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Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and
Greenway Planning
Volume 4
Issue 1 Pathways to Sustainability
Article 49
2013
Legible Greenways: Enhancing the Visual
Coherence and Imageability of the Western Sydney
Parklands
Catherine Evans
University of New South Wales, Australia Landscape Architecture Program, Faculty of the Built Environment
Linda Corkery
University of New South Wales, Australia Landscape Architecture Program, Faculty of the Built Environment
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Recommended Citation
Evans, Catherine and Corkery, Linda (2013) "Legible Greenways: Enhancing the Visual Coherence and Imageability of the Western
Sydney Parklands," Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning: Vol. 4 : Iss. 1 , Article 49.
Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/fabos/vol4/iss1/49
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Evans and Corkery: Legible Greenways
Legible Greenways: Enhancing the Visual Coherence and Imageability of the Western
Sydney Parklands
Catherine Evans and Linda Corkery
University of New South Wales, Australia
Landscape Architecture Program, Faculty of the Built Environment
1. Introduction
This paper reports on a studio-based project which developed and tested a framework for
assessing the legibility of Western Sydney Parklands (WSP) in Australia and preparing proposals
to enhance its visual coherence and imageability. Comprising 5280 contiguous hectares (over
13,000 acres) of public land and 27 km (about 17 miles) long, the WSP is a significant recreation
resource and an important greenway corridor in the urban ecology of the Sydney basin. Despite
its size, the WSP does not register in the mental maps of most Sydney residents, including many
who live nearby. This is explained in part by the complex array of land uses within the WSP, the
range of social and ecological values associated with it, and the generally weak legibility of the
landform and its dispersed vegetation cover. Combined with the extraordinary amount of area
the WSP covers, these factors contribute to the poor imageability of WSP in people’s minds, and
have led to a weak relationship between the parklands and its urban context.
The Western Sydney Parklands Trust faces a major challenge in making this significant
greenway corridor more legible. Strategic planning for the WSP focuses on attracting increased
visitation and use while at the same time distinguishing it from adjoining urban development.
The current Plan of Management for the Parklands (the main instrument for directing design and
development within the parkland) addresses the establishment of a cohesive image for the
Parklands (WSPT 2010) as one of several objectives focused on improving recreation and
parkland infrastructure. The image issue is a high priority for the WSP Trust and has led to
several design-focused initiatives, including a design manual and a community art project.
A third and ongoing initiative is focused on developing design proposals to enhance the identity
and awareness of the boundaries of the WSP. As a preliminary step in developing the brief for
this initiative, a pilot study was undertaken in collaboration with the Landscape Architecture
Program at the University of New South Wales.
The study was structured as an
interdisciplinary, elective studio in 2012 called ‘Legible Landscapes,’ which adopted a
landscape-based approach to theories and concepts of legibility, coherence and experience to
generate design proposals. This paper reports on the value and significance of the process and
outcomes of this pilot project, for both the students and the WSPT. We reflect on and assess the
relevance of the selected theoretical frameworks, and the relevance of employing the resultant
‘blended’ frameworks as a basis for increasing greenway visual coherence and imageability in
the metropolitan context of Western Sydney.
2. Background
When set out over forty years ago, the WSP corridor occupied a broad swath of rural land uses
located at the urban/suburban/rural fringe of greater Sydney. Today it sits like an island in the
geographic heart of the metropolitan region, between suburban development to the east and small
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rural land holdings to the west, its ridge line providing subtle relief from suburbs pressing the
edges. The corridor was intended to accommodate utilitarian functions of a large city. Four
decades of debate on how to use this land allowed for the regeneration of “threatened” and/or
“endangered” vegetation communities (URS 2004) within it as well as the establishment of
several large regional recreational facilities—including a baseball stadium, an equestrian center,
and two car racing tracks.
The WSP is one of the largest contiguous landholdings in the Southern Hemisphere, and as an
urban parkland it is complex, particularly in terms of land uses and program. Its strongest
organizing landscape elements are the ecological ‘spine’ of the regenerated vegetation
communities and a major portion of the Eastern Creek catchment. A prominent ridge line defines
the southern sector of the corridor while the relatively new M7 motorway defines most of its
western perimeter. The corridor contains a diversity of pre-existing land uses, mainly cleared
agricultural lands, of various lots sizes and uses, an important aspect of the cultural landscape of
the area’s post-colonial era. There is also a city farm, market gardens, Prospect Reservoir, a
historic source of Sydney’s water; large scale landfill and brick making industries; race tracks
and several venues developed for the 2000 Olympic Games. In addition, the corridor is
intersected in all directions by major roads, water supply and energy infrastructure.
