International Journal
of Kashmir Studies
IJKS: Vol.6 No. 1/2024
News Under Siege: The Impact of COVID-19 on
Journalists in Pakistan with Focus on AJK and GB
Syed Mubashar Hussain Shah
PhD Scholor, Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal
Open University, Islamabad.
Email: mubashar_naqvi@yahoo.com
Babar Hussain Shah
Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
IJKS: Vol. 6 - No. 1/2024
provides a forum for scientific exchange and public dissemination of up-to-date
scientific knowledge on the Kashmir conflict, The IJKS is an independent, peerreviewed, open-access journal. The topics on which we concentrate—Kashmir
conflict and violence—have always been central to various disciplines.
Consequently, the journal encompasses contributions from a wide range of
disciplines, including international affairs, political studies (geopolitics, political
economy and other dynamics, diplomacy and public advocacy, law-based
The IJKS approaches, governance and economy (including micro and macroeconomics),
self-determination, and other solidarity rights public international law (including
human rights and humanitarian laws and intergovernmental organizations),
criminology, economics, education, ethnology, history, political science,
psychology, social anthropology, sociology.
All articles are gathered in yearly volumes, identified by a QR Code in print
volume with article-wise pagination. For more information, please visit
www.kprijk.org
APA: Shah, S. M. H., & Shah, B. H. (2023). The Impact of COVID-19 on
Journalists in Pakistan with Focus on AJK and GB. International Journal of
Kashmir Studies, 6(1).
Suggested Chicago: Shah, Syed Mubashar Hussain, and Babar Hussain Shah. " News
Citation: Under Siege: The Impact of COVID-19 on Journalists in Pakistan with
Focus on AJK and GB." International Journal of Kashmir Studies 6, no. 1
(2023).
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No
Derivatives License. ISSN: 2706-5863
IJKS: Vol 6 No. 01/2024
Syed Mubashar Hussain Shah & Babar Hussain Shah: News Under Siege: The Impact of COVID-19 on Journalists in
Pakistan with Focus on AJK and GB
___________________________________________________________
News Under Siege: The Impact of COVID-19 on
Journalists in Pakistan with Focus on AJK and GB
Syed Mubashar Hussain Shah
Email: PhD Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Email: mubashar_naqvi@yahoo.com
Babar Hussain Shah
Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Abstract
This study investigates the experiences of journalists during COVID19 pandemic from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and GilgitBaltistan (GB) through a series of focus group discussions (FGDs).
The research aims to develop strategies for enhancing journalists'
capabilities and well-being in anticipation of future pandemics. The
FGDs involved seasoned journalists from central press clubs in all
regions, who provided insights into the challenges they faced and the
strategies they adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thematic
analysis, conducted using NVivo software, revealed eight key themes
related to the pandemic's impact on journalism. These themes
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informed a set of consolidated recommendations designed to improve
journalists' safety, mental health, and access to information. The
recommendations also emphasize strengthening legal protections,
creating capacity-building opportunities, fostering networking and
collaboration, and implementing specialized health reporting
training. By addressing these recommendations, the study proposes a
framework to bolster journalists' resilience and effectiveness in
navigating future crises.
Keywords: Journalism, COVID-19, Azad Jammu and Kashmir,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
Introduction
The global landscape has been significantly shaped by the profound
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, posing an unparalleled challenge
for journalists across the world. Pakistan, intricately linked through
economic, religious, and geographical ties to early affected nations
such as Iran and China, found itself particularly susceptible to the
widespread repercussions of the pandemic.1 The initial emergence of
the contagion in Iran triggered the return of numerous pilgrims to
Pakistan, resulting in a critical situation at the borders.2 The first
Nasir Ilyas, Romuladus E. Azuine, and Alina Tamiz, “COVID-19 Pandemic in
Pakistan,” International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public
Health 4, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 37–49, https://doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.139.
2
Amjad Ali, Mumtaz Ahmed, and Nazia Hassan, “Socioeconomic Impact of
COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Rural Mountain Community in Pakistan,”
Journal of Public Affairs 21, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): e2355,
1
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confirmed COVID-19 case in the country was reported on February
26, 2020, originating from an individual with recent travel history
from Iran.3 This marked the onset of rapid virus transmission in urban
areas, prompting a nationwide lockdown by the end of March.
Initially implemented as a smart lockdown strategy, it underwent
successive extensions, ultimately evolving into comprehensive
countrywide lockdowns.4 Owing to a lack of coherent communication
on a consistent policy to control the transmission of COVID-19 and a
failure to adhere to WHO guidelines, Pakistan was classified as the
15th most impacted country globally by the pandemic.5
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), spanning 13,297 sq.km within a
larger land area of 222,236 sq.km, shares its borders with Gilgit
Baltistan to the north, the Indian-held State of Jammu and Kashmir to
the east, Punjab Province to the south, and Punjab & Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KP) to the west.6 With a population of approximately
4.8 million residents, AJ&K is a self-governing territory under the
https://doi.org/10.1002/PA.2355.
