I
{cLo j !,
l4-
I)arrilss,rr. (io.arr
-_r
!-
L.. [\lag.rrssrrr Ir.. Stigrrcstt-*rrrrrcr & 1-lr:rrg li. (r9sJ)...r.r.rrct
csturrt," Est. Coasl. .\rrd shelf Sci., \,o1. 17, pp. 73-ti5.
l5- Gercher,' II. c. & ozolins G. ( r985), "cuideri,cs Ibr tlrirrriing-rr,rrcr. qu,rirr',.
WHO, EFP/82i35, Zurich. St itzerlantl.
l6- lllustafa. \'.7-. (l9tts). "1\lussel Cortricrrlu Iilrrrrrinca (N,lrrller. l7i.l) as a biointlicator.
of heavv nretals llollrrtion irr Shltt AI-..\rrrb
tr,l.Sc. 'rhesis subnritted to the
tnetals in Cota rivcr
Collcge ofScierrce. Univer.sity of Busralt. lraq. 'i'er"
11- Borven. H. .1. M. (1966)...Trace elcurents in biochemistry", r\cadenric press,
London.
lreland, M. P. ( 1974), "Variation in the Zirrc, Copper., Manganese and Lead
content of Balanus balanoides in Cardigan Bay Wnles", Environ. poll., Vol.7, pp:6575.
19- I{art Barr, T. (1982), '.A revierv uptaltc of tracc mct,lls b1. scdinrents a'r!
suspended particrrlate, a review", Hydrobiol.,Vol. 91, pp. 299- 313.
20- Perhac. Il. l\,1. (1972), "Distr.ibution of Cd, Co. Fe. l\,1n. Ni. pb and Zn in rtissolveti
and particrrl:rte solids frorn two streanr iu Tcnrrcssee" .1. of Hydro.. 15. pp. I 7i- | 8(r.
2l- Harvkes, H. E. & Webb. J. S. (1962), "Ceoclrenristrv in nrinet.al cxltloration',.
Harller arrd Rarv Pub. Inc.. Ncl-\'olli.
22- Ilrrbicz, Nl., Iiozali, l-.. Nlil<os, NI. .t \\'rrr.rlrr, Z. (19S2), ,,llcavy nrctals in thc
aquttic
erlvir'onrrrent of sonte \r:rtcl bodies ofthe Lublin Coal Basin,', Acta
Hydrobiol., \'ol. 2.1, pp. I 25- 138.
23- Ccsscy, C. C., Borstrd, L. & Ch:rprnan, P.l\4. (1981). "lnfluence of florv rel:rtcd
evcnts on concen(rllion lnd phase distribrrtion of rrretals in thc lowel Frirser river' :rnd
x slnrll tl'ibutar'\, stl'etnr in British Colunrbil,C autla", Wat. Ile s.. r,ol. 18, pp.233- 238.
24- Don:rld, J. L. (1972), "Trace uretals in soils aud aninrals", Advtnces in ,.\grononrl.
Vol.2.l, pp.267.
25- Dnvies, P. rl., Cietcl, J. P.. Sinley. J. It. & Snrith, N. t". (1972), "Acu',r and clrrorric
toxicity of Lend to Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdneli in hard and soft w,rter'" Wat. Res.
Vol. 10, pp. 199- 206.
26- Mudroch, A. & Capobianco, J. (1978), "Study of selected met^ls in nrarshes on
lnke St. Clair", Ontario. Arch. Hydrobiol, Vol.84. pp.87-108.
l8-
.
'l;rltlc I I:('ortccrr(r':r(iort
l:rctors lirr lislr ll;rrlrus ilr'\ l)us :rttrl rortte sltccit's ol :rrlrrittic
\lostrl ;rrrrl Illrsr':rlr lScplcrrrlrt.r'1
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l- \lrrrr';tr, (. \. Jt \lrrrr':r\, t.. (19;j).
rlt'liorrtrclitlcs irt sctlittlcltt - lreslrrvirtcr
".\rlsor'lltiorr-rlcsrlr'lltiorr ct;rrilillr'irrru oIsorrrc
st'rlinrcnl - sr;r \i'iltrl'st'stcrrrs" St'nrposiunr olr
llrc irrtcr rcl:ttitlrt ol' t'rttlio-:rclive conlirrrrirr:rrrls rvitlt tlrc e ons(i(rrcn(s ol'tlrt rrr:rrilte
trrrit'orrrrrcut. l.\1..('l'rrlr. grll. IOS - I2-l .
