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Keith Fitzpatrick-MatthewsRelated papers
The Instability of Place-Names in Anglo-Saxon England and Early Medieval Wales, and the Loss of Roman Toponymy
makes its contributions in three main areas, pragmatic, theoretical and historical: * Pragmatic: this is an ‘open source’ paper. Its findings arise from several datasets which are published online, primarily at http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/42650, as an integral part of this paper. Readers are invited not only to use these datasets to check Alaric's claims, but to develop them for their own purposes. * Theoretical: we often work on the implicit assumption that place-name survival is random, and therefore unbiased evidence for the time at which the names were coined. This may not be the case, however. In using a number of different, relatively large datasets to sketch how stable place-names were in early medieval England and Wales and in what circumstances, this paper begins to address fundamental sociolinguistic questions about how place-names were coined, accepted, and maintained. * Historical: as a case-study for the historical implications of its theoretical explorations, the paper analyses the early medieval language-shift in eastern Britain from Celtic and Latin to English. A key approach here is to compare English evidence with a region which to a large extent experienced linguistic continuity throughout the first millennium, Wales. Early medieval Wales suggests the degree to which place-names might be unstable despite substantial linguistic continuity. We have little more hard evidence for continuity of names from the Roman period in Wales than in England, and England arguably shows no greater loss of Roman place-names than we should expect in any region of post-Roman Britain.
Ancient Anglo-Saxon Place Names in Continental Europe.
By July 2023, I have interpreted 1,397 place names across continental Europe using Old English. Such a quantity itself surprises me to no small extent, but no one else has shown the same surprise yet. Obviously, no one believes in such a possibility, believing that my etymologies are chosen to prove my fiction about the Anglo-Saxon migrations throughout Europe. If someone thinks so, then he overestimates my imagination too much, but I would put it to better use. In principle, I understand that all sorts of unusual ideas are first of all objectionable, but it is surprising that no one has tried to independently decipher toponyms that are well known to him and do not have convincing etymologies. But the accumulation of Old English toponyms in one place could encourage others to search in the nearest area. For example, I gave my interpretations of two place names in Portugal but did not give an explanation for the name of Lisbon for several years. During this time, anyone could try to do this by looking in the dictionary of the Old English language to see how beautiful the name of this city is, but no one came up with such an idea, not even the one who deals with this issue. All this makes one think about how imperfect human is.
Names and Geography, The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming
and Keywords Place-names and geography are closely connected. It is impossible to understand either discipline without some knowledge of the other. Place-names should be seen as the spoken expression of humans' view of the surrounding landscape, thus acting within both physical and human geography, in as much as place-names describe aspects both of the natural world and of human created space. One of the challenges in using place-names in connection with geography is to establish when a name was established and the significance of the naming focus. In addition, later onomastic developments may create a mismatch between current denotation and the original place-name meaning. Since place-names may tell us about geography at the time of naming, they are excellent in teasing out information about past geographical realities. In recent years, Geographical Information Systems and geospatial databases have come to play a greater role in both onomastic research and geography.
Review of: Personal names in the western Roman world, T. Meissner ed., Berlin 2012
Keltische Forschungen, 2014
THE IMPACT OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST ON NAMING IN ENGLAND, published in Monique Bourin et Pascual Martinez Sopena, eds, Anthroponymie et migrations dans la chrétienté médiévale (Casa de Velàzquez, Madrid 2011), 213-28
England offers one of the richest sources of information for study of trends in names and naming. First, and most relevant to the themes of this book, it was the subject of three waves of migration in the medieval period which affected both language and naming. Secondly, an unusually rich survival of documentation from the late eleventh-century onward allows us to trace this process in some detail. The Anglo-Saxon immigrants of the fifth and sixth century so well established themselves that their language completely replaced the British language previously spoken, confining it to the western extremities of Wales, Cornwall in southwest England and Galloway in southwest Scotland. English place-names preserve the evidence of this language change: very few British elements survive (exceptions include the names of the River Thames and the port of Dover). Detailed studies of place-names, still in progress, have yielded some insights into the process of the early Germanic invasions, for example, indicating some of the preoccupations of the settlers with topographical features such as water, and even preserve some of their personal names; for example, Brightwell «bright spring», and Mackney, «Macca's island» in Berkshire 1. The invasion of Danish Vikings in the eighth century affected place-names in the Midlands and the east in the area known as the Danelaw, and introduced Scan-dinavian names into the English personal name pool (reinforced by the Danish conquest of 1016). The Norman Conquest of 1066, by an army predominantly of Normans, but also including Bretons and Picards, introduced a completely new set of personal names which eventually almost completely replaced native English names. It did so at a time when naming systems elsewhere in Europe were moving towards a two-name system. What this essay primarily aims to do is to document the changes after 1066 by means of a corpus of name records collected in my Continental Origins of English Landholders (1066-1166) [COEL] Database, supplemented by analysis of some contrasting texts, both contemporary and later.
Locative and toponymic bynames in 13th-and 14th-century West Yorkshire
Proceedings of the Known World Heraldic Symposium, 2008
Variations in Middle English local surnames
Although there are many local surnames in Middle English that originate from places still on map and can easily be identified, many of the surnames indicate nothing more than the place of origin. The article will focus on the factors behind the distortion and variation of Middle English 1 local surnames, and surmises that they vary from place to place because of the way they are spelt, because of the phonetic change and, most importantly, because of the dialectal variation. Variations in local surnames also take place because of the distance a name travels from its origin, of addition of different suffixes, and of different peculiarities. Focusing on four Middle English local surnames with their variants, the article will talk about the etymology of the names, their variations, and the reasons behind their variations. In the case of Oakes, Noakes, and Roake, variations arise from grammatical misinterpretations or the knowledge of the function of prepositional elements. Initial Fin the South was pronounced V which we find in Venn and Fenn. Aston and Easton have the same etymology but they differ from each other on regional and phonological perspectives. Last but not least, Staniforth is a variant of Stanford where the variation arises because of the dialectal variations of suffix –ford and –forth. Introduction A local surname is a convenient term for all surnames derived from a particular locality or place, but these are of more than one type. There are many local surnames which derive from places still on the map and are easily recognisable but many of the surnames show or indicate nothing more than the place of origin. Besides the huge number of names derived from estates, towns and villages, there are many names from landscape features, such as Hill, Wood, and Field or from specific buildings or parts of buildings. The original words of many of the surnames are quite obsolete or they survive only in local dialect. Local surnames are one of the four types of surnames. They refer to place of origin and ownerships of lands. There are lots of variations in surnames and these variations take place because of different factors. In my paper, I will talk about the distortion and variation of ME local surnames due to different reasons — the distance they travel from their birthplace , imitative tendency, and interesting and confusing endings — and shed light on different cases of suffix change. I will focus on four ME local surnames with their variants such as Aston and Easton; Oakes, Noakes, and Roake; Stanford and Staniforth; and Venn and Fenn. I will talk about the etymology of these names, their variations, and reasons behind their variations. Last but not least, I will show the distribution of the names in different counties in the UK based on the data from 1881, 1911, and 2004 2 .
Interdisciplinary Approach to British Place-names Studies
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014
THE PLACE - NAMES
OF ROMAN BRI TAI N
Keith Matthews
Lonsdale College
University of Lancaster
Contents
i
Contents
i i Abbreviations
Conventions
1
1: The Nature
5
2-
Sources
7
3*
Identifications
8
12
13
^k
15
18
19
20
21
23
26
27
o f the
i General
i i I t e r I 'a l i m i t e , i d e s t a u a l l o ,
praetorio'
i i iI t e r I I 'a u a l l o a d p o r t u m
ritupis'
i v I t e r V 'a l o n d i n i o l u g u u a l i o '
V I t e r V I 'a l o n d i n i o l i n d o '
v i I t e r V I I 'a r e g n o l u n d i n i o ^
v i i I t e r X 'a c i a n o u e n t a m e d i o l a n o '
v i i i I t e r X I 'a s e g o n t i o d e u a m '
i x I t e r X I I 'a m u r i d u n o u i r o c o n i o r u m '
X I t e r X I I I 'ab i s c a c a l l e u a '
x i Iter XIV 'alio itinere isca calleua'
x i i I t e r XV 'a c a l l e u a i s c a d u m n o n i o r u m '
x i i i 'per lineam u a l l i '
xiv The Scottish Lowlands
XV 'ciuitates
recto t r a m i t e una a l t e r i connexae'
x v iThe Scottish Highlands
32
k:
Tribal,
37
5'
River and Stream
4-1
4-2
45
kh^6
Table
Table
6 :
Civitas
and Regional
51
8 : Conclusions:
What
60
Mountains
i Islands
i i Coastal Features
i i i Mountains
and
59
names
Islands, Coastal Features and
7 • Some P u z z l e s
56
57
58
names
1^ L i r e c t l j - a t t e s t e d R i v e r n a m e s
2* I n d i r e c t l y - a t t e s t e d R i v e r names
47
53
54
55
Problem
Problems
Does i ta l l Mean?
i Linguistic observations
i i Semantic observations
T a b l e 3* I^atin names and names i n c o r p o r a t i n g L a t i n
elements
T a b l e k' N a m e s i n * d u r o - a n d * d u n o n
i i i Survival
T a b l e 5*- P e r s o n a l a n d d i v i n e n a m e s a n d * n e m e t o n e l e m e n t s
Table 6: Survivals
i v Conclusions
Bibliography
Maps
i i
Abbreviations
AI
Antonine
AS
Amiens
ASC
Anglo-Saxon
B e d e , HE
'
Itinerary
Skillet
Chronicle
Bede, H i s t o r i a E c c l e s i a s t i c a
BSAI
(See bibliography,
BSRC
(See bibliography)
CIL
Corpus
CPNS
Watson,
Inscriptionarum
V/.
p. 5 9 )
below
Latinarum
The History o f t h e C e l t i c Place-names
o f
Scotland.
dSB
de S i t u
HB
Histotria
HW
(See bibliography)
JRS
Journal
LHEB
(See bibliography)
ND
Notitia
PG
Ptolemy's
Pliny,
NH
Britanniae
B.rittonum
o f Roman
Studies
Dignitatum
Geography
Pliny's Natural
History
PNRB
(See bibliography)
PT
Peutinger
RB4-
(See bibliography)
RC
Ravenna
RIB
(See bibliography)
RuC
Rudge
Tacitus,
Agr
Table
Cosmography
Cup
Tacitus,
Agricola
Conventions
Capitals
(MAVCIO);
and
denote
minuscules
minuscules
(*Londonion).
Greek
R o m a n o - B r i t i s h names
words
denote
a r e used
9C
6
|B)
f o rriver
are.transcribed
Library, v i z . :
The
forms
according
n
b
z
k
X
g
e
1
o o
1
t
f
m
TT P
V
u
(U^ o
d
9
\
th
f o l l o w i n g symbols
0
Colonia
Civitas
are used
capital
Walled town
O
^
f ^
^ c h
^."^ s
forms
capitals
or B r i t i s h
t o t h e system
i
e
Mixed
hypothetical forms
e
a
or L a t i n
( o u x e l l a ) .
names ( B o d o t r i a )
An a s t e r i s k * denotes
British
7
s
Greek
(NOVIOMAGVS)
forms
(*LONACVM).
adopted
by the
Rough b r e a t h i n g
=
h
ps
o n t h e maps
Oth«r m a j o r
settlement
Minor
settlement
Unidentified
settlement
H
a
J-.egionary
fortress
Vexillation
fortress
Fort
•
Unidentified
fort
1: The Nature
"In fixing
the sites
o f t h e Problem
o f t h e towns
specified i n these
our a n t i q u a r i e s have assumed a most u n j u s t i f i a b l e
mere* r e s e m b l a n c e
to outweigh
o f a name was c o n s i d e r e d
latitude.
as a reason
The
sufficient
a l lothers."
J A G i l e s , Commentary on t h e I t i n e r a r y
The
Itineraries,
of Richard
of Cirencester
names o f Roman B r i t a i n have l o n g been n e g l e c t e d b o t h
place
by
historians and archaeologists, although t h e antiquaries o f t h e eightennth
nineteenth centuries took great delights i n trying
and
w i e r d and w o n d e r f u l names found i n C l a s s i c a l sources.
little
w a s kno'vm. a b o u t
wherever
onset
t h e Roman p a s t ,
i t was easy
t o locate the
Since comparitively
t o l o c a t e naunes
the individual antiquary's imagination took him, but with the
o f more s c i e n t i f i c
archaeological techjiiques,
i t became
clear
t h a t n o t e v e r y e a r t h w o r k e n c l o s u r e was a Roman s t a t i o n a n d t h e r e f o r e
a
candidate
to
f o ri d e n t i f i c a t i o n s ,
t h e problem
was
and t h a t a much more r i g o r o u s approach
necessary.
As knowledge o f t h e Roman r o a d
system
increased,
became t h e b a s i s f o rm o s t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s
Geography o f Ptolemy
names,
one
remained
British
o f town names, w h i l e t h e
the principal
have thought i t n a t u r a l
source
of tribal
and
river
t h a t a s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f Romano-
place-names vjould f o l l o w o
P r o f e s s o r Jackson
By and l a r g e , t h i s
t w e l f t h c e n t u r i e s AD
(LHEB) ; A H A
of s u r v i v a l o f t h e names i n Lowland
b e e n made o f i n d i v i d u a l
places
has n o t happened;
h a s s t u d i e d some o f t h e names a g a i n s t t h e
background o f t h e changes i n t h e B r i t t o n i c
study
Itinerary
so t h a t once t h e study o f m o d e m place-names was w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d
might
and
the Antonine
named i n t h e m ( e . g . BSRC, B S A I ,
o f Romano-British
between the f i r s t
Hogg has examined t h e q u e s t i o n
Britain
documents w i t h
languages
broader
(Hogg 19 6 4 ) ;
the intention
R i v e t 19 74 );
studies have
of identifying
h u t o n l y one
p l a c e - n a m e s i n g e n e r a l h a s b e e n made
pioneer
(Gelling
1 978).
Dr G e l l i n g bases h e r s h o r t .survey on t h e l i s t
introduction to the third
Britain,
h u t forms
the Antonine
e d i t i o n o f t h e Ordnance Survey
the majority
Itinerary
o f names g i v e n i n t h e
and upon Hogg ( 19 6 4 ) .
settlement
name:
BSAI has found a convincing
British
suffix,
Calleua.
2o
An adjective with a suffix,
3.
A river-name
4.
A compound name f o ra t o p o g r a p h i c a l f e a t u r e ,
with
e.g.
Coccio.
or without suffix,
P e r s o n a l n a m e s a r e r a r e ..."
The
from
She d i s t i n g u i s h e s f o u r types o f
'M . A B r i t i s h t o p o g r a p h i c a l t e r m w i t h a p l a c e - n a m e - f o r m i n g
e.g.
o f Roman
o f h e r c o n c l u s i o n s o n l y upon names
f o rwhich
etymology,
Map
(Gelling
e.g. R u t u n i o , Deua.
e.g. L e t o c e t o .
1978: 51)
predominance o f t o p o g r a p h i c names i s n o t e d
(ibid:
50),while the
order o f elements
Modem Welsh
i n compounds i s shown t o he t h e r e v e r s e o f t h a t o f
(although Modem Welsh
place-names a r e n o t s t r i c t l y
compounds
LHEB 2 2 5 ) . D r G e l l i n g ' s c o n c l u s i o n s a r e n o t new, h u t t h e f a c t t h a t
have heen s t a t e d as p a r t o f a study o f H o m a n o - B r i t i s h names i s a
in
theright direction,
an a n a l y s i s as complete
they
step
a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s s t i l l a l o n g way t o go h e f o r e
as t h a t o f t h e E n g l i s h Place-Name
Survey's
can he u n d e r t a k e n ,
NOTE
and
Since
t h e ahove was w r i t t e n a major
study hy Professor Rivet
C o l i n S m i t h , t h e P l a c e Names o f Roman B r i t a i n
which f o r t h e f i r s t time has given u s a complete
available
sources.
be g e n u i n e ,
o f which
T h i s work
lists
(PNRB), has
appeared,
synthesis of a l l the
4 5 3 names w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o
364 are identified with certainty or probability,
dealing w i t h each source
i nt u m .
However, t h e r e i s l i t t l e o r no
attempt a t analysis (although t h e index with i t s thorough etymological
t r e a t m e n t o f t h e names p r o v i d e s t h e r a w m a t e r i a l s f o r such
something
which w i l l
surely follow.
an analysis),
2:
Before
any
a n a l y s i s c a n "be m a d e o f R o m a n o - B r i t i s h ,
considerable
and
Sources
amount of source
sorted into a coherent
Since
nature, identifications
helps
w h e n we
sources
collected
o f names w i t h
to eliminate duplications
an
i n c i d e n t a l manner, i n the context o f the i n d i v i d u a l work, although
i n
c a s e o f ND
the
lists
The
c150
map
to
of the major
Ptolemaeus
been used to
sources
give
i s the Geography
(PG), an Alexandrian astronomer
3 presents
Book I I Chapter
of Britain;
geographical
an index
writing
of
i n Greek
t o f e a t u r e s named
a l t h o u g h h i s maps have been l o s t ,
of a modem atlas,
g i v e t h e l a t i t u d e and
feature.
He
T y r e , who
appears to have l i v e d
apparent
of
statea t h a t h i s main source
that the B r i t i s h
varying dates;
named
i t i s
on
possible
'towns'
are Homan f o r t s near
Roman occupation
PG
up
and
later
been cobbled
and
hill-forts
will
AD,
reflect
together from
q u a n t i t i e s and
sources
a l l the
centres
at eborakon),
so
the e a r l i e s t phase o f
wheras f o r B r i t a i n n o r t h of
i s normally accurate
i n transcribingBritish
genders are not always
the
the
during
names,
reliable
changes i n the sounds o f the Greek language have
(LHEB
opened
the t e x t t o an enormous number o f v a r i a n t s ; P r o f e s s o r R i v e t ' s
study
of
o f t h e B r i t i s h s e c t i o n ( R i v e t 1974)
the d i f f i c u l t i e s
The
surrounding
the
Itinerary
( A I ) ,has
best understood
t o c l e a r up
most
work.
a result
of a l l the geographical
c o l l e c t i o n o f j o u r n e y s made a t d i f f e r e n t
and
helped
recent
as
the
a l s o been the subject o f an i n t e n s i v e
s t u d y by P r o f e s s o r R i v e t ( B S A I ), as
the
has
itinerarium Prouinciarum Antonini Augusti, better-known
Antonine
of
i t i s quite
or ather native
fortress
named
Marinus
t h e names r e f l e c t t h e campaigns o f A g r i c o l a
although h i s vowel
35),
32),
(LHEB
of the Legionary
d u r i n g t h e 70s
Tyne-Solway line,
8 0 s AD,
o f i n f o r m a t i o n was
AD
s e c t i o n has
that the situation represented
the
c100
like
longitude of each
thus f o r the Brigantes of Northern England,
(with the sole exception
o f wh-ich i t i s
sources.
t i m e s by
undoubtedly
I t appears to
different
be
people,
t a k e s i t s name f r o m t h e E m p e r o r C a r a c a l l a ( M a r c u s A u r e l i u s A n t o n i n u s ) ,
whose j o u r n e y f r o m Rome t o t h e E a s t
i s probably
longest ofthe itinera i n the collection.