3
R. Ejaz et al., “Gender-Based Incidence, Recovery Period, and Mortality Rate of
Covid-19 among the Population of District Attock, Pakistan,” Brazilian Journal of
Biology 83 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.249125.
4
Asim Nasar et al., “A Qualitative Assessment of Entrepreneurship amidst COVID19 Pandemic in Pakistan,” Asia Pacific Management Review 27, no. 3 (September
1, 2022): 182–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.08.001.
5
Muhammad Ittefaq, Syed Ali Hussain, and Maryam Fatima, “COVID-19 and
Social-Politics of Medical Misinformation on Social Media in Pakistan,” Media
Asia 47, no. 1–2 (2020): 75–80, https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2020.1817264.
6
Ali Abidi and Qaeser Nazeer, “COVID-19 Wave 1 and 2; A Study on the State of
Azad Jammu & Kashmir During Pandemic,” PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION
58, no. 2 (2021): 8178–90, www.psychologyandeducation.net.
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administration of the Pakistani government. Despite having only three
major hospitals and four supporting ones in the entire state, the initial
wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was efficiently managed due to its
remote location and prompt actions taken by the local government.7
Following a National Security Council meeting on March 14, the
local government declared a health emergency and implemented a
state-wide lockdown. As of October 2020, Muzaffarabad in AJK had
the highest number of COVID-19 deaths at 48, followed by Mirpur
with 37. Poonch reported 34 deaths, Bagh 26, Kotli 20, Bhimber 13,
Neelum 8, Sudhnoti 5, and Jhelum valley and Haveli had the lowest
number of deaths with only 4 in both districts.8
Gilgit-Baltistan, an administrative unit within Pakistan, plays a vital
role as a connecting link between Pakistan and China through the
Karakoram Highway (K.K.H). Covering an expansive area of 72,971
sq km and home to an estimated population of approximately 1.8
million, Gilgit-Baltistan reported its first confirmed case of COVID19 on March 2, 2020.
9
A study highlighted a surge in COVID-19
cases in Gilgit-Baltistan following the relaxation of lockdown
Muhammad Faraz Khan et al., “Perception, Preparedness and Response of Health
Care Personals towards COVID-19 Pandemic in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan:
A Cross Sectional Interview Based Study,” Clinical Epidemiology and Global
Health 11 (July 1, 2021): 100783, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEGH.2021.100783.
8
Abidi and Nazeer, “COVID-19 Wave 1 and 2; A Study on the State of Azad
Jammu & Kashmir During Pandemic.”
9
W Ali, I Husain, and S Hussain, “Covid-19: People Perception Knowledge and
Experience: An Evidence from Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan,” International
Transaction Journal of Engineering 12, no. 6 (2021): 1–8, https://doi.org/
10.14456/ITJEMAST.2021.111.
7
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measures in Pakistan. The pandemic has significantly impacted the
socioeconomic well-being of mountain communities in the region,
leading to financial instability, reduced income, job insecurity, and
food shortages.10 Challenges faced by the Gilgit-Baltistan health
department in effectively combating COVID-19 are underscored by
poor management and inadequate facilities. These challenges
encompass a shortage of medical staff, essential equipment, testing
kits, personal protective equipment (PPE) kits, laboratories, and a
limited number of quarantine centers.11
In the relentless pursuit of news coverage during the pandemic,
journalists faced the delicate task of balancing productivity with the
inherent risks of virus transmission.12 The challenges encountered
by working journalists amid the COVID-19 pandemic are not only
widespread globally but are exacerbated in South Asian countries by
factors such as scientific illiteracy, language and cultural barriers, and
a shortage of adequately trained journalists.13 The Global South,
comprising diverse nations, confronted various challenges in
journalism and media coverage during the pandemic, including
A Saqib et al., “A Review of Covid 19 Pandemic in Physiotherapy Care of
Patients with Coronavirus Disease in Pakistan: Limitations and Gaps,” Turkish
Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation 32, no. 3 (2021).
11
Ali, Husain, and Hussain, “Covid-19: People Perception Knowledge and
Experience: An Evidence from Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan.”
12
Abdul Fadli Kalaloi, Rana Akbari Fitriawan, and Reni Nuraeni, “Journalism and
Journalists’ Vulnerability during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia,” Jurnal Ilmu
Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik 26, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 311–27,
https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.68466.
13
Sadia Jamil, “COVID-19 Pandemic and Science Reporting in Pakistan,” Media
Asia 50, no. 2 (2023): 264–85, https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2022.2137658.
10
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limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and governmental
constraints on freedom of expression. 14
In Pakistani region, media organizations played a crucial role in
disseminating information and educating the public about daily
COVID-19 cases, particularly in regions with limited health
facilities.15 They emerged as frontline workers in the global health
crisis, fulfilling a vital role in informing the public and holding
institutions accountable.16 Despite the risks of infection, journalists
delivered essential updates on the virus and governmental actions.17
Investigative reporting uncovered corruption and mismanagement
related to the pandemic response, ensuring transparency and
scrutinizing government power.18 However, journalists faced
challenges such as limited access to accurate information and safety
Sanan Waheed Khan et al., “The Challenges and Constructive Role of Journalism
during COVID-19 in Communication Ecology of Pandemic Reporting in the Global
South,” in Handbook of Research on Deconstructing Culture and Communication
in the Global South, 2023, https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8093-9.ch004.
