Kampala Industrial and Business Park (KIBP) features as the premier and the best planned industrial complex in Uganda's history that impacts the inner Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria. The number of operational establishments in the park has raised environmental concerns; air, land and water pollution are significantly magnified by the close proximity of industries. Furthermore, industrial trucks have created unprecedented traffic congestion on Kampa-la-Jinja highway because the highway design cannot accommodate the traffic. Industries are producing volumetric wastes, and rendering the surrounding areas unacceptable for residential, shopping and recreational purposes as previously proposed in the construction design. This cross-sectional study characterized the wastes being generated in the park and prospected the future generation trend of the wastes. Results indicate that 39 assorted types of wastes are being produced in KIBP. Annually, 3214.8 metric tons of wastes are produced in KIBP and this is prognosticated to triple in the next 5 years with new industries being set up. Chemical analysis revealed that 3% of the wastes currently generated are hazardous; 16% are non-biodegradable; 18% are metallic whereas the residual 63% are putrescible. Recycling of wastes should be encouraged to reduce the volume of wastes generated in KIBP.

COURSE WORK

Post-colonial planning practice and policies in many African cities have served as a continuation of segregation and exclusion policies that defined the colonial era. Using the Naguru-Nakawa case, this article examines the dynamics in post-colonial planning and what it means for the next generation of planners. The author bases on the premise that contemporary planning practice should be more citizen-oriented as argued by various theorists. Contrary to ‘righting’ the wrongs of colonial planning policies, the chaotic style of urban governance has created more economic and social injustices. This is a reality contemporary planners have to confront and so aim for a fundamental change in approach.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 01. Background Since 1986, the Ugandan economy has undergone major structural changes with Agriculture declining in importance while industry and especially services have been growing rapidly. The labour force responded by shifting out of agriculture into these higher productivity sectors. Since 1992, family farming has experienced the slowest growth of all types of labor market activities, while non-farm enterprises, have grown rapidly. The nature of changes in the structure of the economy and employment, and the distribution of the gains from these changes has brought a highly positive impact of growth on poverty. Previous analyses have identified the presence of an HE (non-farm household enterprise) as a key element in lifting households out of poverty, both in the rural areas and in urban areas. HEs have grown rapidly in importance, to a level where they now represent the primary occupation of 13% of the labour force (33% in urban areas). In 2006, 40% of households in rural areas and 57% of households in urban areas reported that someone in their household operated an HE. The Government of Uganda is in the process of preparing a National Development Plan (NDP). As part of this process, a National Industrial Strategy has been prepared and the Government now seeks to prepare a strategy for the smallest enterprises in the informal sector. As a contribution to the process, the World Bank commissioned the Uganda County Study to support the development of a national strategy for increasing the productivity of HEs. 02. Study objectives and approach employed In order to design policies and interventions that can turn HEs into an engine of employment and income growth, a better understanding of the dynamics, challenges, constraints and the potential of HEs is essential. Accordingly, the study sought to investigate the main challenges, constraints and problems affecting the productivity of HEs, and the policies, programs and institutions affecting HE operations. The study involved identifying and reviewing available studies and reports about the performance of HEs, and relevant policies, programs and institutions. The study also involved consultations with stakeholders including a field study during which 30 focus group discussions and 466 structured interviews were conducted with a sample of HEs drawn from rural as well as urban areas across the country. 03. Findings and recommendations 03.1. Coordination of HE support initiatives While the study has found some initiatives working well for the HE sector, it also found that their efforts are uncoordinated, with limited coverage and little or no hope that any success they may realise will be replicated across the country. At the policy and institutional level, the study found neither a national policy nor a national institution with a dedicated focus on HEs. The study also found that initiatives seeking to improve the skills and knowledge levels of HEs were still very few. The study recommends the creation of a National Coordination Committee (NCC) comprising key stakeholders, including key ministries & public bodies such as Private Sector Foundation (PSFU) and Uganda Investment Authority (UIA), to coordinate HE support initiatives. In order to maximise coverage and the intervention’s chances of success, the study recommends that an HE function be introduced at the sub-county level with a view to making the sub-county the centre for coordination and monitoring of all HE support initiatives. 03.2. Delivery of financial services While Government and service providers have done much to enhance the deepening of financial services, the study found that lack of capital remains a serious challenge among HEs. It has also been found that governance issues in some Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisations (SACCOs) are undermining the SACCO image as a possible model vehicle for the delivery of financial services. This situation is not helped by the finding that many SACCO members are not aware of their rights and responsibilities as well as those of the executives they have elected into office. Notwithstanding the shortcomings observed, the study supports the view that the SACCO model could be a good vehicle for improving the delivery of financial services to HEs, provided that arrangements are put in place to mitigate the challenges encountered. The study recommends that where they are already in place, existing SACCOs that are genuine should be strengthened with a view to making them attractive to HEs, and where none exist, arrangements should be made to stimulate and facilitate the formation of new ones around common business interests. It is also recommended that arrangements should be made to provide regular training to SACCO members at the sub-county level covering their rights and obligations with a view to equipping them with the skills they need to check the excesses of their executives. 03.3. Access to worksites and infrastructure The study found that lack of a suitable worksite and infrastructure is a serious problem for HEs, with one in every five HEs surveyed reporting it as their main challenge. The few initiatives found to be working to improve HEs’ access to suitable worksites, had their focus on the manufacturing sector leaving out the vast majority that are engaged in non-manufacturing activities. It has also been found that many HEs are unable to increase productivity due to the vulnerabilities they face as a result of operating from unsuitable worksites, and the poor state of road infrastructure as well as electricity supply related challenges. The study also found that many HEs are devastated by unfair taxation practices, and the cruel and high handed methods used by urban and other local government authorities in their law enforcement duties. The study recommends that a program be designed to improve HEs’ access to suitable worksites, using the proposed Luwafu Jua Kari industrial/business park as a model. The study also recommends that taxation practices and methods used by urban and local government authorities’ enforcement officials against HEs should be reviewed with a view to minimising the incidence of unnecessary destruction of property and livelihoods of HEs. 03.4. Pilot project It is proposed that the recommendations made be tested under a pilot project in order to establish their effectiveness especially with regard to the competencies of CDOs vis-à-vis the enhanced level of operations inherent in the new job design, and also to test the appetite of HEs to embrace the proposed initiative which ultimately formalizes them through the formation and registration of HE groups. The pilot would include at least one sub-county from each of the country’s four regions.