2- (llrirrts . .1. .t \':trt l)ct' Sclt:rlic. \\/. I l. ( I (.,7t|). "lliologicrrl rrronitorirrg. ;l:rrt t - lilrll
'rvlrning svstcrns". \V:rt Rcs.. \/o1., p;l.l{: l0l -l12.
J- llcrrriliscrt ,,\. & \\'riglrt, lt. t;. (197S). "('oncculr':rtiorr ol' lrclvr. ruct:rls in srnrll
Noru'egiln llrltcs".. \\/at. llt's.. \iol. 12. pp. l(ll - II2.
{- llz.osli,it ,1.. (l9S(l), "l:ltrllhr':rlcs & 'l'igris. urcsolllluniirn ccologv lrrrrl tlcstirrr,". \\'.,lunk
bv I'rrll.. 'l'lrc lrlrgrrc. []ostun. l.ontlon. grp. I22.
5- .'\hlvclti. ,1. l(. & l)ouitbul. ..\.,\. Z. (191t5). "'l'r'ucc nlct:rls in Sh:rtr.\l -.\r:rb rivcr",
ft'
i
\\':rt. llr.s.. \'ol.l(). p1t. -157 - J(r2.
6- ,\h:rl'clri. .1. l(. & .'\l-Oblitlv S. Z. (l9tt7), "(louccutrltiorr ol'lrircc clcrrrcnts in lqrrntic
r':tscttl:tl'lllitrtts h'orrt Sh:rtt r\l-,\rull rir'(.r'". trlrq..l. Iliol.. Sci. tlcs.. \'ol.ltt Plr.l23-12g.
a.-liJl )..r iill ,irr* i\.r Xj jj,# .(l9tt5) *Jr.." el-e-,rj-f1r J^jt
->11+., -1
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S- l(lralrrl'. .\. \.. \l-.lll'l'r'r. \. lt.. Klrrrlitl. t]. \'.. I..lils. S. S. & tsh:rt1, \1. \\/. 1lr)S5)...'l-1c
l):lt(cl'tls ol' rtt'crttttttl:t{iort ol' sorrrr. lrt.:rrr nrt.l:rls irr I}irrhus tr.\'l)lls (lll.,('til.-1,) li.rlrrt rr
p,illrrlt.rl r'irr.r'"..1. lliol. Sr.i. ltt.:.. \ ul.l(r. l,p Sl-7-1.
tl- \lttt';tr';ttt l'tii'ii, llt:lltlr \.'.r,tl:rtr{)n(l')-:}.-'\l:rnrl;rrrlnl(lirorl\lor.llrt,t.r:rrnirr:rli,rr
ol rr;rtt.r :rrrtl rr:l\lr.\\;ll(.t". 1.1" ,'t1.. \t.u \ ot.l..
l()- hlr:rl:ll. l(.'1 . (l()()l). "'l lre rtr:rrirrr' .\ lrt.slrrrrrtcr lislrt,s ol lr':rt1" ll:rsr-rrlr.
Ilnivclsitt.
I l\\/lritton. ll..'\.. ( 1975), "llivcr t.cologr'" Ill:rckrr,r.ll Scicrrril'ic lrrrhlicrrtiorr. C)rfor-rll.onrlo
rr.
