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International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology xxx (2014) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijporl
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Histopathological evaluation of Ankaferd blood stopper use in the
rabbit septoplasty model
Orhan a,*, Remzi Dogan b, Erkan Soylu c, Fadlullah Aksoy d, Bayram Veyseller d,
Orhan Ozturan d, Mukaddes Esrefoglu e, Mehmet Serif Aydın e
Q1 Israfil
a
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
Bayrampasa State Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bayrampasa, Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Medipol University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
d
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
e
Department of Histology and Embryology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
b
c
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 9 September 2014
Received in revised form 15 October 2014
Accepted 14 November 2014
Available online xxx
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the use of Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS), an organic
hemostatic agent of plant origin, in septoplasty operations, and to determine its effect on nasal septal
tissues in the rabbit model.
Method: The study was performed on 30 New Zealand adult male rabbits each weighing 2500–3500 g
(average: 3000 g). The rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely, the control group (without
septoplasty), the septoplasty + tampon group, the septoplasty + ABS group, and the septoplasty + tampon + ABS group. All animals were sacrificed after two weeks, and the nasal septums were total removed
using the lateral rhinotomy technique. The specimens were obtained from similar sites of cartilaginous
nasal septum. The sections were stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Mason trichrome stains and
studied under the light microscope by the same pathologist who evaluated the mucosal ulcerations, the
severity of inflammatory cell infiltration, the mucosal thickness, and the cartilage thickness. The data
obtained were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis variance analysis and the Mann–Whitney
U test.
Results: No mucosal ulceration or inflammatory cell infiltration was detected in any of the rabbit groups.
There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of mucosal thickness and
cartilage thickness (p < 0.05). The values of mucosal thickness in the groups mentioned above were
147.7 17.6 mm, 205.7 36.7 mm, 139.6 14.8 mm, and 190.2 17.5 mm, respectively. The values of
cartilage thickness were 398.2 28.9 mm, 546.2 35.3 mm, 363.7 24.7 mm, and 447.8 28.2 mm,
respectively. There was no significant difference between the control group and the septoplasty + ABS
group in terms of mucosal thickness and cartilage thickness (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant
increase in nasal mucosal and cartilage thickness in tampon-using groups when compared with the other
groups (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Although nasal tampons provide the contact of mucoperichondrium with the cartilage, they
are generally accepted as a discomfort for patients. Ankaferd blood stopper can be used instead of nasal
tampons to increase patient comfort.
ß 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Rabbit
Ankaferd blood stopper
Septoplasty
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1. Introduction
* Corresponding author at: Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University Medical
Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
Tel.: +90 344 280 34 34; fax: +90 344 280 40 52.
E-mail address: israfil.orhan@mynet.com (I. Orhan).
12
The septoplasty operation is one of the techniques frequently Q213
used by otorhinolaryngologists. Intranasal tampons and stents are 14
widely used in cases undergoing septoplasty to prevent postoper- 15
ative hemorrhage, to provide stabilization of the mobilized 16
surrounding tissues, and to prevent adhesions [1,2]. Although 17
nasal tampons provide the contact of mucoperichondrium with the 18
cartilage, they are generally accepted as a discomfort for patients. 19
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.015
0165-5876/ß 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: I. Orhan, et al., Histopathological evaluation of Ankaferd blood stopper use in the rabbit septoplasty
model, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.015
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(average, 3000 g). The rabbits were randomly divided into four
groups:
Control (no septoplasty).
Septoplasty + tampon.
Septoplasty + ABS.
Septoplasty + tampon + ABS.
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The rabbits in all groups were anesthesized with xylazine
hydrochloride 10 mg/kg (Rompun, Bayer Drugs, Istanbul, Turkey)
and 50 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride 59 mg/kg (Ketalar, Eczacı- Q3
başı Drugs, İstanbul, Turkey). Prior to surgical interventions,
prophylactic cefazolin sodium 20–40 mg/kg (Cefozin, Bilim İlaç,
Istanbul, Turkey) was administered to each rabbit.
The open rhinoplasty technique was used to reach the nasal
septum in the rabbits (Fig. 1). After a columellar incision and lifting
of the skin, by approaching from the nasal dorsum, the upper
lateral cartilages were separated from the septum with sharp
dissection. Subsequently, with the help of an elevator, the
mucoperichondrium was raised with blunt dissection, paying
attention not to harm the nasal septal cartilage. The rabbits in
Group 2 underwent bilateral mucoperichondrial flap elevation.
Following elevation, miniature Doyle nasal splints were placed in
both nasal cavities. The operation was brought to an end by
suturing the incisions. The rabbits in Group 3 underwent bilateral
mucoperichondrial flap elevation. Following elevation, ABS
1 ml/puff 2 was administered into the space between the septal
cartilage and the mucoperichondrium. The operation was completed by suturing the incisions. The rabbits in Group 4 underwent
bilateral mucoperichondrial flap elevation. Following the elevation, ABS 1 ml/puff 2 was administered into the space between
the septal cartilage and the mucoperichondrium. Miniature Doyle
nasal splints were placed in both nasal cavities. The operation was
brought to an end by suturing the incisions.