(iter
One
represented
by
of the B r i t i s h
the
itinera
I I i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l B r i t i s h n u m b e r i n g ) seems t o o f f e r
o p p o r t u n i t y f o r d a t i n g , f i r s t l y by
at
has
r e c o n s t r u c t t h e m t o some e x t e n t by means o f h i s i n d i c e s w h i c h ,
those
a
name places
order.
AD.
his
i t i s c l e a r t h a t s o m e k i n d o f map
earliest
Claudius
Other
sources
i n
the
the sources.
the
the greater part of our
known s i t e s i s o f t e n a q u i t e easy t a s k , and
come t o c o l l a t e
names,
m a t e r i a l a t o u r d i s p o s a l m u s t be
body.
a r e works, o f a g e o g r a p h i c a l
place
B i r r e n s ( D u m f r i e s ) , and
Penkridge:
however,
these
secondly
the mention
by
o f BLATOBVLGrvl'I,
the s p e l l i n g of
seem i r r e c o n c i l a b l e ,
an
located
PENNOCRVCIVl'I,
s i n c e B i r r e n s was
finally
abandoned as e a r l y as c180 AD, w h i l e t h e form PEMOCSVCIVM should
later
t h a n c 3 0 0 AD."^
Whatever t h e date
since, by giving distances
o f A I i t i s o f prime
between sites,
i t has enabled
f o u r o r so o f i t s 113 names t o be assigned
while
those which
areunlocated
be
importance
a l l b u t about
t oHomano-British
sites,
p r e c i s e l y can be g i v e n a n
approximate
position; moreover, i t i s t h e l e a s t corrupt o f o u r sources.
Hand i nhand w i t h t h e Antonine
an itinerary i npictorial
(PT),
assigns
i t t o thethird
I t i n e r a r y goes t h e Peutinger
form,
dated
a result,
w M c h had been l o s t before
WRlDYWfK
distorted, since
source
As
preserved,
parts o f AI.
I S C A DYMNONIORVM
The
(Exeter)
fragment.
i s t h eRavenna Cosmography
(RC),
study by S i r Ian Richmond, 0 G S
I f o r Williams (BSRC) which,
remained
copy was made.
b y a n a n o n y m o u s c l e r i c o f R a v e n n a c 7 0 0 AD ( P H R B ) ; t h i s h a s
been t h e subject o f a major
and
t h epresent
( s i d f o r d ) also appear on t h e s u r v i v i n g
latest geographical
compiled
since most o f t h e i s l a n d was
and centres duplicating t h e corresponding
map m u s t h a v e b e e n v i o l e n t l y
The
revision);
only t h e c o a s t - l i n e o f Kent and East Anglia has been
w i t h roads
and
t o c 3 6 5 AD ( L H S B 3 3 ; PNKB
century, w i t h an early fifth-century
however, i t i s o f l i t t l e use i nB r i t a i n ,
on a sheet
Table
although
somewhat dated,
t h emodel f o r a l l subsequent studies.
Despite
Crawford
has rightly
i t s late
date,
RC c o n t a i n s n o m a t e r i a l r e l a t i n g t o B r i t a i n o f p o s t - R o m a n d a t e , a n d
seems t o have been compiled
form a variety
presumably o f second century date
on t h eAntonine
which
since
Wall, while another
o f classical sources/is
i t includes a l i s t
source
seems t o be a F l a v i a n map
had previously been used by Ptolemy.
u s i n g RC i s t h a t i t i s u n s u r p a s s e d
scholarly efforts
The greatest problem i n
i ni t s textual
o f BSRC h a v e h e l p e d
corruptions, but the
t o s o l v e many p u z z l e s ,
more recent studies ( n o t a b l e j D i l l e m a n n 1979 and PKRB)
a number o f t h emore i n t r a c t a b l e names.
fact that i t preserves
a number o f areas
Of
t h enon-geographical
most u s e f u l .
of
major
AI thought
while
elucidated
o f RC l i e s
i n the
especiallyi n
ignored.
sources,
t h e date
t h eN o t i t i a Dignitatum
and accuracy
(ND)i s t h e
o f t h e document a r e areas
controversy, i t i s clear that i t consists o f a s e to f l i s t s
locating a l l t h emajor
civil
and m i l i t a r y appointments
o r i g i n a l l y drawn up i n t h el a t e r f o u r t h
in
The value
have
more names t h a n a n y o t h e r source,
otherwise
of forts
century,
i n t h e Empire
and thereafter revised
p a r t (probably by a p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l ) t o c430 A D .
The date o f
2
the
B r i t i s h m a t e r i a l need n o t detain us unduly
here,
since
value
o f N D t o u s i s t h a t i t names v a r i o u s f o r t s n o t named
which
we c a n o f t e n l o c a t e o n t h e b a s i s
attested epigraphically i nthelate
t h e main
elsewhere,
o f i t s garrisons ( i fthese a r e
fourth century) o r from t h e fact
t h a t i t seems t o be b a s e d o n a map i n t h e o r d e r i n g o f i t s names. I t
has
one o r two corruptions and o b s c u r i t i e s , b u t g e n e r a l l y
names i n a c l e a r l y r e c o g n i s a b l e
form.
supplies
Epigraphic
sources
soiixces a r e most u s e f u l i n f i x i n g names d e r i v e d f r o m
t o known sites,
epigraphy
although
t h e r e a r e a f e w names known o n l y
t h e name t o he r e c o v e r e d
sources
those
of,
a r e , on t h e whole,
places
which
vague ahout
to find
these
place
since
Historical
only
could he expected t o have
heard
names d u p l i c a t e d
they are r a r e l y described
i n our
geographical
t o locate sites
with sufficient
No d a t e - l i m i t h a s b e e n s e t f o r t h e s o u r c e s
Sources include works dating from
form
names, and mention
when they a r e n o t , i t i s o f t e n impossible
certainty,
help
the correct Romano-British
( a s i n t h e case o f Y E R C O V I C I V M ) .
a work's audience
so i t i s u s u a l
sources;
from
( e . g . C O S I A SOLILIOE."^/!'!); o c c a s i o n a l l y i n s c r i p t i o n s m a y
overcome t e x t u a l c o r r u p t i o n s enabling
of
written
precision.
o f names, so t h a t L i t e r a r y
the earliest
contacts
before the
expeditions
o f Caesar t o t h e w r i t i n g s o f S t P a t r i c k , dating t o t h e
years
witnessed
which
Mediaeval
Historia Brittonum.
period which
counted
t h e death
a r e recorded
with
o f Roman B r i t a i n ,
up t o t h e e a r l y
A l l names d a t i n g f r o m
i n n o n - l i t e r a r y sources
the early
Mediaeval
such as charters are
a s m o d e r n s u r v i v a l s e v e n i f t h e name h a s s u b s e q ^ u e n t l y
disappeared
from use.
One s o u r c e
single
ago
source
which
might
have been mentioned as t h e most
f o r t h e h i s t o r y and geography o f Roman B r i t a i n
was t h e s o - c a l l e d
'Le S i t u B r i t a n n i a e ' o f R i c h a r d
(,dSB); t h i s p u r p o r t s
t o be a c o m p i l a t i o n made b y a
monk o f Westminster,
and includes
as
valuable
an itinerary
w e l l a s a d e s c r i p t i o n a n d map.
Although
150
years
of Cirencester
/
fourteenth-century
( o r 'Liaphragmata')
Richard
was a
genuine
fourteenth-century c h r o n i c l e r , there- i s today
n o d o u b t t h a t dSB i s a n
eighteenth-century
'discoverer'
f o r g e r y made b y t h e w o r k ' s
the Dane J u l i u s Bertram,
cited again
who p u b l i s h e d
i t i n 1747o
as an a u t h o r i t y f o rnames, b u t since
names h a v e b e e n i n common usage i t w i l l
as
t h e c a u s e f o r some
and editor,
I tw i l l
n o t be
s e v e r a l o f dSB's
be q u o t e d f r o m
time
t o time
misconceptions,^
Notes
1
There
i s an a l t e r n a t i v e s o l u t i o n here.
Professor
have based h i s d a t i n g o f t h e sound change
* c r u c j o - t o a r o u n d 300AD o n t h e b a s i s
believed
best
so
t o date
from
J a c k s o n seems t o
"^croucio-:>"^crocjo-
o f A I , which
he
mistakenly
t h e r e i g n o f D i o c l e t i a n (LHEB 5 1 3 ) ; i t i s perhaps
t o b r i n g t h e date
o f t h e change back t o t h e l a t e r
t h a t we h a v e a f a i r l y
close
second
century,
d a t i n g o f t h e r o u t e t o c 1 6 0 - c 1 8 0 AD.
On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e may h a v e b e e n a n a s s i m i l a t i o n t o L c r u x ,
before
t h e sound change took place;
regional variant.
crucis,,
s i m i l a r l y , y P E N N 0 C R V C I 7 M may be
i k e f f i ^ ^ o - ^ ^ c U i ^ ^ U^lV^^
a
s^di\^
S
2
Dates f o rt h e B r i t i s h
sectioi^ are almost
impossible
to
determine.
6
but i t i s certain that
t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e s i t u a t i o n a f t e r 369;
Frere 2
b e l i e v e s t h a t i t i s t h e outcome o f S t i l i c h o ' s r e o r g a n i z a t i o no f
w h i l e l e s s o r t h o d o x o p i n i o n s see
Legions'
a f t e r 410,
c 4 3 0 (¥ard 1 9 7 3 ) .
either
A*date
c419
the l i s t s
a spart of a 'Return of
('CoHingwood & Myres)
c 4 0 0 AD,
c396,
the
or aslate a s
w h i l e i n e x a c t , i s enough f o r our
purpose.
3
R i c h a r d Bagshawe, i n a r e c e n t book (Bagshawe 1979), has
r e s u r r e c t dSBa s a genuine
source;
attempted
i n v i e w o f ¥e=©^2Ks:£d.=S2td'Mayor' s
t h o r o u g h a n a l y s i s o f t h e f r a u d i n tiiexr
introduction to the
Series e d i t i o n of the genuine
Speculum H i s t o r i a l e ,
attempt i s , t o say
Richard's
t h e v e r y l e a s t , -^feicais:;!::-
\
\\\-Ci5^/vOfc\o€:^ .
Rolls
such a n
to
3:
i
Identifications
General
Without
douht
Romano-British
Al^is
place
the hest
starting point f o r any i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f
names, s o t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n i s d i v i d e d
the i t i n e r a w i t h corrohorations and a d d i t i o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s
from other sources.
hetween
added
Each s e c t i o n i s accompanied h ya mapt o show t h e
r o u t e f o l l o w e d ( a n d t o show how i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s h a v e h e e n made ) .
has
PNRB
heen f o l l o w e d f o rt h e g r e a t e r p a r t , since i t i s t h e most r e c e n t , and
indeed
t h e only^ attempt
t o deal withjj^the m a t e r i a l , h u t t h e r e a r e a numher
o f d e p a r t u r e s / ^ \ »>AJ:b<"^(i5t'c3i(Ov^.
ii Iter
I *al i m i t e ,
This iter
i d esta uallo,
praetorio'
(Map l )
i s one o f t h e most prohlematic, n o t l e a s t i n i t s heading
(see helow,
p S ) , hut' t h e beginning
i s w e l l - f i x e d w i t h BREMENTOI
attested epigraphically a t High Rochester,
equated
w i t h RC 185 a n d
PG h r e m e n i o n .
CORSTOPITYl^ i s C o r c h e s t e r
(Corhridge)
name s u r v i v a l ,
but i s n o t a C e l t i c form;
i f we may i d e n t i f y
RC 1 4 2 C O R I E L O P O C A R I Y M , w e h a v e a m o r e n o r m a l
f o r t a t Risingham,
f o r t o f Hadrian's
RIB
north o ^ Corchester
B r i t i s h place
i t with
name.'' T h e
along Dere S t r e e t , and a n outpost
W a l l , i s known t o h a v e been c a l l e d HABITANCVM
1225 a n d 1 2 3 5 , a name w h i c h
YINDOMORA f i t s E b c h e s t e r ,
ouinnoouion
o nt h e basis o f
i s probably
t h e EVIDBNSCA o f RC 1 8 9 .
and VINOYIA, Binchester, which
last
o f PG- a n d t h e s a m e a s R C 1 3 4 ; t h e L I N E O V I G L A w h i c h
i t i n RC c a n h a r d l y b e Ebchester'j
NI> X L o 3 0 , L O N G O V I C I Y M , w h i c h
from
and i s probably
i st h e
precedes
t o be identified
survives a sLanchester,
with
where i t i s proven
epigraphically.
Next,
CATAEACTONI a p p e a r s i n o t h e r i t i n e r a
i n PG, CACTABACTONION
be
Cattericko
(ll and V), a s katouraktonion
i n RC I 3 6 , a n d i n Bede HE i i . 1 4 e t c . ^ : t h i s
T h e M A G I S o f ¥D X L . 2 9 i s i d e n t i f i e d a s P i e r c e b r i d g e b y
RB4 because o f i t s p r o x i m i t y t o LONGOVICIVM, a l t h o u g h t h i s
PNRB e q u a t e s
must
i t w i t h Burrow Walls
w i t h Aldborough,
(below,
p,17).
i s doubtful;
I S V R r m may b e i d e n t i f i e d
w i t h t h e r i v e r name U r e i n c o n f i r m a t i o n ; i t i st h e
i s o u r i o n o f PG, a n d t h e f o r m ISVBRIGANTY1>I i n i t e r Y s h o w s t h a t i t
became t h e C i v i t a s c a p i t a l o f t h e B r i g a n t e s .
c o n t a i n t h e name i f a n a l y s e d
PNRB, w h i c h
EBYRACYM
i s attractive,
*COC(C)YYE(DA,
R C 2 6 4 COGYYEYSYR'^/M
)ISYR(I)YT'I,
a s suggested b y
s i n c e RC l i s t s ^ o t h e r C i v i t a s c a p i t a l s .
i s one o f t h e b e s t - a t t e s t e d names o f Roman B r i t a i n ,
descendant forms
being
may
used i n a l l subsequent periods
with i t s
(Old Welsh
Cair
S b r a u c , A n g l o - S a x o n E o f o r w i c , Y i k i n g J o r v i k , whence m o d e r n Y o r k ) ;i t
i s mentioned
and
i n PG, A I ( i t i n e r a I , I I , Y ,Y I I l ) ,
other l i t e r a r y and epigraphic
sources.
c o r r e c t B r i t i s h f o r m , EBORACYJ'I w o u l d
alternative;
t h e evidence
ND X L . 3 , . 1 8 ^ , RC 1 3 7
Although
* E b u r a c o n i st h e
seem t o have been a commonly-used
f o rt h e COLONIA EBORACENSIS i s w e l l - k n o w n ,
but
it i soften forgotten that Aurelius V i c t o r refers
in
t o i t as a
municipium
the time o f Severus.^
The
s e c t i o n f o l l o w i n g KBVEACVM i s w i t h o u t d o u h t
DERVENTIO i s c l e a r l y a s i t e
(if
the distance
hetter;
o f seven miles from York would
s i n c e n o Homan o c c u p a t i o n
i sknown from t h i s
X has heen l o s t
of two i t i n e r a
another
puzzle,
much
and since
much i n g e n u i t y h a s heen
f r o m t h ed i s t a n c e f i g u r e s ,
( a ne x p l a n a t i o n w h i c h
suggests
that an
while BSAI suggests
a conflation
has i t s advantage i nexplaining
So l e t u s accept DEEVENTIO a s M a l t o n ;
helow).
However,
Bridge
site,
Ifergary (l973)
exercised i ne x p l a i n i n g t h e 'error'.
so
a t Malton.
fit Stamford
an identification,
fort
a s seems l i k e l y ) ,
heen i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h ei m p o r t a n t f o r t
i sso attractive
Malton
difficult;
on the S i v e r Derwent, and must he a
o f t h e same name i n ND X L . 5 1 ,
i t i s t h ef o r t
i t has always
t h em o s t
DELGOVICIA
D E V O V I C I A i n RC 1 3 9 f o l l o w s D S C V A R I A
and
PRAETORIO a r enow t o h e f o u n d .
and
BBVRACVI4, a n d i s c l e a r l y a n e r r o r f o r D E L G O V I C I A , w h i l e D E C V A R I A i s
almost
certainly
f o r t h ep e t o u a r i a o f PG, a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t
Brough-on-Humher^; DELGOVICIA should
Malton
- York,
perhaps atWetwang,
heen i d e n t i f i e d
The
final
the i t e r
XV
where a large settlement has r e c e n t l y
i s t h el o c a t i o n o f PRAETORlO, which
headquarters
t o a place
begins
a t York,
h u tthis
should he
involves a doubling hack o f
already passed, a n u n p a r a l l e l e d occurrence
(dSB i t e r
i nL o n d o n , a n d r e t u r n s t h e r e ; t h i s may h a v e h e e n a n a t t e m p t
the forger t o j u s t i f y
the iter
originally
a doubling-back
i nA l ) .
BSAI's suggestion
terminated a t the Praetorium a t York,
section running from Malton
at PETVARIA, i sa t t r a c t i v e
of seven miles f o r the York
f r o m PETVARIA t o PRAETORIO.
i s i nr e a l i t y
another
i nthat i t w i l l
- 14alton stage
iter,
explain the
and that t h e
this
time
curious
^,
ending
distance
and also t h estrange
See, however, note
COGANGES m a y b e i d e n t i f i e d
formerly Cuncaceastre,
with m
change
above.
D I X I O i s o b v i o u s l y t h e s a m e a s ¥D X L , 2 3
associated w i t h ARBEIA ( X L , 2 2 ) ,
t h el a c k o f known m i l i t a r y
Corchester
X L , 2 4 CONCAITGIOS, a n d C h e s t e r - l e - S t r e e t ,
which
remains
should be i n N o r t h - E a s t e r n England,
DICTI,
became Caer U r f e ,
S h i e l d s ; P r e r e 2 , f o l l o w e d b y PNRB, l o c a t e s ^ D I C T I V M
but
by
that
A f t e r D E V O V I C I A , RC l i s t s D I X I O LVGVEDVNO COGANGES f o l l o w e d b y
a place
-
(PI^IRB).
difficulty
the m i l i t a r y
then l i e i nt h etri'ange Brough
makes t h i s
South
a t Monkwearmouth,
uncertain.
perhaps a t Pieycebridge
*LVGVDVNVM
(from
which
PNRB h a s r e m o v e d t h e name M A G I S ) .
iii Iter
This
I I 'a u a l l o
iter
is-fairly
ritupis'
stretches from one comer
straightfoward.
modern C a r l i s l e ,
can
ad portum
LVGWALLO
so t h et w o previous
(Maps 2 & 3 )
o f t h ep r o v i n c e
represents
stages
will
be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h B i r r e n s ( B L A T O B V L G I V M )
t o t h eother, b u t
t h ea n c e s t o r
o f t h e
be outpost
forts, and
and Netherby
(CASTRA
EXPLORATORVM).'
llA-GNIS,
Connected w i t h LAGVBALTOI ( i . e .C a r l i s l e )
GABAGLAKDA
epigraphically,
a n d VIKDOLAEDE;
a n d o c c u r s - i n WD X L o 4 1
it i snot strictly
moving towards
of
this
such.
I n this
Carlisle,
counting
i t , AESICA w i l l
last
i s fised a t
i na list
and
a likely
area.
