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Trends in goat research, a review
A. Argüello
a
a
Depart ment of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Spain
Available online: 23 Nov 2011
To cite this article: A. Argüello (2011): Trends in goat research, a review, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 39: 4,
429-434
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Journal of Applied Animal Research,
Vol. 39, No. 4, December 2011, 429434
Trends in goat research, a review
A. Argüello*
Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
(Received 1 September 2011; final version received 31 October 2011)
Downloaded by [Mr Anastasio Argüello] at 03:57 09 April 2012
The present review covers the main topics related to goats for the last two years. The main topics were pathology,
reproduction, milk and cheese production and quality, production systems, nutrition, hair production, drugs
knowledge and meat production. Especially energy use by goats in different conditions and the role of somatic
cell count in intramammary infections and milk and cheese quality are discussed. Goat research needs progress
rapidly to reach the level of knowledge of other species like cattle or sheep, especially in milk and meat
production.
Keywords: goat; research; milk; meat; hair
1. Introduction
The number of goats is increasing worldwide and they
are becoming increasingly important around the
world for a variety of reasons. Basically, there are
two major production systems, although hundreds of
different variations exist. Meat production is the most
extended system and usually is in combination with
land management (pastoralism) in developing countries. On the other hand, milk (cheese) production
occurs in developed countries and usually is dependent on feedstuff. The aim of this article is to review
the recent interests of researchers in this field
throughout the world.
2. Pathology
Goats, especially dairy goats, are animals under
stress. Thus diseases and syndromes related to stress
have been discussed in the literature. Corbera et al.
(2009) reported a case of transient tracheal collapse
associated with bronchopneumonia in a three-weekold goat, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. The
same research group (Vilar et al. 2010) observed a
case of dystocia and mummification of a co-twin
foetus in a nine-year-old pregnant Spanish ibex
(Capra pyrenaica hispanica) that was a direct result
of capture procedures. In reference to infectious
diseases, Tripathi and Stevenson (2010) focused on
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
These authors studied the genetic relationship between cow and goat strains in India related to
European strains.
*Email: aarguello@dpat.ulpgc.es
ISSN 0971-2119 print/ISSN 0974-1844 online
# 2011 Taylor & Francis
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2011.637362
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Nowadays, the relationship between nutrition and
pathology plays a central role in the goat research
trends. Celaya et al. (2010) observed how the inclusion of heather (Calluna vulgaris, Erica spp.) and/or
oats (Avena sativa) affects the parasite resistance and
performance in goats. These authors conclude that
the combination of both supplements contributes to
reduced gastrointestinal nematode parasitism and
increases goat performance.
3. Reproduction
Control of the goat reproductive cycle is an important
research field nowadays. The use of hormones will be
not allowed in the future in Europe and new drugs are
being tested. Dutt et al. (2010) tried to use a
combination of Murraya koenigii and Aegle marmelos
on resumption of fertility in anoestrous goats, with
promising results. In the same field, Valencia et al.
(2010) investigated the effect of male exposure on
luteolytic activity, concluding that during the reproductive season, the introduction of the buck to a
group of cyclic goats does not exert a luteolytic effect
and consequently does not anticipate the next oestrus.
Zarazaga et al. (2010) observed the melatonin concentrations in the two jugular veins and the relationship with the seasonal reproductive activity in goats.
The authors concluded that melatonin is highly
variable between jugular veins in the same individual
and absolute and relative amplitudes of melatonin
concentrations are not linked to the seasonal breeding
activity in Mediterranean goats.
430
A. Argüello
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In trying to understand how goat reproduction is
controlled, genomics plays an important role. Thus,
Wang et al. (2010) cloned the cDNA encoding the
hnRNP K gene in goats. The hnRNP K gene
expressions were detected in the uterus, ovary,
mammary gland, kidney and muscle, but not in the
heart, pituitary and thalamencephalon. This indicates
that the hnRNP K gene was mainly expressed in the
urogenital system and may influence the reproductive
ability of goats.
4. Milk and cheese production and quality
Milk production is a subject of special interest in
developing countries; breeds from abroad are being
imported and the milk production is studied in
tropical and subtropical conditions. Thus, Gaddour
et al. (2009) use the gamma function to fit the
lactation curve of local goat pure breeds and crosses
under southern Tunisian conditions. Similar research
has been carried out in well-known breeds like
Murciano-Granadina (Menendez-Buxadera et al.