15
Akhtar Hafeez, “The Impact of Covid-19 on Journalism,” in Societal
Transformations and Resilience in Times of Crisis (IGI Global, 2022), 147–54,
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5326-1.ch009.
16
John Russial, Peter Laufer, and Janet Wasko, “Journalism in Crisis?,”
Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/13183222.2015.1091618 22, no. 4 (2015): 299–312,
https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2015.1091618.
17
Andreu Casero-Ripollés, “The Impact of Covid-19 on Journalism: A Set of
Transformations in Five Domains,” Comunicacao e Sociedade 40 (2021): 53–69,
https://doi.org/10.17231/COMSOC.40(2021).3283.
18
Peter Van Aelst et al., “Does a Crisis Change News Habits? A Comparative Study
of the Effects of COVID-19 on News Media Use in 17 European Countries,”
Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1943481 9, no. 9 (2021): 1316–46,
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1943481.
14
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concerns, leading to stress and burnout.19 The journalism sector in
Pakistan, already grappling with issues like government censorship,
violence against journalists, inadequate training and resources, and
low wages, encountered exacerbated challenges with the onset of the
COVID-19 pandemic in the early 2020s.20 This crisis disrupted news
production and delivery, posed financial threats to media
organizations, and required adaptation to new reporting methods to
cover the evolving situation.21
Despite these challenges, the pandemic provided journalists with
opportunities to underscore the essential nature of their role in
providing accurate and timely information to the public. In Pakistan,
a significant number of journalists played a crucial role in dispelling
misinformation about COVID-19 and explaining the ramifications of
the pandemic on vulnerable communities.22 Faced with an
unprecedented pandemic, journalists in this region lacked a
predefined blueprint to navigate the crisis.
Ayesha Anwar et al., “Role of Mass Media and Public Health Communications
in the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Cureus 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2020),
https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.10453.
20
S M Sadia and F A Gifty, “Challenges for Journalists amid COVID-19 Pandemic:
From Individual, Organizational to Societal Levels,” Journalism and Mass
Communication Quarterly 97, no. 4 (2020): 1032–47.
21
A Jahanzeb, “The Challenges of Journalism in Pakistan,” Asia Pacific Media
Educator 29, no. 1 (2019): 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X19827514.
22
S Saleem, “The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Media in Pakistan: A MixedMethods Analysis,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 1 (2020): 47–61,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620978482.
19
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Pakistani journalists faced several challenges during the COVID-19
pandemic,23 including limited access to information, insufficient
investment in digital resources, and safety risks. Organizational issues
included a lack of policy guidelines, inadequate training, and unequal
opportunities, compounded by weak advisory committees for science
reporting. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, journalists experienced safety
risks, inadequate training, and threats, suggesting the need for
government recognition as essential workers with healthcare
support.24 The lack of advanced technology and robust institutions
also hindered their efforts to combat misinformation.25
In Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), the pandemic disrupted news
production, with movement restrictions and economic impacts
reducing access to information 26 and causing financial strain on news
organizations.27 This led to decreased pay, staff layoffs,28 and an
increased workload29 due to the need for extensive fact-checking and
information verification. Despite these issues, some journalists
Jamil Sadia and Appiah-adjei Gifty, “Battling with Infodemic and Disinfodemic:
The Quandary of Journalists to Report on COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan,” Media
Asia 47, no. 3–4 (2020): 88–109, https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2020.1853393.
24
Sayyed Fawad Ali Shah, Faizullah Jan, and Muhammad Ittefaq, “Health and
Safety Risks to Journalists During Pandemics,” 2020, 90–103,
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6686-2.ch006.
25
Ittefaq, Hussain, and Fatima, “COVID-19 and Social-Politics of Medical
Misinformation on Social Media in Pakistan.”
26
N A Khan, “COVID-19 and Its Impact on Journalism in Azad Jammu and
Kashmir,” Journalism and Mass Communication 10, no. 1 (2020): 36–42.
27
U Shabbir, “Journalism in the Age of Coronavirus: A Snapshot of Azad Jammu
and Kashmir,” Global Media Journal 18, no. 35 (2020): 1–11.
28
Shabbir, “Journalism in the Age of Coronavirus: A Snapshot of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir.”
29
Khan, “COVID-19 and Its Impact on Journalism in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.”
23
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adapted by using online platforms, though this was limited by
restricted access to technology and the internet.30
In Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), journalists faced compromised health and
safety, movement restrictions, and financial instability31 due to
reduced advertising revenue and cost-cutting measures.32
The
pandemic led to journalist layoffs and reduced salaries. Like in AJK,
some journalists adapted by embracing digital platforms for reporting,
but this transition was hindered by limited access to technology and
the internet.33
Methodology
This research employed a thematic analysis approach to explore the
experiences of journalists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thematic
analysis is a flexible method used to identify patterns and meanings
within qualitative data.34 The study focused on a purposive sampling
strategy, engaging journalists with over a decade of experience in
Shabbir, “Journalism in the Age of Coronavirus: A Snapshot of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir.”