In addition to its diverse mix of program and large scale, the WSP has a long, narrow and
irregular shape, and a high degree of road fragmentation, all of which conspire to prevent the
parklands/greenway from becoming readily identifiable in Sydney’s metropolitan landscape. In
general, rather than responding to physiographic features, the corridor’s irregular boundaries
reflect historic patterns of landholding and road networks that have been subsumed into the
greenway over time. In addition, the few distinctive landforms or areas of dense vegetation are
highly localized. For example, the ridgeline in the southern section of the WSP potentially
provides a strong visual backdrop and buffer to the surrounding development, but only at
discrete viewing points. Instead, the greenway is viewed primarily from the roads that transect it
or mark its edges, meaning that opportunities to view into the parklands or create a sense of
arrival or destination are few and far between. This is further complicated by the fact that
viewers travel at speeds of 60-120 km/hr (40-75 miles/hr) when driving around or through the
corridor.
Corkery and Marshall’s survey-based research carried out at various locations in or proximal to
the WSP (2009, 45) confirmed that people in the area had little recognition of the WSP as an
entity, even though they might be familiar with individual venues. Nor did they recognize the
Parklands boundaries or were aware they were within the WSP corridor. For the WSP Trust,
whose main focus is attracting people into the greenway to participate and develop an
appreciation for its diverse resources and values, the fact that this Parklands does not register
strongly in people’s mental maps of western Sydney presents a major concern. In addition to
generating local commitment to the Parklands, visitor numbers are also linked to capacity for
income-generation, an increasingly serious concern for managers of large parklands.
The Western Sydney Parklands Plan of Management 2020 addresses these concerns, but is
based primarily on research into large parks—the Plan of Management does not reflect the
diverse alternate conceptual frameworks for large urban landscapes, such as green infrastructure,
landscape urbanism or greenways. Research that emerged concurrently with the PoM established
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Evans and Corkery: Legible Greenways
the value of recasting the WSP as a “greenway” rather than the more typical designation (in
Australia) of “parklands” (XXXX, 2010 Masked for Blind Review). In this research, four keys
to success for greenway implementation were identified: clear and varied objectives; a legible
and meaningful context (including response to natural and cultural factors); effective institutional
structures, and public involvement and use. A greenway approach was found to offer three main
benefits for the WSP: it would highlight the role of these landscapes in the overall structure,
form and flow of the metropolitan region; encourage consideration of the role of transport and
recreational infrastructure as complementary rather than competitive, and offer opportunities for
cultivating community awareness, involvement and ultimately stewardship of the parklands.
With the creation of the WSP Trust in 2008 and the gazettal of the Plan of Management in 2010,
the institutional arrangements and objectives for the next decade are set. The state-legislated
WSP Trust negotiates land acquisition and rezoning, and manages leases, design and planning.
Most importantly, it has a mandate to be self-funding, and its strategic vision is highly focused
on transforming the WSP into a recreational resource for the community.
The WSP Trust has worked quickly to encourage public involvement and use of the Parklands,
and recently reported a 20% increase in visitation (WSPT 2012, 5). With institutional stability,
strong management, and rising community involvement, one of the major remaining objectives
for the WSPT, as a parkland/ greenway, is the articulation of a cohesive identity and
strengthening legibility. As discussed earlier, the context, scale and form of the parklands present
substantial challenges to these efforts. Recent initiatives to address this by the Trust include the
publication of a Design Manual and the announcement of a Community Art Project; both are
seen to be important contributions to enhancing awareness, cohesion and identity, but both are
limited scope. The former is a typical design manual focused on ensuring consistent ‘language’
of site signage and furnishings; the latter, a community art billboard project that had a two month
installation period.
Cognizant of these limitations, the WSP Trust is looking to undertake a longer term and more indepth investigation to develop specific design proposals for improving the coherence of the
Parkland edges. Because legibility and identity depend on the experience and perception of the
viewer, the first phase of this effort has focused on mapping and analyzing the boundaries
through the lenses of relevant theoretical frameworks, in particular visual landscape assessment,
landscape perception and experiential aspects of landscape. The Trust contacted the authors to
work with them in developing a student research project that could inform their thinking about
these issues. As a result, a special elective course was developed to engage students in
investigating the legibility of a portion of the WSP boundary.
