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This is a review of a book that offers a compendium of technological leaps, groundbreaking discoveries and scientific breakthroughs. Mr. Breverton is to be commended for identifying many of the people, who were truly first in their innovative contributions, especially in the field of technology, where large financial rewards were at stake. These people, largely UNKNOWN to the general public, inspired me to write this extension of my prior paper on the history of technology (see my essay Techno). The earlier essay was to correct the mistaken belief that much technology derived from science, when only in the last 90 years has this been strongly so. Before 1900, almost ALL technology was created by engineers and inventors; so that it was science then that was beholden more to technical advances, like the telescope and microscope. Even much of 19th Century physics, like thermodynamics, depended on advances in steam technology. This essay, like Breverton's book, also covers some important SCIENCE but not the well-known achievements, like Maxwell's Equations (actually Mathematical Differential Summarization of earlier experimental flux equations of Ampere and Faraday). In fact, the 4 equations (called Maxwell's) were created by Heaviside. Even Breverton is corrected here by giving the real history behind Heinrich Hertz's discovery of radiation. I have deliberately extracted summaries of several medical breakthroughs that I regard as major and their discoverers should be better known by the general public, even when they have been awarded Nobel Prizes by their peers. The public must realize that Science is a process of understanding; NOT the discovery of eternal Truths, when it runs the risk of becoming a modern religion, as seems happening with the Covid panic. Here are several stories telling the real history of innovation. Few people (except Nerds) read encyclopedias from cover to cover but this one is strongly recommended for its original research and even-handed coverage in such a short book (400 pages). Readers must realize that the Public Consensus is built by a few academics, who are more impressed by science than the efforts of the ordinary people, like inventors and engineers. This has always been so, since Plato and Aristotle. Today, lazy journalists just follow the academic consensus, that emphasizes orthodoxy and mathematics, as they repeat their third-hand opinions. Worse, many scientists do not learn the history of their own subject, as it is not part of their undergraduate degree examinations. I have been fortunate, to have a wide interest in history (that I view as the Laboratory of the Human Animal). I am also unusual, as a scientist, in that I do not have a natural respect for authority; no matter how famous the individual, such as Albert Einstein.
2008 •
Abstract: This paper presents an empirical study on the frequency of discoveries and inventions that were awarded with the. More than 70 per cent of all Nobel Prizes were given to discoveries. The majority of inventions were awarded at the beginning of the twentieth century and only three inventions had a direct application for society. The emphasis on discoveries moves the Nobel Prize further away from its original intention to reward the greatest contribution to society in the preceding year.
R.I. Sutherland's paper making Bohm's pilot wave theory completely relativistic using retrocausality is a breakthrough not only for quantum gravity but also for our understanding of human consciousness embedded in transhumance solid state nano-engineered androids.
Vernon Press, Delaware, United States of America
Landmarks in the History of Science: Great Scientific Discoveries from a Global-Historical Perspective2017 •
Landmarks in the History of Science is a concise history of science from a global and macro-historical standpoint. It is an account of grand theoretical revolutions, such as heliocentrism, atomism, and relativity. But, more importantly, it is also a story of the methodological transitions to the experimental, mathematical, constructivist and instrumental practices of science. It begins with Ancient Greek science, as one of the first self-conscious, comprehensive and well-documented scientific endeavors at the global level. The numerous contributions of the Greeks, in philosophy, mathematics, geometry, geography and astronomy, momentous as they were, were fruits of leisure rather than industry. It then examines the history of science in China and China’s exchanges with India and Islam. A systematic and collaborative scientific effort is the hallmark of Chinese science. The contributions of the Chinese in medicine, printing, manufacturing and navigation invariably predate and outshine those of western contemporaries. Attention then shifts to the age of oceanic discoveries, which created the inexorable presuppositions for the genesis of global trade and a world system. From the inner organs of the organisms to the outer regions of Earth, Renaissance science was ubiquitous. The importance of inter-cultural scientific syncretism is highlighted, with the Iberian Peninsula as meeting point and crossroad of mutual affection between Arab, Jewish and European culture. Discoveries and inventions in metallurgy, electromagnetism and the science of petroleum set the scientific basis for the industrial revolution. The logic of the industrial revolution dictates developments in information technologies that culminate with the invention of modern computers. A dedicated chapter on the history of modern scientific conceptions of the universe showcases the subtle links in the fabric of seminal ideas in physics and astronomy. The book concludes with some reflections on the relationship between philosophy and the history of science. Following Kuhn and Latour, this discussion centers on the characteristics of continuities, ruptures and paradigmatic transitions in science.
2005 •
What were the real nature and role of the annus mirabilis, 1905, in Physics? In this paper we discuss in a historical perspective Planck’s and Einstein’s contributions as the fundamental steps in the scientific transformations (the latter with a sharper sense of methodological awareness) that led from the mechanistic and reductionist approach of 19 th century physics to the fulfillment of the formal revolution of quantum mechanics. This process underwent with further scientific breaks, in the context of the social and economic situation and the corresponding role of science.The mechanistic approach adopted in physics at the end of the 19 th century not only produced difficulties and contradictions, but resulted in the limitation of further scientific development. Chemists were the first, at that time, to perceive such limits, and introduce a thermodynamic approach, whose role in the revolution in physics must be underlined. Planck was the first physicist to introduce a procedure tha...
2018 •
تقرير مدار الاستراتيجي 2024_المشهد الاسرائيلي 2023
تقرير مدار الاستراتيجي 2024 الملخص التنفيذي2024 •
IRANIAN STUDIES IN HONOUR OF ADRIANO V. ROSSI
Shaked, shaul. 2019. Some lexical items in Middle Persian. I. pursišnīg2019 •
Zona arqueológica
Más allá de la tipología lítica: lectura diacrítica y experimentación como claves para la reconstrucción del proceso tecnológico2006 •
2008 •
Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa/Przedstawicielstwo Komisji Europejskiej w Warszawie
PProblem praworządności w Polsce w świetle orzecznictwa TSUE. Tom IV (2022-2023) (2024 •
New Zealand Journal of Zoology
A comprehensive demographic assessment of the endangered Fiordland crested penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus2017 •
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Hysterectomy for Uterine Inversion: About Two Cases at University Hospital of Cocody (Abidjan—Ivory Coast)2018 •
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
UJRRA │Volume 1│Issue 1│Jul-Sep 2022 Page | 28 EVALUATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEYLAGAN REGION'S LAND COVER ON THE EXAMPLE OF 1ST SHAHSEVAN VILLAGE OF BEYLAGAN REGION2023 •
ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology
Investigating the Emission Characteristics of Single Crystal YAG When Activated by High Power Laser Beams2016 •
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
β-glucan composition in Candida albicans wall is relevant to promote inflammatory reaction during the curse of vulvovaginal Candidiasis2018 •
Khulna University studies
News Treatment on the Padma Bridge Inauguration: A Study on Global Media Perspective2023 •