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2003
A recurrent problem in linguistic analysis is the existence of multiple senses or uses of a linguistic unit. Although this affects all meaningful elements of language alike, content words as well as function words (such as prepositions and auxiliaries) and affixal categories (such as tense and case), it is particularly prominent with the latter two.
2009
Summary The Irish Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Land Trust was the direct outcome of that “hideous dislocation” of society, known as the Great War of 1914 – 1918. Those men who had served in the crown forces during the Great War were thrown back in large numbers into civilian life with meagre resources and a very doubtful future. There was a large body of men who had lost their place in the social economy and viewed their war service as recognition “not to be regarded in the nature of a charity, but more in the nature of a right” The story of the British ex-serviceman in the Irish Free State is complex, controversial and thought provoking. The much hyped “Homes for Heroes” assisted the recruitment figures in the latter part of the war, but remained to be delivered as a political pledge. The Great War created the “returnee” or immigrant scenario, an environment unfamiliar to Irish culture. The realities of war meant that thousands of Irish men returned home, asking what was it all for? Receiving acknowledgement through the 1919 Irish Sailors and Soldiers Land Act was a short term measure to a long term solution of a chronic shortage of public housing in Ireland. This thesis examines the factors that created the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Land Trust in Ireland and discusses its operation from its inception to its termination in the late 1980s. The focus is on the earlier years of its operation because the Trust was relatively ineffective after the early 1930s. It lost its ability to raise income and neither the British nor Irish Governments found themselves in a position to provide additional capital. The early chapters outline the context in which it was decided that there should be a trust established to provide housing for returned servicemen following World War I. At its inception, Ireland was still integrated into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland but that political context quickly changed with the establishment of the Free State. This created inevitable tensions in the operation of the Trust and how this tension was resolved, or at least managed, is given considerable attention. It is shown that the story of the Irish Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Land Trust was one of broken promises and internal divisions within the veterans’ movement, which in turn combined to cast the veterans adrift in the sea of an emerging Ireland. Divisions in Westminster ensured that the housing initiative devised for Ireland in 1919 was unique compared with that for the rest of the United Kingdom. The Irish Local Government Board initiated building activities under the 1919 Act, with the Board of Works designing and erecting most of the 4,000 houses . In Chapter 4 an analysis is offered of the attitude of the Free State Government. There seems little doubt that the Trust was a matter of some difficulty for the State. Its existence reminded them of a war that they did not have the stomach to commemorate. There was certainly no desire to provide the funding to make the Trust a success and the British Government showed no interest in providing money to a State with which relations were cool. At the same time, houses were badly needed and the Government could not ignore any opportunity that would provide houses. Thus there existed a number of parallel realities. The Irish Free State Government allowed an Imperial entity to operate within the Free State with no clearly defined reporting mechanism to the Houses of the Oireachtas. While the Free State authorities may have claimed that the Irish Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Land Trust were accountable to the Minister for Local Government and Public Health, no such evidence was established to support this. The Free State Government failed to enact a statutory instrument similar to the British regulations of 1925. The discussion turns towards the nature of housing provision in Chapter 5 with particular emphasis on the Trust’s major development at Killester. It can be seen that the seeds of the Trust’s problems were set even at this early stage. There was a difficult relationship between the Trust and some its tenants and it is clear that there were different perceptions on all sides as to the role, duties and obligations of the parties involved. These different perceptions were allowed to grow in the almost clandestine manner in which the Trust was required to undertake its business. Its administrative structures were weak and there was no willingness on anyone’s part to take the action necessary to strengthen them. The focus of much annoyance was tenant dissatisfaction with what had been offered to them and on the necessity to pay rents. This latter point proved to be a defining issue for the Trust. The initial seed money provided by the British Government was never going to be sufficient to meet all of the ambitions of the Trust. They depended on rental income from their developments to ensure continuance of their operations. This was dealt a fatal blow by the Leggett action in the High Court and the subsequent Supreme Court Judgment. This judgment and the circumstances that led to it are discussed in detail in Chapters 7 and 8. The Supreme Court judgment made it clear that the administrative weaknesses revealed had to be dealt with as a matter of urgency if the Trust was to function. There was no will, however, on the part of the Free State to address the issues and the Trust was allowed to slip into a parlous state from which it never recovered. The final section deals with largely ineffective attempts in 1951 to reform the operations of the Trust and its ultimate end in 1988. Even its end was controversial and there was much debate on how the remaining assets should be used. It was finally decided that that these should be used to “produce …a living and working memorial” to the fallen in the form of restoring the Ballyconnell-Erne canal link and the purchase of George Bernard Shaw’s birthplace in Dublin.
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