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Conference Proocedings
Urban architecture of the city provides us to understand the past and to form the future of the cities. According to the approach of Aldo Rossi (1991) towards understanding the city, urban form can be grasp just from the relations of the physical entity of the city. In time, function may change according to society, however urban form tells much about the essence of the settlement. Therefore, learning process from urban fabric of historical towns includes understanding the existence of being of its form. The case area of this study, Ula is a historic district of Muğla Province in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The district is settled in a wide fertile plain and approximately 600m high from the sea, whereas Akyaka is tourism town center of Ula district 19km far from Ula and locates on Gokova Bay. Akyaka is an adaptation project of Nail Çakırhan, who first started to form the urban fabric of the town with a reference to traditional houses of Ula in 1970s; from then on, Akyaka has featured a distinctive architectural character. However, imitated reproductions of the buildings and building details in the last decade have damaged naive and distinctive urban fabric of the town and the essence of the settlement. The aim of this paper is to assert the reading and learning process from historic urban fabric of Ula on behalf of Akyaka. Therefore, it first introduces the historic urban fabric of Ula, and then compares with the newly created urban fabric of Akyaka and presents the positive and negative consequences of this adaptation process.
Historic urban fabric is the total representation of urban architecture that has the capacity of creating the urban space and urban life of a particular society. It has guidance on providing the coherence between architectural values and cultural continuity of built environment. The man designs his built environment according to some functional and cultural bases. Therefore, urban architecture is a system or structure consisted of physical, social and cultural entities. In this system, understanding historic urban fabric initially necessitates understanding the essence of the entity. The urban components may alter with changing conditions of the modern world, but the essence of historic urban fabric lies in the relatedness between the architectural elements. In modern world, with rapid urbanization, uncontrolled changes and growth of the cities have become threat to the authentic character and historic urban fabric of the cities. Moreover, with technological developments, functions of the urban environment have changed; thereafter, conservation of the historic urban fabric and its adaptation to new form of living and land uses have become significant issues for urban design and planning policies. The main objective of this paper is to assert the necessity of understanding historic urban fabric in order to provide the perpetuation of the authentic character and architectural qualities. Defining historic urban fabric for a settlement necessitates understanding and reading the space because these practices release the inventory feature of the local character in terms of conservation practices. The study puts forth the conservation problematic of historic urban fabric in Turkey in line with explaining the development process of Turkish planning system. In the last century, many Turkish towns have been disrupted with modernization tools and projects. With capitalist materialism, many global images and architectural features are stamped to the cities as contemporary projects. Sometimes, on behalf of maintaining just the physical historic urban fabric, some architectural elements are copied as a model to the new designs such that they were lack of their soul, meaning and historic significance. In this way, many cities in Turkey transformed due to the pressure of capitalist production and the historic urban fabric could not be preserved. In some Turkish cities, the strong relationship between culture and character has been broken; in the meantime the common language that constitute the urban fabric has been forgotten. This study reveals that urban artifacts of history or historic architectural values are not the end products of a settlement; they are the result of a long-term formation including physical, social, cultural, economical interactions. Inherited environment has the capacity of creating the image of the city; thus, the built environment should be evaluated with its own entirety and continuum. Key words: historic urban fabric; conservation; urban architecture; authentic character
Cultural Heritage and Science
Research on the change of Ankara Ulus City Center identified with its historical textureWhen we look at the history of the city centers, it is seen that these centers were formed around an important religious structure, a special structure or an administrative structure. City centers are cultural spaces that mirror the culture of that city and build bridges between the past and the future. At the same time, these centers are an important place of the city and contribute to the identity of the city. These centers, which form the core of the establishment of cities, have changed over time and have altered. Changes and transformations in these centers, which give the city an identity, continue regardless of the historical value of the place. As a protection issue in this article; the problems brought by the reorganization of historical city centers are discussed. In the article, the changes in the square in the Ulus Historical City Center, the Temple of Augustus, which is a Roman monument, and the Hacı Bayram Mosque, which is an Ottoman Period monument-, are examined.