"12- \'ivilrr. ('.
l\1. C. ct l\,llssie, (1977), "'t'rilcc rucl,lls irr u,lter.s:rnd sedinrcrrts oIthe
rivcr T:r,rvl. sorrtlr \Vnlcs" "ln reltrtinlr to loc:rl sour.ccs...Envir.tro[..14;.t7-6 l.
l3- \\ici.j rlcrr, ('. ll. \'. D. & Ntitlrlclbrrrg..l.,l.(l9ll9).,. llvttr.ogco clrerrristr.r.ot.tlre r.ivcr
lllrirrt': l,ottg let'rtt ;ttttl sc:tsort:rl r':rri:rllili(t'", t,.lcrrrcnt:rl lrrrrlgr.ls. lllsrl lcycls :rrrrl
ltollrrtiorr. \\ ;rt .llr.s..\'ol. 2J. pp.l2{7-ll6(r.
*j:%Qirtll!rr;F:--qrr.
&_.a,
+,_-.J. .jh
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\lr l'iolllr'lltrllr sllicltlt'llt , (',';tttt;thl'llrrr,
tl..rrrc.srr* ,,,i,| ,,,i|ir,,"r.i:r s1lir.:rtis t)ccri,arlrs
sliorvcd
Itbilitics to:ttctttttttlrttc ZIt.l\'lrt Nia'd
il,l n,r,l trris r',s.l.u,l-*.r,",, trre colrce,tr.atio. , lrigtr
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tlresc lll;ittts rr':ts cortsidct'cd ('r.hle
t0 :rrrd r r).
pl:rnts to rrronitor. tlre pollrrtion in
the r.ivcr. f-igr.is.
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1221.
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lltc rr:tttr santplt's rtcrc liltcred rrsirrg {1.-15 rrrrr (i17( rncrrrbr':rlc littcr anrl srrspcrr{c4 solitls
lvel'c isolnt.'d. 'l'ltt' liltl'ltc rvas (hett rrcidilietl rvillr 1.5 rrrl ol l(rN IINOJ. lltcn couccntt.lrtc(l
to abotlt 50 rrtl trsing lotit\':ll)or lll)l)lrirtus llodcl tlrrchi {61. Srrsllt,nclcd soli<ls rlcre drictl .
rveighted untl tligesletl rvith l0 rnl of l6\ IINO-.1 rnrl hcrrtcd lirr' l hr. :rl 70-tt{)o( . 'l hc
ertt'llct \\'its l'il(clctl rrntl rtr:tlic rrlt to 5() rrrl rritlr rlciorrizctl rr:rter lirr lrr.rrrv rrrclitls :rrlrlrris.
-fhc sedinrcrtt slrnplcs dried ll 105'( lirr l2 hr rrrrrl porvtlclcrl rlith :rgute
llistil lrnrl
rltot't:rr, tllen I gru ol thc porltler'\rls (lilcslc(l lnrl prclt:rrcd Ior-lrc;rvl nlctill ilt,lllsis:ls
nlentione(l uhovc.
l'hc rvirlth and dcpth of thc rivcl tlcl'rcrtd ort tlrc scasonal tlisclr;ugcs urrtl llrc
ntorphologv of thc rivcrl)cd l{l . ln thc l)rcserrt s(u(l\ l6 strrtiorrs rtclc clroscn irlotlg river'
Tigris (fig. l). thesc rlcrc, Saddarn lt'scIYoir'(l).1\'losul (2). llrrrrarn r\l-.\lcl (3), Oirrra (-l)
, llaiii (5). S:rrrrrllir lnrllouu(lnlcnl ((,) . llltirli\:rh (7) .\l-llutlurnr []r'irl*lr (lt)..\l.ltrnrhoria llridge (9) , T,alfrtrirnailt (l(!). S:rlnr:rr l):rli (l l). \rt:tttutnit'itlt (12). Krrt(lJ)..\li
.\l-g:rrbi (l-l)...\ntrrlrr ( l5) and Qrrrrt:r(l(r).