Forty-eight hours after septoplasty, the nasal tampons of the
rabbits in Group 2 and Group 4 were pulled out. After two weeks,
all rabbits were sacrificed under ketamine hydrochloride
(Ketalar, Eczacıbaşı İlaç, İstanbul, Turkey) anesthesia according
the Guidelines of the National Research Council Laboratory
Animals Resource Institute, and their nasal septums were totally
removed. The specimens were obtained from similar sites of the
septa. After having passed the specimens through the steps of
fixation in 10% formalin for 24 h , alcohol, xylene, liquid paraffin,
and paraffin blocking, 5-mm sections were prepared from the
paraffin blocks. After being stained with hematoxylin –eosin and
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Group
Group
Group
Group
Fig. 1. The open rhinoplasty technique was used to reach the nasal septum in the
rabbits.
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In order to increase patient comfort and avoid nasal tampons, some
techniques such as trans-septal suturation or use of fibrin glue
have been tested [3–6], but there is no generally accepted
technique at the present time.
Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) is a topical hemostatic agent that
consists of hemostatic herbal extracts and contains no inorganic or
synthetic additives. It is used in postoperative and posttraumatic
hemorrhages. Ankaferd blood stopper accelerates the formation of
an encapsulated protein web by interacting with all blood proteins
and fibrinogen particles [7,8]. Although ABS has been reported to
be an effective topical agent used against mucosal bleedings such
as in gastrointestinal hemorrhages, urological surgery, adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy, and anterior epistaxis [9–13], there
has been no study on its use in septoplasty.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the use of ABS,
an organic hemostatic agent of herbal origin, in septoplasty
operations and to determine its effect on nasal septal tissues in the
rabbit model.
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2. Materials and method
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The study was started after having obtained the approval of the
Local Ethics Committee (IRB: 2013/230). The study was performed
on 30 New Zealand adult male rabbits each weighing 2500–3500 g
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(n = 6):
(n = 8):
(n = 8):
(n = 8):
Fig. 2. Mucosal and cartilage thickness of Group 3 and the Group 1 (c: cartilage, m: mucosa, e: epithelium).
Please cite this article in press as: I. Orhan, et al., Histopathological evaluation of Ankaferd blood stopper use in the rabbit septoplasty
model, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.015
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Fig. 3. Mucosal and cartilage thickness of Group 3 and the Group 2. (c: cartilage, m: mucosa, e: epithelium).
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Masson-trichrome stains, the sections, were studied under the
light microscope (Olympus, BX51, Japan) by the same pathologists and evaluated histopathologically in terms of the parameters mentioned below:
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The thicknesses of the mucosa and the cartilage were measured
with a micrometer under the 100 objective of the microscope.
The other parameters were evaluated using the semiquantitative
scoring with points as follows: No change: 0; mild change: 1;
moderate change: 2; and marked change: 3.
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2.1. Statistical analysis
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The SPSS (Data 10.0) package program was used for the statistical
analysis. The Kruskal–Wallis variance analysis was used for
comparison of the parameters in all groups, and the Mann–Whitney
Mucosal ulceration.
Severity of inflammatory cell infiltration.
Mucosal thickness.
Cartilage thickness.
U test was performed for the comparison of two populations. A p
value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
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3. Results
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3.1. Mucosal ulceration and inflammatory cell infiltration
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No mucosal ulceration or inflammatory cell infiltration was
detected in any of the rabbits in all groups.
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3.2. Mucosal thickness
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The mucosal thickness in Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 measured
147.7 17.6 mm,
205.7 36.7 mm,
139.6 14.8 mm,
and
190.2 17.5 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference
in mucosal thickness between Group 3 and the control group (Group
1) (p > 0.05) (Fig. 2). However, there was a significant difference in
the mucosal thickness between Group 3 and Group 2 (p < 0.05)
(Fig. 3). Similarly, there was a significant difference in the mucosal
thickness between Group 3 and Group 4 (p < 0.05) (Fig. 4). There was
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Fig. 4. Mucosal and cartilage thickness of Group 3 and the Group 4. (c: cartilage, m: mucosa, e: epithelium).
Please cite this article in press as: I. Orhan, et al., Histopathological evaluation of Ankaferd blood stopper use in the rabbit septoplasty
model, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.015
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Fig. 5. Mucosal and cartilage thickness of Group 2 and the Group 4. (c: cartilage, m: mucosa, e: epithelium).
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no significant difference in the mucosal thickness between Group
2 and Group 4 (p > 0.05) (Fig. 5).