Whose electricity and for what? Is a study carried out to establish how equitably distributed and efficiently utilized the electricity energy resource has been for socio-economic development in Uganda. It arises out of a realization that the Third World, mainly AFRICA – Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) – with particular reference to Uganda, has failed to respond positively to various concoctions of antidotes administered to bring her out of a general malaise and stupor of socio-economic under-development. The study concludes that African governments have to look beyond the issues of Public Finance, Monetary Policy, Prices and Markets and address the fundamental issues relating to their human capacities, physical resources, institutional governance’s and the environment in terms of providing a science and technology base which will take charge of the latent energy resources embodied in all these materials to bring about sustainable socio-economic development. Whatever approach is adopted, its main focus should be energy for socio-economic development, to reduce poverty, which is the plague ad scourge of Africa. Power, economic growth, political and economic independence, social justice and democracy and a strong science and technology base are all functions of energy. Energy does not stop at driving human bodies and machines. It is the nerve centre of all human activity, aspirations and objectives. Therefore, Africa (SSA) should be governed by its ENERGY POLICY.

Fellow Ugandans and well-wishers, I take this opportunity to present to you the second National Development Plan (NDPII), which is designed to propel Uganda towards middle income status by 2020, in line with the aspirations of Uganda’s Vision 2040. This Plan aims at strengthening Uganda’s competitiveness for sustainable wealth creation, employment and inclusive growth.

The process of urbanisation in the urban centres of most sub-Saharan African countries has been brought about by numerous factors, including rural to urban migration, natural increase in population, and in-migration. In Uganda due to these factors the capital city Kampala is growing rapidly. The present research examines past and present urban planning and housing trends in Uganda. The theoretical framework for housing at appropriate residential densities, good spatial qualities and usage, and the role of planning is analysed. Appropriate houses and house types are discussed and recommendations given about housing design and housing policy. In Kampala planned housing has not been able to accommodate the growing urban population, since it is small in number or simply unaffordable. The low-income households can neither afford to build their houses in the “permanent” materials recommended by the building regulations, nor can they afford to seek professional guidance to help them to plan there houses and sites favourably. Most of houses for the low-income households have been self constructed. These are usually detached one-storey houses which have contributed to low densities. Even though a few documents have mentioned the problem of urban sprawl, low-density housing and inappropriate houses in the informal settlements, building professionals have not come up with appropriate house types that can help solve these problems. Most “low-cost” housing design proposals developed in the past are merely smaller prototypes of higher income housing designs. New land is encroached upon at a fast rate because of the fact that residential development is basically horizontal. The sprawling nature of the predominantly horizontal development of housing leads to longer distances to job opportunities and is expensive due to increased lengths of services and infrastructure. This can be otherwise avoided by building at higher residential densities. The low-income households have been badly hit by this situation since the medium- and high-income households can provide for themselves some of the basic services and infrastructure. If urban sprawl is to be checked new house types which increase residential densities but maintain good spatial qualities within the housing clusters need to be developed. These new house types should consider the existing patterns of relationship and identification for different groups of households. My Licentiate thesis aimed at identifying the different house types within the informal settlements of Kampala. The different house types that were identified have been the foundation from which new housing proposals have been developed in the present thesis. This thesis deepens the analysis of factors behind urban sprawl and develops new cluster types to be implemented within the framework of upgrading with an enabling strategy. This research aims at developing new house types that can be appropriate for low-income households. These are house types that can reflect both poor people’s present-day needs and political realism. The thesis shows that house types can reduce infrastructure and transport costs, at the same time as preventing encroachment on agricultural land. Key words: Low-Income Housing, Home-Based Enterprises, House Types, Residential Density, Urban Sprawl, Space Use, Spatial Qualities, Systematic Sketching, Role of Professionals, Uganda