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2011, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
It has long been recognized that behavior evolves as do other traits and that it may have great impact on evolution. It tends to be conservative when survival and fast responding are at stake, and because of that, similar patterns can be found across populations or species, typical in their form and intensity, and often also typical in context and consequence. Such fixed stereotypic patterns that evolved to communicate are known as displays, and their phylogenies can virtually be traced. In this chapter, we contrast and discuss two coexisting trends in the study of the meaning and origins of human facial expression: one, with a tradition of exploring cross-cultural commonalities in the recognition of facial expression, that may indicate species-specific displays of emotion (prototypical facial expressions) and another that builds upon the growing evidence that such expressive prototypes are outnumbered by a diversity of facial compositions that, even in emotional situations, vary in relation to culture, context, group, maturation, and individual factors. We present behavioral studies that look at links between basic emotion and facial actions in both human and non-human primates and discuss the role of multiple factors in facial action production and interpretation.
It has long been recognized that behavior evolves as do other traits and that it may have great impact on evolution. It tends to be conservative when survival and fast responding are at stake, and because of that, similar patterns can be found across populations or species, typical in their form and intensity, and often also typical in context and consequence. Such fixed stereotypic patterns that evolved to communicate are known as displays, and their phylogenies can virtually be traced. In this chapter, we contrast and discuss two coexisting trends in the study of the meaning and origins of human facial expression: one, with a tradition of exploring cross-cultural commonalities in the recognition of facial expression, that may indicate species-specific displays of emotion (prototypical facial expressions) and another that builds upon the growing evidence that such expressive prototypes are outnumbered by a diversity of facial compositions that, even in emotional situations, vary in relation to culture, context, group, maturation, and individual factors. We present behavioral studies that look at links between basic emotion and facial actions in both human and non-human primates and discuss the role of multiple factors in facial action production and interpretation.
2006 •
1991 •
Abstract Our goal is to produce a high level programing language or tool for 3D animation of facial expressions, especially, those conveying information correlated with the intonation of the voice: this includes the differences of timing, pitch, and emphasis that are related to such semantic distinctions of discourse as “given” and “new” information, some of which are also correlated with affect or emotion. Up till now, systems have not embodies such rulegoverned translation from speech and utterance meaning to facial expressions.
Participants Spontaneous smiles from two independent studies, a laboratory film-clip-viewing context designed to elicit positive emotion (laboratory-elicited or “solitary” N= 49; Miller, Fox, Cohn, Forbes, Sherrill, and Kovacs, 2002) and a face-to-face interview context (“social” N= 15; Frank & Ekman, 1997), were analyzed. Original videotaping and study procedures involving human participants were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Pittsburgh and the University of California, San Francisco.
2005 •
Both the configuration of facial features and the timing of facial actions are important to emotion and communication (Ekman, 1992; Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993). The chapters here (Cohn, Zlochower, Lien, & Kanade, ch. 17; Schmidt, Cohn, & Tian, ch. 16) represent the work of my interdisciplinary group of behavioral and computer scientists to develop and apply a computer-vision-based approach, the CMU/Pitt Automated Facial Image Analysis (AFA) System, to these aspects of facial expression.
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