Chesterholm
o f ¥all f o r t s >
although
same l i s t , MAGNIS f o l l o w s a f t e r
forts
heGreatchesters
AESICA;
a c t u a l l y o n t h e ¥all a n d s o u t h
a n d MAGNIS w i l l
j u n c t i o n o f t h e M a i d e n Way a n d t h e S t a n e g a t e .
Way i a t h e f o r t
i nRC a r e
h e Carvoran,
South
along
a tt h e
t h e Maiden
o f W h i t l e y Castle, a nimportant pre-Roman mining
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n f o rt h e epiakon
T h e l o c a t i o n o f GABAGLANDA
Western
sector o f Hadrian's
(below,
p«23)
o f PG, p l a c e d
i s a question which
Wall, and w i l l
beleft
centre
i nthis
general
involves the entire
until
section xiii
From L V G W A L I V M t h e r o u t e i nA I i s duplicated b y i t e r V a sf a ra s York
(in
reverse
order); i nthis
BEREDA, a n d i s f i x e d
BRABONIAGO
iter,
V O R E D A i s t o h e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h RC. 1 2 8
epigraphically a t Old Penrith, BROVONACIS w i t h t h e
X L . 2 ? a n d • ( B ) R A V O N I A ( C O ) o f RC 1 2 3 , a l s o
of
epigraphically a t Kirkby Thore,
and VERTERIS w i t h t h e stage
name i n i t e r V, w i t h KD X L . 2 6 a n d V A L T E R I S i n RC 1 2 7 , w h i c h
under-Stainmore.
I n i t e r V t h e r e i s o n l y one stage
L V G W A L I V l - I , BROCAVO,
i nboth
itinera,
l o c a t e d a t Bowes Castle'; A I t h e n f a l l s
York,
passing
thefort
a t Greta
Bridge,
into
of
ND X L . 2 8 a s a c c e p t e d b y R B 4 , b u t w h i c h
(a
name c e r t a i n l y n o t t o b e eq_uated
has
iter
iter
i s probably n o t t h e MGLONE
w i t h Binchester, VINOVIA, a sF r e r e 2
a sPNRB d o e s ,
I I h e a d s f o rt h e L e g i o n a r y
on t h e Dee, b u t t h e d i s t a n c e s
They reasoned
t h a t a stage
s i m i l a r names were i n c l o s e
in
while
t o be correct.
presumably because two
c o n t a c t ; C A L C A R I A a n d CAICBODVNiO a r e l i n k e d
CAMBODVNVl'I i s a l s o i n B e d e , r e f e r r i n g
although
t h eRomano-British
site
four),
t h e distance here
i swildly
t ob e
this general
to
ALVNA/ALIGINCA
PG'solikana
stage
located.
instead of thirty-
a r e a P G a n d R C 1 1 1 l o c a t e a CAl'IVLODVNVI^, w h i c h
b yRC: PNliB a c c e p t t h a t t h i s
olikana with llkley
Now,
is"linked
l a s t may b e a v a r i a n t o f
i s t o be rejected (this being
t o PNRB),
Loidis
should have been here.
r a t h e r t h a n t h e *ALAVNA t h e y p r o p o s e .
635 according
i nRegie
Tadcaster
s u r v i v e s a sManchester, and
out (eighteen miles
we may presume t h a t t h e m i s s i n g
in
t o Campodono
has n o t y e t been
A f t e r CAI^IBODVNVl^ c o m e s MAJvIVCIO i n A I , w h i c h
since
Chester
a now-famous
CALCARIA a p p e a r s i n Bede a sK a e l c a c a e s t i r , a n d i s c l e a r l y
(Leeds),
RIB
a t LEVA,
t h e c o n f l a t e d PAl'tPOCALIA o f RC 1 2 5 , s o t h e e r r o r i s u n l i k e l y
here.^
of
fortress
(BSRC 4 3 ) i s l i k e l y
has been ommitted,
since t h e
fort).
given are insufficient;
s o l u t i o n b yRichmond and Crawford
Following-
I along Dere S t r e e t t o
n a m e -^LVGVDVNVM i s p e r h a p s t o b e a t t a t c h e d t o t h i s
York,
Brough-
may h e t h e MORBIO o f X L . 2 1
done, and p o s s i b l y n o t w i t h P i e r c e b r i d g e
Leaving
fits
XL,25 a n d R C 1 3 5 , a n d
m
which
o f t h e same
between VERTERIS and
g
f i x e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t Brougham.
VERTERIS i s LAVATRIS, found
confirmed
The
identification
t h e VERBEIA o f
and we may accept E l s l a c k , t h e s o l u t i o n o f
10
PNRB, w i t h o u t i n v o l v i n g OLEl^ACYI^ a n d O L E R I C A , s i n c e BSRC' s
^ALICONA p r o v i d e s
should
a reasonable
t h e r e f o r e be nearby,
probably
a t Slack,
which
emendation
e x p l a n a t i o n o f b o t h f o r m s . CM'NLODYWWi
o nt h e road between Leeds and Manchester,
suits
t h e distances w e l l enough; t h e l o s s o f
CAMVLODYNVI^ a f t e r CA14BOLYNVI4 w i l l h a v e b e e n v e r y e a s y i n d e e d .
l o c a t e s PGrhigodounon
a t Castleshaw,
between Slack and Manchester.
I ' l A M V C I Y M r e c u r s i n i t e r X a n d R C 1 0 9 I'LANCIO, a n d a f t e r
this
( f o u n d a l s o i n i t e r X a n d RC 9 1 ) may b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h
B e t w e e n L E V A a n d CONDATE RC i n s e r t s
on t h e d i r e c t r o u t e .
of
theDerbyshire
f o u r names, which
GONLATE
Northwich.
can hardly l i e
LVTYLARON i s known e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a s t h e c e n t r e
lead-mining
district,
t o be sought
near
¥irksworth;
DERBENTIOM w i l l then be L i t t l e c h e s t e r o nt h e Derbyshire
"'/ERATINO c a n n o t
PNRB
be located with certainty,
seems t h e most l i k e l y
candidate
Lerwent.
although t h e town
at
( a l t h o u g h s e e now PNRB f o r a n e q u a t i o n
w i t h YERNBl-iETYM, W i l l o u g h b y ) , w h i l e S A L I N A E i s m o s t r e a s o n a b l y
at
Rocester
placed
Northwich.
A f t e r DEVA (PG, A I i t i n e r a
I I , X I , RC 8 6 and v a r i o u s epigraphic
BOVIO i s u s u a l l y l o c a t e d a t H o l t , t h e p o t t e r y - m a n u f a c t u r i n g
although
t h e distance
south from Chester
too
which
i s n o t known,
RC 8 5 SAYDONIO, p l a c e d
between
a l t h o u g h P u B3
recorded
s e t t l e m e n t a t I'lalpas; t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t H e r o n b r i d g e
close t o Chester
suggestion
centre, but
f r o m DEYA i s c o r r e c t , i t i n v o l v e s u s i n g a r o a d
DEYA a n d MEDIOLANYM i s n o t r e a d i l y i d e n t i f i a b l e ,
a minor
sources),
t o h a v e b e e n n a m e d s e p a r a t e l y b y RC,
i s probably
PNRB's
t h a t t h e G a u l i s h I ^ D I O L A i m ^ SANTOFVM h a s i n f l u e n c e d t h e
Cosmographer i s perhaps a little s t r a i n e d : Dillemann
n a m e w i t h BOYVm ,
which
i s rather simpler.
19 79 connects
the
M D I O L A T O I f i t s t h e town
Q
at
>[hitchurch, which
also occurs
asthe finishing-point
RYTYNIO must b e o n t h e Roden, probably
distances
a t Harcourt
of iter X ;
Mill,
which t h e
confirm.
Y R I O C O N I O s u r v i v e s a s ¥roxeter, t h e e n d p o i n t o f i t e r X I I , w h e r e t h e
form
YIROCONIORYI.I
( f o r * Y I R O C O N ( r a CORITOY)lORYl-I
Y T R I C O N I O N CORNOYIORYM
the
famous forum
Cair Guricon
its
? ) agrees
i nnaming i t a sC i v i t a s capital,
inscription.
YIRICONP/iyi
occurs
w i t h RC's
confirmed b y
i n t h e Old Welsh
form
i n t h e X X V I I I C i u i t a t e s s e c t i o n o f HB, a n d t h e q u e s t i o n o f
B e f o r e Y I R I C O N I Y M RC 7 8 l i s t s ALAYNA,
survival i s vexed.
PNRB p l a u s i b l y e q u a t e s
w i t h A l c e s t e r (Warwks).
which
Prom Wroxeter,
A I moves
o n t o YXACONA, i d e n t i f i e d a s R e d H i l l , a l t h o u g h i t i s p o s s i b l e
that the
name h a s i n f l u e n c e d t h e m o d e r n O a k e n g a t e s ; PENNOCRYCIO h a s
survived intact a sPenkridge;
ETOCBTO i s t h e same a s LECTOCETO i n RC
9 4 a n d HB's C a i r L u i t C o i t , a n d s u r v i v e s a s L i c h f i e l d ,
town
at
has-migrated
Mancetter
from
i s another
t h eRomano-British
survival.
into
site
although the
a t W a l l ; i'lANDYESSEDO
This remarkable
along Watling S t r e e t w i l l be discussed
A t YENONAE w e f a l l
certainly
group o f s u r v i v a l s
below.
line w i t h i t i n e r a Y I and Y I I I ,
although t h e
11
staging-posts
at High
are
Cross,
important
s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t i n each l i s t .
w h e r e t h e P o s s ¥ay
crossroads.
BANl'TAVENTA o c c u r s
crosses
Watling Street,
TRIPONTIO i n i t e r V I alone
i n a l l t h r e e i t i n e r a , ' ' ^ and
Lodge, where the Bannaventa I n n preserves
h a r d l y he
w i t h RC
t a k e n as
evidence
9 5 lACIOLYLI-IA,
Towcester,
9 6 YIROLANIYl'I
referred
the
t o as
and
and
i n the
LACTODORO may
VERVLAMIYI'I i n T a c i t u s ' A n n a l s
a f t e r which
^^Tiilton
he
identified
and
spelling.
evenrually
at
LONLIlNlYM.
have a Romano-British
spelling
LOKDINIYM a t variance w i t h
t h e / B r i t i s h f o r m "^Londonion:
the
the B r i t i s h rather than Romano-British
I t was
from
l a t e r r e n a m e d A Y G Y S T A ( o f . RC
Prere 2 conjectures that
evidence
After
iter
i t had
for this i s indirect
London i t e r
at Crayford.
LYROBRIYIS),
hy
i t i n e r a I I Iand
identified with
*(DYRO)BRI(NA)YIS
and
as
i n PT
B e d e HE
form.
Ammianus),
and
the
l Y ; NOYIOI'IAGO i n
the *(N0YI0)1'IADYS
o f PT,
located
I I only, i s located at
i n a l l three itinera (iter
as w e l l
and
of
(Prere 2 2 4 1 ) ,
YAGNIACIS, a l s o i n i t e r
DYROBROYIS i s f o u n d
11,31
the survival
a l s o h e e n named CAESAREA, a l t h o u g h
I I i s joined
I I o n l y i s t o he
9 7 , WD
of
The
the i n d u s t r i a l settlement
the i t i n e r a reach
can
ourolanion,
a l t h o u g h ^ ^ S t Alhan'-s
c a s e o f E B O R A C V M / E B V R A C Y M , we
name i s , i n f a c t ,
Parm;
on pre-Roman c o i n s
the most complete
SYLLONIACIS represents
an
x i v . 3 3 , where i t i s
t h e name a l s o occurs
name s u r v i v e d t o hecome W e r l a m e c e a s t e r ,
As
i s located at
MCIOVIMIO at Dropshort,
C a t u u e l l a u n i , w i t h YERTiAMIO h e i n g
Brockley H i l l ,
longer
i s a t Cave's I n n
VEROLAI'IIO i s t h e same a s PC's
a municipium;
superseded i t ,
no
i s
i t s memory ( a l t h o u g h t h i s
of survival!).
DYROCOBRIYAE a t L u n s t a h l e .
RC
VENONAE i t s e l f
lY alone
RC
*(DY)RO(B)RIYIS,
74
has
Springhead.
the
correct'
and
LYROBRABIS
74
i i , 3L u r o h r e u i , t h e l a s t f i x i n g i t as
1 2
Rochester,
is
t o he
name as
DYROLEYO has
sought
its
c a p i t a l ) , B e d e HE
i n ASC
as L o r w i c
a l i t e r a r y form than a genuine
survival
of the t r i h a l
w i t h Recxilver, which
certainty,
P a v e r s h a m ; RC
AD.
which
which
i n HB
DVBRIS and
in
A I i t e r l Y , PT
RC
i t was
R A T Y P I S , WD
such
to
he
show
starting
a famous place
Ill's
XIWIII.IS;
s t a t e d t o he
a
the rhoutoupiai of
X X Y I I I . 1 9 RYTYPIS,
including several
71 DYBRIS; f i n a l l y ,
L E M A Y I O , ND
order,
o f Bede's R e p t a c a e s t i r ,
Dover i s the English form of AI i t e r
XXVIII.14
PG
seems t o
d e s c e n d a n t o f R E G Y L B I Y I ^ iNL
various literary•references,
ND
i n
i s more l i k e l y
taken i n clockwise
i s the direct
show t h a t
town
i . 2 5 etc. i n various forms
ceaster,
PORTYI'i R Y T Y P I S o f A l ' i t e r I I , P T
mentions,
the
e p i t h e t , b«^vV U> vAAjrTb-KlCtlu^ib l a t s o r o v o ^ l ^ V ' i ^
i s the modern form
7 3 RYTYPIS and
gives
as DYROAYERNO CANTIACORYl'I ( p r o v i n g
c o r r u p t i o n o f R Y T Y B I PORTYS, t h u s i d e n t i f y i n g i t w i t h
PG,
hut i t
LYROYEPJTO o c c u r s
survival; Cair Ceint
f o r t s of East Kent are hest
Richhorough
72
a s L Y R O A Y E R Y S , RC
s t a t u s as C i v i t a s
The
and
t h e name o f t h e r i v e r S w a l e i n e r r o r .
as D o r u u e m u m , and
the
heen located with
hetween Sittinghoume
d a r o u e m o n , PT
as
never
RC
poetic
even i n the f i r s t
century
PORTYT'I D Y B R I S , P T
DYBRIS,
Lympne i s PORTVM
X X V I I I . 1 5 LE1'L4NNIS a n d
RC
70
LEMANIS
LEIMIS;
12
this
iv
second l a r g e group
I t e r V 'al o n d i n i o
o f survivals will
luguualio'
he discussed
helow
(Map 4 )
This r o u t e from London t o C a r l i s l e
gave many o f t h e o l d e r a n t i q u a r i e s
a great deal o f trouhle, since they were determined t o prove that
1 '5
CAI'IBORICO w a s C a m b r i d g e
h u talthough t h eroad system o f East Anglia
ftvvAa'xA^s - i - s ' v e r y p o o r l y - k n o w n ,
The
the
mention
i t i s p o s s i b l e t o make sense
o f COLOHIA a s t h e t h i r d
stage
r o u t e heads f o rColchester, a Colony,
that
t h er i v e r
Colne
o nw h i c h
o f this
i salways
iter
today.
t a k e n t o mean
that
b u t i t should n o tb e f o r g o t t e n
C o l c h e s t e r s t a n d s h a s a C e l t i c name, a n d
that a B r i t i s h "*Colonia ( f r o m a ne a r l i e r ^Colaunia) i s a p o s s i b l e
s e t t l e m e n t name; h a v i n g s a i d which,
Colchester that
In
t h edistances f i t
i t can h a r d l y be doubted
i t e r IX,. w h i c h
follows
that
this
i swhat
t h e same g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n ,
referred t o asCAimODWO,
s ow e l l f o r
i s meant.
Colchester i s
i n PG k a m o u d o l a n o n , P T CAMYLOLWO, RC 9 9
JIANYLODVLO COLONIA, i n P l i n y N H i i . 1 8 7 C A I l ^ O D V N O , D i o l x , 2 1 , 9
kamoulodounon; Cair Colun
i n HB 66 appears
r i v e r name r a t h e r t h a n a s u r v i v a l
t o be a derivative
o f thetitle,
and w i l l
o f the
Lave been t h e
14
source
The
and
o f t h emodern
i n t e r v e n i n g s t a g e i n i t e r Y , CAESAROI'IAGO, i s a t W i t f o r d
occurs
iter
name.
also i ni t e r
I X , PT a s (GAE)BAROMACI,
(Dunnet
t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h eprobable
1973; also PNRB)
identified
a sK e l v e d o n .
w a l l e d town a t Chigwell
r a t h e r than Romford,
b e t w e e n C A E S A R O M A G Y S a n d CAl^'IVLOLYNYI'I
iter
t h emore u s u a l
suggestion;
I X and PT locate CANONIC,
I ti s o f i n t e r e s t t o note t h a t
CAESAROI'IAGYS
a nu n u s u a l name, b e i n g h a l f - L a t i n a n d h a l f - B r i t i s h .
B e y o n d CMNLODTfm
t o t h eE a s t is/(e-niy B r a d w e l l , t h eY t h a n c e a s t e r o f
B e d e , a n d t h e OTHONA o f N D X X Y I I I . I 3 .
routes, iter
To t h e North, t h eitinera
follow different
is
r e p e a t e d o n t h e s u r v i v i n g p o r t i o n o f P T : A D ANSAl'I i s p r o b a b l y t h e
and
CONBRETOYIO f i t s
t h edistances thence
House,
leaves t h edirect route t o
( s i n c e P T p o r t r a y s S I N O M G I a s i fo n t h e
coast),
w i t h *SEN01'IAGYS p l a c e d
Margary
19 73 (now accepted
a t Dunwich b yBSAI and a t Y o x f o r d b y
b yPI^IRB);
distance t o Dunwich i sa l i t t l e
D u n w i c h h a d a s C e l t i c name, r e c o r d e d
-beea-^ R o m a n o - B r i t i s h *DYiymCY14.
routes,
sincei t
t h etown known a t Baylham
show t h a t t h e i t e r
YENTA t o d i v e r t t o t h e coast
the
IX/^being t h emore e a s t e r l y ,
seem
to
settlement a t Higham.
1
a n d R C 9 7 a s CESOROMAGO;
I X p l a c e s D Y R O L I T O b e t w e e n CAESAROIvIAGYS a n d L O N D I N I Y M , a n d i s
probably
is
(Chelmsford)
thelatter
i smore l i k e l y ,
t o of a rand since we know
since
that
b y B e d e a s D o m n o c , which^wii.i=d3£3&e
Walton Castle, n o t o nany o f t h e
s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a -Sa'^Br-Sh-e^^e—fe^-t,
a n d i s t h emost
reasonable
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f PORTYS ADYRNI o f ND XX^;"III.21 . ^ ^
Returning t o i t e r Y, YILLA
settlement a t Scole,
of
PAYSTINI
may be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e s m a l l
and beyond i t ICINOS must be t h eC i v i t a s
t h e I c e n i a t C a i s t o r S t E d m u n d s , t h e "^/ENTA I C I N O R Y M o f i t e r
capital
I X . AD
w h i c h occurs i n P T i s h e s t e x p l a i n e d a sAD * ( V E N ) T A
TAYM,
cut
short when the mapl o s t
i t swesternmost
103 i s u n d o u b t e d l y t h e same to-vm.
identified
of
s h e e t : VENTACENOI^'M i n EC
T o the east, Burgh
a s GAEIAIWONOR o f ND J O T I I I . I ?
e s t u a r i e s o f t h e T a r e a n d ¥aveney, i t i s n o w
unknown.
we may
the
C a s t l e may h e
since i t lay'on the e s t u a r y
t h e r i v e r T a r e , t h e g a r i e n n o s o f P C ( a l t h o u g h due
Prom YENTA we a r e o nl e s s f i r m ground,
(ICSNOR)VM
t o changes i n t h e
o nthe l a t t e r ) .
a s the roads westward
D Y E O B R I Y A S i s a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t ¥ater N e w t o n , s o
identify
DYEOLIPONTE w i t h Cambridge;
this
l a t t e r seems t o b e
same a s t h e D Y E C I N A T I S o f EC 100 w h i c h o c c u r s b e t w e e n
and DYROYIGYTYM, p l a u s i b l y e q u a t e d w i t h Godmanchester
back
RB4
f r o m Cambridge,
CAi-IBORICO i s p l a c e d b y B S A I
a t L a c k f o r d ; R B 4 ' s s u g g e s t i o n i s now
in
are
Colchester
b y BSRC.
a t Hockwold,
adopted b y PNRB.
