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Сергєєва М.С. Дерев’яні вироби повсякденного вжитку з Колодяжина // Археологія. – 2011. – №4. – С. 98–107.
Сергєєва М.С. Дерев’яні вироби повсякденного вжитку з Колодяжина // Археологія. – 2011. – №4. – С. 98–107.
marina sergeevaSergeyeva M.S. Woodwork of everyday usage from Kolodyazhyn. Woodwork found from 1948 to 1953 in Old Rus hillfort near Kolodyazhne village in Zhytomyr oblast’ (Old Rus town of Kolodyazhyn) is published in the article. Artifacts are divided into two groups: small remains of inner structures and everyday goods. Ware and tare containers form the majority of the preserved domestic items. According to the production technique they are divided into cooper’s, hollowed out, carved, and turned items. There are also containers made of bark and phloem. Wood determination showed that pine was the material for cooperage, maple, ash-tree and alder (in one case) used for turned ware production. There are remains of three carved wares made of oak. Fragmented spoons, a part of churn, and a spindle were also found among the everyday usage inventory. Analysis of items and of woodworking inventory allow the author to conclude that besides handicraft industry, specialists related with woodwork, coopers, carvers, and turners could live in the hillfort. Combination of narrow specialized tools with agricultural ones, and sometimes with armaments observed in some complexes could testify that woodwork was not the only activity for their owners. However, despite the fact that everyday life items production did not refer to narrow specialized crafts, it is possible to state that there was a circle of people who supplied with their products not only themselves, but also a certain number of customers.
Related Papers
M.S. Sergeeva. Old Rus woodworks from Kyselivka hill Wooden artifacts found in 1948 in the building dated 12th – 13th c. at Kyselivka hill (Kiev) are published. The most interesting is a big turned plate of a diameter about 44-46 cm, made of ash-tree. The remains of tare are represented by the fragments of hollowed vessels (no less than three items of different sizes) and a bottom of a small carved vessel made of lime-tree, as well as y by pine-tree clapboards of cooper’s ware. In addition to ware, fragments of hazel trunk with a groove (supposedly the remains of structure) and fragments of two panels made of wood of the same kind were found. Panels had relief-profiled upper plane and, apparently, carried decorative functions. Fragments of trunk chopped lengthwise, with 24-26 mm and 27-28 mm diameter, with roughly whittled surface were also found. Judging by their sizes they can be regarded as work material for similar panels or for hoops of cooper’s ware. The main occupation of the owner of the dwelling apparently was a jeweller’s craft (a casting mould was found), but finds of wood with traces of processing allow to presume that at least part of wooden utensils was made by owner of dwelling himself, apparently within home crafts.
As a result of archaeological studies of Old Rus’ hillfort Voinska Hreblia in 1956—1959, a large amount of data was obtained possible to reconstruct, at least in general, the level of development of crafts based on the use of organic materials. This work sets two tasks. They are detailed publication and interpretation of the artifacts relating to the processing of wood and bone, and characterization of local crafts, which are based on the use of organic raw materials. The monograph consists of two parts. The first part deals with woodworking crafts, the second one does with bone carving. Each part includes a description and characteristics of the detected artifacts and an analytical part devoted to the development of appropriate craft industries. Various products characterize the local woodworking, including remains of wooden constructions and interior equipment, utensils, cooperage, weaving tools, small charred fragments of containers. Metal artifacts related to woodworking also were found. The presence of forests around the city ensured an availability of raw materials for woodworking. Wood samples, that were determined, included local tree species. They are oak, pine, maple, ash, willow. In building mainly oak wood was used. Pine floorboards were found only once. Cooperage products were made of pine. The material for two fragments of products interpreted as a cooperage hoops or blanks for them was willow. Turning tableware was made of maple and ash, and carved one was made of maple. There were several thick-walled vessels carved from linden. Material for household items was ash and for weaving tools it was maple. The properties of each type of wood and its suitability for different types of products were well-known to masters from Voin’. Basic woodworking craft should be differed on the basis of the relationship to the different types of wood raw materials, methods of processing and product range. Within each sector could exist subspecialties. Carpentry was based on the use of building wood. Production of carpentry includes buildings, engineering structures, vehicles, burial structures and so on. Findings of ship rivets, related to the construction of clinker ships are of great importance for the history of Old Rus’ shipbuilding. The work of carpenters included as an actually carpentry so a joinery. A work of wood carvers and turners was based on the processing of relatively small pieces of wood. Products of these crafts were tools and their parts, utensils, combs, etc. Basing on the analysis of artifacts, it is possible to identify products of two turners worked in Voin’. Cooperage is based on the use of clapboards. Products of coopers are represented by the residues of buckets and barrels that were the most common types of cooperage products in the XI—XII centuries. Relatively common sizes of cooperage vessels from Voinska Hreblia also detected in other settlements confirm the existence of established tradition