2010). New strategies are being developed to increase
milk production without the use of hormones. Veliz
et al. (2009) used photoperiod manipulation and
observed that increased post-partum photoperiod
during winter months in northern Mexico substantially increased milk production in Saanen goats,
which might constitute a management strategy for
dairy goat producers to increase milk yield in Mexico.
Mastitis is always a hot topic due to the milk yield
reduction produced by intramammary infections
(IMI). Goat research in this area is especially
important due to different somatic cell count (SCC)
biological behaviour in this specie. Koop et al.
(2010b) investigated the relationship between IMI
and milk yield, observing that milk yield losses caused
by sub-clinical udder infections are limited in goats,
and that SCC cannot be used to estimate the
magnitude of these losses. McDougall et al. (2010)
observed similar non-definitive results by the use of
California mastitis test (CMT) in goats and the
relationship between SCC and mastitis. Working in
the same field, Koop et al. (2010a) investigated the
relationship between standard plate count, coliform
count, Staphylococcus aureus presence, SCC and total
bacteria count (BactoScan) in bulk tank milk. The
staphylococcal count was correlated to SCC
(r 0.40), total bacteria count (r0.51) and standard
plate count (r0.53). Barth et al. (2010) investigated
the evolution of SCC, lactoferrin and NAGase in the
milk of infected and non-infected udders of dairy
goats, observing that experimental results supported
the approach to monitor mastitis in goats by means
of Lf or NAGase instead of SCC. Looking for new
biomarkers for mastitis in goats, Tangorra et al.
(2010) tried to use milk electrical conductivity to
evidence the mastitis status in dairy goats, observing
that the average of the 20 highest electrical conductivity half udder values recorded within milking in
early lactation and the highest half udder 20 value
within goat and milking in mid-lactation could be
potentially used in monitoring udder health of dairy
goats.
With milk synthesis still being a hot topic in goat
milk production, huge differences have been found
between cow (where the knowledge is greater) and
goats. Ben Chedly et al. (2010) studied how the
disruption of cell junctions induces apoptosis and
reduces synthetic activity in the lactating goat mammary gland, concluding that these experiments suggest that disruption of mammary epithelium integrity
was associated with both reduced synthetic activity
and apoptosis induction in the mammary gland at the
transcriptional level. Cebo et al. (2010) investigated
the major proteins of the goat milk fat globule
membrane, observing huge differences with cow
milk and in their opinion their observations strongly
support the existence of a singular secretion mode
previously hypothesised in the goat.
The goat cheese sector is developing and the fatfree philosophy in the current society is influencing
the goat sector. Sánchez-Mácı́as et al. (2010b) investigated the physicochemical properties of full-fat,
reduced-fat and low-fat artisan-style goat cheese.
These authors concluded that as fat was reduced in
milk, cheese yield decreased and protein and moisture
percentages increased in cheese. Ripened (for 28 days)
low-fat cheese displays higher fracturability, hardness, cohesiveness and masticability values than full
fat cheese, and was also less elastic and yellow than
full fat cheeses. Using the sensorial approach will
improve the knowledge of these kinds of cheeses. The
influence of SCC on goat cheese quality is a hot topic.
Much is known about ewe and cow cheese, but not
much information is available on goats. Thus, Chen
et al. (2010) observed how SCC affects the yield,
sensory quality and fatty acid profile of semi-soft
cheese, concluding that SCC in goat milk did not
affect the yield of semi-soft cheese but did result in
inferior sensory quality of aged cheeses. New devices
for SCC measure like DCC from DeLaval have been
presented and tested by Sánchez-Macı́as et al.
(2010a), observing the effects of storage temperatures
on the SCC in goat milk. Big efforts have been made
by scientists to describe, in depth, the local products.
Serhan et al. (2010) describe the changes during
ripening in a Lebanese cheese to protect the product
through knowledge.