31
A. Waris et al., “COVID-19 Outbreak: Current Scenario of Pakistan,” New
Microbes and New Infections 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 756–64,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681.
32
M Iqbal, How the Covid-19 Crisis Is Impacting Journalists in Pakistan
(Committee to Protect Journalists, 2020), https://cpj.org/2020/05/how-the-covid19-crisis-is-impacting-journalists-in-pakistan/.
33
Iqbal and Younas, “Public Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards COVID19 in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study.”
34
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke, “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology,”
Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, no. 2 (2006): 77–101, https://doi.org/10.
1191/1478088706QP063OA.
30
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both field and desk reporting. Press clubs in Muzaffarabad and GilgitBaltistan were selected for their central role in regional journalism,
ensuring comprehensive geographic insights into the industry's
challenges during the pandemic. Participants, chosen through
snowball sampling, included reporters, sub-editors, cameramen, and
assignment editors, each with significant professional experience.
Each press club provided a group of 7 to 10 journalists.
Data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
conducted both in-person and via Zoom to address geographic
constraints. Discussions were moderated with open-ended questions,
meticulously noted, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo software
to uncover prevalent themes and patterns, providing insights into the
participants' varied experiences. Ethical protocols were strictly
followed, with participants giving informed consent and the option to
withdraw at any time. Interviews were recorded, anonymized, and
securely stored on an encrypted computer. Based on the synthesized
themes, the study formulated recommendations aimed at enhancing
safety measures, mental health support, access to critical information,
legal protections, capacity-building avenues, networking efforts, and
specialized training in health reporting. These recommendations seek
to address the multifaceted challenges faced by journalists during the
COVID-19 pandemic and improve their working conditions and
professional development.
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Themes and Discussions
The thematic analysis facilitated the identification of eight key
themes, each encapsulating the essence of the discussions:
Theme 1: Access to Information
The discussions surrounding access to information underscored the
critical collaboration between journalists and government agencies
during crises. Participants emphasized the need for streamlined
processes that facilitate secure and timely access to crucial data,
whether journalists are working remotely or in-person. The dialogue
highlighted the significance of information flow between journalists
and official sources for accurate reporting and the maintenance of
public trust.
A journalist while taking part in FGDs in Muzaffarabad underscored,
During critical moments, our cooperation with governmental bodies
is indispensable. It transcends mere information provision; it's a joint
endeavor for precise reporting that garners public trust.
Offering insights to the conversation, a correspondent hailing from
Gilgit conveyed,
Across the entirety of the pandemic, we faced various hurdles in
obtaining information. Governmental entities consistently lagged in
furnishing timely and accurate information to the media.
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The discussion emphasized the importance of streamlined processes
for data flow, recognizing the substantial challenges posed for
journalists during the COVID-19 pandemic in acquiring trustworthy
information and sources.35 Widespread lockdowns and travel
restrictions severely limited access to physical locations and
interviews.36 Journalists in Pakistani region faced hurdles in accessing
pandemic-related locations due to movement restrictions, with some
officials being hesitant to share information, and incidents of
intimidation and harassment were reported.37 Moreover, the restricted
access to information and sources raised concerns about the quality
and accuracy of pandemic reporting, as journalists may face pressure
to publish stories rapidly, leaving limited time for comprehensive
research and fact-checking. 38
Theme 2: Capacity Building
The discourse shifted towards skill development, unveiling a
unanimous consensus on the pivotal role of capacity building.
Participants articulated the imperative need for specialized training
programs tailored to crisis reporting, digital journalism tools, and
N Usher, “COVID-19 and Journalism: Skills and Values for Resilient Reporting
during a Pandemic,” Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 9, no. 3
(2020): 343–57, https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00051_1.
36
A Makri, “Covid-19: How Journalists Can Help Identify Misinformation,” British
Medical Journal 369 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2020.
37
Iqbal, How the Covid-19 Crisis Is Impacting Journalists in Pakistan.
38
Usher, “COVID-19 and Journalism: Skills and Values for Resilient Reporting
during a Pandemic.”
35
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technological adaptability during emergencies. This emphasis on
refining pertinent skills underscored their unwavering commitment to
furnishing accurate and comprehensive coverage.
A correspondent from the Gilgit Press Club emphasized,
Effective crisis reporting demands a unique skill set, underscoring
our dedication to being thoroughly prepared to deliver high-quality
news, even in challenging circumstances.
Echoing a similar perspective, a journalist associated with the Central
Press Club Muzaffarabad stated,
There is a pressing need for enhanced capacity in health reporting.
This critical aspect is frequently neglected, and it is imperative to
cultivate specialized skills for reporting effectively in crisis situations.
The unanimous consensus regarding the significance of skill
development illuminates the dynamic nature of journalism. The call
for specialized training in crisis reporting, digital tools, and
technological adaptability aligns with the evolving role of journalists
in the digital age. Journalists require specific training for reporting on
pandemics, including vaccination, analogous to frontline workers.