3. Methods, Goals and Objectives
What emerged was a multi-dimensional engaged action research with an overarching
constructivist strategy (Deming and Swaffield, 2011) in that the authors sought to consciously
use the project to pilot a learning and teaching approach to generate new knowledge—for us as
educators, for the students in their learning, and for our colleagues in the WSPT. The
engagement with state government officers of the Trust allowed them to participate as fellow
researchers, in that the problem they need to solve—clarifying and articulating the identity of the
WSP—is one that could benefit from an innovative approach. Ultimately, the aim was that the
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findings of our project would broaden the scope of planning approaches taken in the WSP, and
make a significant contribution to design outcomes for the Western Sydney Parklands, in the
form of creative proposals for improving parklands identity and community awareness.
The proposed project methodology was developed in collaboration with the WSP Trust to ensure
its objectives would contribute new ways of thinking about management issues while also
meeting the pedagogical goal of engaging students in visual assessment and experiential
approaches to landscape planning and design. In addition to introducing and applying key
theoretical foundations of visual assessment, there were a number of discrete ‘deliverables’ to be
produced by the students, including:
a statement of design principles and strategies for the Parklands boundaries which could
inform future design briefs
preparation of base information focused on an inventory of WSP edges
desktop and on-site landscape analyses of the edge conditions of the Parklands.
To achieve our pedagogical aim of the students constructing a knowledge base to underpin their
design proposals, the learning process focused on developing, sharing, testing, synthesizing and
refining ideas. The repertoire of group activities was limited to in-class discussion, presentation,
and field observation.
Our role as educators was to identify resources, facilitate group
discussion, and encourage critical thinking and reflection.
3.1 Structuring the landscape inventory and description
The entire perimeter of the WSP is approximately 100 kilometres (approx. 62 miles), so to
ensure that the project was a manageable scale for the class of 12 mostly Landscape Architecture
students, we focused on the four northern precincts of the WSP. These encompass areas of the
Parklands that face considerable development pressure at their edges and also have the potential
for highly visible design interventions. This area represented approximately 18kms (11 miles),
which the students divided into 10 segments for each to study in more detail.
3.2 Constructing the framework
Students were each assigned a reading on what we presented as a selection of the foundational
theories of landscape perception, visual assessment, landscape ecology and/or experiential
aspects of landscape (Appleyard 1964; Bell 1993; Dramstaad et al 1996; Lynch 1960; Nassauer
1997; Relph 1976; Thwaites 2007; and Tuan 1974, 1977). They then had to prepare a short
discussion paper on their assigned reading and present this to the class. The group discussion
identified a number of commonalities across these diverse approaches to visual and experiential
indicators of legibility for the WSP, the most prominent of which were edge conditions, qualities
of ‘hereness /thereness’, and landmarks.
To further distil these theoretical positions and construct a method for our fieldwork, students
were paired on the basis of common theoretical concepts, and prepared poster papers illustrating
the main points of both theories and their potential applicability to WSP. Through a third review
and discussion with the course convenors and the client representatives, the group developed a
synthesised or ‘blended’ inventory and assessment framework which could be applied to the
specific urban conditions of the WSP landscapes.
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Evans and Corkery: Legible Greenways
The resulting approach drew primarily on two visual landscape attributes—coherence and
legibility. Palmer’s landscape descriptors (2000, 167, 173) categorize these as ‘informational
content’, and notes their origins in the work of Stephen and Rachel Kaplan (1989). Additionally,
the students drew on Lynch’s key urban element, ‘landmarks’, and Thwaites’ notion of
‘hereness-and-thereness’ to complete their own theoretical framework for understanding how/if
visitor attraction to the WSP could be increased by enhancing the coherence and/or legibility of
its boundary conditions.
The students applied their framework to the WSP starting with a desktop analysis using Google
Earth air photos, followed by on site validation of what they had ‘discovered’ in reviewing the
photos. While in the field, they photographed and mapped their segments, using a common
graphic language of symbols. In a group discussion of their results, students identified desirable
design outcomes for the WSP periphery, which in turn generated a set of design principles. With
design principles articulated, the students returned to their specific segment of the Parklands
boundary and mapped optimum locations for applying the design principles. A consolidated plan
of their mappings, along with the inventory and an executive summary authored by the students,
was presented to client in a final group review.