Dtrc to its conrrnelcial irrrltor'lirlcr'. tlre ljslr llirr lrrrs gl \'l)uj \\'irs sclcttqd l'()r' lrrl\'\
lllet:lls (lctcrtltitlrrtirtrr ll0l. (h|ec sltrcirrerr rrtrc collcc(crl lIortt e;tclt olllrc ttr:t.ittI sl:rliorts
(l\lostrl. Batlrtllrrl rtrrtl lirrt) :rrrrl st0rcrl irr rrl'r iitt ir(ot'. l-ltt :ttltLttic l)lilrlls l)ot:lrrioLlcl{)rl
Irrccls , I). l)cc(inutus , l'. llrrfoliatrrs . ( r'r rloplrr llrrrtt tlerrtrsttttt . \ ltllisrtclirr sltirultrs .
l\lt,riophl,llrrrl Spiclttrrnr irn(l Sl)irog\'r'u sp rrclc crtllcctttl ltortt tltc ttliliol slxliotls, \Y:lsllc(l
carcfullv rvith tlistillctl arrd rlcnrorrizctl rvrrtcl litt sclct itl litttt to tttitlitttiz-c tlte
rontatlinlltio1 Srrfliciclt tvcight ol pl:rrrls lrrtl lislt rttrsclcs rtct'c tlrictl, ltttrltlcrctl,
digcsted lnd prcp:u'cd for analysis as tnctrlionc(l ;.lrcliously.
.\ll ihc solutions rvcrc an:tllzctl rrsing Shinradzrt 670 Atonric r\bsorption
Spect ropllotoulctcr. \\/ater tctlll)cIil(lIc \\':rs nlcttsulrd rvitlt tt ttteltttrl' lllcl'tllolllclcl'
(rrugc -10 to 60 (l) . 'l'hc ptl vfllu(s \1ct'e obt:titrcd using n (ligi(flI pol't:lblc l)ll- nlctcr
(ccsl8, SCIIOTT GERATE). CoudrrctiYit\.aud trrrbiditl,rvcrc rncrsulcd in licld using a
cligitnl portnhlc con(luctivitr- and trrrbitlitl rttc(cr (rrro(lel I t)3()0 ll,\('ll arrd l6tt00
I{ A(lH,rcsliectivelv). A nlodified \\irrliler nrctlo(l \rirs aPDlir:tl lirr tlissollctl orvgcrr
dctcrurirrlliorr lr) | .
llcstrlls:tn(l
l) isc tr ss io tt
\\' :rtcI clt:tr:tctcristics
'l'lrc rarrgcs ol \r,ttcr.(cIrl)cIirtuIC l0 2950, pll ?.51-S.fi5, colldtrctivitr'310-(r500 1rS/ctn'
trrr.lri<litr. 1.2-lJ2 N',l tlir rl tlissuh,ctl o..,1r..rr 5.5 - ll..l llrt / l. (lrrl)lcl).,\ll tltest lirrrSes irft
'ligris.'l hc higlrr:l tcrllPclitt(trc \\';ts
r\,ithin thc r ngr: giren t)\ Il7-oslilt | ,)ti0 l.ll lir lllc Iircr
slro\yrr ilt S(. lJ (N,l1y), shilc tltc nrir\jnrnr pll ;rrul l)O rtcordc(l rl( St. 12, condrrctivitv at
St.l6 rrn(l trrlhirlitv lt St. l'1.
i\lctlls in liltcre(l \r:rtcr'
('lrcrniclrl rorrsti(Irttts in n:r(ruul \\rtcIs itrc ttltctt cit(cgrttizctl lts tlissolvctl (soltrblc.
filtcralllr:) or. l)Ill licltlttC(norr- filtcr':rblc). .olttlrle tttclltls lllc iolls or tltcil ctttrtpttutrtls
rrlriclr cirrr 1lrs.s throrrgh 0.{5 ltrit|orr liltt.r. irrrtl tllcst Ilrtlirls c\isl lls licc iolts ttr tttgattic
:trtl irr6rg:t1ic clrctrric:tl torrrltotrrrtls or' soruc ol lltr.rrr :rrt rtssrrciltltll rlitlt tlrc c0lltlitlal
prr
t
ic
lcs
.
