moderately toxic
?
toxic
Slightly toxic
80 d
?
10 d
68 d
Ammate
Abamectine
Profenofos
thiamethoxam
lufenuron
?
Moderately toxic
?
Slightly toxic
Slightly toxic
?
30 d
7d
51 d
82 d
Annex Input data of AI for calculating leaching to groundwater
A.I.
Kom
(L/kg)
Abamectin
(in 4 pesticides)
8235
Koc (L/kg)
Koc
=
Kom x 1.7
13999
Ammate
-
-
Azadirachtin
A=
4 (Koc)
-0.14
log
DT50 soil
(d at 20
°C)
30
B=
log Dt50
GUS index
= BxA
Source
1.48
-0.2
Database Alterra
-
-
-
6.5
3.19
26
1.42
85571
-0.93
68
1.83
4.5
-1.70
Footprint
Database Alterra
0.41
0.84
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
0.44
-0.77
2.04
0.31
2.75
2.34
-1.11
-1
Footprint
Database Alterra
Footprint
Database Alterra
Footprint
Footprint
Footprint
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
1.53
1.4
3.4
0.59
Database Alterra
Footprint
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
-1.3
2.23
1.37
Footprint
Footprint
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Database Alterra
Footprint
Cypermethrin
(in 2 pesticides)
Dicofol
50336
3567
6064
0.22
80
1.90
Difenoconazole
(in 2 pesticides)
2392
4066
0.39
140
2.15
Esfenvalerate
-
5300
0.27
44
1.64
Fosetyl Aluminum
Halfenprox
1000
-
1700
-
0.77
-
0.1
10
-1
Hexaconazole
611
1040
0.98
122
2.08
Hexythiazox
-
6188
0.21
30
1.47
Iprodione
-
37
1.43
84
1.92
Iprovalicarb
-
106
1.97
15.5
1.19
lufenuron
Mancozeb
(in 3 pesticides)
22798
387566
-0.58
82
1.91
586
996
1
0.1
-1
Metalaxyl
388
660
1.18
20
1.3
methidathion
Methomyl
Profenofos
(in 2 pesticides)
7
1169
400
12
1987
1.4
2.92
0.7
10
14.8
7
1
1.17
0.84
Propargite
-
56500
-0.75
56
1.75
propiconazole
Propineb
(in 2 pesticides)
10
1086
17
0.96
2.87
214
3
2.33
0.47
Sulfur
?
?
-
?
?
thiamethoxam
51
86.7
2.06
?
?
Tri Copper
sulphate
Zineb
-
?
-
-
?
?
?
?
-
1000
1
30
1.47
1.47
77