of making certain types of vessels on the entire Old Rus’ territory. In addition to professional woodworking crafts, homemade crafts existed. In homemade crafts, derivatives from woodworking (bark, bast, branches, etc.) are often used in addition to mature wood. The kinds of domestic production represented among the materials from Voinska Hreblia are remains of basketry and containers made of bast and bark. Local bone carving craft is represented with a significant number of artifacts. They are not only finished products but also raw materials, blanks, unfinished objects and wastes. Products of bone carving include primitive tools, handles of knives and other implements, needle cases, objects of daily use (combs, buttons, etc.), details of armament and equipment of rider and horse, decorative mounts, gaming pieces and amulets. Three-part containers of an antler, characteristic for the avar and khazar antiquities, as well as knife-shaped amulets, widespread in the north of Rus’, and going back to the Finno- Ugric antiquities were specific local products. An antler of local ungulates, such as deer, elk, roe deer was the main raw material for bone carvers of Voin’. A deer antler is dominated. Both possible ways of obtaining of antler raw materials were used: they were hunting and gathering antlers thrown off in autumn. The role of animal bone in the local bone carving was limited. Products from fish bones are rare and primitive in the manufacturing technique. In Voinska Hreblia only a few items of horn cores were found. Horn cases detected in one of the buildings of this hillfort do not bear traces of processing (sawing, cutting). A technique of processing bones does not differ from that practiced by craftsmen in other Old Rus’ cities, which was due to the properties of raw materials. Implements of bone carvers reconstructed on the basis of the traces of tools on the products were an ax, saw, knives, file, and abrasives for polishing. A special bifurcated tool for the application of the circular ornament was also used. Most of products uncharacteristic for the Old Rus’ bone carving complex as well as some of the findings in the area near Voinska Hreblia genetically traced back to the elements of antiquities that were characteristic for the south part of Eastern Europe. They indicate the priorities of cultural contacts. We can say about a small stratum of artisans who treated osseous materials in a professional manner. It is possible that they combine this activity with other crafts. Products of such craftsmen meet the needs of the local townspeople and could extend beyond the town in the surrounding settlements.
M. Sergeeva. On some Old Russian devices of bone and antler for games and amusement (after materials from the Middle Dnieper area). In the article the home manufactured bone objects for games and amusement are considered. Among them are astragals for game, scates, playthings making noise effect ("gurkalo"), primitive whistles and gaming piece of epiphysis are distinguished, The author agrees with the point of view that hewed long leg bones of cattle and horses could be in use as skates. The most of gaming devices were based on natural shape of bone. Processing of raw materials reduced to little correction of its form, drilling holes or marking with graffito signs. The rise of tradition of games with bones using could base on the archaic notion about magic properties of animals. Nevertheless the cult and magic meaning of objects in question of Old Rus period, except for astragals and games with them, couldnot be observed at present, so these objects are to be studied only in the context of children's leisure/
Боковенко Н.А., Курбатов А.В. Кожаные предметы из раскопок 2020 г. в Ивангородской крепости
Боковенко Н.А., Курбатов А.В. Кожаные предметы из раскопок 2020 г. в Ивангородской крепости // Бюллетень Института истории материальной культуры Российской академии наук. Сборник статей. Науч. редакторы Н.Ф. Соловьева, С.Л. Соловьев. № 12. Санкт-Петербург, 2022. С. 190-210.2022 •
2021 •
Ye. O. Velychko, Yu. B. Polidovych Items from the Ogu z kurgan in the Varvara and Bohdan Khanenko collection (based on the materials of the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine ) Twenty six precious items from the Varvara and Bohdan Khanenko collection discovered in the Oguz kurgan (Lower Dnieper region) are analyzed in the paper. These items were found by peasants in the fall of 1901 in the destroyed part of the kurgan and ended up to the hands of antiquities traders. Now these items are kept in the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine. The study of objects made us possible to conclude that only decorative items for horse equipment were of unconditional origin from Oguz kurgan (fig. 1—2). These items complement the finds that are kept in the State Hermitage (Sankt-Peterburg, Russia) and also come from the Oguz kurgan. Together they are four completes sets of decoration of horse bridle of so-called Chertomlyk type. Some round plaques (fig. 1: 4—5) were used for saddles decoration. The total number of such plaques indicates that 9 or 10 saddles were found. This determines the total number of horses buried in the Central tomb of the Oguz kurgan. The cone (fig. 2) served as a decoration for the horse’s neck. Five more such items are kept in the State Hermitage. They were found only in the Oguz kurgan. The significant part of other items (upholstery of a wooden bowl, jewelry, appliquйs (fig. 3) were probably found by peasants in other steppe kurgans which were robbed by diggers at the beginning of the 20th century. Two small appliquйs (fig. 3: 5—6) probably come from the necropolises of ancient Greek colonies, possibly Chersonesos. Unfortunately, almost all items from old or modern private collections lose the historical context in which they were found. Probably, some items (fig. 1: 6—9; 3: 3—4, 7—8) were «restored» by antiquities dealers and, as a result, lost their authentic appearance.