Working
and b y
Tucked
away
the north-west corner of Norfolk i s the f o r t of Brancaster, preserving
the
name o f ND X X Y I I I . 1 6 , BRANODYNO.
Beyond DYROBRIYAE, CAYSENNIS i s i d e n t i f i e d
S a l t e r s f o r d b yRB4,
better.
the distances perhaps
w i t h Sapperton b y BSAI
suiting
the l a t t e r
Council of Aries,
slightly
PG,RC I O 4 where i t s
LliroO also occurs i n i t i n e r a Y I and Y I I I ,
s t a t u s a s Colony i s c o n f i r m e d b o t h i n epigraphy and a l s o
the
and
the Minutes o f
a sw e l l a si n the modern form which must
be derived
f r o m a c o l l o q u i a l f o r m *LINDOCOLONIA ( L H E B ) .
Prom LINDYM t o EBYEACYM i t e r Y i s followed b y i t e r Y I I I
( i nreverse
o r d e r ) a l o n g t h e same s t a g e s ; S E G E L O C I and A G E L O C O a r e o b v i o u s l y t h e
same p l a c e , L i t t l e b o r o u g h ,
ALS
(= A L(INDO)
p o s s i b l y a t t e s t e d o na m i l e s t o n e r e a d i n g
S(EGEL0CY]*1)
f o u n d i n ND X L . 2 8 ,
? ) .
DANO f i t s
located at Castleford-on-Aire.
( i n i t s conflated form),
P R A E S I D I O o f NT) X L . 1 9 ,
S E X T A E ( i . e . Y o r k ) a n d DAN^/J!-! i s i d e n t i f i e d
by P r e r e 2, a v e r y d o u b t f u l a t t r i b u t i o n / ^
in
which
a sNewton
Connected
and
One
the site
Kyme
w i t h LINDYl'I C O L O N I A
b e i n t h e P e n C o u n t r y , n e a r t h e ¥ash.
o f PG w h i c h
should
I t has been e x p l a i n e d a s a
(e.g. b yPNRB) , but this
the Catuuellauni,
lork,
of Horncastle-on-Bain admirably.
f i n a l problem i s the location of the s a l i n a i
misplaced Droitwich
i s
comes
RC i s BANHOYALLYM, w h i c h d o e s n o t seem t o b e o n t h e r o a d t o
and which f i t s
of
i s also
while LEGEOLIO/LAGECIO i s probably to he identified
w i t h R C 126, w h i c h f o l l o w s C A L C A E I A
between
Doncaster, and
last
i s not i n the territory
a sPG s t a t e s ; i t i s p o s s i b l y i n t h e r e g i o n o f
Spalding, although the settlement remains to be found.
The
section from Y o r k t o C a r l i s l e has a l r e a d y been discussed i n
s e c t i o n s i i and i i i above.
V I t e r Y I 'a l o n d i n i o
The
first
lindo'
(Jlap 5 )
p a r t o f t h i s r o u t e has
a t YENONIS, High Cross.
EATAE,
a l r e a d y been covered, and we b e g i n
which occurs a sEATECOEION
C O E I ( T A N O E ) Y M ) i n RC 9 2 and a s r h a g e
i n PG,
RC's
( f o r *RATE
forming showing i t
u
t o l i a v e "been t h e G i v i t a s
follows
capital of the Coritani.
i n RC d a n n o t h e H i g h C r o s s
or any
and
i s emended *PL.
which
a r i v e r name w i t h
TAlvlYS h y P N R B , w h o c o n n e c t
IvIARGIDVNO m u s t
initial
i t w i t h t h e Tame.
VERurffiTO o c c u r s i n a-more c o r r e c t f o r m i n i t e r V I I I
f i t s ¥illoughhy-on-the-¥oldsc
which
o f t h e o t h e r names
occur i n t h i s area i n A I ; i t i s presumably
PL.,
ELTAYOE.I
(VEPJJEI'IETO) ,
heCastle Hill,
and
A D PONTEl'I
E a s t Stoke ( t h e b r i d g e ^ p r e s u m a b l y b e i n g across t h e T r e n t j , and
CROCOCALANA,
Brough.
vi
I t e r V I I 'aregno
This iter
lundinio'
b e g i n s w i t h one
(Map 6 )
ox the biggest sources of confusion i n the
e n t i r e body o f evidence f o r R o m a n o - B r i t i s h place names, t h e c o n t r o v e r s y
o v e r t h e name o f t h e t r i b e w h i c h i n h a b i t e d what
q u e s t i o n i s d e a l t w i t h more f u l l y
AI's
form t o be a nerror
p.12
above), which must
39 and
(Margary 1973,
Between
ARLAONEON, t h e l a t t e r
above),
and a p o s s i b l e d e r i v a t i o n
location;
is
t o b e ¥ickham.
Southampton Water
PG
also
firstly,
BSA-I e t c . ) , b u t t h e d i s t a n c e s
.The p o s i t i o n
and
h u t RC m a y
and
t o be connected
o f ARMIS w i l l
of the sea')
difficult
done.
suit
have
Bitterne,
admirably describes i t s
to interpret i t asthe river
Given this,
CLAVSENTVM i s more
F i n a l l y , t h e m e g a s l i m e n (PORTVS JiAGNVS) o f PG
l o c a t e d i n t h i s area, and
and
usually
PORTVS A L V R N I a s BSRC a n d PNRB
E r m e , i n S o u t h D e v o n , a s PNRB h a s
likely
CLAVSENTV!'! i s
identified with Portchester(although
('arm
i t i sunnecessary
ICINOS
o f PG and RC
( i f emended * A R D A V N I V M ) presumably
i t can h a r d l y b e l i n k e d w i t h NL's
note
take
cp.
a n d NOVIOI'IAGVS RC l o c a t e s A R M I S
VENTA
w i t h P o r t s Lown,-.and t h e r e f o r e
t o do,
the
here
much h e t t e r ; PNRB l e a v e s t h e q u e s t i o n open,
o f use here.
tried
a n d w e may
be C h i c h e s t e r , the noouiomagos
4 4 N0VI0I4AGN0 a n d NAVIMAGO R E G E N T m i .
s u i t ¥ickham
Sussex;
f o r "^REGNIS ( f o r a B r i t i s h a n a l o g y ,
identified with Bitterne
16
be
(po'33),
below
i s now
probably refers
to the whole
of the Solent
(PNRB).
enables u s t o i d e n t i f y f o u r more names a l o n g t h e Sussex
coast;
k a i n o s l i m e n i s o b v i o u s l y a t r a n s l a t i o n o f N O W S PORTVS,
which
PNRB i n t e r p r e t s a s D o v e r o
However, t h e r i v e r name N O V I A and
place
name
NVBA o f R C ( 2 6 7 a n d 6 8 b ) may w e l l b e c o n n e c t e d ; BSRC 2 3 i d e n t i f i e s N O V I A
PL. w i t h t h e Ouse, w h i c h i s r e a s o n a b l e enough, and w h i c h has a good
1 7
harbour a t i t smouth.
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n g i v e n h e r e i s a t t r a c t i v e ,
but
unproven.
R C 68a ANDERELIO i s t o b e connected
ANDERITOS, and
Andredesceaster
the
and have
documentary
Next, RC's
the
b y t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e name a s
(ASC 491 ) ; the f o r m i s u s u a l l y
b a s i s o f stamped
tests,
the
i s f i x e d a t Pevensey
tiles,
w i t h ND X X V I I I . 2 0
but these have
g i v e n a sANDERITA o n
been submitted t o thermoluminescent
been shown t o be modern f o r g e r i e s
(Peacock
1973),
and
f o r m s p o i n t t o • AN-DERITVM.
rm^VANTONIS i s o b v i o u s l y connected
r i v e r A r u n ; PNRB emends * F L .
w i t h PG's
trisantonos,
TRISANTONIS, which i s d i f f i c u l t ,
and
BSRC's e m e n d a t i o n * M T Y ( . . .
is not
the river,
Hardham.
The
something
like
hut
first
a place
on i t , i t m u s t he
element w i l l
-ANTO- i n o r d e r
G a l l i c name o f t h e F r e n c h
seems p r e f e r a b l e .
T R I S ) M T 0 N I S
the
I f TRISANTONIS
settlement
at
h a v e h e g u n w i t h I'lWV- f o l l o w e d
to explain the
r i v e r M u a n n e was
c o n f l a t i o n ; the
hy
Romano-
MVTYANNA^[which w i l l
explain
1 8
the
conflation ideally.
and
TRISANTONIS, and
Returning
The
can
site will
h a r d l y be
other than
the
t o A I , V M T A BELGARYl-I o c c u r s i n PG
VELGAROM, i n Bede EE
Winchester.
iii.7
as VENTA, and
I t i s possible
that this
two
o t h e r VENTAS known i n B r i t a i n are
The
iter
XV
therefore l i e hetween
as
settlement at
ouenta,
i n A I i t e r Xy,
suitable
since
an
B e t w e e n VENTA and
c a p i t a l s , the t r i b a l
CALLEVA A I i t e r XV
the S i l c h e s t e r - Old
distances
given are
too great
places
Sarum road,
figures given
i n AI
at Wheatsheaf Inn, since
total
and
since
of the i t e r
this
i n line
(Map
identifications of the f i r s t
long
caused confusion,
reasonable
however,
detail
iter
the whole of t h i s
so i t may
than might
i n reverse
i t as
this
four stations i n this
the i t e r
Chesterton,
necessai*y
begin
f o l l o w i n g dSB
iter X
Manchester.
and
as
and
(NAVION^E,
( w h i c h m u s t he
reading
EC
106)
A NAVIONE,
VENTA
the
actual
the
Thames,
have
hut
iter
also
will
1915);
challenged
i n
greater
to-take
the
clearer.
ahove
(p.lO),
has
identified
the older antiquaries,
also
but
identified
t h e KAtfVCIO o f i t e r
ahove
I I ) as
i s a s e r i e s o f names,
i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e r i v e r Noe
and
a
(Haverfield
identified
CONDATE was
C o n n e c t e d w i t h l-IAMVCIVl'I i n E C
which the f i r s t
the milestone
imCVNIO
the
the
iter
i s unknown; M a r g a r y 1973
seems an u n n e c e s s a r y d u p l i c a t i o n .
as N o r t h w i c h ,
and
the second h a l f i s much
here
direct
epigraphy,
to examine t h i s
the town o f "Whitchurch,
should
the
direct route,
recently been
have been expected,
since
usually
identifying
crosses
t h e y a r e unconfir^v^ed by
be
and
7)
e x p l a n a t i o n has
otherwise
order,
MEDIOLANO f i t s
why
since
by A I
since
the
the
consensus favours H a v e r f i e l d ' s explanation
(Sliotter 19 78 ),
but
mediolano '
and
Lastly, i n iter V I I ,
v i i
The
given
emendation of the figures brings
where the road
'a c i a n o u e n t a
67,
name
between Neatham and
stated total.
and
EC
chosen t o emend
t o l o c a t e "^VINDONIVM o n
w i t h the
the
Both VENTA
road,
P O N T I B V S i s t o be. l o c a t e d a t S t a i n e s
Iter X
and
without success,
the connecting-road
but
V I N D O M I ; ^ t h i s was
PNEB has
as
that the
t o a l l o w VINDOMI t o l i e on
name w i t h t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t N e a t h a m .
i s unknowii,
i n PG
epithets being
BSAI followed the S i l c h e s t e r - Chichester
distance
XI.60,
t o CALEBA AEBATIVM; i t i s p o s s i b l e
sought on
route,
surviving
e a r l y form Cilchester i s recorded.
CALLEVA w e r e c i v i t a s
VENTA
i n i t i n e r a XIV
w i t h t h e more c o r r e c t s p e l l i n g CALLEVA, as w e l l as
survived,
as
identifications.
t h e n p a s s e s t o GALLBVA ATEEBATVM, o c c u r r i n g
where i t i s corrupted
Hassocks.
4I
RC
i s t h e V E N T A o f ND
also
NOYIA
therefore fit the fort
of
and
at
B r o u g h - o n - N o e , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d , A Q V I S ABlTEi'IEZB,
Buxton.
ZEKDOTALIA should
Following >mCVNIO
Margary 1973,
cannot
then he t h e f o r t
must he t h e spa a t
1 9
a t Melandra
i n A I i s C O C C I O , t a k e n t o h e ¥igan h y B S A I a n d
r e j e c t e d h y E B 4 a n d Pl'TRB, s i n c e
he found,
t h e supposed
stage;
figure,
stage
i t i s difficult
h u t i f we r e a d
As
name a p p e a r s i n m
VBTERANORYM,
-
COCCIYM
avoiding
an
thelast
i s shown on i n s c r i p t i o n a l
evidence
certain station of theiter.
The
XL, 5 4 a s BREMETENRACVM,
a n d i n RC 1 2 4 a s B R E S M I T E N A C I
t h e e p i t h e t p o i n t i n g t o t h e status o f t h e vicus as a
settlement o f veterans.
kalagon,
o f t h e MAlWCr/li
higher
T h i s s o l u t i o n h a s heen adopted h y PJHIB.
a h o v e , BRSiyiETOITl''TACI
to have heen Rihchester,
thexuii
xx t o a
T u r t o n B o t t o m s may h e i n t e n d e d ,
westerly detour.
mentioned
o f 20 miles f o r t h e
t o emend t h e Roman n u m e r a l
xu, and alter
t o xiiii, a s i t e near
unnecessary
settlement
a n d s i n c e n o r o u t e t o BRSl^IETOMACI ( p r o v e n e p i g r a p h i c a l l y
at E-ihchester) i s d i r e c t enough t o a l l o w a distance
next
Castle.
T h e n e x t n a m e , GALACYM,
a p p e a r s i n PG a s
a n d i s p o s s i b l y t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e CALVYIO o f R C 1 1 2 ;
t h i s name i s e i t h e r t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h L a n c a s t e r
Leather
1975) o r w i t h Burrow-in-Lonsdale
of t h e mileage
suggested
( S h o t t e r 197'8,
(BSAI, PNRB).
I ft h e emendation
b y BSAI be accepted. B u r r o w must be
N D h a s t w o n a m e s f o l l o w i n g BREl^IETENRACO w h i c h
lack proof
intended.
o f identity;
t h e g a r r i s o n l i s t e d u n d e r VIROSIDO, h o w e v e r , i s known, a t B r o u g h - b y Bainbridge
connectes
(ahove
( R I B 7 2 2 ) , a n d OLENACO s h o u l d
be i n t h e v i c i n i t y .
t h i s w i t h PG's o l i k a n a a n d R C ' s OLERICA, b u t t h i s was r e j e c t e d
p.9),
and i t i s tempting
f o r t known a t Lancaster,
since
t o c o n n e c t t h e name w i t h t h e c a v a l r y
i t may contain- t h e r i v e r name *Lona
L u n e ) i f t h e e a s y e m e n d a t i o n ^LONACVM i s
• F o l l o w i n g CALACVM, A I h a s ALONE w h i c h
21
Haverfield's location,
identified w i t h Maryport
and
identify
stages
acceptable.
t o Low B o r r o w B r i d g e
i s exact,
The ALIONE o f N D XL.53 u s u a l l y
may be f o rt h i s
the remaining
(the
i s .certainly n o t Water crook,
and t h e distance
so we may a c c e p t B S A I ' s s u g g e s t i o n .
To
PNRB
ALONE.
we m u s t f o l l o w H a v e r f i e l d ' s
t u r n t o RC a n d N D ; i n t h e f o r m e r
i s t h e sequence CALWIO
example
GALLWIO
I4EDIB0GD0 CANTAVBNTI I V L I O C E N O N GABROCENTIO ALAVNA B R I B R A , w h i l e N D
has
ABALLABA CONGAVATA AXBLODVNO
ALIONE.
and
i t i s reasonable
wall
and
Now, t h e l i s t
itself,
i n ND i s p a r t o f t h e command ' p e r l i n e a m
t o argue t h a t these
forts
ualli',
(which are n o t on t h e
system
connected w i t h i t .
u n i t named a t GABROSENTI ( N DX L . 5 0 )
i s a t t e s t e d a t Moresby, and
we-may accept t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p r o v i s i o n a l l y ,
done.
GLAl^JIBAITTA
below p , 2 3 ) a r e part o f t h e Cumbrian Coast defensive
hinterland forts
The
GABROSBNTI TVNNOCELO
T h e name i s c l e a r l y
a s R B 4 a n d PNRB
have
t h e s a m e a s RC 1 1 7 , a n d t h e a d j a c e n t
name
22
i n RC 1 1 8 , A L A V N A , m a y b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h M a r y p o r t - o n - E l l e n ,
this
i t may be suggested
that the lists
a r e indeed
From
f o l l o w i n g t h e coast;
t h i s i s b o r n e o u t by t h e name r/LIOCSNON/TVNNOCELO w h i c h
may
perhaps
"be e m e n d e d * I T V N O C E L V ^ I , a n d
prohahly
the
at the apparent
which
gap
to
suits Eavenglass
the solution
identify
that
and
s i n c e we
t o be
( i t means
S h o t t e r 1978
that AI's
has
'Middle
f o r m w i t h C-
as L a n c a s t e r ,
has
ALONE as
f o r G-
(which i s probably
Windermere).
This serves
The
and
i f the l i s t
p.23)0
one
of
GALAVA as Low
the
'shore'
t h e n be
fort
on
The•three
argued
iter;
the coast,
the f o r t
order
f o r the next
the r i v e r Lerwent,
probably
of Caermote.