(,,,,,,'ii
;.:i:ir
,
/-.I':,ri
r':rugcs rlcrc dctcrrrrincrl ir liltcr \!'iltcr'(ND - 2.75. NI) - 12.5. 1.5 - l9.l , \t)
- 9.5 aud Nl) - 2t) pg/l. r'csl)cctilclvl. Srrspcndcrl solids rrrrrgcs rrcrc (Nl) - 1.5S.3.1 - lS{l
, 2.1 - 20ltt ,22 -1787 and 17..1 - (rlJ pg/g (L\'\lciglrt), surlicill sedinrel(s(0.{- l.JS.l5 30.J , 2.1.8 - 35; l0l - 7J0 anrl 60 - 190 pg/g rlrv rveight) . lish l]:rlhus grvpus (ND - 0.025,
0.05 - 0.331 l-1.6 - 92.5 , Nt) - l.7l rrld 0.(r5 - 2.92 pg/g drr rlciglr(, rcspectirch.).'l'hc
ilqttatic l)liltlt , itntl llrc rlgae SltiIogY|.rr sp. \c|c llso nrcasrrrerl. -l-lrc collccntliltiotl levels
itt liltct rvatct rrclc rrilltirt tlrc lraqi liver rvutcl stlrrdarcls arrd rvitlr thc :n,crage of llre
trrtpollutctl IiYcr uater stundlld in lhc rYoIld . ..\nront the dctcrrrrincd rrretals , Pb Ind Zn
rvcre crist in fillcl rvater. rrrorc tlltrr olltcr rnctirls , i\,1n arrd Zn tycr.c thc highest in
sttsltcttdcrl solitls , i\'lrr:trtd Ni irt scrlirttcrtls. 7-n \\lrs tlrc rrorc accrrurrrlirtctl nrctirls irr fislr .
rvlrile l\'l n lfits thc nlost lcturlulutc(l in tlrr: irqrratir plarrts. No siglilicant sglatial vlriations
ol thc lllctals cotlcetrtratious rvcre lourrd irr liltclcd \\'ir(rt but iu gcrrcrlrl there tlcre high
coucentliltions in thc stations ndjuccnt to tlrc iuduslliul citics. Whilc sliglrtlv irrcreasing of
the lnetal collccntrations iu suspended solids autl se(linrcn(s rvere nolicecl at nortlrerrr
stlltions irl colnparison rvith southcru stltiorrs. It sccrucd tll:r( (hc conccrrtratiols of thc
sttrdicd nretals itt rvatct, suspendcd solitls and scdinrcnts :lrc nolc at lorv tliscltar.gc than
lhl(. dtrling lriglr tlisch:rrge pcriod. 1'hc lqrrlrlic l)llrls spccics P. l)cctinltus slrorvcJ a higS
atlility to actrnurrlalc thc hcn\,\. nl(,tals lh:tn othcr.er;lntincd living biota clcrtrerrts
Al-Arab .1'hc
I
ntrotl uction
r\n aquatic
ecosystettl ntav be cortsidcrcrl to consisl ol threc rcseryoirs lbr heavt
nletltls. thesc itlc \r'Atc[. sedillrcnt lrrrtl biolrr . l\lctlll lcvcls in tlrcsc rcscrvoir.s :rr.c affcclc<l
by the interactious of various physical , chenrical an<l biological f:rctor.s Il | . ln acklition ,
there are nratry externul factors thnt affcct the levels of hcavY rretuls iu thc aquatic
ecosystenl r such ts , industl.inl ryastcs , agricrrltural flnd utrtrc:rted scrvage. The
occul'retlce of high lcvcls ofheavy utetals irr thc aqrrltic ccosystenr rr.us consi{crcJ as rcal
toxic polltrtan(s 12,31 . l)trc 1o heavv url):lnizrtion lntl tlrr prescnce of nrajor ilrllstrics
along lhc rivcr Tigr:is, it is crpcrrrrl llr:rl srrrlr (or(litior) \'oul(l cfli,cl its ccosvstcnr in
\':lli0us '\,r';lvs, ,rr.hich includc llossible hcrn l rrrrl:rls pollrrliorr.
llivcl' f igris lttliscs itt'l-trll.islr lrigh l)lirtcru uc:r'[.,rzcrrrnr rr( irrr alti(rrtlc qt or.cr-2000
:tbovc sea ltvel. f igris is ncarlr' 2000 lirrr long, ol rvtrirh lJ(r0 liur luns througlr lraq (lig.