2017 •
PROFESSOR OLEkSII IVANOVYCH TERENOZHkIN (to the 110 Years since the Day of Birth) Aleksey Ivanovich Terenozhkin (born on November 26th (13th) in 1907 – died on May 19th in 1981) – the prominent archeologist and historian who worked in Ukraine, Russia and Central Asia. Doctor of History Science (conferred in 1958), professor (conferred in 1967). O.I.Terenozhkin was born in Nikolaevsk city in Samara province of Russia. He began to actively carry out the studies of the archeology, regional ethnography and local lore in 1922. Aleksey graduated from the Highest Courses in archeology and ethnology in Samara in 1928, from ethnological faculty of Moscow state university – in 1931; He was a disciple of famous archeologists V.V. Golmstein and V.A. Horodtsov. Terenozhkin worked in different museum institutions during 1930-1938, then as a research fellow in the Institute of History and Archeology of Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan republic of Soviet Union in 1939-1941 and 1945-1948. During 1927-1941 he participated in many archeological expeditions as a team member as well as carried out the independent excavations and surveys in Central Asia (to the west of the Ural Mountains, in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan). He was the one of the first scientists who discovered the Iranian Khwarezmian civilization (Khwarezm area is located present-days partly in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan). Based on the works of historian Vasily Bartold, the scientist created the archeological and historical periodization of Zhetysu ("Seven Rivers" in Persian) – the state established in the VI-III centuries B.C. by Iranian Sakas (Scythians) and subordinated by the Turkic nomads in VI century A.D. (present-day – located in Kazakhstan) During the World War II Aleksey was a member of the headquarters staff of 4th Guards Army thus became the co-author of the book “From Stalingrad to Vienna” (issued in 1945). Upon the demobilization, Terenozhkin returned to archeological excavations and surveys in Chach (present-day Tashkent city and the province around the city in pre-Islamic and early Islamic times), Panjakent (ancient city in the territory of present-day Tajikistan), Sogdia (ancient Indo-European civilization of Iranian people at the territories located in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan). Despite the difficult stratigraphy, he perfectly elaborated the chronology and proved much elder age of Sogdia civilization than it had been believed before; the discovery deserved the wide publicity and strong emphasizing during the celebration of 2 500 years anniversary of Samarkand’s foundation. Aleksey moved to Ukraine in 1948 where since 1949 he has been leading the group of Scythian and Classical antiquity archeology within the department of Early Iron Age of the Institute of Archeology of Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian Soviet Republic - for more than 30 years. The scientist researched the historical and cultural development in Ukrainian Forest-Steppe regions in the period before the Scythian expansion (IX – VII сentury B.C.). He revealed and explored the significant number of archeological monuments, distinguished and separated Chornolis archeological culture (Black Forest Culture), proved its connection with the earlier cultures of Bronze Age. He reasoned the connection and strong association of the monuments of Chernogorovka and Novocherkassk cultures (ca. 900 to 650 years B.C.) in the steppe part of Eastern Europe (predominantly in Ukraine and Russia) with Cimmerians culture previously known mostly from historical written sources and some artefacts. Terenozhkin conducted numerical field explorations, among which: the archeological excavations of Subotov settlement, of Belogrudovka and other sites of ancient settlement at the bank of Tiasmyn river; he governed the excavations by archeological expeditions preceding the start of new construction projects – at the bank of Molochnaya river (Gerrhus in Antiquity) in 1951-1952, in Cherkassy region in 1956-1957, in Nikopol district of Dnepropetrovsk region in 1964-1965; researched elite Scythian burial mounds (kurgans) in Hlevakha (in 1950), Melitopol (in 1954), kurgan Strashnaya Mohyla near Ordzhonikidze city (now – Pokrov) in Dnepropetrovsk region (in 1965). In 1958 Aleksey defended a thesis to obtain a degree of Doctor of History Science with the subject “Pre-Scythian historical period in near the Dnieper Forest-Steppe region of Right-bank Ukraine”. The scientist researched and elaborated the subjects of the Scythians origin, the background and the expansion of their culture, Scythians’ ethnical geography, social relations and the formation of their state. He believed the Scythia to be the state formed by different ethnoses within Steppe and Forest-Steppe areas and united under the governance of Iranian-language Scythians which migrated from Central Asia. He also investigated and traced the continuous succession of archeological cultures in the Forest-Steppe areas of Right-bank Ukraine – from the Trzciniec culture via Chornolis one to the Scythian culture and early Slavic Zarubintsy culture, that resulted in his conclusion that the population of these areas was composed by the predecessors of the Slavs in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The historian also wrote in co-authorship with his wife Varvara Illinskaya (who fully shared his scientific views) the parts devoted to Cimmerians and Scythians historical periods for the second volume of the encyclopedia “Archeology of Ukrainian Soviet Republic” (issued in 1971 and 1986). In general, Terenozhkin is the author of more than 200 scientific publications, including several books. The professor brought up the scientific school of the explorers of Scythian history in Ukraine; the one of the most famous his disciples was Boris Mozolevskiy, Terenozhkin was decorated with Red Star order and several medals, awarded by the title of Honoured Science Worker of Ukrainian Soviet Republic and became the laureate of State prize of Ukrainian Soviet Republic in 1977.