Specialized journalism courses can integrate pandemic reporting into
their curriculum.39 News organizations should extend logistical
support, supplies, technology, and additional training to journalists,
Kenneth Adibe Nwafor et al., “Knowledge and Practice of Safety Protocols
among Journalists Serving as Frontline Workers in the COVID-19 Fight in Ebonyi
State, Nigeria,” International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious
Diseases and Immunity 7, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 20–37, https://doi.org/
10.37745/IJEAHII.15VO7N1PP2037.
39
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thereby alleviating stress and augmenting their dedication to their
work.40
Journalism
training
institutions
should
contemplate
incorporating pandemic reporting into specialized journalism courses,
imparting essential skills to journalists, especially for highly
contagious pandemics like the coronavirus.41 Developing a training
program that emphasizes leadership, editorial writing, editing,
proofreading, video production, and professionalism is advisable for
campus journalism, ensuring the effective preparation of student
journalists to report on pandemics.42
Theme 3: Crisis Adaptation Strategies
In the face of the disruptions caused by the pandemic, journalists
demonstrated commendable resilience by promptly adopting digital
platforms and adjusting their reporting methodologies. They
illustrated a varied array of tools, including online interviews, data
visualization, and multimedia storytelling, employed to proficiently
convey information to their audiences. These innovative adjustments
Gretchen Hoak, “Covering COVID: Journalists’ Stress and Perceived OrHoak,
G. (2021). Covering COVID: Journalists’ Stress and Perceived Organizational
Support While Reporting on the Pandemic. Journalism & Mass Communication
Quarterly, 98(3), 854–874. Https://Doi.Org/10.11,” Journalism & Mass
Communication Quarterly 98, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 854–74,
https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990211015105.
41
Nwafor et al., “Knowledge and Practice of Safety Protocols among Journalists
Serving as Frontline Workers in the COVID-19 Fight in Ebonyi State, Nigeria.”
42
Rowanne Marie Maxilom Mangompit, “CTU Student Journalists’ Training
Needs Report: Basis for the Formulation of Training Program,” Central Mindanao
University Journal of Science 26, no. 1 (December 2022), https://doi.org
/10.52751/VMGK2304.
40
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underscored their dedication to guaranteeing continuous and
dependable news dissemination.
Despite contending with subpar internet services in our region, a
correspondent from the Gilgit-Press Club disclosed, 'We utilized
Facebook Live alongside our reporting responsibilities to keep the
public abreast of unfolding events. Many colleagues, initially
unacquainted with the latest IT tools, acquired fundamental skills
during the pandemic, navigating the unprecedented situation and
aiding people in staying well-informed.
Offering her viewpoint, a female journalist from Muzaffarabad
asserted,
The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the pivotal importance of staying
abreast of modern communication technologies. Those who
embraced these tools encountered fewer challenges in accessing
information and ensuring seamless reporting during these trying
times.
From the standpoint of a journalist based in Muzaffarabad,
It's not merely about being versed in the latest technologies. We
encountered an exceedingly challenging situation in accessing
information. Institutions here lack digital archives and real-time
updates on their portals, and particularly during the Covid-19
pandemic, concerned officials were unresponsive in providing
necessary information promptly.
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Participants demonstrated remarkable resilience by swiftly adapting
to the crisis through the utilization of digital platforms and adjusted
reporting methodologies. This adaptation underscores journalists'
inherent capacity to evolve in the face of challenges. 43 According to
another research, virtual meetings, online interviews, and webinars
have become customary practices for journalists worldwide, enabling
them to seamlessly conduct interviews and report stories, thus
overcoming the constraints imposed by the pandemic.44
In Pakistan, journalists have similarly embraced this approach, as
exemplified by major news channels such as Dawn News, leveraging
digital
technologies
for
news
dissemination
and
audience
engagement.45 Furthermore, virtual meetings have facilitated
effective collaboration among journalists, transcending geographical
limitations. Noteworthy initiatives
in
Pakistan include the
collaboration between the Center for Excellence in Journalism (CEJ)
and various media outlets, offering training programs for journalists
to equip them with the necessary skills for comprehensive pandemic
coverage.46
Jose A. García-Avilés, “Journalism as Usual? Managing Disruption in Virtual
Newsrooms during the COVID-19 Crisis,” Digital Journalism 9, no. 9 (2021):
1249–70, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1942112.
44
C Schoenberger and L Proffitt, Covid-19 and the New Work of Journalism
(Columbia Journalism Review, 2020), https://www.cjr.org/special_report/covid19-new-work-of-journalism.php.
45
Dawn, “PFUJ, PAMH Launch Mental Health Support Program for Journalists,”
2020, https://www.dawn.com/news/1559887.
46
A Moeed, “COVID-19 and Journalism in Pakistan: Challenges and
Opportunities,” Journalism Practice 15, no. 2 (2021): 267–83, https://doi.org/10.
1080/17512786.2020.1797341.