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Journal of Applied Animal Research
New tools, such as genomics and proteomics, are
being used in goat milk production. Zidi et al. (2010)
studied the relationship between the stearoyl-CoA
desaturase 1 gene and milk fatty acid composition in
Murciano-Granadina goats, observing an association
between the two, which might be explained by the
global effects that stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 exerts
on mammary gland lipid metabolism through the
down-modulation of key transcription factors. Safayi
et al. (2010a) studied, using genomic tools, the
mammary remodelling in primiparous and multiparous dairy goats during lactation. These authors
observed differences in genes between primiparous
and multiparous goats, but it was not possible to
identify any specific genomic factor(s) that could
account for the differences between primiparous and
multiparous goats with respect to mammary development and mammary epithelial cells. The same
research group investigated the effect of continuous
lactation on mammary remodelling during the late
gestation and lactation, reporting that the continuously lactating gland resembled a normally lactating
gland in an advanced stage of lactation (Safayi et al.
2010b). The relationship (genetic and environmental)
between milk yield and kidding interval was investigated by Montaldo et al. (2010), who summarised
that the presence of unfavourable genetic relationships between milk yield and kidding interval indicates a need to include reproductive performance as a
selection criterion in dairy goats.
Milking frequency repercussions on mammary
gland biology have been studied by Bequette and
Douglass (2010). These authors studied how the
frequency of unilateral milking altered leucine metabolism and amino acid removal by the mammary
gland in lactating goats, concluding that the manipulation of milk protein output by altering milking
frequency was associated with long-term, local
(gland-specific) regulation of mammary blood flow.
The measurement of the composition of goat milk
composition is currently under study because scientists are looking for newer, easier and cheaper
methods to measure this. In this vein, Rukke et al.
(2010) compared different calibration methods for
determination of protein using ultraviolet spectroscopy.
5. Production systems
The study of production systems has been a hot topic
during the last 50 years, but nowadays the study of
production systems in developing countries has
captured the interest of researchers worldwide.
A good example of this situation is the Najari and
431
Gaddour study (2010), where the goat productivity
was evaluated in two different production systems:
pastoral and oases systems.
Morphometry is still a useful tool for animal
science. Yakubu et al. (2010) use multivariate analysis
to observe distribution differences in three agroecological zones in Nigeria. The authors observed
relatively low morphometric distances as well as
intermingling between the three goat populations,
indicating that they are homogenous and share
similar genetic identities. These findings could aid to
understand which are the necessities relative to their
conservation and formulation of appropriate breeding and selection strategies. To describe new breeds in
developed countries is an important topic due to the
pressure of selected breeds on local breeds being
really high. Martini et al. (2010) carried out a
complete zootechnical study of Garfagnina goats in
Italy whose milk could be potentially used for human
with special requirements.
The Animal Science group from Universidad
Autónoma de Barcelona is still working on electronic
identification. Carné et al. (2010) compare different
systems (electronic leg tags, rumen boluses and
electronic ear tags) in dairy goats, observing that
electronic leg tags were not adequate for the identification of goat kids under six months of age. The same
group in combination with Animal Science group of
Universidad de Las Palmas studied the possibility of
using mini-boluses for early identification of goat kids
with promising results (Castro et al. 2010).
6. Nutrition
Big efforts have been developed to understand the
rumen physiology and environment. Thus, Wang
et al. (2009) investigated the crude protein and starch
degradation in goat rumen in different feedstuffs.
Modern nutrition is the basis for improving goat
production in developing countries using their own
feedstuff or feed resources and is usually poorly
studied by developing countries. Lopez et al. (2010)
study the relationship between the physical forms of
alfalfa on methane production in Murciano-Granadina goats, observing differences between long or
chopped alfalfa and differences in the combination
with corn or barley. This is one of the major nutrition
research topics for the future.
Energy expenditure has been an important topic
for the last few years. The E Kika de la Garza group
(Beker et al. 2009) have greatly improved the study of
the energy expenditure of goats in pasture by studying
how it is influenced by stocking rate (SR), breed and
stage of production. The same research group (Beker
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432
A. Argüello
et al. 2010) completed the energy studies by observing
the activity energy cost for different types of goats as
well as a breed of sheep. More research is necessary to
understand how goats in different environments and
production systems use the energy. Tovar-Luna et al.