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3.3. Cartilage thickness
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The cartilage thickness in Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 measured
398.2 28.9 mm,
546.2 35.3 mm,
363.7 24.7 mm,
and
447.8 28.2 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference
in the cartilage thickness between Group 3 and the control group
(Group 1) (p > 0.05) (Fig. 2). However, there was a significant
difference in the cartilage thickness between Group 3 and Group 2
(p < 0.05) (Fig. 3). Similarly, there was a significant difference in the
cartilage thickness between Group 3 and Group 4 (p < 0.05) (Fig. 4).
There was no significant difference in the cartilage thickness between
Group 2 and Group 4 (p > 0.05) (Fig. 5).
The comparison of mucosal and cartilage thickness between the
groups has been summarized in Figs. 6 and 7.
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4. Discussion
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Nasal tampons are used to stop bleeding, to provide cartilagebone stabilization, and to prevent septal abscess and hematoma
formation in all types of intranasal surgery. For these purposes,
various nasal tampon materials have been described [14]. Although
Q4
Fig. 6. The comparison of mucosal thickness between the groups.
methods such as use of nasal tampon, use of septal splint, and
transseptal sutures can prevent complications; they also have
some disadvantages [4,5]. Nasal tampons have the advantages of
being easily accessible, being inexpensive, and not prolonging
surgery. On the other hand, they may cause some problems that
would decrease the quality of life, such as synechia, septal
perforation, dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, tampon allergy,
toxic shock syndrome, mouth dryness, sore throat, infection, and
aspiration [4–6]. Nasal tampons have been reported to make the
patients more prone to obstructive sleep apnea and hypoxia. These
complications are more marked in the elderly who have systemic
disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, and ischemic heart disease [15]. Furthermore,
the pain and bleeding that occur during pulling out the tampons
can be a discomfort, both for the patient and the doctor. Because of
these disadvantages, nasal tampons are increasingly being
replaced by the septal suture method. In their study comparing
the nasal tampon with the suture technique in the rabbit model,
Genç et al. [16] found no significant difference between the tampon
and the suture groups and the control group in terms of mucosal
thickness, but found a significant increase in perichondrial
thickness in both test groups compared to the control group.
The authors associated this situation with the high reactivity of the
rabbit tissue induced by perichondrial elevation. They also
concluded that the cartilage is thinner in the transseptal suture
Fig. 7. The comparison of cartilage thickness between the groups.
Please cite this article in press as: I. Orhan, et al., Histopathological evaluation of Ankaferd blood stopper use in the rabbit septoplasty
model, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.015
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group than in the nasal tampon group [16]. In their series of
226 septoplasty cases with septal suturing, but without nasal
tampon, Lemmens and Lemkens [17] observed no complications
such as bleeding, septal hematoma, septal perforation, and
synechia. In patients with septal suture, pull-out is no problem
and post-operative comfort is better, but the duration of surgery is
slightly longer. Septal splints are widely used for stabilization of
septal mucoperichondrial flaps. However, in their prospective
randomized study, Malki et al. [18] have reported that patients
with installed splints have more pain than patients without the
splint. The use of fibrin glue seems practical, but it has the
disadvantage of a high cost.
As far as we know, our study is the first study which
histopathologically evaluates the use of ABS in the rabbit
septoplasty model. The goal of this study was to minimize
bleeding and hence prevent hematoma by applying the hemostatic
agent ABS between the septal cartilage and the mucoperichondrium. The results we have obtained demonstrate that the goal is
reached. We found that the use of ABS causes no inflammation or
ulceration in the nasal septum. Moreover, the mucosal and
cartilage thicknesses in the ABS group were similar to those in
the control group. These findings have led us to suggest that the
use of ABS may be a safe method that can be an alternative to
tampon use.
In today’s world, almost everyone wants to return to work after
surgery and spend his daily life in comfort. For this reason, surgical
interventions are performed in such a way as to minimize the postoperative discomfort. In our study, the use of ABS was assessed to
prevent intra-operative bleeding in septoplasty operations and to
avoid post-operative discomfort caused by nasal tampons.
Although there have been many studies on the use of ABS in
rhinology, our study is the first study on the successful use of ABS
in septoplasty.
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5. Conclusion
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Our pilot study is the first in the literature which histopathologically evaluates the use of ABS in the rabbit septoplasty model.
The results of our study suggest that the use of ABS does not cause
inflammation or ulceration in the nasal septum. Furthermore, the
thicknesses of the nasal mucosa and cartilage in the ABS group
were similar to those in the control group. These findings have led
us to consider the use of ABS as a possible safe method that can be
an alternative to tampon use. Studies on this subject are limited in
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number. Other experimental and clinical studies on the subject are
required.
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Conflict of interest
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Please cite this article in press as: I. Orhan, et al., Histopathological evaluation of Ankaferd blood stopper use in the rabbit septoplasty
model, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.015