Building and Environment
The elements of forming traditional Turkish cities: Examination of houses and streets in historical city of Erzurum2008 •
IKSAD International Publishing House
Rethinking Historical Settlements: Evaluation of the Historical Texture of Ankara Castle within the Framework of Historical Urban Landscape Approach | Architectural Sciences and Theory, Practice and New Approaches -II2023 •
Rethinking Historical Settlements: Evaluation of the Historical Texture of Ankara Castle within the Framework of Historical Urban Landscape Approach The aim of this study is to investigate an effective and comprehensiveapproach to the protection of our tangible and intangible cultural heritage.In this context, firstly, certain concepts related to historic urban areas areselected and explained to form the theoretical background and framework of the study. In the second part of the study, the approaches of "Historicarea/city", "Historic urban landscape" and "Spirit of place", which offer acontemporary and comprehensive perspective on the conservation of historic urban areas, are examined in the case of the historic fabric of Ankara Castle and its surroundings.
1995 •
Our approach to the crises in the contemporary city is architectural understanding: the 'essence' of the historic urban fabric as a determinant, an inspiration-source for design and future city form. The aim of this study is to give a new perspective to the question of design in the contemporary context of the historic city with reference to Istanbul and especially its suburb, Eyup (Holy Shrine). In relatively recent times, the historical symbiosis between man and his environment; both natural and built, has been disregarded in the process of city making, which has caused catastrophic environmental problems in varying degrees in different countries. We discuss that, among many problems, the degradation of architectural quality and vision accompanied by the dilemma of cultural identity is one of the major aspects of historic Turkish cities, like many others in the developing world, and apparently will continue into the future. This phenomenon is investigated in Istanbul, the ...
Cities are sites where natural environmental changes are observed the most, hundreds of thousands and even millions of people take shelter, and which change, develop, affect and are influenced by the events people carry on in order to perpetuate their vital activities (Atalay, 2001:52). And they have become an integral part of human life as a result of this mutual interaction. Since they are locations where people effectuate many of their social, cultural and economic activities such as entertainment, relaxation, employment, etc. besides their sheltering need, they have been developed and changed diversely by the people. In this way, they constitute a cultural geographical view by acquiring specific identifier feature with the aid of architectural structures that reflect the civic culture of the people living in the cities. It is an accepted fact also by the geographers that all residences have a cultural geographical view. Cultural geographical views are artificial views culture groups create with the physical features of the areas they settled. Thus, every area that has a settlement reflects cultural tracks from which they originated (Tümertekin and Özgüç, 2004:93). Cities created by each nation are the product of its own geographical conditions and cultural level, cities do not resemble each other like the people, and they reflect historical structure, customs and traditions of the societies they belong (Tunçdilek, 1986:102). Features that add value to cities and differentiate them from the other cities are characterized as urban identity. Haapala (1998) and Karadağ (2006) have described urban identity as the geographical landscaping that sets the city apart from the other cities and comes on the scene within the framework of the mutual relation of natural, social and environmental components; and as the reflections of this landscaping to its culture (Karadağ, Koçman; 2007:5). Önem and Kılıçaslan have assessed the urban identity by means of factors from natural, human and artifactual environments. Accordingly, identity factors arising from natural environment are properties such as topographical features of the city, climatic conditions, vegetation cover, general location, etc. Identity factors generating from human environment are individuals and the society, because values possessed by the individuals and society are reflected to the city structure and make contribution to the urban identity in this way. Identity factors originating from artifactual environment include all sorts of arrangements performed in the city. Components like squares, wards, monuments, buildings, etc. rank among these arrangements (Birol, 2007:47). From this point of view, artifactual environment enter into the area of interest of cultural geography. All kinds of artifactual buildings provide a geographical view for the city. Architectural features are among the key aspects of cultural geography and offer cultural identity to the cities. Architectural structure is the constituent that reflects the cultural geographical view the most. Architectural structure that ranks among the materialistic cultural constituents of cultural geography easily gives information about a culture and values of that culture. Consequently, all buildings dominating the materialistic cultural view starting from the simplest to the most magnificent ones are fairly important in terms of cultural geography and cultural geographical view (Tümertekin, Özgüç; 2004:96). The factor that gives information at the first stage about the social, cultural and economic structure of the city is its buildings. Thus, they can reflect glory, delicacy, power as well as frailty, visual pollution. As a matter of fact, constructions that are inharmonious with the city development, architecture style create visual pollution. Architectural features that represent a culture system in various ways are examined in categories of religious architecture, architecture of administration buildings or public architecture, and local architecture (Tümertekin, Özgüç; 2004:97). Therefore, examination of buildings of religious architecture, public buildings and buildings of local architecture can be realized. Cities have the characteristics of a laboratory of cultural geography with their architectural features. However, disappearance of architectural features that reflect the cultural texture of Elazığ city center is in question as for throughout Turkey. Architectural features of new settlements in Elazığ do not offer features that distinguish the city from other cities on the contrary Elazığ is being added to the chain of similar cities.
