M.R. Khorramizadeh, et al.
Dermal Wound Fibroblasts and Matrix
Metaloproteinases (MMPs): Their Possible Role
in Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh,1 Reza Falak,1 Mohammad Pezeshki,1 Farnaz Safavifar,2
Parvin Mansouri,3 Aziz Ghahary,4 Farshid Saadat,1 and Kamran Varshokar1
1
Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Hematology, Oncology and BMT Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
4
Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB., Canada
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to examine if allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) alters
the expression of MMPs in human dermal fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are the primary source
for MMP and matrix production in skin. MMPs are known to involve in a number of
physiological and pathological processes. Some published data indicated a gelatinaselike activity in acute and chronic phases of allergic contact dermatitis. However, no
exact source of gelatinase activity was demonstrated. Moreover, little is known about
the role of MMPs in immune responses.
To study and predict the pathophysiological effects of (MMP-2) in allergic contact dermatitic (ACD) patients, we established an in vitro tissue culture survey based
on fibroblast explanted from ACD wounds and normal tissues respectively. We also
employed a precise proliferation assay [i.e. MTT; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide] to analyze and compare three ACD vs. three normal cell
strains. Parallel to MTT assay, we assessed the activity as well as the kinetics of gelatinase
(MMP-2) in conditioned media using a zymogeraphy analysis.
RESULTS: There was a significant difference in proliferation capacity between
mean ACD fibroblast strains vs. mean normal cells, particularly in days 6 to 8 post
explantation, 492.5±6.6 vs. 361.75±8.25 respectively. Zymoanalyses indicated significant differences between ACD cells and normal fibroblasts both in time-course and
MMP-2 activity per cell fashions, 163.7±16.21 for mean ACD fibroblasts vs. 130±9.09
for normal cells respectively.
These data suggest that fibroblasts overproliferated in the process of ACD. Moreover, simultaneous overexpression of MMPs observed in ACD fibroblasts vs. normal
strains, is indicative of altered fibroblast functionality in the process of allergic contact
Corresponding Author: Dr. Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh,
Div. of Biotechnology, Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Public
Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6446 Tehran, Iran. Tel:
(+9821) 611 2406, Fax: (+9821) 646 2267, E-mail:
khoramza@sina.tums.ac.ir
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Allergic contact dermatitis and matrix metaloproteinases
dermatitis. The activity per cell analysis showed that MMP-2 expression in ACD fibroblasts is independent of cell number, suggesting that either intra- or inter-cellular control
signals are also altered and that ACD fibroblasts exhibit hyper-responsiveness to mitogenic or fibrogenic stimulants. Altogether, these data address the chronocity and nonhealing tendency of ACD wounds. However, more studies are required to examine
possible MMPs inhibition and differential expression of mytogenic, fibrogenic and
antifibrogenic cytokines in ACD wound beds. In particular, MMP-2 is postulated to be
an aim for further gene therapy protocols.
Keywords: Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Cytotoxicity, Matrix metalloproteinase 2,
Zymoanalysis
INTRODUCTION
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a T cell-mediated immune response. This process is initiated by a
challenge with an immunogen, followed by processing
of antigen through skin dendritic cells (i.e., Langerhans
cells), migration of antigen-bearing Langerhans cells
to regional lymph nodes and stimulation of naive T
cells. 1,6 A second exposure of the same antigen to skin,
then results in local influx of antigen-specific T cells
which release cytokines and inflammatory mediators.
These components attract other inflammatory cells to
the site of exposure, dilate cutaneous blood vessels,
and cause dermal edema. 7
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs ) are a family of
highly homologous, zinc-dependent endopeptidases
involved in extracellular matrix turnover, connective tissue damage, inflammation and cell proliferation. In spite
of identifying several pathways of the degradation of
ECM, most investigators admitted that matrix
metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical enzymes in ACD
process.8,9 Among members of this family of human
MMPs, Gelatinase A and B (MMP2 and 9) degrade basement membrane collagens type IV, gelatin and other
proteoglycan component of the ECM. 10,12 It has been
shown that collagen in skin with chronic contact dermatitis comprised 60% of type I collagen and 40% of
type III collagen, the latter being higher than the content of type III collagen in control normal skin. An
increased collagen-degrading activity was also observed in fibroblasts when incubated in contact with
collagen of chronically inflamed skin. 13 It has been suggested that MMP-2 and MMP-9 could play a role in the
mechanisms including alterations of the epidermal architecture, and in the pathogenesis of ACD lesions. In
contrast, no MMP level difference was observed between serum of ACD patients and healthy subjects. 14
In the present study, we sought to determine whether
the expression of MMPs in human allergic contact
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/ IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY
dermatitic fibroblasts was altered or not.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of Biopsies: Upon individual written consents, six allergic contact dermatitic (ACD) patients
(aged between 20 to 40 years) and two normal individuals (aged 25 and 35 years, respectively) were included in this study. Punch skin biopsies from upper
abdomen were collected under sterile conditions. Initial and confirmatory medical examinations as well as
collection of the biopsies were performed by an authorized specialist at Dermatology Ward, Imam Khomein
Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Biopsies were received in DMEM+Antibiotics, on ice, to
the Tissue Culturer Lab. Then, Dermal side was chosen
for explantation and dissociated by two scalpels into
small pieces placed in 25 cm 2 tissue culture flasks and
incubated at 37oC, 5% CO2 and saturated humidity.
After monitoring for fibroblast migration and 50-75%
confluency, pieces were moved to another set of flasks,
and the above procedure repeated. Synchronous cultures at passages 3 to 7 were used for MTT and
Zymography analyses.