PNllB s u g g e s t s
be
that
are
to
of
Lake
which
solution adopted
greeted
MGIS
that
BEIBEA f o l l o w s
here
the fort
t o equate
(below
(above
p.9,
the basis
of EIB
(ND X L . 1 4 / 2 9 )
i t i s t o be
p.16).
i s
at
i t with
taken to
899,
OLEEICA
associated
identified with
the
century.
begin
with-ABALLAVA,
Wall at Burgh-by-Sands, while
fourth
s o we
must assume t h a t
the
i n
t h e name g i v e n t o t h e f o r t
I I (CASTEA EXPLORATOEVI'l) p a s s e d f r o m u s e
the Wall, but
CONGAVATA
Breeze and
Dobson
the
i n AI
once the E x p l o r a t o r e s
t h a t a B r i t i s h name came i n t o u s e .
be
I f instead
f o r AXELODVNVM i s k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n a t N e t h e r b y
l o n g i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Drumbrugh on
at
few names, LEEVENTIO
Carlisle, usually
i n the fourth
ALAVNA,
o f MAIA, Bowness
a l l o w i n g us
Old
wrongly
e p i g r a p h i c a l l y on Hadrian's
been disbanded, and
neither
i f we
garrison listed
iter
since
which
that
i t w i l l be
n a m e s l e f t i n i d e n t i f i e d a b o v e i n ND
century,
i s
name.
difficulties
the
i s a duplication
C a r l i s l e w i t h MAGLONA o n
of Burrow Walls,
attested
follows,
XL.55,
w i t h MAGLONA, a n d
he
i n q u e s t i o n may
BSEC i d e n t i f i e d O L E E I C A w i t h
i d e n t i f y Old
' MELIBOGDO
(cp. i t e r V I I GALLEVA f o r
e q u a l l y u n c e r t a i n : i n EC
i n reverse
O L E N A C O o f ND
may
Ambleside.
Bridge,
CLANOVENTA f r o m GLANNIBANTA,
( a l t h o u g h i t may
i s still following
r e m o v e s h o u l d be
Papcastle;
Borrow
BSAI.
MAIO, w h i c h
Working
noting
GALACYiyi i s i d e n t i f i e d
t o show t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e
r e m a i n i n g names are
Beckfoot.
we
that
topography
40).
derivation;
still exist i n the interpretation of this
is basically
I-IELIBOGLO,
f o r GALAVA),
demands a c o a s t a l s i t e ,
the
easily
direct
also suits the meaning of the
which
the latter,
allow;
cannot
t h e name s u i t i n g t h e
or more probably,
the form.GLANNOVENTA
i t with
we
114
HO
as
to
equation CLANOVENTA/GLANNIBAN'TA,
to separate
Brougham nor Ambleside are
t h e two
i s 16 m i l e s ) .
Fort,
a British
to Vatercrook,
SO
admitted
the easiest: the
( o r t h e r e v e r s e ) i s a common e r r o r
CALLEVA) , and
identify
be
Burrow-in-Lonsdale,
However, i t i s d i f f i c u l t
C-
connected
o f t h e B e n d ' BSEC
CLANOVEN'TA' a s B r o u g h a m ,
then assigned
a l t h o u g h i t m u s t be
GALLVYIO
r e j e c t e d any
near
us
i s greater than AI w i l l
ground,
identified with Hardknott
admirably
and
and
Head,
a t Beckermet
to GALAVA w i l l enahle
(although x i it o xx would
coming between Eavenglass
is
distance
Borrow Bridge
over very d i f f i c u l t
system
St Bee's
must accept Haverfield's opinion
not know the road which
do
somewhere near
CMTAYENTI/GLANNIBANTA/CLANOVENTA
a t Ambleside,
t o Low
emend t h e f i g u r e
distance,
The
the fort
the distance
Next,
t h a t we
o f i t e r X.
i t with
he
i n the defensive
mouth of the r i v e r Ehen.
ohviously
would
had
was
(HW
275)
have r e j e c t e d t h i s ,
although t h e i r grounds f o r doing
f r o m c l e a r ; PNRB a c c e p t s
likely
thetraditional
identification,
so a r e f a r
which
seems
enough.
v i i i I t e r X I 'a s e g o n t i o deuam'
This
short iter
(Map 8 )
i s most s t r a i g h t f oward, beginning
S a i n t y n A r f o n , now C a e r n a r f o n ,
Cair Segeint
i s i n HB 6 6 .
a t SEGONTrJT*i,
Caer
f o u n d a l s o i n RC 8 2 ; t h e O l d W e l s h
CANOVIO ( p r i n t e d t e x t s
o f A I always
form
give
CONOVIO, h u t t h e c o r r e c t s p e l l i n g e x i s t s a s a v a r i a n t r e a d i n g ) i s k n o w n
t o he C a e r h u n o n A f o n Conwy,
the s p e l l i n g KANOVIO).
where i t i s a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y (with
VARIS should he S t Asaph, h u t t h e f o r t has n o t
y e t h e e n l o c a t e d ; t h e r o u t e ends a t DEYA,
Chester,
S o m e w h e r e i n N o r t h W a l e s s h o u l d h e t h e t w o 'to"\ms'
mediolanion and brannogenion
o f t h e Ordovices,
(PC); t h e former i s presumably
i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e MEDIOMANYi'i o f RC 8 1 , w h i c h
lies
t o be
i n t h e sequence
YTRICONION LAYOBRINTA MEDI0MMm4 SEGYNTIO, p o s s i b l y o n a r o a d
Wroxeter
t o Caemarfon,
There
t h e MEDI0LANY>I a t W h i t c h u r c h
in
the territoiy
i s n o n e e d t o s u p p o s e t h a t RC 8 1 d u p l i c a t e s
(above,
o f t h e Ordovices
p d O ) a s PNRB do, s i n c e t h i s
(Webster
i d e n t i f i e d LAYOBRINTA w i t h Porden
1975).
BSRC a n d R B 4
seem t o have r u n a l o n g t h e v a l l e y
o f Afon Tanat
its
Caer Gai,
i s n o t e x a c t l y known,
at the southern end o f L l y n Tegid
suits
the identification i s f a r from certain,
site
on t h eTanat,
possibly near
i n t h emiddle
Grdovices;
(below,
the site
p.19),
is not.
Indeed,
Ordovices•are
Pyrynwy.
i s identified
the correct
w h i c h L e i n t w a r d i n e , PNRB's
about
o fthe
The
t o Chester
i s reasonable.
(Map 9 )
o f this i t e r are an intrusion from i t e r
o f t h e Demetae, and presumably
on Afon Llwchwr.
The
which
the Civitas
a t Cas-Llwchwr
and distances a r e against this,
of Hendy, f a r t h e r upstream
XY,
o f a MORIDYNYM i n b o t h i t i n e r a .
n e x t s t a g e , LEYCARYM, i s u s u a l l y p l a c e d
hut t h e roads
unwarranted;
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s a r e much t o o close t o London,
by t h e occurrence
o n e o f PG's 'towns'
distance
suggestion,
t h a t b o t h PG's 'towns'
uiroconiorum'
eight stages
as
o fthe
1-IYRIDYNO a t t h e h e a d o f t h i s i t e r i s C a e r f y r d d i n ( C a r m a r t h e n ) ,
is
this
a t t r i b u t e d t o them i n e r r o r i s perhaps a l i t t l e
i x I t e r X I I 'a m u r i d u n o
brought
of the valley
i snoti nthe territory
PNRB's a s s u m p t i o n
although their relationship
first
although
*LEYOBRINTA s h o u l d t h e n be a
a t Tomen-y-Mur i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
i n both cases t h e proposed
The
would
t h e Llanymynech copper mines;
which
from both London and Chester,
have
t h e m e a n i n g o f l-'IEDIOLANYM, b u t
t h e r e i s a BRANOGENIYl'I i n EC 5 8 , b u t t h i s
Leintwardine
which
t o Caer Gai,
seems p r e f e r a b l e t o PNRB's i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h A f o n
Finally,
i s not
G a e r , a n d BSRC i d e n t i f i e d I'lEDIOtlANTI'I
as Caersws, b u t t h e s e a r e n o t o n t h e r o a d t o C a e r n a r f o n ,
course
from
capital.
(Loughor),
and BSAI argues
PNRB t a k e s t h i s a
i n favour
stage
19
farther,
m.p.
assuming a t e x t u a l lacuna;
c l x x x u i ...
(leuca)
•which, a l t h o u g h
Castell-Nedd
m.p.
leucaro
(m.p.
i t seems somewhat i n v o l v e d ,
(Neath),
and
Cowhridge f o l l o w i n g the
nearby.
The
is
i d e n t i f i e d as
t o be
xu,
' a muriduno uirocon(ium cornou)iorufli
fort
u ) , nido
at Caerdydd
of h r i c k s w i t h BOY
(Cardiff Castle)
244,
t h e T A M I O N o f EC
found
i n RC
books, has
no
52.
The
e p i t h e t SILYRYI>I,
authority, not
F r o m I S C A we
tum
even
At
BREMIA, t o be
i d e n t i f i e d as
t h i s p o i n t RC
the gold-mines at Lolaucothi
by
RB4
and
applied
P N R B ) w i t h PC's
to the
Llandoferi,
fort
while
and
i s
by
AI,
as
and
the
fortress at
often given
them
river
Caerleon,
t o ISCA i n
older
dSB!
has
the
stamped on
wrongly given
n o r t h t o G O B A N N I O w i t h RC,
Abergefenni.
etc.,
i d e n t i f i e d as
i s ignored
name; A I passes d i r e c t l y t o ISCA, t h e L e g i o n a r y
also
xu
i s a t t r a c t i v e . NIDVl^
BOMIO ( f o r ^ B O Y O T l ) i s t o he
discovery
m.p.
a small
fort
t o be
identified with
digression
along
road
62
to
at Llanio i n Llanddewi B r e f i parish;
a r e -connected by
louentinon,
settlement,
Rivet
1974
(and
a name w h i c h was
ALABYM i s p r o b a b l y
subsequently
probably
also
the
of
fort
*CICYCIY1-I r e f e r s t o t h e b r e a s t - s h a p e d h i l l
at Y
Gaer,
Brecon.
l-IAGNIS i n A I a n d
RC
may
be
i d e n t i f i e d as
the
s u r v i v i n g i n t h e m o d e m name Maund, a l t h o u g h
short migration;
58,
f i t t i n g the
n a m e s w h i c h f o l l o w i n RC
i s the
itinerary mileage
lead
Kenchester,
t h e name has
BRAYONIO w h i c h f o l l o w s i t i n A I
B R A N O G E N I Y M o f RC
The
town at
to Gloucester,
same as
to
and
undergone
a
the
Leintwardine.
are
dealt
'ith
helow,
X Iter X I I I
iter
This
corrected.
a former
'town'
'ah
calleua'
involves
The
one
first
Legionary
of
IO)
small problem, but
f o r t r e s s , w h i c h f i g u r e s i n PG-
settlement
CLEVO r e p r e s e n t s
the
at Gloucester,
a form
epigraphically
name v i a O l d
Welsh Cair
(COLONEAS and
CLAYINIO) are
l i n k e d by
likely
Around the
s h o w n t o be
w h i c h may
Grandison, while
located
is
the
located
two
possibly
ISCA t o Usk,
itself
boullaion, the
surviving i n the
COLONIA NERYIANA
Gloui
obviously
{'SB
66) .
RC
only
and
name
GLEYENSIS
derived
PNRB w i t h G l o u c e s t e r ,
o f GLEBON COLONIA ( R C
from Eenchester i s the
has
easily
33
from
and
the
29
which
i s
p.2l)o
(below,
area
as
which i s
i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Monmouth,
at Veston-under-Penyard,
Romano-British
quite
i t i s one
stage t o BYRRIO i s n o r t h f r o m
(Archenfield).
attested
(Map
t h e S i l u r e s ; B L E S T I O i s t o be
ARICONIO the
Ercing
isca
the
RC
l i s t s a number of
s e r i e s EPOGESSA YPOCESSA MACATONION w h i c h
names, the
be
62)
first
fort
s e c o n d i s p e r h a p s t o be
settlement
s e r i e s ARGISTILLYI'I Y E R T I S S A L I N I S ,
at the important
BSRC
o f w h i c h i s e m e n d e d *EPOSESSA,.
i d e n t i f i e dw i t h the
a t Dymock, where a s m a l l
names;
salt-producing
and
settlement
at Stretton
emended *MAGALONIYM
i s known.
the
last
Beyond
and
and
Gloucester
of which should
town of Droitwich; YERTIS
be'
w i l l
20
t h e n "be W o r c e s t e r
24
and ARGISTILLVI<I i n t h e r e g i o n o f
Tewkeshury.
A f t e r G l o u c e s t e r i n A I s h o u l d come C i r e n c e s t e r , t h e C I R O N T O I DOBYNORYM
o f E C 6 6 a n d k o r i n i o n o f PG;
however,
been ommitted from the i t e r ,
since the total
i ti s obvious that this
nineteen miles short of the stated total,
distance between
GLEYVM and COEINIYI'L
been found,
xi
Iter XIV
This iter
Finally,
the iter
'alio itinere
which i s almost exactly
This will
(Map
then allow usto
t h e same p o i n t s a s i t e r X I I I ,
50)
which must
Park.
then fit
but uses
a
crossing of the river Severn, The
f o u n d a l s o i n EC 4 8 a sVENTASLVEVM, and
r o a d ; ^ METAi'IBALA (EC
identify
10)
stage ends a t VENTA SILVEVM, t h e C i v i t a s
names a r e l i s t e d between
the
r e a c h e s C A L L E V A ATEEBATV1»I, S i l c h e s t e r .
different route, involving a ferry
first
falls
a l t h o u g h t h e s e t t l e m e n t here has n o t y e t
isca calleua'
t r a v e l s between
has
of the given distances
DVEOCOENOVIO w i t h t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t W a n b o r o u g h ; S P I N I S w i l l
Woodspeen, a n e v i d e n t s u r v i v a l ,
stage
capital
Silures,
surviving a sCaerwent.
h e r e a n d I S C A b y EC,
i s perhaps
of the
and must^ occur
Three
o na branch
a n e r r o r f o r *NEMETOBALA, a name
be connected w i t h the important r e l i g i o u s
site
at
Lydney
ALBINVMNO i s emended t o *ALBINIANO b y PNEB, i n w h i c h case i t
w i l l b e a n e s t a t e name, and
IVPANIA
i s presumably
f o r *LVPANIA,
w h e t h e r t h e s e names b e l o n g i n t h e P o r e s t o f Dean, S o u t h Wales
but
or i n
Avon i s uncertain.
Prom VENTA a s h o r t spur r o a d l e d o f f t o t h e c o a s t , where
was
crossed b yferry,
and
t h e s e t t l e m e n t a t Sea M i l l s must
o f A I and PVNCTVOBICE (= *POETV A B O N E )
greatest difficulty
of this iter
would b e t t e r s u i t Sea M i l l s
than Bitton,
h a s b e e n o m m i t t e d b e f o r e ABONE, b e c a u s e
have
b e t h e ABONE
T h i s i s where
the
TEAIECTVS,
which i s the place which
heen
proposed,
I t i s conjectured that the phrase
the former with the l a t t e r ;
Severn
occurs, since the next station,
to be i n d i c a t e d : v a r i o u s s o l u t i o n s have
seems t o b e b e s t .
o f EC 47.
the
of which
'sabrinae
BSAI's
traiectus'
a c o p y i s t a t some t i m e
confused
named TRAIECTVS would
originally
b e e n a name " w h i c h r e s e m b l e d T r a i e c t u s when b a d l y i - r r i t t e n "
( B S A I 6O) .
AQVAE S V L I S
t h e s t a g e now
seems
i s undoubtedly t h e famous
spa a t B a t h , t h e h u d a t a
therma
( ' h o t b a t h s ' ) o f PG and APAVNAEIS o f EC 2 0 a c c o r d i n g t o PNEB, w h i c h
s u g g e s t s t h a t EC 278 TilNEEVE i s a n a d d i t i o n a l e p i t h e t ;
o f t h e t o w n was
p o s s i b l y BADONIS, i f B a t h was
famous
There i s c e r t a i n l y n o t h i n g wrong
battle.
* b a d o n o - ^ * b a a o n adopted
b y the Saxons
is hotly disputed both byphilologists
fully
resolved.
the Celtic
indeed the site
also
name
of the
with a derivation
a sBathanceaster, but the question
and h i s t o r i a n s ,
a n d may
never be
The W e l s h name o f B a t h , Caer P a d d o n , i s a n a n t i q u a r i a n
form, and has n o r e l e v a n c e h e r e .
A f t e r AQVAE S V L I S MINEEVAE, A I p l a c e s VEELVGIONE, i d e n t i f i e d a s S a n d y
Lane;
CVIvETIONE a l s o o c c u r s i n RC 4 6 ,
on t h e r i v e r Kennet,
The^iter
and
i s t o be located at
joins iter XIII
Mildenhall
a t S P I N I S , b u t RC 4 5
L E Y C O M G O m u s t l i e o n t h e r o a d f r o m C V N E T I O t o Y E N T A BELGARYI'I, a n d
to
h e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h East Anton,
heen found,
xii
where a s m a l l s e t t l e m e n t has r e c e n t l y
25
a s p r e d i c t e d h y BSRC,
(I'iaps 1 1 & 1 2 )
I t e r X V 'a c a l l e u a i s c a dumnoniorum'
The
the
i s
s e c t i o n a s f a r a sYENTA has
heen dealt w i t h
(ahove,
p.15),
and
f i r s t stage i s o nthe road t o Old Sarum, where S a l i s h u r y i s the
descendant
o f SORYIODVNVM ( g i v e n i n t h e more c o r r e c t s p e l l i n g i n t h e
intrusion of this iter
19 73 )
Farm (Margary
into iter XII),
s oBRIGE w i l l f a l l near
or H i l d o n House ( B S A I ) ; P N ^
f i g u r e s t o i d e n t i f y t h e name w i t h t h e s i t e
has
SORVIODYNVM o c c u r s
i n RC a s a c o n f l a t i o n
Rings
sites.
Durotrages,
heyond i t ,
admirahly
( f o r *DYRN0VARIA) i s prohahly the Civitas
DVRNONOVARIA
distance
since n o Romano-
( h e l o w ) , and
VINDOCLADIA ( R C 3 8 B I N D O G L A D I A ) s u i t s Badhuiy
not
emended t h e
at Ashley,
B r i t i s h occupation i s known at either of the other
Buckholt
, and
capital
of
the
a l t h o u g h n o w h e r e i s t h e name r e c o r d e d w i t h t h e t r i h a l
e v e n RC w h i c h
i s normally careful
t o l i s t them,
epithet,
s i n c e t h e name i s
p r o h a h l y r e c o r d e d h e r e a sRC 1 2 DYRIARNO; t h e d o u n i o n
o f PG,
formerly
i d e n t i f i e d a s^ l a i d e n C a s t l e , i s more p r o h a h l y t o h e l o c a t e d a t Hod
f o l l o w i n g RB4
and PNRB.
Next
i n A I comes MORIDYNO, t o h e i d e n t i f i e d
w i t h RC 2 3 ( a n d p r o h a h l y a l s o RC 15,
MORIONIO), a s i t e which has
H i l l ,
19 and
3 0 , I-iELAI-IONI, M I L I D Y I W I
l o n g h e e n d i s p u t e d ; PNRB's s u g g e s t i o n
and
of
Sidford i s possihly hest.
The
names f o l l o w i n g RC 2 3 a r e o b s c u r e
can b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h any
been the Civitas
to
capital
certainty.
RC
RC 2 6 L I N D I N I S
the only walled town
2 5 (ALAYNA S I L V A ,
o n l y a few
i s k n o w n t o )ia.^e
and
i n the
OMIRETEDERTIS) are w r o n g l y
r e p r e s e n t A L A V N A , SORYIODVNV]vI ( S I L V A O M I
TEDERTIS ( i f RE-
was
and
i s
probably
Civitas
Dorchester,•
2 4 and
presumably
confused,
of a division of the Durotrages,
beidentified with Ilchester,
other than
and
i s indeed
f o r FL,,
o nt h e r i v e r Axe,
PG's
divided,
f o r • S O R V I ( O D ) O N I ) , and
and
a *FL.
a s PNRB c o n j e c t u r e s ) . A L A V N A i s
alaunos
(below,
p.
i d e n t i f i e d a b o v e a s O l d S a r u m , a n d T E D E R T I S FL'^n^IEN
) , SORYIODYNYM
occurring between
t h e s e and I l c h e s t e r can h a r d l y b e o t h e r t h a n t h e S t o u r , a l t h o u g h i n i t s
present form i t i s hopelessly corrupt.