43
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Collaboration has extended to content sharing among media
organizations as well. For instance, the Reuters news agency
introduced a platform to facilitate the exchange of Covid-19 related
news content within its extensive global network of media partners.47
Theme 4: Health Reporting Education
During the discussions, proposals advocating for enhanced health
reporting education garnered significant attention. Participants
acknowledged the imperative for comprehensive training aimed at
equipping journalists with the requisite skills and knowledge
necessary for effective coverage of health crises. They underscored
the significance of accurate and informed health reporting in shaping
public understanding and decision-making processes.
A correspondent associated with English Daily in Muzaffarabad
underscored,
We encounter a deficiency in professionally trained reporters in
health reporting. Our sole recourse is to rely on information from
local health authorities, given our limited capacity to investigate
whether our health authorities adhere to the standards set by the
WHO.
Echoing this viewpoint, a representative from Gilgit Press Club
conveyed,
47
R K Nielsen, Journalists and Media in the COVID-19 Crisis: Preliminary
Findings of a Global Survey (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2020),
https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Coronavirus.
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Prior to the pandemic, the health beat was regarded as one of the
most neglected, with few expressing interests in becoming health
reporters. However, as the pandemic unfolded, everyone found
themselves reporting on health issues in the region.
An Editor from a prominent Urdu Daily proposed,
Each press club should have a few trained reporters in medical
journalism so that others can leverage their expertise, particularly in
crisis situations. We encountered significant challenges during the
pandemic, as health professionals were overwhelmed with their
responsibilities, making it challenging for us to cross-check our
medical knowledge or terminologies.
The
proposal
for
comprehensive
health
reporting
training
acknowledges the pivotal role of informed journalism in shaping
public understanding and influencing decisions. This aligns with the
media's responsibility to provide accurate health information,
particularly during pandemics.48 Both Focus Group Discussions
(FGDs) and existing literature have consistently highlighted the
formidable challenge faced by journalists in collecting and
disseminating precise information throughout the COVID-19
pandemic.49 This underscores the critical role of health literacy in
empowering citizens to effectively navigate COVID-19-related
Rohit C. Khanna et al., “COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned and Future
Directions,” Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (Wolters Kluwer Medknow
Publications, May 1, 2020), https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_843_20.
49
G Perreault and T Perreault, “How COVID-19 Has Transformed Journalism,”
Journalism 22, no. 2 (2021): 196–201.
48
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health
information.50
Informed
health
reporting
contributes
significantly to mitigating misinformation and fostering evidencebased decision-making.51
Theme 5: Impact on Journalistic Abilities
Participants conveyed how the pandemic's impact significantly
impeded their capacity to perform optimally. They detailed
challenges arising from restricted access to information and sources,
which in turn led to difficulties in upholding the accuracy and
credibility of their reporting. The constraints imposed on physical
interactions and the necessity for remote engagement presented
distinctive obstacles, compelling them to devise novel methods for
collecting, verifying, and presenting information.
A local journalist from Skardu associated with Gilgit Press Club
shared,
Initially, we felt completely paralyzed, uncertain about the future.
There was a fear that, like other businesses, journalism would shut
down. However, we adapted, leveraging technology, minimizing
physical interactions, and managing to report. While it didn't work
Orkan Okan et al., “Health Literacy as a Social Vaccine in the COVID-19
Pandemic,”
Health
Promotion
International,
August
1,
2022,
https://doi.org/10.1093/HEAPRO/DAAB197.
51
Eleonora Serafimovska, Marijana Markovikj, and Tea Koneska-Vasilevska, “The
Challenges of Journalism in the Republic of Macedonia during the COVID-19
Pandemic,” Balkan Social Science Review 18 (December 24, 2021): 345–67,
https://doi.org/10.46763/bssr2118345s.
50
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for every story, life moved on, though we faced challenges in chasing
those who were avoiding us.
A journalist engaged in desk assignments during Covid, expressed,
Managing everything remotely was indeed a difficult task. In a
country where electricity and internet availability are not consistent,
waiting for hours during breakdowns became a common occurrence.
Participants articulated how restricted access to information and
sources presented challenges in maintaining the accuracy and
credibility of their reporting.
The initial hurdle faced was the
potential risk of virus exposure during on-site reporting, necessitating
the implementation of safety measures to protect against the virus
during news coverage.52 The second challenge revolved around the
restricted access to information due to lockdowns and social
distancing measures, compelling journalists to rely on virtual
communication methods.
53
Additionally, journalists grappled with
the challenge of covering an ever-changing situation, demanding
extended hours and stringent deadlines. 54
Furthermore, the rapid dissemination of the virus resulted in an
abundance of information, including inaccuracies and incomplete
52
Hoak, “Covering COVID: Journalists’ Stress and Perceived OrHoak, G. (2021).
Covering COVID: Journalists’ Stress and Perceived Organizational Support While
Reporting on the Pandemic. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 98(3),
854–874. Https://Doi.Org/10.11.”
53
Evan Faulkenbury, “Journalism, COVID-19, and the Opportunity of Oral
History,” Oral History Review 47, no. 2 (2020): 253–59, https://doi.org/10.
1080/00940798.2020.1791723.
54
Usher, “COVID-19 and Journalism: Skills and Values for Resilient Reporting
during a Pandemic.”