Viability Analysis of Cultured Cells by MTT Assay: 2x104 cells in a volume of 200ul DMEM [supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotics
(100U/ml penicillin and 100ug/ml sterptomycin)] were
plated to each well of a 96-well microplate, in a
pentaplicate fashion. After overnight incubation at 37oC
in 5% CO2, medium was replaced with 200ul per well of
fresh medium containing 10mM HEPES (pH 7.4), immediately followed by addition of 50ul MTT in PBS at a
concentration of 5mg/ml. The plates were wrapped in
foil and incubated for 4hrs at 37 oC in 5% CO2. The medium was then replaced with 200ul DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide) per well, followed by 25ul Sorensen’s glycine
buffer(0.1M glycine plus 0.1M NaCl equilibrated to pH
Vol. 3, No. 1, March 2004
M.R. Khorramizadeh, et al.
Normal Fibroblasts
ACD Fibroblasts
500
400
(x 1000)
Optical Density of Cultured Fibroblasts
600
300
200
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Days Post E xplantation
Figure 1. Comparative MTT Analysis of ACD vs. Normal Fibroblasts
P1
N1
P2
P3
P4
N2
P5
P6
Figure 2. Comparative Zymography of Allergic Contact Dermatitic vs. Normal Fibroblasts. Patients: P1-P6; Normal
Individuals: N1 and N2.
10.5 with 0.1M NaOH).15 After 15 min incubation in dark
O.D. of the plates were read at 570nm on a ELISA plate
reader. Cell density was calculated according to a previously determined standard curve.
Collection of Samples for Assessment of
Gelatinase: Equal number of synchronized normal skin
and ACD fibroblasts were separately placed in 96-well
microplates, in a pentaplicate fashion. Every day a set
of wells (4-8 well) was chosen from each plate for
gelatinase-A (MMP-2) activity assay and the collected
medium was centrifuged at 8000g, for clarification.
Zymoanalysis: This technique has been used
for the detection of gelatinase (collagenase type
IV or matrix metalloproteinase type 2, MMP-2) and
MMP-9, in conditioned-media according to
Heussen and Dowdle method 16 with some modifications. Briefly, aliquots of conditioned media were
subjected to electrophoresis in (2mg/mL) gelatin
containing polyacrylamide gels, in the presence of
sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under non-reducing conditions. The gels underwent electrophoresis for 3
hours at a constant voltage of 80 volts. After electrophoresis, the gels were washed and gently
shaken in three consecutive washings in 2.5% Triton X100 solution to remove SDS. The gel slabs
were then incubated at 37 oC overnight in 0.1 M
Tris HCl gelatinase activation buffer (pH 7.4) containing 10mM CaCl 2 and subsequently stained with
0.5% Coomassie Blue. After intensive destaining,
proteolysis areas appeared as clear bands against a
blue background. Using a UVI Pro gel documentation
system (GDS-8000 System), quantitative evaluation of
both surface and intensity of lysis bands, on the basis
of grey levels, were compared relative to non-treated
control wells and expressed as “Relative Expression”
of gelatinolytic activity.
Statistical Analyses: The differences in cell prolif-
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Allergic contact dermatitis and matrix metaloproteinases
200
N o r m a l F ib r o b la s t s
A C D F ib r o b la s t s
180
160
120
Per Cell
Relative Activity
140
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
D a y s P o s t E x p l a n t a t io n
Figure 3. Comparative Zymography of Allergic Contact Dermatitic vs. Normal Fibroblasts.
eration and gelatinase activity were compared using
the Student’s t test. P values <0.05 were considered
significant.
RESULTS
We established six different specimens of fibroblasts
from dermatitis wounds and two normal dermal fibroblasts as controls. As depicted in Figure 1, the difference in proliferation capacity between mean ACD fibroblast strains vs. mean normal cells, particularly in
days 6 to 8 post explantation was 492.5±6.6 vs.
361.75±8.25 respectively. Likewise, the results of proliferation assay revealed a significantly (p<0.05) higher
MTT for ACD fibroblasts than those derived from normal skin.
As shown in Figure 2 cultured allergic contact
dermatitic fibroblasts (P.1 to P.6), subjected to gelatinA zymography, exhibits significantly higher MMP-2
activities, as compared to normal cells (N.1 and N.2,
respectively ).
The results of zymoanalyses indicated significant
differences (p<0.05) between ACD cells and normal fibroblasts both in time-course and MMP-2 activity per
cell fashions, which was 163.7±16.21 for ACD fibroblasts vs. 130±9.09 for normal cells respectively (Figure 3).
the cellular surface by a membrane type-1 MMP (MT1MMP) and a tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2) which
is also responsible for striking a balance between the
proteolytic enzymes and TIMP-2. 17,19
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) may be involved
in one or more steps of ACD sensitization. It is probable that MMPs are required for detaching the resident
Langerhans cells in the suprabasal portion of the epidermis, from adjacent keratinocytes through the basement membrane at the dermo-epidermal junction. 20,21
In the present study, we showed that ACD fibroblasts exhibit overproliferative capacity with simultaneous overexpression of MMP-2 activity. Concerning
the results of relative activity of MMP per cell analysis, MMP-2 expression in ACD fibroblasts is independent of cell number. These observed alterations in ACD
fibroblasts, vs. normal cells, are indicative of altered
fibroblast functionality in the process of allergic contact dermatitis. A correlation of IL-10 expression with
MMP-2 has been shown in a mouse model suggesting
a role for Th1/Th2 switching in the pathogenesis of
ACD. 22 Altogether, we can conclude that MMP-2 could
play a major role in the mechanisms inducing alterations
of the epidermal architecture, however, more studies
are required to elucidate intra-or inter-cellular control
signaling alteration involved in exhibition of ACD fibroblasts hyper-responsiveness to mitogenic or
fibrogenic stimulants.
DISCUSSION
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