In this paper an attempt is proposed at a maximum comprehensive systematization and classification of ceramic lids found during excavations of pre-Mongolian (8th — early 13th century) Panjakent and its surroundings (the fortified site of Sanjar-Shah and the settlement of Buronboy). The major quantity of the finds was discovered in the course of the works of the Panjakent Archaeological Expedition conducted since 2015. As reference materials, the finds from synchronous sites of this region, primarily Afrasiab, are considered. The author has considered 71 examples of lids which, in terms of their formal features, are subdivided into 10 types. The diameter of the lids is from 6 cm to 30 cm, the majority of the lids being 16–23 cm in diameter, i.e. cor- responding to the diameter of the mouths of cauldrons and pots. The lids of a smaller diameter (6–9 cm) were used for jugs. The lids with a diameter of 24–30 cm (6 fragments) were employed for wide-mouth vessels such as khumcha and braziers. Lids are markedly less distributed than other examples of unglazed pottery retrieved during the exca- vations of Panjakent and its surroundings. Possibly, one and the same lid can have been used for several vessels. They are diversely ornamented using many techniques (stamped, relief, carved, scratched, slipped, painted, and appliqué decoration). In correspondence with the stratigraphy of the excavated sites, the lids are datable to the late 8th — 9th, 10th and from 11th to the early 13th century.
Velychko E., Polidovych Yu. GOLDEN FINDS FROM «NIKOPOLIAN BARROWS» FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF B. AND V. KHANENKO The article is devoted to the attribution of objects from the collection of B. and V. Khanenko, which were received in the 1900s. from the market of antiquities as occurring «from the barrows near the city of Nikopol». These are various applicative decorations mostly dated to the 4th century BC. Stylistic analysis allows us to talk about the heterogeneity of this group of products and with great probability to assume that they are associated with predatory excavations of mounds in the steppe Black Sea region, the Crimea, the forest-steppe Dnieper and Middle Don region. Some of the items probably represent finds in the «royal» burial mounds, which broke out in the second half of the nineteenth century by private collections. All assumptions about the attribution of gold finds from the collection of Khanenko are provisional and based mainly on their iconographic analysis. Further research will undoubtedly help clarify, confirm or disprove the conclusions.
A second century hoard of Roman Imperial denarii from Koprivets village, Ruse region In 1960 – 1961 two coin hoards were found at Livadite site (the Meadows site) near Koprivets village, Ruse region. They have been concealed in the outlines of an antique unfortified settlement. One of them contains 42 coins – 4 denarii and 38 antoniniani – running chronologically from Emperor Caracalla to Gordian III. The hoard is known as Koprivets II. The other hoard consists of 38 denarii distributed as follows: Republican – 1 piece; Nero – 1; Galba – 1; Vespasian – 5; Titus – 1; Domitian – 2; Nerva – 1; Trajan – 4; Hadrian – 9; Antoninus Pius – 7; Faustina the Elder – 3; Faustina the Younger – 1; and Lucius Verus – 2. The hoard is marked as Koprivets I. Its chronological limits are from 56 BC to AD 163/ 164. The work here presented analysis the coin hoards closed with issues of Marcus Aurelius and found on the territory of present-day Bulgaria and Romania. The most probable reason for not recollecting the Koprivets I hoard was the invasion of the Costoboci in AD 170/ 171. The data available coming from the epigraphic texts, historical sources and archaeological research support this assumption.
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