B e y o n d I l c h e s t e r RC 2 7 CANZA i s t o b e c o n n e c t e d
d e r i v e d b y E k w a l l f r o m t h e r o o t * c a n t - a n d may
Cadbury Castle, where a Romano-British temple
settlement nearby.
(above,
will
p. 1 9 ) ,
perhaps
RC
24a,
Cam,
well be either f o r
i s known, or an
RC 2 9 CLAVINIO i s p r o b a b l y f o r GLSWly[,
i n which
unlocated
Gloucester
case DOLOCINDO, emended t o *DVROGINTVM b y PNRB,
benear Gloucester i n which
on-the-¥ater m a y
with the river
case the s e t t l e m e n t a t
Bourton-
be intended.
3 0 MORIONIO i s S i d f o r d a g a i n , and RC 3 2 ALAYNA i s t h e same a s RC
s o BOLYELAVNIO w i l l b e i n t h e same g e n e r a l a r e a , p e r h a p s
near
Honiton,
e m e n d RC
3 3 COLONEAS i s p r o b a b l y G l o u c e s t e r a g a i n ; i t i s e a s i e r t o
RC
3 4 A E L A f l l s / A R A N Y S t o "^^-ARNYS a n d
connect
i t -with t h e
r i v e r E a r n r a t h e r t h a n t h e D e v o n Ermfe a s P N R B h a s
that the Bam
i s t o o s m a l l t o s h o w o n a n e a r l y map
Somerset
done; the o b j e c t i o n
does n o t apply i f
t h i s *ARNYS i s a s e t t l e m e n t named f r o m t h e r i v e r ,
i n which
near Hambridge
indicated.
(on a p o s s i b l e Roman road) w i l l
3 7 I B E R l f l O m u s t be
o n , n e x t t o V I N D O C L A D I A , RC
I w e m e , w h i l e t h e MELEZO w h i c h p r e c e d e s
modem Melbury.
I n this
in South-Bastem
be
case,
RC
connected
i t may
be
Dumnonii,
t w i c e i n RC
can no
which
( l 6 and
occurs
23)
i n PG
longer help
End)
o n t h e F o s s Way,
PG's
Beyond t h i s
(above,
p.20),
and
t o be
located
DERVENTIONE, t h e r i v e r D a r t .
p l a u s i b l y equated
a n d RC
RC
2,
3 and
'amber')o
3 ELCONIO f o r
tamara,
and
to
must
Launceston.
t o be
a t Totnes, where the road south from E x e t e r
12 D V R I A R N O w a s
?)
where t h e name Nymet appears
11 D E V B N T I A S T B N E ( f o r * D E R V B N T I O S T A T I C ? ) i s p r o b a b l y
on the D a r t , perhaps
probably
9 ARDVARAVENATONE f o r
5 TAMARIS i s i d e n t i c a l w i t h PC's
at
be
4 NEMETOTCIO ( f o r ^NBI-IETOSTATIO
w i t h N o r t h Tawton,
on the Tamar, presumably
cannot
9 are
TAVO, t h e r i v e r Taw,
t h e r i v e r Kenwyn, and
'Rocky
t h e name o f t h e a c t u a l
r e c o r d s f o u r t e e n n a m e s ; RC
kenio),
and
PNRB's
a connection with *uebro~
FL.
13 V X E L I S
another
the second f o r
on l e a d p i g s as VEB..., w h i c h
GEl^IO
RC
names;
a n d MASONA
Bath are probably
seems r e a s o n a b l e ;
FL.
river.
Exeter,
w i t h * ( A N T ) I V E S T E V M (Land's
f o r Radstock,
r i v e r names, 2 ELTABO b e i n g f o r FL.
(PG's
and
M a l l e t ( s i n c e t h i s a r e a s u i t s a name m e a n i n g
i s recorded
W e s t o f E x e t e r RC
of
point
14 V B R T E V I A , M I L I D V N V M b e i n g y e t
expanded ( a l t h o u g h PNRB s u g g e s t s
the
I I , i n PT
i s c h a l i s must l i e i n t h i s g e n e r a l area, and
mining district
RC
capital
emended T E R M I N V M , b u t i t s
APAVNARIS i s Bath
suggestion-of Charterhouse
be
the
located
are placed a number o f
c e r t a i n l y t o be
the former perhaps
a s i t e near Shepton
the Civitas
s u r v i v i n g as Devon.
ALOVERGIVM o c c u r r i n g b e t w e e n S i d f o r d and
be a s u r v i v a l ,
t o be
t h e name s u r v i v i n g as
MESTE^7IA i s c o n n e c t e d
v e r s i o n o f MORIDVNTM.
is
the ancestor of
t h e home o f L e g i o
o f I S C A i n RC
h y P N R B , d u p l i c a t i n g RC
Mount').
river
identifications.
17 TERi^ONIN i s a l m o s t
l o c a t i o n i s unknown.
as
a s SCADViyiNAI'IORVl-I,
•Between t h e two mentions
RC
Farther
Somerset.
w i t h t h e name o f t h e C i v i t a s
AI
site
with the
35 ANICETIS i s perhaps
F r o m M O R I D V N T M A I m o v e s t o I S C A DVI'IN0NI0RV14,
the
case a
i d e n t i f i e d above as D o r c h e s t e r ,
i s p r o b a b l y - i d e n t i c a l w i t h PG's
sought
crossed
and
ouxella: the distance i n
RC
PG
from London w i l l
s u i t a s i t e near- B i d e f o r d , a t t h e end
of the road north
from Exeter.
14 has
This leaves six
n a m e s ; RC
RC
RC
already been discussed above.
1 G I A N O ( f o r ^ G L A N O ? ) , RC
7 PILAIS
( = ? ) , RC
8 V E R N A X I S , RC
u o l i b a - ( f o r *VERLEVA ? ) .
in
This last
6 - PVROCORONAVIS ( f o r ^ D V R O C O R I T O V I V M ) ,
10 DEVIONISSO S T A T I C and
suits
the early fort
PG's
at Nanstallon,
i t s d i s t a n c e f r o m London, b u t i t i s as y e t i m p o s s i b l e t o l o c a t e t h e
otlier
names.
xiii
'per
ND
lineam ualli'
and
RC
preserve
long heen sources
to
I3)
(Map
lists
of forts
of confusion,
compound the d i f f i c u l t i e s ,
R u d g e Cup
around
(RUC)
and
on Hadrian's
since
we
posess two
Amiens S k i l l e t
t h e i r r i m s , and
apparently i n order,
which
and
a full
the
Romano-British
ND
be
and
are
they
depict
slightly
the V a i l
i n the western
w i t h n e i t h e r ND
will
running
RuC
and
of the
parts of their
lists,
the eastern section from Vallsend
t h e n be
Haltonchesters
PONS A E L I V S ,
Benwell
m u s t be
ONNTJI, C h e s t e r s
YELYRCION and
XL.40
ND
YINDOLANA ( N D X L . 4 1 )
ommitted
was
here
identified
M G N I S was
a l t h o u g h why
is
was
b y RC
and
RC
should
as
b y ND
RC,
RuC
and
omit
Carvoran,
i n the next
which
BROCOLITIA.
own
emend
(p,9)
as
Chesterholm,
AESICA, on
and
the Wall,
a p p e a r s t o have s u r v i v e d as
south of the V a i l ,
epigraphic
locates Birdoswald's
t h a t we
and
Ahse.
therefore
RuC
grounds at Birdoswald,
and
but
and
o f CAICBOGLAN"IS a n d
consequently
and
been l o s t ;
we
i s
r p l a c e d by
may
Now
r e l a t e d forms
PNRB i s t o assume a l a c u n a
accident,
AS
g a r r i s o n a t AlfflOGLANNA.
are n o t d e a l i n g w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e names.
been dropped by
e n t r y has
to
YERCOYICIYM.
s e c t i o n , w h e r e B A N N A i n RC,
from the occurrence
AS
this
RC.
s o l u t i o n a d o p t e d h y HV
BANNA h a s
and
may
YINDOBALA,
Carrawburgh
i t i s n o t on the V a i l ;
f i x e d on i n c o n t r o v e r t i b l e
it i s obvious
BORCOYICIO t o
i d e n t i f i e d above
as
identified
problems begin
ommitted
list.
(SEGSDVNYM);
CONDERCYM, R u d c h e s t e r
CILYRNYM,'
as G r e a t c h e s t e r s ,
a l s o OTTimitted by
The
AS
which
H o u s e s t e a d s i s a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y as YER..., e n a b l i n g us
is
the
4.
s e ef f i ' J "a p p e n d i x
agree l a r g e l y i n the f i r s t
name i s u n c l e a r .
14 9
different
sector,
n o r RC.
adds ESICA t o t h e end
names o f the f o r t s ,
taken to represent
RC
have
small pottery vessels,
a l s o name f o r t s
agreeing
but
recent discussion of the problems involved i n e s t a b l i s h i n g
EC
Newcastle
lists
( A S ) , which
a g r e e w i t h e a c h o t h e r , a l t h o u g h AS
For
t h e two
Vail,
i n ND,
i n
The
whereby
CAJyEBOGLANl'TA, w h o s e
therefore locate
CA14B0GLANNA
27
at
Castle steads
i t occurs
just
elsewhere
south of the line
i n RC,
of the V a i l ,
I t r e c u r s a s RC
16 7
section dealing w i t h the S c o t t i s h Lowlands,
name o f S t a n w i x ,
and
i t s a b s e n c e f r o m ND
name o f t h e g a r r i s o n .
fixed
CAMBROIANNA i n
to dittography of
noted
e p i g r a p h i c a l l y as ABALLAYA; Drumhur.gh may
and
MAIA i s Bowness-on-Solway
xiv
The
be
above
why
the
YXELODYNYM i s t o be
i s due
B u r g h - b y - S a n d s , i t was
explaining
(p.17),
the
the
i s
*CONCAYATA ( p . 1 8 ) ,
(p.17).
S c o t t i s h Lowlands
North of Hadrian's
V a i l we
so m o s t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s
epigraphic
confirmation.
are
d e p e n d e n t o n PG
and
RC
are purely c o n j e c t u r a l except
I t i s probably
best
to start
f o r a l l names,
where there
w i t h PG
as
is
PNRB
has
done,
since his relatively
than the corrupt l i s t s
f e w 'towns'
are more e a s i l y
identified
o f names i n RC•and t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n
trihal
areas which are approxiamtely located.
PG- a t t r i b u t e s
and r h e r i g o n i o n .
( w i t h Greek
t o the Novantae
o fGalloway
loukopibia
T h e f o r m e r i s c o r r u p t a n dwe may p e r h a p s
-b-f o r -ou-):
and has been connected
a grid
emend "'^loukobia
t h i s name c o n t a i n s a n e l e m e n t meaning
w i t h W h i t h o r n , the Candida
which may be a n approximate t r a n s l a t i o n
PIffiB s u g g e s t s
t w o 'towns',
'white'
Casa o f Bede HE i i i . 4 ,
o f t h e B r i t i s h name.
However,
o f names l y i n g i n s t r a i g h t l i n e s w h i c h
implies
t h a t a n i t i n e r a r y w a s t h e source o fPG's map o fS c o t l a n d , a n d u s i n g
this
HC
they suggest Glenlochar.
T h e f o r m *LYCOVIA may be compared
with
1 7 0 LYCOTION, b u t a n o r i g i n a l * L E Y C O Y I A o r ^LEYCOYIYI'I i s d e m a n d e d ,
rherigonion may be recognised a s the P e nRhionydd
and
i n the modern Stranraer,
name w a s g i v e n i s u n k n o w n .
(for
for
Among t h e S e l g o v a e
karbantorigon,
RC
The
a British
o f the c e n t r a l Lowlands
PG l i s t s
ouxellon, korda andtrimontion,
169 YXELA,
1 7 1 CORLA,
183 TRIMYNTITM)
Dumnonii
have
s i x 'towns'
.
PNRB
with
where i t
i n PG, b u t t h r e e o f t h e s e a r e n o r t h o f
(p.2"]);
ouindogara a n dk o r i a .
i t a s Camelon, but i t i s argued below
equation,
ouindogara i s a site
has n o t y e t been i d e n t i f i e d :
*Y(nODOGARA.
difficult,
the three
kolania i s
same a s RC 1 9 5 C O L A N I C A o n t h e A n t o n i n e W a l l ,
is
i n
epigraphically.
the isthmus are kolania,
the
f o i i r names,
a l lo f which occur
Porth-Clyde isthmus,'and are dealt with helow
of
derivation
C O R DA - w i t h C a s t l e d y k e s a n d T R I M O N T O T I w i t h N e w s t e a d ,
proven
the
t h e n a m e w i t h RC 1 7 4 BRIGOMONO
*CARBANT0RIT^/1'I w i t h E a s t e r H a p p r e w a n d L y n e , Y X E L Y M
W a r d Law,
is
PNRB c o n n e c t s
the
attractive.
( l 6 l CARBANT(0R)I(T)Y1/I,
identifies
tradition,
a l t h o u g h t h e Roman f o u n d a t i o n t ow h i c h
* R E R I G O N I O ( N O ) ) w h i c h , a l t h o u g h BSRC f i n d s
t h e name, i s v e r y
o fW e l s h
a n d PNRB
(p.26) that Bar H i l l
south
presumably
identifies
i s a
better
o n Irvine Bay (YINDOGARA SINTS), b u t
RC 1 5 6 BROCARA m a y b e a n a b b r e v i a t e d
T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f k o r i a w i t h RC 1 9 9 C I B R A i s
andi s here rejected,
rather
although i t s l o c a t i o n a tBarochan
Hill
accepted.
The
fourth
with three
tribal
grouping listed
'towns', k o u r i a ,
i n Lowland
Scotland i s the
alauna andbremenion
Yotadini,
d u p l i c a t e d b y RC 1 7 7
CORITIOTAR ( f o r CORIA •^(Y)OTAD(lNOR^m) ? ) , 1 8 7ALAYNA a n d 1 8 5 BREMBNIYM
(which i s the starting-point
o fA I i t e r
I , High Rochester).
CORIA i s
i d e n t i f i e d b y PNRB a s I n v e r e s k , a n dALAYNA w i t h L o w L e a r c h i l d
on the
river Aln.
T h i s - l e a v e s a v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r o f n a m e s i n RC ( t w e n t y - s i x ) ,
is-not impossible that
wrongly attributed
in
the
158/9
Moray
t h e r e a r e some d u p l i c a t i o n s ,
t othe Lowlands.
STODOION SIN-ETRIADY^I
I nt h e l a t t e r
a n d some
and i t
names
c l a s s we may r e c o g n i s e
t h e p t e r o t o n s t r a t o p e d o n o f PG l o c a t e d o n
c o a s t , 1 6 0 CLINDYI4 f o r t h e l i n d o n o f PG l o c a t e d n o r t h o f t h e
Porth-Clyde
PG,
isthmus,
1 6 5 LOXA f o r t h e l o x a p o t a m o s
1 6 8 SMETRI f o r Smertae,
f o r Yacomagi,
1 7 6 EBIO f o r EPIDITl'I ( K i n t y r e ) ,
1 8 2 YEMYTIO f o r Yenicones,
CLASSIS) t e n t a t i v e l y a s c r i h e d t o South
( f o r ^PLYM. ABO),
duplication,
occurs
1 8 8 OLEICLAYIS
t h e R i v e r Ouse ( Y o r k s . ) .
There
i s one
1 9 0 RYI4AB0
certain
1 6 7 C A l f f l R O I A N N A f o r CAI-IBOGLANNA, C a s t l e s t e a d s ,
are
Glenlochar
several patterns ohservahle
- Castledykes
A3ISS0N - K i n t y r e ,
which
i n this:
from
south-west
Given
this,
where a f o r t
road
PRAESIDIYfl
from Crawford
S M E T R I may
(inveresk)
( i ftwo
Girvan,
- High
S h i e l d s - EYIDENSCA.
sites) will
prohahly
which
there i s a northward
EBYR0CAS(TEL)LYM
-
not hea duplication of
may
Dalswinton;
then he o nthe
(which i s perhaps CAMYLOSESSA)
road
v i a Cumnock,
located at the road
h e ABISSYl-I.
Secondly,
junction.
- 189) i n Northumberland
Rochester
- COCCYYEDA - Low
I t i s here
(p.l.*^)o
w i t h Newstead -
Learchild - South
-
propsed that EBYROCASTELLYI^I represents
Cappuck, f o l l o w i n g BSRC, and
t h a t COGCYYEDA i s t h e r i v e r
BSRC a n d
r e l a t e d t o HABITANCYI1 ( R i s i n g h a m )
PNRB; EYIDENSCA was
177
from
progression dealt w i t h helow
there i s a cluster (l83
Finally,
there
- S I - I E T R I - ¥ard L a w
i n Dumfriesshire, possihly
(PRAESIDIYI'I ? ) was
ends near
167 to 176
- CAlvJYLOSESSA - P R A S S I L I Y I ' I - S t r a n r a e r -
Smertae hut perhaps a site
CAi'IYLOSESSA and
The
( f o r ^HORREA
S h i e l d s h yPNRB, and
a general westerly progression w i t h Castlesteads
PG's
18O.I#Jl0mG0
earlier at 131.
There
is
(River Lossie) o f
Coquet f o l l o w i n g
ahove,
p.7.
RC
the
155
( f o r "^FANYM C O ( C I ) D I )
FAITOCODI
cult of Cocidius
i s prohahly
appears t o have had
i t s focus
1 5 7 CROYCINGO i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h YINDOGARA, a n d
Renfrewshire
o h v i o u s l y t o h e t a k e n t o g e t h e r , and
a group o f names i n * r i t o n
thought
all
is
be i n the upper Tweed v a l l e y .
probably
a coastal site,
and
may
since
area.
RC
well hea site
RC 1 6 2 and
163
Dillemann
1979
to spell a s i n g l e name),
i n
are
s i n c e w i t h CARBANTORITYM t h e y
( ' f o r d ' ) ( w h i c h i s why
them t o h e v a r y i n g attempts
i n this
may
or A y r s h i r e , perhaps Loudoun H i l l .
Bewcastle,
form
wrpngly
they
may
16 4 ALITACENON ( f o r *ALAWOCELYM ? )
b e l i n k e d w i t h ' 1 6 5 L O X A , 'as m a y 1 6 7
LOCATREYE.
•The
228
' d i u e r s a l o c a ' o f RC 2 2 8 - 2 3 5 a r e u s u a l l y a s c r i b e d
(LOCYS)
being
MAPONI
a mistaken
'place',
230
IWAMl
a s s i m i l a t i o nof B r i t i s h "^loc-
the LOCYS
'pool' to Latin
t o BSRC's
'(Place near)
o f Man
the Tay',
Manau Gododdin, e s p e c i a l l y i n view
D A Y N O N I ( f o r -^DYI'INONIl)
MINOX) r e m a i n
completely
but
which
locus
and
this
since
233
i t i s
s u r v i v e d i n ¥elsh t r a d i t i o n a s
o f SEGLOES ( f o r * S E L G O Y E S )
i t precedes.
obscure.
possibly
the equation of
byPNRB i s hardly necessary,
t o b e a t r i b a l name w h i c h
Lowlands
NOYP/S b y PNRB ( f o r t h e
2 3 2 T A B A i s t a k e n b y PITRB t o b e t h e r i v e r T a y ,
w i t h the Isle
more l i k e l y
w i t h Lochmaben,
PANOYIYS i s p l a u s i b l y emended FL.
river Nith),
preferable
i s t o be equated
to the
2 2 9 and
231
(MI:1A
and
and
i s
26
XV
'ciuitates
...