Vernacular architecture, bearing the physical and socio-cultural characteristics of its in-situ environment and conveying thousands of years of accumulation and tradition, emerged from the hands of local building masters. While regional architecture is very extrinsic, it exhibits the character of an anonymous architect and is the clearest reflection of the local community's traditions, culture, experience and customs. Behind it lies ancient knowledge, experience, skill and mastery that is passed down from generation to generation. It pertains to the vernacular architecture user's lifestyle, identity and area of production which responds to its in-situ needs and has qualities that are peculiar to the region. The local architecture is a direct and unconscious transformation of community culture into material within the context of certain needs. Deriving from tradition, it is passed down from generation to generation as the community's social and cultural documents. The goal of this article is to introduce, in terms of plan typology, general features and interior decoration, examples of regional housing units utilized by Turks living in Muğla's provincial district of Ula, one of the imporant regions of Anatolia featuring traditional vernacular architecture. INTRODUCTION Local architectural is known in the world by the term 'vernacular architecture.' Appearing for the first time in the year 1861, the term 'vernacular' is derived from the Latin word vernaculus, which means 'local', 'peculiar to a place or region' (Eyüce 2005). Also described as anonymous architect architecture, spontaneous architecture, folk architecture, and rural architecture (Sezgin 2006), the concept of regional architecture goes back as far as Vitruvius under the name of historical regionalism (Kolsal 2014). According to Vitruvius, differences between regional conditions also render buildings different. The relationship of man to nature, the ability to adapt to conditions, as well as the steadily changing and accommodating culture that is shaped by this need over time, is interpreted through the local architecture. Bearing the physical and socio-cultural characteristics of the in-situ environment, the regional architecture is hewn in the hands of local labor forces using local materials, conveying thousands of years of accumulation and tradition. Moreover, the regional architecture that uses materials and the local workforce is reflected in the community's traditions, customs, beliefs, value prejudices and world view of the region to which it belongs. Regional architecture is defined with two basic qualities, human works and the product of time, as cited in the introduction text of the ICOMOS Traditional Architectural Heritage Regulation (Polat 2016). Regional architecture based on knowledge gained from the past accumulates in the historical process. The primary determining factors of regional architecture are climate, geography, topography, natural building materials, lifestyles determined by traditions and religious practices, socio-cultural structure and production style (Sezgin 2006). Natural materials, as well as the region's topography and physical characteristics determine the social and cultural structure of the form and structure of a building in this architecture. In harmony with the climate and nature of their environs, these structures generally have the ability to expand through added-on units. While they are simple, concise, and easy to comprehend, these structures have a lexicon of local construction terms generally used in regional architecture. While regional architecture is very extrinsic, it carries the character of an anonymous architect and is the clearest reflection of the local community's traditions, culture, experience and customs. Exhibiting variances according to the physical conditions of each region, this architecture is a manner of cultural expression. Behind it lies ancient knowledge, experience, skill and mastery that is passed down from generation to generation. It is related with the regional architecture user's lifestyle, identity and area of production which responds to its in-situ needs and has qualities that are peculiar to the region. The local architecture is a direct and unconscious transformation of community culture into material within the context of certain needs. Deriving from tradition, it is eventually passed down from generation to generation as the community's social and cultural documents. Respect for neighbors is shown in this architecture as per traditional values. (Sezgin 1984; Sezgin 2006). Rapoport lists local architectural features in terms of features that have no institutional and aesthetic claims, environment and climatic compatibility, respect shown to the whole natural environment as well as
Building and Environment - BLDG ENVIRON
An example to renovation–revitalization works in historical city centres: Kunduracılar Street/Trabzon-Turkey2008 •
Trabzon lies in the northeast of Turkey and its past goes as back as to the antique age. It is a multicultural city which hosted many civilizations throughout its history. Kunduracılar Street is in the centre of the city of Trabzon and is a historical and important commercial axis and pedestrian-shopping centre. The buildings in this street contain a variety of building types which reflect the identity of the city. In a sense, these buildings are a mirror reflecting the multicultural structure that the city has had throughout its history. However, the cultural–historical entirety of this street has been under the effect of urban sprawl and visual pollution in recent years. By the time, the street loses its characteristics. This study is an attempt to solve such problems and aims at protecting the street through renovation–revitalization works, and to bring it back to the city and to the people of the city by improving the present conditions. This study is the first example of its ki...