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data, posing challenges for journalists in discerning and reporting
accurate facts.55 The limitations on physical interactions and the
necessity for remote engagement prompted innovative approaches to
information gathering and verification.56
Theme 6: Legal Protections
With a focus on the broader implications of their profession,
participants emphasized the necessity for enhanced legal protections
and job security measures. They underscored the importance of fair
remuneration, recognizing journalism's essential role during health
crises. Discussions revolved around the requirement for improved
social security provisions that acknowledge journalists' contributions
during challenging times.
A Gilgit-based newspaper reporter lamented,
My newspaper slashed my salary during the pandemic, citing a lack
of advertisement revenue and decreased circulation as reasons.
Despite reluctantly accepting this, they failed to pay even the reduced
salaries for almost three months.
A journalist from Muzaffarabad highlighted,
Makri, “Covid-19: How Journalists Can Help Identify Misinformation.”
Samantha K. Brooks et al., “The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to
Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence,” The Lancet (Lancet Publishing Group,
March 14, 2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
55
56
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We lack legal protection; our remuneration is tied to advertisement
commissions. Throughout the Covid-19 period, with advertisements
halted, we received no remuneration.
Journalists based in Gilgit-Baltistan and Muzaffarabad revealed that
only a few received regular salaries during the pandemic.
The participants of the study advocated for enhanced legal protections
and job security during unusual circumstances. A survey conducted
by the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) uncovered that
journalists experienced severe job pressures, layoffs, and a declining
working environment attributed to the pandemic.57 Print media, in
both developed and developing nations, suffered greatly during the
pandemic. Many countries halted newspaper and magazine printing
to curb infection spread, resulting in job losses and insufficient
government support.58 In Pakistan, the journalism industry was
already in financial distress and under government pressure prepandemic. Over 3000 press workers lost their jobs in 2019, and the
situation worsened during the pandemic with halted business
activities and inadequate government support.59 Globally, the
Beauty Mondol and Basudev Paul, “Journalism in Bangladesh During the
COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview,” Current Research Journal of Social Sciences
and Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 45–53, https://doi.org/10.12944/crjssh
.4.1.05.
58
Shivaji Jadhav, “Impact of Covid-19 on Indian Print Media,” Dogo Rangsang
Research Journal 10, no. 06 (June 1, 2020): 1–8, www.drsrjournal.com.
59
S Ali, “COVID-19 and Pakistan’s Media,” Journalism Practice 14, no. 7 (2020):
847–52, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1800855.
57
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COVID-19 pandemic has hit journalism hard, causing financial strain
due to reduced advertising revenue. It has also hindered journalists'
effectiveness, with travel restrictions and social distancing measures
impeding source access and event coverage.60
Theme 7: Mental Health and Well-being
As the discussion delved into the personal toll of pandemic reporting,
participants emphasized the urgent need for dedicated mental health
support programs. They highlighted the unique stressors that
journalists face in times of crisis, advocating for tailored self-care
strategies to mitigate burnout and promote overall well-being. The
significance of prioritizing mental health within the industry emerged
as a unanimous concern.
A correspondent affiliated with Central Press Club Muzaffarabad
conveyed,
The discernible and considerable adverse impact of Covid-19 on our
mental health and overall well-being is noteworthy. Serving as
frontline workers reporting on the pandemic's societal repercussions,
we frequently confront substantial personal risks, leading to
heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and apprehensions regarding job
security and financial stability.
S Sushmita, T Pudjiastuti, and P B Santoso, “News Is Not Worth a Life,” : : The
Challenges and Dilemmas of Journalists in Solo, Indonesia during COVID- 31, no.
2 (2021): 185–97.
60
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Similarly, another journalist associated with Gilgit articulated,
The challenges to our mental health encountered throughout the
pandemic are deeply rooted in a myriad of factors. These include the
apprehension of virus exposure, the proliferation of conspiracy
theories and misinformation, obligatory isolation, quarantine
strategies, and concerns related to socio-economic instability.
Discussion of the personal toll of pandemic reporting shed light on
the need for dedicated mental health support. The unique stressors
faced by journalists during crises emphasize the industry's duty to
safeguard their well-being. Journalists faced mental health challenges
due to increased pressure as traditional media became the primary
information source during the pandemic. 61 Many journalists, exposed
to high-risk areas and traumatic events, have covered the pandemic's
impact on vulnerable communities and reported on the death toll and
health crisis.
62
They face a greater risk of anxiety, depression, and
PTSD than the general population due to fear of the virus, job
uncertainty, and the pressure for accurate reporting. 63 Moreover,
Media organizations' financial struggles during the pandemic have led
A Wake, B Kenny, and R Gibson, “Journalism and COVID-19 in Australia:
Impacts, Innovations and Implications,” Media International Australia 178, no. 1
(2021): 5–18, https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20979944.
62
Perreault and Perreault, “How COVID-19 Has Transformed Journalism.”
63
J Penney, “Journalists and Mental Health in the COVID-19 Era,” Digital
Journalism 8, no. 7 (2020): 835–38.