RC p r e s e r v e s
alteri
recto tramite una alteri
a list
of forts
c o n n e x a e , ub±
to
however,
t e nforts
H\'/ 1 4 2 s u g g e s t s
exist,
disregard two forts
the
future).
Carriden
' i n ipsa britania recta tramite una
stage,
identifications
references
Broad Place',
which
identification,
others will
be r e c o ^ i s e d i n
a l l identifications
are purely conjectural.
direction the list
found
i n the
i s heading;
p l a i n now occupied
i connected w i t h a stream;
by Grangemouth, i s an i d e a l
w i t h a stream,
'Ridge'
they conjecture
a stream,
as being unoccupied.
although i t i s difficult
RC 1 9 4 B E G S S S B
since
form.
Rough Castle, beside
we h a v e a l r e a d y r e j e c t e d t h i s
'Rather
hut Mumrills,
PNRB's e m e n d a t i o n t o V O T A D I N I i s unnecessary'-,
there i s no connexion
the
RC 1 4 2 V O L I T A l M l O m u s t b e a
i n t h e names.
RC 1 9 3 P E X A i s e m e n d e d t o D E X A b y B S R C , w h i c h
foot
heen
a r e based on t h e s u r p r i s i n g l yd e t a i l e d
Y0LITA5OTI i s a good B r i t i s h
Place',
i n t h e-
a n d we may t h e r e f o r e
suits neither K i n n e i l nor Inveravon,
o v e r l o o k i n g -the broad
a r e kno^m
occupied
t o be VELVINIA ( R C 19 1 ) b y a n a l t a r
i s proven
topographic
a r e those
CI63),
esse
( a s B S R C a n d H\"7
and Rough Castle) known t o have
v i c u s i n 1 9 5 9 , s o we k n o w i n w h i c h
remaining
forts
( a n d , no doubt,
So, a t t h i s
Wall
de oceano
a r e named, w h i l e n i n e t e e n f o r t s
t h a t these
(Bearsden
time
t o t h eAntonine
( i . e .c158 -
second phase o f t h e W a l l
unoccupied a t this
(Map1 5 )
e t ipsa "britania plus angustissima
d i n o s c i t u r ' , wliictL m u s t r e f e r
observe);
connexae'
would
f i t , hut
I t i s possible
a n d t h a t t h e name means
t o see which
t o be
that
'Southerly
fort i s southerly.
i s perhaps t h e large f o r t a t Castlecary,
o f t h e ridge running between Cumbernauld and t h e canal,
a tthe
and i f
we a c c e p t t h i s , DEXA c o u l d b e t h e i m p o r t a n t f o r t a t C a m e l o n , n o r t h o f
the
Wall, and on-a low platform south o f t h e river
Carron,
which
may
e x p l a i n t h e name.
C O L A N I C A RC 1 9 5 a p p e a r s a s k o l a n i a ' i n P G , s o w e s h o u l d
Agricolan site
rejected,
suggests
o n t h e W a l l ; PITRB's s u g g e s t i o n
since
this
list
either Bar H i l l
a t Bar Hill,
The name means something
o r Croy H i l l ,
regular spacing-of
probably
second-period
point t o a topographical
Croy H i l l ,
like
forts.
feature evident
this
to
the
i s so, t h e spacing
identify
Castlecary,
Cadder
and vrill suit
i f we assume a
fairly
today,
and i t s connexion
with
n o r d o e s R C 1 9 7 S^^/HDOBIALON,
which
i s surely
Balmuildy.
t o f o l l o w PNRB i n e m e n d i n g t o ALAYNA, .I f
e v i d e n t i n t h e r e s t o f t h e l i s t may enahle
MEDIONEtlETYIi
an incorrect
v e r s i o n o f DOB- n o t r e m o v e d w h e n t h e c o r r e c t DOB- w a s w r i t t e n i n ) .
u s w i t h
us
w i t h A u c h e n d a v y a n d SYBDOBIADON w i t h Cadder;
l a t t e r may p e r h a p s be emended ^DOBIALYNYM ( S Y B - b e i n g
This leaves
2
RC 1 9 6 i ^ l E L I O N E M E T O N d o e s n o t
b u t RC 19 8 -LITANA must be a 'Broad P l a c e ' ,
i t i shardly necessary
'Hill',
t h e former
A r t h u r ' s O'on b y PNRB seems a l i t t l e f a n c i f u l ,
Again,
o f Camelon i s t o be
seems t o name t h e f o r t a s LEXA, a n d F r e r e
t h a t Agrico.lan s i t e s
and• M u m r i l l s .
seek a n
t w o n a m e s o f u n c e r t a i n m e a n i n g , RC 1 9 9
CIBRA
and
200
RC
C R E D I G O N E ; New
K i l p a t r i c k , B e a r s d e n , was
t h i s phase, while Duntocher i s a very
an acre.
This
*CCRIA and
C a s t l e h i l l and
leaves
with the remaining
^CREONES as
DIGONA; w h e n t h e
PNRB has
an
occupied
covering
easy t o emend these
tried
'de
t o do.
may
was
i n
half
identified
l a s t two
analyse
o r i g i n a l *CP^CONA, m i s c o p i e d as
c o r r e c t CRE-
only
O l d K i l p a t r i c k t o he
names: i t i s n o t
much more e a s i l y as
small fort
not
to
CREDIGOITB
CLICONA,
then
a d d e d , t h e i n c o r r e c t P I - was
not
removed.
Although
confident
we
lack the epigraphic
of our
details given
identifications
help
us
confirmations
o n H a d r i a n ' s ¥all, t h e
t o some e x t e n t ,
i n v o l v e a numher of d i f f i c u l t i e s .
be made a b o u t t h e s e
forts
and
Old
K i l p a t r i c k ) are
closer
together
although
A few
identifications,
(Carriden, Mumrills,
which enahle
the
us
central section
does
interesting observations
Camelon, Castlecary,
while
a t the more vulnerable
he
topographic
i f correct; a l l seven
represented,
to
Bar
'primary'
Hill,
Balmuildy
the f o r t s named are
western
end
can
slightly
where three
'secondary'
29
forts
(Auchendavy, Cadder and
suggestion
o f HW
12 2
C a s t l e h i l l ) seem t o be
t h a t t h e s e c o n d p h a s e was
to the problems of occupying the lowlands
p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e n a m e s i n RC
t h e r e i s no
r e a l reason
are
seems b o r n e o u t by
the
' c i u i t a t e s ' were
line
j o i n e d t h e m o n RC's
x v i The
As
map
w i t h the lowlands,
occurring
i n RC
160
stratopedon
Culbin
and
t r a n s c r i b e d i n RC
and
226
equivalent
s a m e a s RC
TAGEA may
2 15
221
w i t h PG:
four
(alauna,
Inchtuthil,
lindon
these
as
the last
two
VICTORIEo
'towns', bannatia,
tameia,
PNRB as D a l g i n r o s s ,
( ? ) , and
Bellie.
of pteroton
be • f o r * T A l ' r s ( l ) A , b u t
The
the
pteroton
Cardean,
Of
these
stratopedon,
which
T^/^SIS i s f o r ^
there appears to
Yenicones have only
one
'town'
P O R E O C L A S I S ( f o r *HORRKA C L A S S I S ) i d e n t i f i e d
do
of
the T a i x a l i w i t h deouana ( K i n t o r e ) ,
be
orrhea,
by
repeated
DEYONI.
first
2 10
to begin
STODOION SINETRIADVM, 2 12
f o r bannatia.
PNRB as M o n i f i e t h , as
and
lists
224
PINITATIS i s the L a t i n e q u i v a l e n t
Bellie,
The
shows t h a t some k i n d
best
D r u m q u h a s s l e and
I58/9
that
16)
Sands a t the mouth of' the Pindhorn
is
a t RC
(Map
t u e s i s , i d e n t i f i e d by
2 11
number
source.
C L I N D W and
RC
i n a
statement
a s t a r t i n g - p o i n t . PNRB i d e n t i f i e s
A m o n g t h e V a c o m a g i PG
forts:
i n v o l v i n g some
the e x p l i c i t
connexae'
i t i s probably
Ardoch (on A l l a a Water),
the
and
'towns' of the Dumnonii n o r t h o f the isthmus
o u i k t o r i a ) provide
no
alteri
Scottish Highlands
three
and
'una
Moreover,
since
reaction
the
the names o f reoccupied
t o emend t h e m as PNRB d o e s ,
strained explanations.
The
a more sensible
o f cases i t means r e j e c t i n g p e r f e c t B r i t i s h forms
rather
named.
t e n n a m e s i n RC
are
o b s c u r e , b u t RC
IBERRAIT ( f o r ^ H I B E R N I A ? )
seem t o i m p l y
205
CBRi4A ( f o r * C ( A ) E R M I
t h a t the west coast
is
28
being
followed.
F r o m P I M A T A CASTRA t h e r e seems t o b e a
progression:
Bellie
- LODONE - . L I T I N 0 I 4 A G 0 - K i n t o r e .
*(CA)LED0NES
h yPNKB, a n d * L I T A N O M A G V S
will
southward
LODOKE i s e m e n d e d
f a l l between Bellie
Kintore,
p e r h a p s a t Y t h a n ¥ells.
The l a t t e r
obscure:
2 2 0 - 2 2 6 i s presumably i n Strathmore
and
p a r t o f t h e l i s t i s more
and S t r a t h Tay.I
f
222
a n d 2 2 3 ( L E V I O X A V A a n d CERI4IVl*l) a r e t o b e l o c a t e d b e t w e e n M o n i f i e t h
and
Inchtuthil,
intended.
a site
Against
south o f the Sidlaw H i l l s
this
i s PMB's
and Bertha
are surely
e m e n d a t i o n o f CERMOTI TO * C ( A ) B E E N I ,
but t h e form w i t h -IYI*I t e r m i n a t i o n makes t h e emendation u n l i k e l y : t h e
connexion
o f L B Y I O X A V A w i t h 2 2 0 LEVIODANYlvI a n d t h e e m e n d a t i o n
makes good sense,
can
2 2 5 J-IARCOTAXON
h a r d l y be sought
l i s t e d between I n c h t u t h i l and
i n Strathmore,
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h YICTOE.IA.
*LEVIODVTOI
Cardean
and i t mayr e p r e s e n t Pendoch i f
YORAN i s emended *YARAR b y PNRB, b u t i t m a y
be f o r S t r a t h c o r o ' .
This leaves
f o u r names u n e x p l a i n e d :
*NOYANTARYM b y PNRB, w h i c h
2 1 6 MEMANTYRYl^I i s e m e n d e d
i s reasonable
e n o u g h , 2 1 7 DECHA i s emended
•^^DECANTAE, b u t i t m a y a l s o b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h 1 9 3 P E X A
(emended t o
*DEXA a b o v e , p . 2 6 ) , i d e n t i f i e d a s C a m e l o n ,
I n view
given t o 2 2 0 - 2 2 6 above, t h e two remaining
names m a yl i e a l o n g t h e
route north, Bochastle
and Strageath being
A s e r i e s o f names i n RC l i s t e d
placed
north o f t h e Antonine
Inveresk,
other.
the
stands
i s apparently
t oh e
W a l l ; 17 7 CORITIOTAR, i d e n t i f i e d a s
( = *YENICON'ES) a t t h e
( t h et i n a potamos o f P G ) ,
be i n southern Pife.
^YENICONES
i n the lowlands
identifications,
e m e n d e d *ITYNODYNYT^ b y PNRB, i s p r e s u m a b l y o n
r i v e r Eden i n P i f e
will
possible
a t one end, a n d 1 8 2 YEITYTIO
1 7 9 ITYCODON,
of the locations
DYBA3SISIS,
placed
sothat
CELOYION
b e t w e e n *YACOI'IAGI a n d
i s perhaps f o r Carpow.
Notes
1
B S R C , B S A I a n d VimB a l l a g r e e
i n
The f o r m g i v e n b y RC 1 4 2 seems t o i n d i c a t e a n a m e ' w i t h
British".
* c o r i o - + t r i b a l name.
it i s difficult
and. t h e y a d m i t
a t r i b a l name
2
t h a t CORSTOPITYl-I " i s m e a n i n g l e s s
The form
PNRB emends *CORIOSOPITYM
f o l l o w i n g BSRC, b u t
t o s e e h o w t h e f o r m i n RC c o u l d h a v e a r i s e n f r o m
the possibility
t h a t RC's
this,
form i s the better, involving
*Lopocares,
o f t h e name a t H E i i , 1 4 a n d i i . 2 0
*CATARACTA, w h i c h
would
supposes a
appear t o be a genuine
nominative
alternative,
Old Welsh form C a t r a e t h must be derived from t h i s
(LHEB
since the
564).
3
The r i v e r name U r e m a yb e d e r i v e d f r o m B r i t i s h - ^ I s u r a ( B S A I
4
tork
75).
i s r e f e r r e d t o a s SEI^TAE b y N D ; t h i s m a y b e a n a l t e r n a t i v e
name f o r t h e L e g i o n a r y
a textual
fortress
('At t h e S i x t h
corruption ( N D X L . 1 8 'praefectus
eb^raci)'),
although
i t i s difficult
(Legion's
Camp)') or-
l e g i o n i s sextae
i n this
latter
(uictricis,
case t o seeh o w
the
5
name SEXTAE i n t r u d e d i n t o
However, whether
the picturae a t the head of the
V i c t o r i s using a l e g a l term or s-iapiy
'important place'
chapter.
colloquial
i s unclear.
However, t h e h u i l d i n g sequence a t Brough i s p u r e l y m i l i t a r y and
6
and Wacher ( l 9 74 )
suggests
t h a t PETVAS.IA i s t o he
P e r r i h y , t h r e e m i l e s away, a l l o w i n g us
the
7
fort at
See
(p.17)
helow
t o i d e n t i f y PRAETORIVl-I w i t h
f o r the suggestion
XL.49 AXELOLVNO
t h a t ND
hut the possihility
n o t he r e j e c t e d s i n c e t h e O l d "Welsh f o r m may
to their
hy the Angles
9
'condate
xziii,
numerals
The
from x u i i i i
hy- s u g g e s t i n g
attractive,
The
The
etoceto
Old Welsh forms
PNHB has
proposal
H e r e dSB
("Wreocen a n d
Curicon)
see
now
prohlem
i s
C^r/^Ua^s <3 ItJCdl
Iter
I
ISANTA
i s d e r i v e d f r o m DVROBRIVAE v i a
the Jutes
i s rejected out
very
i n v a l u a b l e hy p r o v i d i n g a lacuna
the distances
CAl'EBORICO
(DVRALIPONTE
of
attractive.
COLONIA
hetween
( f o r Cambridge),
= Godmanchester,
PlHiB w h e r e i t i s a r g u e d
DVPJTOmGO
i t i s t o be
admitted
t h a t t h e r i v e r name i s
that a Late B r i t i s h
r i v e r name w i t h a COLONIA u p o n i t i s a r a t h e r a m a z i n g
PNRB has
one
etc.).
from the town;
15
demand
to '*uri- which
hut nevertheless remains
I t e r I I I was
= Water Newton
But
distance.
ISAN1\WARIA.
V E N T A GENOM ( = V E N T A ICElTORVl^l) a n d
14
o f t h e Pcoman
of f i n a l * —ion remains.
t h a t modern Rochester
then reducing
dSB
alheit unwittingly)
t o some e x t e n t a l l e v i a t e d
hut the d i f f i c u l t y
hand hy G e l l i n g 19 78 ,
and
...'
emendation
a late' B r i t i s h syncope o f * u i r i -
Iter XVIII
a c t u a l ) , Flargary
(and f o l l o w s
j?o'givesthe c o r r e c t
O l d "'.^elsh " ^ C ' r o t i r i w a d a p t e d a s H r o f i h y
13
s t a t e d , 24
i n f e r i o r f o r m I S A l ^ ' A V A N T I A i s t h e h a s i s o f dSB
VARIA and
12
xuiii,
since a simple
to xxiiii
A n g l o - S a x o n and
a B r i t i s h *'D"riconon;
11
(l9
i n mileage
mediolano
This i s hardly necessary,
10
w e l l have heen a s s i m i l a t e d
l o c a t e s t h e ICEDIOLANVK o f I t e r X a t C h e s t e r t o n
Iter X
must
ownj^hurh.
Because of the discrepancy
19 73
represents
Netherhy.
q u e s t i o n o f s u r v i v a l i s much disputed,
The
North
Brough.
an a l t e r n a t i v e name f o r
8
located at
naval,
r e v i v e d t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n / ^ w i t h RC
Portchester Castle, but i t i s d i f f i c u l t
more damaging, the m i l i t a r y occupation
compiled;
u n f o r t u n a t e l y , we
will
43
derived
*Colonia
coincidence,
ARLAONEON
and
to reconcile the forms,
a t Portchester- ended
never
know when the
and,
before
occupation
WD
was
at
V i a l t o n C a s t l e ended, b u t i t as good i f n o t b e t t e r t o i d e n t i f y i t
r a t h e r t h a n P o r t c h e s t e r w i t h PORTVS ALVRINFI,
Ports of the Saxon Shore'
(Elek
1976).
See
S Johnson
'The
Roman
30
16
On
t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e E n g l i s h p l a c e n a m e ¥ickham, s e e
Gelling
'1978.
17
I t i s perhaps
is
unfortunate
today c a l l e d Newhavenl
that
the port a t the mouth
However, t h i s i s a s i x t e e n t h - c e n t u r y
c o i n e d when t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r i v e r was
water harhour f o r the fleet,
former mouth,
names i n
Pl^IRB's e m e n d a t i o n P L .
19
*EDEROTALIA
deep
s i l t e d up a t i t s
a c o n c e n t r a t i o no f Roman
PiniB's i d e n t i f i c a t i o n / w i t h Dover
TRISMTONIS i s textually
as an emendation
the r i v e r Btherow,
corruption,
name
finds
ignores
RC.
18
of
altered to provide a
since the r i v e r had
near S e a f o r d , where
indicates a settlement.
the
o f t h e Ouse
difficult.
f o r ZBRDOTALIA would
c o n t a i n t h e name
h u t a f o r m *APLDOTALIA more e a s i l y e x p l a i n s the
and i s a good d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s i t e
('The
Edge o f t h e
Ridge').
20
See K M a t t h e w s
'A N o t e
o n t h e Roman Name o f L a n c a s t e r '
Arch, J., forthcoming) f o r a f u l l
21
See
BSAI,
d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e name,
PNRB r e v e r t s t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
t h a t "a r e a s o n a b l y d i r e c t r o a d l i n k i n g
is
out o f the q u e s t i o n " ; however,
XX miles,
we may
r e t a i n BSAI's
22
The
23
I t i s interesting
(Lanes.
identification,
noting
(Low- ' B o r r o w B r i d g e w i t h
i f we
emend t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m x i i t o
identification.
r i v e r name E l l e n i s a s u r v i v a l o f B r i t i s h
t o note t h a t t h e sense
*Alauna.
of 'flowing'
or
'washing'
i m p l i e d by t h i s name i s p a r a l l e l e d a t D o l a u c o t h i , . w h e r e t h e r e
mines
to
i s corrupt, but concludes
t h a t i t has n o t h i n g
do w i t h t h e n a m e W o r c e s t e r , w h i c h r e q u i r e s a B r i t i s h * U i g o r a
name as i t s base.