I ) Irorh llortll to south, livc iribtrtarics (llirin in to tltc livcr: thc l(h,rbour,
dr"ut"i nn,t
Lcsscr
the Atlhcvnr rnd the Diyrl:1. All thcse ri,,cIs, rvilh the initiar forcc proYided bv
-ZlP.
steep- slopcs' corrJ their erosion I)r'odlrcts into thc
Plairr, r'her.c thcy joiu rhc iigr.is. Thus
'thc: drninagc .rcnrdf rbout.r6600
knrr lJl ln spitc of th" porucifur. thougf, strongry
scnsonnl supply, tlre Tigris toscs its inrlletus d,rrr,st,cnnr antr the volurne of."ateidiminishcs dorvnstrcnnr A fl{tt slopc. l strong corrsrrrrr;ltiorr ofrvater'by irrig:rtio1 an6
nt
dissipntiou in its southcrn strctrhcs dccrcast. thc cirrrcrrt
of the rivcr.
.
'ciocity
Relath'clv linrited Ittrntberof worlis hn'c carrierl orrt to tle(erutinc tlre levclsoIhervv
Ittct:tls iu .ile. Tigris fronr Baghrlarl (o Sh.tt ul-..\rrrb cs(rr:r.r.
1.1.5,6,7,n1.'l'hcsc rrorks
strrdictl thc acctttrtttlltiott of heavv rnctals irr lislr rrnrl uqrrr(ic virscut:rr.
I)lflnts. ln llrc,
Ptcscnt stu(ll tlrc couccntrl{ion ol- (rl, l'h. Zn, lln irntl i\irvtr.e rlelcrrnincrl iu filrerr:d
\1'Ittel'' stlsl)cll(lcd solitls, sedirtrcnts. lishcs und irqrltic pliutls ulong rivrr. f igris Ii.onr
l\{ostrl to Qtrrnrt ltt l}asralr cily nrttl tlrcir colrcl:rti{)rr rri(h sonrc t'rrrir.orrrrrcl(al I-lclors
'
rvcrc considcr,etl
[\'l
aterials
.
ln(l
l\l ctho(ls
Slntples rt'cre takctt tlrrrittg
l\la\' - Sclllcrrbcl I99li rrlriclt corr.esllorrtls to 1ig1 arrrl
lorv lcvt'l ol wltlcl dischrttg('sersor Iiorrr l6 slrrliorrs along rivcr l igris. \\,:rter.sirlplcs
rrctt' cttllccled itt (r'iPlic:ttcs usiug :trirl l,r'c-\1 :rslrc(l polrctlrllcrrc Igttles, rrlrilc scrlirrrcnt
sltrttltlcs rlctc ctlllcclctl rrsirtg tlcar pl:rslic :(()()l) :ur(l .i,,,.",1 i,r polvr.llrvlcrrc b:rgs. liislr
arrrl
1
i
I
i
I
@
Sei..l. lr.rrrli \t',ntic l.nr't.g\ ( olrrtrrisrirrlr\\
ul -i.\,r
C
I
llt0
l
:t){rl.l
r}Lr
.i ,,,..r 4jlrr !r!t
a...ij,
i^i:,;; i_.i.,:r i:u:
c}+ittJ i*iir.al 13 clr;ll3 u.al,.aJlJ
e*1-o.rLtll 4.lJijll ;roLi"ll
4l1.l J+il 4St^Jl ciElj:tl3 ClLo.,,)I3 l;ul3_rll3
dlJ*ll3
ejJ.