(2010a) study the effects of stage of lactation and
dietary concentrate level on energy utilisation by
Alpine dairy goats, concluding that despite differences in nutrient requirement expressions, observations of this study supported National Research
Council recommendations of the energy requirements
of lactating dairy goats. Tovar-Luna et al. (2010b)
studied the combined effects of stage of lactation and
level of feed intake on energy utilisation by Alpine
dairy goats, concluding that the level of feed intake
can have substantial effect on estimates of energy
utilisation by lactating dairy goats.
Nutrition in the last few years has been focused on
the search for new vegetal species to feed goats.
Alamer (2009) reports the use of Foeniculum vulgare
Mill in dairy goats, using Rhodes grass diets as a
control, with no differences between diets for milk
yield, milk production efficiency, milk composition
and feed intake. Other authors (Kamalak et al. 2010)
investigated the use of young, old and senescent
leaves of Arbutus andrachne, concluding that the A.
andrachne tree could be considered moderate quality
forage for sheep and goats. However, senescent leaves
are only low-quality forage. In the same way, Ben
Salem et al. (2010) discussed the use of Atriplex
nummularia to feed goat and sheep.
New strategies of goat nutrition have been
implemented. Molina-Alcaide et al. (2010) studied
the effects of partial replacement of concentrate with
feed blocks on nutrient utilisation, microbial N flow,
and milk yield and composition in goats, observing
good results when feed blocks were used but reduced
milk yield. The philosophy ‘from farm to fork’ can be
applied to the goat sector nowadays. Pereira et al.
(2010) tried to modify milk quality by adding castor
or licuri oil to the goats’ diet. Observing the sensory
analysis results, a low acceptability was observed for
milk from goats supplemented with castor oil, but
licuri oil supplementation led to higher acceptability
scores for flavour and odour of goat milk.
Betaine has played an important role in goat milk
production in the last few years. Trying to understand
the role of oral betaine in goat milk production,
Fernandez et al. (2009) used two groups of 30 goats to
determine the effects of added betaine, but no
significant differences between groups were observed
for milk yield, chemical composition and somatic
cells count in milk. Betaine-supplemented diets increased relatively the proportions of short chain fatty
acids.
The relationship between nutrition and physiology has also played an important role in the last few
years. Thus, Schonhusen et al. (2010) studied the
morphology, the proliferation and ribonucleic acid
and fractional protein syntheses in the small intestinal
mucosa of young goats fed on soy protein-based diets
with or without amino acid supplementation, concluding that soy protein feeding resulted in changes in
intestinal growth associated with effects on intestinal
RNA and protein synthesis, but that were not
ameliorated by amino acid supplementation.
7. Hair production
Although hair (cashmere) production is a minor
production in the goat sector, in some regions it is
of great importance. The Lan et al. (2009) study
provided evidence that supports the influence of the
insulin growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3)
gene on cashmere yield, which might be at least
partially dependent on age and circulating levels of
prolactin in Inner Mongolia White cashmere goats.
8. Drugs knowledge
Nowadays, new knowledge in drugs is coming in goat
science. Verma et al. (2009) reported the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol using intravenous and intramuscular administration. Antibiotic presence in milk
is becoming an important research topic because
antibiotic resistance in humans is increasing. Comunian et al. (2010) investigated the use of Delvotest
Accelerator in goat and ewe milk. The main results
consisted of very low percentages of false positive and
no interactions with the lactation phase were observed. Goat milk displayed a higher detection ability
than ewe milk. The pharmokinetics of Difloxacin
were studied by Marin et al. (2010), especially the
milk excretion, observing that a 15 mg/kg dose of
difloxacin would appear to be effective against S.
aureus isolated from mastitic goats’ milk with minimum inhibitory concentrations 50.25 mg/L.
9. Meat production
In developing countries goat meat production is very
important and scientists are currently trying to adjust
the predictive method to their local breeds. Najari
et al. (2010) studied the best adjustment for goat kid
growth for local breeds in Tunisia. Crossbreeding is
an important tool to adapt meat production in
different environments. Khalil et al. (2010) studied
the growth, carcass and meat composition traits in
crossing animals from Saudi Arabia with Damascus
Journal of Applied Animal Research
goats. The main results were that heterosis estimates
obtained in this experiment are of considerable
importance, particularly for growth and carcass
components, while those estimates related to meat
quality traits were of little importance.
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