4. Results
As mentioned above, the first group discussion revealed commonalities and synergies across the
diverse theoretical approaches. In addition to edge conditions, qualities of ‘hereness /thereness’,
and landmarks, several other important concepts emerged in both the submitted work and the
group discussions. These included connectivity—visual, social, physical and ecological; diverse
ways of classifying spaces, such as nodes, patches and focus points; and concepts of layering and
nesting. The students recognized the importance of developing an awareness of visual clues to
place, to culture, and embedded narratives, and questioned how they might evoke memories and
an awareness of the varied lived experiences on offer within and around the parkland. In
considering how and what is perceived, and how and what is legible, the group confirmed the
primacy of the view from the road--as well as from across the road.
In order to elaborate and clarify what it might mean to strengthen the identity and cohesiveness
of the WSP, the students used these fundamental concepts to develop six broad design outcomes,
as follows:
Community ownership
Articulation of identity/ies
Clear entry points, signage, corners
Attention to path definition and condition; attention to edge definition and condition
Social framework extended beyond park and into park
Interaction between park and residential areas, as zones of transition, or ‘ecotones’
The students conceptualised their study of the perimeter of the WSP as a “necklace” of elements,
or a series of features or links with a syntax specific to the Parklands and its context. This
‘Necklace of Legibility’ had 9 components, each grounded in theoretical readings and the
desktop inventory of the parklands. These are elaborated on below:
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Thresholds (Thwaites, Dee) Distinctive elements that mark the transitions between areas
work to establish a sense of arriving at or departing from a distinctive place, or simply
and an awareness of moving through.
Hereness-thereness: Drawing on Thwaites’ and Simkins’ work, ‘hereness’ refers to the
experience of arrival and centredness, while ‘thereness’ refers to the interest and intrigue
offered by glimpses/views of a distinctive destination; prospect and refuge.
Landmarks (Lynch) An easily identified and powerful visual cue
Edges: (Lynch, Thwaites, Dee, Forman) gives strong visual and physical definition
Pathway (Lynch) either physical or visual; strong directional qualities
Road (Appleyard, Lynch) Experience of moving along a road is often the way people
‘visit’ a place. Planning and designing specific images or sequences of views can
construct identity, or elicit a sense of place.
Speed (Appleyard) Because of the importance of the mode and rate of travel to
experience of place, the variety of road and path categories was considered an important
attribute of the necklace.
Stewardship (Nassauer, Forman, Dee) Visual evidence of a ‘cared-for’ environment;
obviously a ‘tended’ landscape and not neglected.
Each student mapped their own segment, identifying the ‘beads’ of the necklace (as per the list
above) and then amalgamated these findings onto a single map of the study area. Once this
inventory was complete, the design outcomes were revisited to consider how these outcomes
might be achieved. The students identified specific locations and opportunities for applying the
resultant set of design principles (listed below) to the perimeter.
Proposed Design Principles:
P1: Prioritise the view from the road—create enticing views into the Parklands
P2: Optimise design and placement of elements to increase legibility and contrast
P3: Express stewardship of the environment, particularly at key intersections and thresholds
P4: Articulate a clear and consistent agency ethic, evident in consistent and coordinated use of
materials and signage that is respectful of context; capture and reveal narratives of experience
of the landscape
P5: Activate edges judiciously—adopt the ‘ecotone’ concept of transitioning from suburban
context into the Parklands at key points.
5. Discussion
By comparing the proposed design principles generated by the students with the greenway
principles and the aims and objectives of the WSP’s Plan of Management, we can clarify the
nature and quality of the studio’s contribution to the WSP. The PoM sets out seven management
principles for the WSP, all typical of contemporary large urban parks: ‘enjoyable; sustainable;
identifiable; educational; accessible; viable; in partnership’ (WSP 2010). These are consistent
with contemporary park management principles, and set the direction in general terms, rather
than taking a culturally or geographically specific approach. The five Strategic Directions from
the PoM also highlight familiar themes for planning of large contemporary parks: recreation and
parkland infrastructure; environment and conservation; culture and participation; urban farming;
parklands development and management (WSP 2010).
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From these high level principle statements, the PoM offers more concrete and specific
objectives, actions and outcomes. However, with a total of 24 objectives and 89 actions, the
scope and complexity of the challenge for WSPT is clear. Indeed, developing a high level
landscape strategy is a particularly complex challenge with such a diversity of areas to manage.
To date the ‘strategy’ in the WSP has been largely to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach to design
and building works that are carried out throughout the parklands, and this is WSPT’s first
attempt to find an alternate approach, with “imageable” outcomes.
