La forme et le fond

DOCUMENT Nº1 LA FORME ET LE FOND G. Bernard Mots-clés : analyse syntaxique, formalisation et représentation actancielle, complément d’objet, réfléchi Résumé Cet article propose des principes et une méthodologie appliquée pour une reconnaissance automatique des relations prédicatives (sujet - verbe - compléments) en français, utilisant un formalisme spécifique à la reconnaissance, fondé sur la greffe d’arborescences. Il décompose l’élaboration de ce formalisme en détachant les arguments linguistiques et les choix méthodologiques à chaque étape, et propose quelques hypothèses linguistiques fortes et des contraintes de formalisation permettant de réutiliser cette méthodologie pour la reconnaissance automatique d'autres langues. Date de rédaction : 1985, révisé en 1986 Caractéristiques de la publication originale Statut : article publié en collection nationale Lieu de publication : in Formalisation des relations prédicatives, Collection ERA 642, Université Paris 7 Pages : 5-76 (l’article) et 98-99 (son glossaire) (74 pages) Date de publication : 1987 Note : l’article « Problèmes de syntaxe énonciative : une définition unifiée du morphème se » in Revue Québécoise de Linguistique, numéro spécial Théorie de l’Énonciation (1987) référé dans le texte n’y a finalement pas paru, le numéro spécial ayant été déprogrammé suite à un changement dans la direction de cette revue. Il a paru trois ans plus tard dans la revue Linguistica Communicatio, Volumes 2/1 et 2/2, 1990, sous le titre « Une définition unifiée du morphème se » (document 2). Caractéristiques de la reproduction Les schémas originaux, partiellement faits à la main, ont été redessinés pour être intégrés dans la version CDROM. Certains appels de notes, intérieurs à un schéma, ont dû être déplacés, et certaines références à des notes ou à des pages, modifiées. La transcription du ayin sémitique (ici, pour l’arabe) par & a été remplacée par la transcription standard . 10 G. Bernard : Habilitation à diriger des recherches, 2000 Préface ajoutée par l’auteur en 1999 Cet article est mon premier article de linguistique formelle. Son élaboration a pris plus de deux ans à temps plein ; bien des versions préliminaires ont circulé de 1984 à la version finale de 1986 (publiée en 1987), et il a fait l’objet d’une vingtaine d’exposés, dont un exposé privé à A. Culioli, en 1985, selon qui ce travail contenait des astuces qui lui plaisaient bien (c’est le plus grand compliment que je l’aie jamais entendu faire). Nous l’avions appelé Bijou, parce qu’il avait été patiemment poli. Nous : les membres du groupe Relpred, et tout particulièrement J. Feat, D-E. Kouloughli et J. Boulle, auditeurs et lecteurs acharnés, qui m’ont fait refondre ce travail plus de cent fois, en le discutant pied à pied pendant des heures. Aussi ce travail est-il un travail collectif, parfaite illustration du concept du co-énonciateur co-producteur de l’énoncé. Son style très particulier, travaillant par petites touches successives, ne craignant pas les répétitions, reflète cette interaction essentiellement orale. Bien qu’il date de presque quinze ans, ce travail reste pour moi une référence. Ce n’est pas un article qui fait le point sur une recherche ; il est lui-même cette recherche. Il décrit sa propre genèse, sous une forme idéalisée, pédagogiquement conceptualisée (comme l’ontogenèse par rapport à la phylogenèse). Ce n’est pas tant l’aboutissement qui importe, c’est d’avoir là construit la méthode pour y parvenir. Tout le travail ultérieur que j’ai accompli en linguistique prend appui sur ce travail séminal, beaucoup plus que sur ma thèse, en raison de son caractère collectif. Il y a bien sûr aujourd’hui des éléments que je remettrais volontiers en cause ; en particulier, en dépit de l’introduction – qui fut d’ailleurs la dernière partie rédigée –, un usage encore confus du concept de spécification ; la conception de la phrase comme un tout atemporel, là où je vois maintenant une séquence d’opérations syntaxico-sémantiques ; l’absence de la notion de flexion syntaxique, dont ma notion d’hypersyntaxe est tout au plus un balbutiement ; enfin, la prééminence accordée au verbe, conçu comme organisateur de l’énoncé. Ceci, toutefois, ne remet pas en cause la méthode : rares sont les travaux qui explicitent la démarche de leur auteur ; on se contente des résultats. Les idées qui y sont développées ont connu un certain écho, malgré le caractère confidentiel de la collection où cet article fut publié. D. Paillard reprit le concept d’objet générique, A. Culioli celui de spécification. Il trouvera sa prolongation la plus naturelle dans les travaux suivants, où l’on trouvera les éléments permettant de corriger et d’affiner la méthode présentée ici : 6 « Une définition unifiée du morphème se » (document 2) 6 « Reconocimiento de la sintaxis : metodología » (document 18) /$)250((7/()21' UHFRQQDLVVDQFHGHVpQRQFpVIUDQoDLV *LOOHV%HUQDUG 8QLYHUVLWp3DULV8QLYHUVLWp3DULV 6RPPDLUH 3DUWLH,O·REMHWJpQpULTXHOHVW\SHVGHUqJOHV ,,QLWLDOLVDWLRQ ,/·REMHWDEVHQW ,8QHPDUTXHVH ,&DUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHVW\SHVGHUqJOHV 3DUWLH,,OHVXMHWHWOHSUHPLHUQRPLQDO ,,­ODFURLVpHGHVFKHPLQV ,,&DGUHLQWHUSUpWDWLIGH'VH9 ,,/·HQYLURQQHPHQWGDQVO·LQWHUSUpWDWLRQGH'VH9 ,,5qJOHVGXVXMHW ,,5pDQDO\VHGHVpQRQFpV D  E HW G 3DUWLH,,,UHSpUDJHGXYHUEH 3DUWLH,9O·REMHWHWOHFLUFRQVWDQW 3DUWLH9OHVLQWUDQVLWLIV 9,QWUDQVLWLIVSDUDFFLGHQW 97UDQVLWLIVLQWpULHXUV 3DUWLH9,IRQFWLRQVVpPDQWLTXHVW\SRORJLH &RQFOXVLRQ 12 G. 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