rf_Jl
Distribution ol'some heavy metars in lvatcr-. sr.rspended
sotids,
sedime,ts , lishes ancl aquatic prants of the river
Tigris, Iraq
f$l*l yti, .r)Lll 3-*Jl +c c& ,*
Jt-oji .'..rrr,-*!p rlt"ry*cr$s
.r.-,tl
drsJr-:, i!,.aG
UIS*
3
Ilashccd. Ii.. ;\.., Sabri. .,\. \\/.., .,\t-LAnli, A. ,t.*,
hassinl, T. I.* & Slrarvliat, S. li.-
a--.a)-:Jl
$[ ilrr Jt [.J +\l ;# 4+ # Js:dlJ j*jijjlt , j$l , ..Ft--,ll , p eyrlst jSt-r.
c*q6 e.
F:,29.7-0.0015. {2.5-u..-9..*l-l -#.
2.7S- iJ.JA }r( .=} e+J^it cr-cJ\ j i$lJil
- u'J''4'r' JP) jls rie dJlcl sr tri (dlcl ..P gprrrj.;s;t-020-r.rJ*.,5.. JieJ 9.s g*jr,-r-r
'tt ill OjJl ,/el.p Jslel.p.l.,*l-612.(r-r7.4 jz7s7-22,zlr:lg-z.r, rs44.4-3.2,2.s8
730-300;5. 85-24.s . 30.3-15, 1.35-0.4) &rl .:+.
rrotl ,rbt .+"1_1.!l qp ,-.rt," . )dlJ3jl .,Je
'.rlc J-+xlJ i*iij.llJ cl.i-jlll trto.!ll p3sarlsl jLrlr irJJl rx el, Jsl etrol-Ar- (190-60 3
J* .92.5-l{.6.0.3JJ-0.05.0.25- c.r.p >*-) -, q Jii-LJ*d\ 3t^-, +3 r-i ."-.:tr!r
d JSlJill *lt{ .Jt$l L,le it+ll ji-Cl .r^ rt,p Js.t rl:':Ar- (2.916-0.65 r 1.716_ g*j,.-r.
i-tr.rlt &ti.J"-url . .,,,.+Jl Jr,a-.Jl # lotj'lr :ll .r\ -r p \rL.rc\ s>,r
_Jr <i,x^.-r. jurri\\
. :;3u JFill ru'rr f;11rj qlrror .:Lr+ill
e/ 4rJ.r ei.J.ll rr-oJ o.l +!irr .;,,aLirlr js) Jt4
j:dij^Jl . d,JJrnll ,!^ll ,/ .s-rtYl yLi'll j$lr .1"
_pl gU Jilt _l crl--,ll -,;SU Ot (J,. aeJl+
is^* *,-s lii:-lJ:
-/oi iu.,:!ii ui !-i Lir. ,,*r-lJl # JqJrJ ',iniJ\ . ,jlJrJ i $)rl
4rilt .',al :.r1 rJL--,-J jlrr:t ejrjjll .,-;ri . qtJr .:Elrir\ # \,5i r:ci ;li:.:rj, .LqJl
eiJlJ,ill q-.g ili:lt -,-l-ll -rs-, Jl t^s. (rcu;\ ,,.r1 l-,Jtr.'\ ,!oj1 .P A-EJj:r'l,o.]:.rr.rrr
.:ll -rjSl-i.11 .,:lJj,rll GLi.I . q13,ift ,jLl..*]I jr" ,&\ 'ilyat
.
^r,";Jt ;&U^lf =.s:.S.1 -tJr\J
. dul -+"'.-ill J,.aL LJti" irLl-ill . i:J"4.!l J-.d Jxi +.ur.L ..,..r, :.rl.rj\ -G J,^ar.ril
The co.cc,rratio, orc'd, pb,z^,*::iIllrl,.",,,.,,r,rr.crt irr't-igr.is r.i'er.. Ttre stirdy
in l6 stations nlong tlrc rivcr l'r'uru its cnlr':urcc to ils cgrrflrrcpcc irr Slrntt
rvas cotttlttcte<l
r+,"- rr! r:('5 .=._€ ijrrii
r-
KJ."*,ii
lri1
i!,Joji
i !-l .