Dacelo novaeguineae Ceryle torquata Quasisyndactylus longibrachis Neognathae Merops nubicus Coracias spatulata Colaptes auratus Ramphastos sulfuratus Buceros rhinoceros Tockus erythrorhynchus Volant neognathans Masillatrogon pumilio Non-volant neognathans Trogon violaceus Plesiocathartes kelleri Leptosomus discolor Selmes absurdipes Eoglaucidium pallas Strix varia Strix nebulosa Bubo scandiaca Athene cunicularia Tyto alba Aquila chrysaetos Aquila rapax Accipiter cooperii Mioneophron longirostris Gymnogyps californianus Turdus merula Troglodytes troglodytes Hirundo rustica Tachycineta bicolor Haemorhous mexicanus Pipilo fuscus Nectarinia zeylonica Corvus brachyrhynchos Corvus corax Aphelocoma californica Zygodactylus luberonensis Amazona ochrocephala Anodorhynchus leari Tynskya eocaena Cyrilavis colbunorum Falco sparverius Opisthocomus hoazin Phalacrocorax auritus Phalacrocorax harrisi Borvocarbo stoeffelensis Sula leucogaster Fregata minor Limnofregata azygosternon Ardea alba Botaurus lentiginosus Pelecanus crispus Cochlearius cochlearius Mycteria americana Fulmarus glacialis Puffinus griseus Oceanodroma melania Diomedea exulans Diomedea brodkorbi Aptenodytes forsteri Spheniscus humboldti Phaethon aethereus Alca torda Alca impennis Fratercula arctica Stercorarius parasiticus Larus californicus Sterna hirundo Turnix suscitator Tringa totanus Himantopus mexicanus Haematopus ostralegus Charadrius vociferus Eudocimus ruber Aechmophorus occidentalis Phoenicopterus roseus Fulica americana Grus monacha Rallus longirostris Neoaves Salmila robusta Coccyzus erythropthalmus Geococcyx californianus Cuculus canorus Otis tarda Foro panarium Aves (Neornithes) Turaco livingstonii Caloenas nicobarica Streptopelia turtur Columba livia Didunculus strigirostris Chaetura pelagica Apus apus Pterophanes cyanopterus Metallura tyrianthina Paraprefica kelleri Caprimulgus carolinensis Meleagris gallopavo Phasianus colchicus Coturnix coturnix Gallus gallus Callipepla californica Numida meleagris Gallinuloides wyomingensis Paraortygoides messelensis Somateria mollissima Cairina moschata Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Cygnus olor Vegavis iaai Tinamus solitarius Casuarius bennetti Apteryx australis Rhea americana Struthio camelus Gansus yumenensis Iteravis huchzemeyeri Liaoxiornis NIGP130723 Liaoxiornis BMNHC Ph807 Yumenornis huangi Piscivoravis lii Dingavis longimaxilla Jianchangornis Archaeornithura meemannae Yixianornis grabaui Yanornis martini Hongshanornis longicresta Longicrusavis houi Xinghaiornis Zhongjianornis Schizooura lii Archaeorhynchus spathula BMNHC Ph1204 Bohaiornis guoi Shenqiornis Zhouornis hani Sulcavis Eocathayornis Cathayornis Junornis BMNHC Ph1156 BMNHC Ph1458 BMNHC Ph1470 BMNHC Ph871 BMNHC Ph874 Eoenantiornis Pengornis Vescornis hebeiensis Paraprotopteryx gracilis Rapaxavis pani Longipteryx Sapeornis chaoyangensis Jinguofortis perplexus Eoconfuciusornis zhengi Confuciusornis sanctus Zhongornis Jeholornis curvipes Shenzhouraptor sinensis Archaeopteryx lithographica Palaeognathae Ornithuromorpha Avialae Epidendrosaurus ‘Nonavian ornithuromorphs’ Enantiornithes ‘Nonornithothoracine avialans’ Microraptor hanqingi Microraptor zhaoianus Sinornithosaurus Zhenyuanlong suni Wulong bohaiensis Balaur bondoc Velociraptor mongoliensis Deinonychus antirrhopus Anchiornis huxleyi Sinornithoides ‘Nonavialan maniraptorans’ Machairasaurus Ingenia yanshini Citipati Falcarius utahensis Yixianosaurus longimanus Messinian Zanclean Langhian Tortonian Quat. 0 10 20 Neogene 30 40 Serravallian Burdigalian Chattian Aquitanian Rupelian Bartonian Priabonian Lutetian Ypresian 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Thanetian Danian Selandian Maastrichtian Campanian Santonian Turonian Cenomanian Coniacian Paleogene Cretaceous 150 160 Albian Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Berriasian Tithonian Kimmeridgian Oxfordian Bajocian Callovian Bathonian Jurassic 170 Toarcian Aalenian Maniraptora