In light of this, important and new ways for the Trust to approach their image challenge were
revealed through the studio. Most important is the concept of ‘hereness and thereness,’ and
applying it to identify places where visitors can gain views from within the Parklands to the
distant mountains or the city skyline, views that are not available anywhere else in Western
Sydney. They are a distinctly WSP experience. Students also noted the importance of strategic
gaps or breaks in the boundary edges, providing views into the Parklands, for example to
landmarks like Rooty Hill, a distinctive landform in an otherwise fairly flat, open area. If the
students’ methodology is extended further to the southern precincts of the Parklands, a sequence
of distinctive, only-in-the-WSP views could be structured using landform and planting to
establish the awareness that you are in the Parklands. The concept of ‘hereness/thereness’ also
highlighted the importance of designing for intrigue, for example using visual cues and/or
landmarks to motivate/attract people into and through the parklands.
In their observations, students also noted inconsistent evidence of “stewardship” along the
perimeter of the parklands. A sense of stewardship could be easily strengthened by developing a
consistent planting structure and palette, a key principle for any landscape strategy. Stewardship
could also be conveyed with distinctive layering of spatial as well as vegetated elements. With
the large scale of the parklands, the concept of ecotones could be used to signal transition zones,
and reinforce the relationship between the structure of plant communities and the regional area.
Finally, but most importantly, students also saw stewardship as a significant opportunity to elicit
the many regional narratives and threads of cultural landscape history.
Not surprisingly then, when assessed against our earlier findings, the studio outputs reinforce the
importance of establishing a legible and meaningful context, and responding to natural and
cultural factors when planning and developing a greenway. In our view, as the project leaders,
the strongest contribution of the student work was helping the Trust to—quite literally—think
beyond the precinct boundaries; to consider the parklands in its context (for example, views into
it, or lack of opportunities to view into it) and the importance of attending to specific visitor
experiences as a means of cultivating distinctive identity for the Parklands. The billboard project,
for example, showcased the artwork of a talented artist/photographer whose shots captured
aspects of the Parklands identity, but it is difficult to gauge the outcome of this temporary
display on viewers, or to assess it as a memorable experience of the place.
It is worth noting that with the establishment of the WSP Trust and publication of its first PoM,
the intentions are for a broader scope of community consultation and participation. Much of the
proposed program is directed at encouraging use in the Parklands, for example, urban farming.
The Trust now has ‘clear and varied objectives,’ but must remain focused on generating AUS$10
million/year of income. Their ongoing management challenge is to balance this fiscal pressure
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with the demonstrated benefits of investing in greenway infrastructure that may have no direct
financial benefit, such as fences, large-scale planting along the boundaries to demarcate their
holdings, but which might, in fact, make a major difference in the level of public awareness,
legibility and coherence for the corridor’s edges.
6. Conclusion
The output of the studio sheds light on potential new directions for how a distinctive, cohesive,
landscape-based identity for the WSP might be developed. The students have initiated the
process of codifying the diverse landscape elements and experiences in the WSP, and, with their
work on design principles, offered preliminary thoughts on what and where interventions might
occur. While this process could be repeated to test its reliability, a major drawback is that the
findings –the design opportunities—have yet to be tested in the field.
Nonetheless, the value of this studio to the Trust lies in developing a systematic, objective, and
reliable means of assessing the visual qualities of the WSP edges to locate opportunities for
design interventions and prepare appropriate design briefs that could enhance identity of the
Parklands and invite visitors into it where desired. Ultimately, the Trust wants to increase the
community’s appreciation and use of the WSP so they become advocates for these lands, value
the work of the Trust, and understand the ecological and cultural contribution of the Parklands.
Without that local support, the WSPT will struggle to gain widespread support at the
metropolitan scale.
As noted earlier, this study of legible landscapes reinforces the authors’ earlier findings (2010) of
the benefit of applying ‘greenway thinking’ to the WSP to supplement current Parkland
management principles; in particular, that achieving legibility and context benefits from an
approach that synthesises landscape theory encompassing visual perception, experiential
landscapes and landscape ecology. The hybrid methodology trialled in this studio presents a way
to comprehensively evaluate and assess legibility and coherence of greenway boundaries. It now
needs to be tested for its reliability and transferability to other greenways. For the WSP Trust,
this initial studio provided insights into how the perimeter of the Parklands might be re-formed
to strengthen its identity and imageability within in the metropolitan context, to attract visitors
into its precincts, and clearly demarcate the distinctiveness of this greenway corridor.
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