61
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to job losses, pay cuts, and furloughs for journalists, increasing their
stress and anxiety levels.64 Awareness and support for journalists'
mental health is essential during and beyond the COVID-19
pandemic. Media organizations can assist by providing access to
mental health services, offering flexible work arrangements, and
promoting work-life balance among their employees.65
Theme 8: Networking and Collaboration
The theme of promoting stronger bonds among media entities, press
clubs, and government institutions surfaced prominently. Participants
emphasized the imperative of improved coordination to facilitate
effective information dissemination and prompt responses during
crises. Collaborative endeavors were deemed essential for
surmounting challenges and ensuring a unified approach. A freelance
journalist contributing to various international media outlets from
Gilgit highlighted,
The outcomes achieved through collaboration and coordination
among journalists have been remarkable. Mutual assistance in the
collection and sharing of information has proven highly effective.
Similar collaboration and coordination among institutions, including
M Sadiq, “Pakistan: Media Use and Performance Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic,”
Media Watch 11, no. 3 (2020): 595–609.
65
Moeed, “COVID-19 and Journalism in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities.”
64
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governmental initiatives, would undoubtedly yield a profound impact
in crisis situations.
A journalist based in Muzaffarabad emphasized,
In situations marked by fear, institutions bear the primary
responsibility of ensuring the protection of their workforce. We must
halt the race for breaking news at the expense of risking the lives of
journalists. Prioritizing safety over the urgency of news delivery is
essential.
The imperative for strengthened collaboration between media
organizations and government institutions emerged as a recurring
theme in the focus group discussions and relevant literature review.
Collaborations between media and government entities during the
COVID-19 pandemic have played a crucial role in providing accurate
information to the public, especially for those reliant on informal and
local news outlets.
66
According to a report from the International
Center for Journalists (2020), media organizations globally have
engaged in collaborative efforts amid the pandemic, involving sharing
reporters and pooling resources to cover COVID-19-related news. In
Pakistan, media organizations have similarly joined forces to initiate
Molly M. King, “Paying Attention to the Pandemic: Knowledge of COVID-19
Facts by News Source and Demographics,” The American Behavioral Scientist,
2023, https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642231156784.
66
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joint reporting projects focused on COVID-19-related issues.67
Collaboration has extended to content sharing among media entities,
exemplified by Reuters news agency introducing a platform to
facilitate the exchange of COVID-19-related news content among its
extensive global network of media partners.68 These collaborative
efforts underscore the significance of efficient information
dissemination and a unified response, highlighting the interconnected
roles of media and government during crises.
Recommendations
The following recommendations have been developed based on the
themes identified during the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs):
To enhance safety measures, comprehensive protocols should
be established through a collaborative approach involving
press clubs, media organizations, and government bodies.
This partnership aims to provide journalists with necessary
safety equipment and underscore the industry's commitment
to their well-being during crises.
Creating a robust mental health support system tailored to
address the unique stresses journalists face while covering
crises is imperative. Programs that include counseling
services, self-care training, and resources for emotional well-
Pakistan Press Foundation, “Journalists Registration,” 2021, https://www.
pakistanpressfoundation.org/about-ppf/journalists-registration/.
68
Reuters, “Reuters Launches Covid-19 Content Sharing Platform for Publishers,”
2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN21X3WM.
67
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being should be developed to sustain journalists' mental health
and resilience.
Collaborative strategies must be formulated to improve
information access and overcome hurdles in accessing timely
data. Partnerships with institutions can facilitate secure and
efficient information flow, ensuring journalists have accurate
and up-to-date data. Implementing remote access mechanisms
further strengthens their ability to work effectively, even in
remote or restricted areas.
Enhanced legal protections and job security for journalists
should be advocated. Efforts should focus on promoting fair
remuneration, job stability, and improved social security
measures, with a specific emphasis on their roles during
crises. These initiatives aim to boost journalists' confidence
and reflect the industry's commitment to their well-being.
Dedicated capacity-building initiatives are essential to prepare
journalists for the evolving landscape of crisis reporting.
Specialized training programs covering crisis reporting
techniques,
digital
journalism
skills,
and
emergency
technology utilization should be developed and implemented.
This investment in skill development will empower journalists
to navigate challenges effectively while maintaining highquality reporting.
Seamless
communication
channels
among
media
organizations, press clubs, and government bodies should be
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fostered to ensure efficient information dissemination and
timely responses. Extending these channels to international
networks will facilitate the exchange of experiences and best
practices, enriching the collective response to crises.
Introducing comprehensive training programs for health
reporting is vital. These programs should equip journalists
with in-depth knowledge and understanding of health crises,
enabling them to provide accurate and informed coverage.
This initiative aims to contribute to a more informed public
understanding and promote responsible journalism during
health emergencies.
Conclusion
The resilience demonstrated by journalists during crises, particularly
throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the need for an
environment that prioritizes their safety, welfare, and effective
performance. By addressing the challenges identified and fostering
collaboration among diverse stakeholders, the media industry can
significantly improve its ability to deliver accurate, timely, and
impactful coverage during critical events. This collaborative effort is
crucial for enhancing journalism's role in society and ensuring that
journalists are well-prepared to handle and report on future global
crises.
****
233