Sustainability
Creation of a New Vernacular Architecture and the Attainment of Sustainability: The Case of Akyaka Town Development2023 •
This study problematizes a case where the interpretation of local architectural types by a designer forms a new vernacular architecture that shapes the sphere of a newly developing small town towards one that became sustainable. The house built by Nail Cakirhan for himself in Akyaka (Turkey) opens up a new future in front of the small village of then, towards becoming a touristic center with a specific architectural language of its own. Cakirhan designs his house by interpreting the traditional houses of his hometown, Ula, which is only a few kilometers away from the village of Akyaka. The design of the house initiates the formation of a unique architectural language for Akyaka, which gradually evolves into a new vernacular architecture. Since then, this invented architectural tradition has both transformed the village into a popular touristic town and also initiated a sustainable approach due to its sensitivity for the cultural and natural assets of the context. This architectural language is protected by the master development plan now, and the town is declared as a ‘slow-city’ due to its culturally and environmentally sensitive character. In order to portray this development, this study will first examine Cakirhan’s house in relation to its referential and actual contexts, then it will observe the development of the town of Akyaka by means of looking at Cakirhan architecture in Akyaka, the master development plan of Akyaka that protects the architectural language, and the development of the town as a sustainable, slow-city. The portrayal of the architectural development of Akyaka could demonstrate how a fairly recent architectural practice can today result in the development of a sustainable and harmonious architectural environment.
Istanbul Version 2.0 | The Struggle Between Modernisation and Historical Heritage: The Case of Sulukule
Istanbul Version 2.0 | The Struggle Between Modernisation and Historical Heritage: The Case of Sulukule2013 •
“The study of Islam and Muslims and the History of Religions”, in Historia Religionum, 1 (2009), 95-104
The study of islam and Muslims and the History of ReligionsBear and Human: Facets of a Multi-Layered Relationship from Past to Recent Times, with Emphasis on Northern Europe. The Archaeology of Northern Europe, 3
Evidence of bear remains in a cremation burial in the Moscow region (Burial 5, Kremenye burial ground on the upper river Oka, 12 th centuryEncyclopedia of Seventh-day Adventists
Investigative Judgment (Judgement)2022 •
Ali Cengiz Üstüner - Arkeoloji Tarih ve Sanat Yazıları
Anadolu'nun Tarih Öncesi ve Bronz Çağı Kültürleri2018 •
Sociedade e Estado
Culto ao corpo e estilo de vida entre as mulheresRevista Agroecossistemas
Fatores Que Influenciam a Compra De Peixes Por Classe Social No Município De Santarém-Pa2017 •
The Open Psychology Journal
Traumatic Stress, Psychological Well-being, and Sociodemographic Correlates in High-stress Environments among Healthcare Professionals2024 •
arXiv (Cornell University)
Data augmentation and refinement for recommender system: A semi-supervised approach using maximum margin matrix factorization2023 •
Journal of Clinical Pathology
Differential expression of microRNA-675, microRNA-139-3p and microRNA-335 in benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours2011 •
International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery
Clinical effects of an avocado-soybean unsaponifiable extract on arthralgia and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint: preliminary study2016 •
2013 •
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Evaluating the Inclusion Level of Medium Chain Fatty Acids to Reduce the Risk of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Complete Feed and Spray-Dried Animal Plasma2016 •