Here
i t i s proposed
t h a t RC's
YERTIS
o r i g i n a l • Y I G ( O ) R I S - ( T f o r R h a s p a r a l l e l s • w i t h i n RC,
a r i s e s v i a C or T, and
BODOTRIAj o r perhaps
^•^YIGORISj,
25
we h a v e
but
Badbury
which w i l l reinforce
the
R f o r G
perhaps
identification.
t o be l o c a t e d , a l t h o u g h
I n n (above,
p.15).
R i n g s has been s u g g e s t e d as a s i t e f o r BADONIS (above,
p.20),
i s a p u r e l y E n g l i s h name; t o t h i s i t m i g h t be - o b j e c t e d
t h a t ' B a t h i s , t o o , b u t h e r e an a l t e r n a t i v e name
suggests that
t h e f o r m w i t h B a t h a n - may
t h a t * B a d o n was
adopted
by t h e Saxons
f a c t t h a t by t h e - d a t e o f t h e b a t t l e ,
have
r e p r e s e n t s an
m e t a t h e s i s f r o m ^/'ETRIS-^gCRIg-c-^Z-^GS-LS-
locates i t a t Wneatsheaf
Badbury
river
l o s s o f i n t e r n a l - 0 - o c c u r s i n BDORA. f o r
I t i s j ^ h e r e t h a t Y I N D O M I o f i t e r XY u s e d
PNRB now
26
are
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e name LVENTINYM.
PNPuB n o t e s t h a t Y E R T I S
24
Ambleside)
been *Baabn, which t h e Saxons
took place, i t would have
(Acemannesceaster)
n o t be E n g l i s h .
as *Baddan f a l l s
an Old Welsh
The
argument
down on
the
pronunciation would
w o u l d h e a r as Bathan; i f a s s i m i l a t i o n
been t o Baethum
(as i s suggested
for Bath),
r a t h e r t h a n t o "^Baddan.
27
T h e name C a m l a n n ( A n n a l e s C a m h r i a e ,
5 3 7 ) may p o s s i h l y he d e r i v e d
f r o m CAl'BOGLAJMA, a l t h o u g h t h e l o s s o f t h e - g - h y t h e d a t e o f t h e
Annales
28
would he u n u s u a l .
P M B ' s c o n j e c t u r e t h a t PBXA = * P I C T I s u i t s n e i t h e r ' t h e i r
argument
t h a t t h e s o u r c e u s e d h e r e h y RC V7as a F l a v i a n m a p b r o u g h t u p t o d a t e
i n Severan
times, n o r t h e argument
included forts
Picts until
was
Severan,
here followed, that
source
o n t h e A n t o n i n e ¥all, s i n c e t h e r e i s n o m e n t i o n o f
t h e very end o f t h e t h i r d
i ti s difficult
Caledonian campaigns),
of Wall forts,
century.
I fRC's map
t o see how t h e P i c t s
named o n i t ( s i n c e t h e y do n o t f i g u r e
a list
t h e map
i n any o f t h e accounts
and i t would perhaps
as i t appears
could have
source
heen
o f Severus'
he s u r p r i s i n g n o t t o f i n d
that Severus
intended t o
reoccupy
t h e A n t o n i n e W a l l a c c o r d i n g t o HW.
29
However, t h e argument
s p a c i n g was assumed ahove
i s somewhat c i r c u l a r ,
since a fairly regular
i n o r d e r t o make t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s .
32
4: T r i b a l C i v i t a s and
Regional
names
Compared with, the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s e t t l e m e n t names, the l o c a t i o n
of
trihal
and
c i v i t a s names i s r e l a t i v e l y
vast m a j o r i t y of them are
whose i d e n t i t y
contained
while
i n PG
i s g e n e r a l l y known.
are l i n k e d w i t h S t r a n r a e r and
easy, not l e a s t because
To
and
t a k e PG
Glenlochar
t h e i r name i m p l i e s a c o n n e x i o n
are r e l a t e d to
i n order,
(RERIGONOT
w i t h t h e N i t h , so
'towns'
the
and
the
noouantai
*LBVC0YIA)
that they
will
I
have i n h a b i t e d the southern
'Below'
Castledykes
central lowlands;
n o r t h ) o£
Bar H i l l ,
and
and
Galloway.
the selgoouai w i t h Easter
Newstead,
so
they w i l l
t h e name a l s o occurs
these,
Irvine,
the damnonioi
i n RC
(RC
2 3 5 LAYN^ONl) a r e
and
Rochester,
the
their
isthmus.
'East'
attributed
Inchtuthil,
'More t o
the
t h e o t a d i n o i , a name whose c o r r e c t f o r m
have been V o t a d i n i , since
i n i t i a l H-,
have i n h a b i t e d the
Barochan H i l l , Ardoch, Drumquhassle and
( i . e .east) are
Happrew,
2 3 4 as SEGLOES.
they must have straddled the Porth-Clyde
south'
must
t h e W e l s h d e r i v a t i v e Gododdin demands
t o w n s a r e I n v e r e s k , Low
L e a r c h i l d and
so t h e y p r e s u m a b l y i n h a b i t e d t h e w h o l e E a s t
an
High
coast
between
Wallso
'North-east'
who
( i . e .N o r t h - w e s t )
o f t h e D u m n o n i i PG
i n h a b i t e d EPIDIYM, K i n t y r e ; f a r t h e r
Morvem
near
( ? ) , karnonakai- of Applecross,
Cape W r a t h
and
Beauly
P i r t h are
of
literary
sources,
a l t h o u g h t h e name was
Porth-Clyde
'east'
and
231 *(CA)LEDONES,
a p p l i e d on o c c a s i o n
isthmus;
moreover,
inhabited Glen
to a l l the peoples
north of
t h e name C a l i d o n i a i s g e n e r a l l y
'East'
(North) of them are
the
the Cornovii, the
lougoi
'above'
(west
o f ) whom w e r e t h e
smertai
Oykel,
'Below'
(East of) the C a l i d o n i i are
Cardean and
Bellie,
name occurs
a s RC
who
the ouakomagoi, w i t h Dalginross,
must have s t r a d d l e d t h e G r a m p i a n s , and
1 8 0 MAROJIAGO.
'South-west'
whose
(South-east) were
the
(RC 182 VEIWTIO) w i t h M o n i f i e t h , presumably i n h a b i t i n g
ouenikones
'East'
( N o r t h ) w e r e t h e t a i z a l o i w i t h K i n t o r e , who
will
have
Buchan.
of the Selgovae,
f r o m sea
t o sea,
also a t t e s t e d i n Seneca, Juvenal,
and A I i t e r
Y
*ISY(RIY14)
BRIGANTYM,
Aldbqrough,
to them are the p a r i s i o i ,
the C(lYITAS)
PG
places
the brigantes,
Taci.tus, Stephanus of
as w e l l as v a r i o u s
to them are accredited \ ^ i t l e y
Burrow-in-Lonsdale,
attests
Between Loch Long
Mor,
Glen
'Next'
*CERINI)
who
RC
of
sources;
205
of
and
south-eastern Sutherland,
people
(north) the kreones
variety
of
South
epidioi,
a t t e s t e d i n a wide
d e k a n t a i o f E a s t e r Ross, between them and
occupied
the
the k a l e d o n i o i , a people
given t o the whole of t h i s area.
Angus.
lists
k a i r e n o i ( = RC
kornaouioi of Caithness,
the
the
of
( i . e .east of them) are
¥ard L a w ,
(i.e.
coast
Byzantium
epigraphic
Castle, Binchester, Catterick,
Castleshaw,
Elslack, York
and
Slack.
w i t h Brough~on-Humber, where RIB
*(P(ARISI0RY1'I)) .
a
707
33
South, o f t h e B r i g a n t e s and P a r i s i i ,
the
hut to the west, are
placed
o r d o o u i k e s w i t h Caer Gai and Tomen-y-Mur; T a c i t u s m e n t i o n s
in
connexion w i t h P a u l i n u s ' campaigns i n Anglesey,
while
these
there
are
m o d e m place names D i n o r w i g ( ' P o r t r e s s o f t h e O r d o v i c e s ' ) on t h e
Straits,
and Rhyd Orddwy ('Pord
o f t h e Ordovices') near Rhys,
Parther east PG places the kornaouioi,
and RC 79
V T R I C O N I O N CORNOVIOR^ m ,
CORlTOV(lORVI'l) ; t h e C o h o r s
X L . 3 4 was
presumably
r e c m i t e d from the
92
name o c c u r r i n g i n RC
are
attributed
with
to-^m C a i s t o r
(ICENOR)TI'U
intaglio
f r o m t h e r i v e r Tas
name.
Farthest
are mentioned
Tacitus,
Orosius and
them,
After
iv.103,
l o c a t e d a t Caerwent,
'town.', a n d
C I V I T ( A T I S )
dobounoi
while
a jasper
connected
a number
Jordanes;
48
the
as
b u t i s n o t l i s t e d b y P G who
i s attested
i n RIB
3 1 1 as
RES
SILVR^ m.
C ( I V I T A T I S ) L(OBVI^TNORVl-I
which has
GALLBVA ATREBATVM and RC
RIB
the tribal
6 7 CALEBA A R B A T m .
a s DVROAVBRITO C A N T I A C 0 R V I 4 ,
properly Cantiaci
('People
atrebatioi
i n both A I iter V I I
Farthest
east are
the
Canterbury occurs-in
Cantia9i
adopted).
PG places the rhegnoi, w i t h Chichester.
t o w n o c c u r s a s PcSGNO i n A I i t e r V I I a n d
t h i s has
t h e name
20.2
i m p l y i n g t h a t t h e C i v i t a s name i s m o r e
( w h i c h Pl'TRB h a s
t h e A t r e b a t e s and
66,
records
2250
? ) : ^ i n L i o LX
kantioi with-London, Canterbury•and Richborough;
be ^ R e g n e n s e s
Usk
a r e g i v e n C i r e n c e s t e r , t h e C I R O N I V M DOBWORv'M o f R C
P(VBLICA)
REGEl^TTrVM, a n d
tribal
gives
epithet
The
a
*VBNTA
with Silchester,
• Below
source,
t h e r e g i o n name
Following these are the
72
of
and
occurs w i t h m e t a t h e s i s as h o d o u n n o i .
RC
with
these are the siloures,
T a c i t u s and
the-Civitas
AL
other classical
and are a t t e s t e d e p i g r a p h i c a l l y a t Kenchester where
R(ES)
ICINOS
HB.
o c c u r s i n A I i t e r X I V as V E N T A S I L V R V M and RC
PVBL(ICA)
20.2
*(l)cenimagni,
the demetai, with Lolaucothi
century mentions
p e o p l e m e n t i o n e d b y P l i n y WE
the
as
east are placed the trinoantes
has g i v e n .the m o d e r n L y f e d .
only
the
by D i o L X
i s presumably
( C a r m a r t h e n ) ; t h e name o c c u r s i n no
Gildas i n the sixth
The
and
w i t h t h e l e g e n d CBN
Next, PG l i s t s i n t h e f a r west
as t h e i r
ND
The k a t u e u c h l a n o i
1 0 3 as VENTA *(l)CENOMVM, and T P as
m e d i a e v a l s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g Bede H E and
S(I)LVRV1'I,
i n
Civitas.
mentioned by Caesar
C o l c h e s t e r , m e n t i o n e d a l s o by Caesar,
capital
a t Newcastle
Pre-Roman c o i n s show a name ECENI, and
*(VE10TA
Demetia
CIVITAS
S t Edmund's, w h i c h occurs i n A I i t e r V as
a n d I X a s VEN"TA ICINORVIvI, R C
but
RIB 2 8 8 records the
1 9 6 2 CAT'^/VELLAVNORVM; n e x t c a m e t h e s i m e n o i ,
the Icehi of Tacitus,
Caerfyrddin
CORlTOV)lORVI^I
RATE CORION ( f o r * C O R I ( T A N O R ) V M ) .
presumably
with the tribal
the
t h e k o r i t a n o i w i t h L i n c o l n and L e i c e s t e r ,
? S p a l d i n g and S t Alban's,
k a t o u e l l a n o i and RIB
their
and where
Prima Comoviorum listed
P a r t h e r east s t i l l were
Clvjyd.
w i t h C h e s t e r and W r o x e t e r ,
epithet i n A I i t e r X I I *VIROCON(mi
last with the trihal
Menai
i n RC
led to suppositions that
o f the Kingdom'),
44
as
NAVIMAGO
the tribal
name
since i t i s known that
should
the
34
C l i e n t Kingdom of Cogidutmus included t h i s
w o u l d he u n i q u e ,
and
Jackson
i n BSAI 78-9
rejected, prefering a British
area.
However, such
and PMEB h a v e v i g o r o u s l y
^ H e g i n i , 'Proud
Ones'.
Below the
locates the helgai, w i t h Charterhouse-on-Mendip,
PG
which
last
occurs
as VENTA BELGARvli
VENTA VELGARV^I i n i t e r XV,
the
attribution
and
appears
Roman government"
South-west
is
and
Bath t o the Belgae
(PNRB 2 6 7 ) , t h i s
the
specific mention
of
Pinally,
Nanstallon,
1673
1672
C(lVITAS)
Hill;
the
T B i d e f o r d and
I)VR(O)TR(I)GVM
and XV
RG,
a s SCADVLvI N A M O R V I ^ a t 1 6 a n d
I S C A DVI-INONIORW, i n TP
1843
as CIVITAS
DVJ!CN"ONI(ORVI'I) , a n d
the
Dorchester,
t h a n PG's
o f Devon and
Launceston,
XII
also i n RIB
Civitas
been taken t o represent a s u b d i v i s i o n
be m o r e a c c u r a t e
P G - l i s t s the doumnonioi
as
the
C l ( V I T A S ) DVR0TPLAG(V14) L E N D I N I E S I ( S ) , b u t
o f I l c h e s t e r has
may
the
objection hardly applies.
c a p i t a l o f t h e C i v i t a s D u r o t r i g u m was
i m p l i e d by RIB
grounds
hut since
the C i v i t a s a t an unknown date, since i t i s t o l e r a b l y
the
rejects
creation of
o f t h e s e a r e t h e d o u r o t r i g e s , w i t h Hod
( L ) Ei n ) I N ( l ) E S I S a n d 1 6 7 3
as
PNRB
on the
pre-Roman coinage,
t o have been-an " a r t i f i c i a l
attested e p i g r a p h i c a l l yi n RIB
Winchester,
41 as VENTA VELGAROM.
that they are i n the area of Dohunnic
Civitas- BeIgarum
B a t h and
Dohunni
i n A I i t i n e r a V I I and X I I and
i n HC
of Charterhouse
a name
certain that .
The
form
Durotrages
imsupported
form.
Cornwall, with
Exeter,
t h e name o c c u r r i n g i n A I
itinera
a s I S C A D V i ' I N 0 N I 0 R V 1 4 and., t w i c e i n
SCADONIORVl^i a t 2 3 .
The
D ^ m ( N O ) N I (OR^/T'l) a n d R I B
name
1844
occurs
CIVITAS
t h e r e g i o n name Dumnonia f o u n d i n G i l d a s has
given
modem Devon (Welsh D y f n e i n t ) .
In addition to tribes
names mentioned
s p e c i f i c a l l y n a m e d i n PG,
there are
three
i n the coastal survey-not occurring i n the land
setantion limen (= SETAITTIORVM PORTVS, Fleetwood), ganganon
(GANGANORVM PR0M0NT0RIVI>I,
kolpos
their
L l e y n P e n i n s u l a ) and
(GABRAITTOVICVM SINTS
listing
accurately.
PORTVOSVS,
i n t h e c o a s t a l s u r v e y we
Among t h e
Bay);
tribal
' d i u e r s a l o c a ' o f RC
names; PNRB c o n n e c t s
unreasonably,
b u t i t was
(above,
p.25)
name o f t h e t r i b e
I'LANAVI w i t h t h e I s l e
suggested
above- t h a t
A l s o among t h e documentary
tribal
n a m e s ; RC
called Com-ovii,
name (Kernyw,
i t may
remembered as Ifenau Gododdin, and
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Clackmannan ('Stone
by
eulimenos
virtue
can l o c a t e t h e s e m i n o r
names ( M A N A V I , SEGLOES and DAVNONi) o f w h i c h a t l e a s t
are
akron
gabrantouikon
Bridlington
survey;
tribes
are
three
the last
o f Man,
two
not
i n f a c t be
who
the
are to
be
o f t h e Man.aw').
sources
are a few names which p o i n t t o
6 PVROCORONAVIS i m p l i e s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a t h i r d
i n the Cornish peninsula to which
Cornwall).
Castleford-on-Aire,
LAGSNTIVl'I
(RC
126,
is-derived from a tribal
as i s DELGOVICIA (RC 139,
AI iter
t h a t LONGOVICIVl.i (RC 133,
presupposes
*Longovices
that
they gave
A I i t i n e r a V and
name ^ L a g e n t e s
ND
XL.15
and RIB
CONCAI^TGIS ( R C 1 4 1 , ND
VIIl),
by
1074),
XL.9
trihe
their
BSAI,
l ) , Wetwang-, f r o m ^ D e l g o v i c e s ;
also argues
and
of
PNRB
Lanchester,
and
CIL
35
12 3 4 ),
VII
' i t was
iter
argued
ahove
i s f r o m an e t h n i c name * C o n c a n g i i .
14 2
( p . 2 8 , n o t e I ) t h a t RC
I , CORSTOPITVM), Corchester, i s a hetter
PITRB's
*CORIOSOPITVlvl,
16 8
RC
Chester-le-Street,
and t h a t
a trihal
(p.25)
ahove
perhaps
area.
that
at Lalswinton,
f o r m o f t h e name
name * L o p o c a r e s
Sl'IETRI i s t a k e n h y PNRB t o r e f e r
argued
CORIELOPOCARroi (= A I
t o PC's
i s
Smertae,
indicated.
h u t i t was
t h e name i s t o he l o c a t e d i n t h e
s o t h a t we may
PNRB a l s o r e m a r k
have
than
Lowlands,
of *3m erti i n
a trihe
SIMS
t h a t C P N S d e r i v e d LEI^IANONNONIVS
and
Lomond f r o m a t r i h a l
name s u c h as * L e m a n n o n i i , h u t t h e name may
he r e g i o n a l and n o t
ethnic.
Tacitus mentions
two names n o t f o u n d i n o t h e r l i t e r a r y
38 names t h e B o r e s t i as
Roman army,
which must
he
suits
only N o r t h Wales,
DECEANGL(ICV1^ 1
However,
i t i s customary t o connect
METALLVJl) o f C I L V I I 12 0 4
of Tacitus'
12 0 5
and
such
seriously
h e r e i s t o accept b o t h names, and
was
as
c o n f u s e d a s we
variants
of a single
Epigraphy has
surprising,
Eden v a l l e y ;
and
JRS
LV
their •capital
shows t h a t
8 1 2 allows
question of
to
accept
neighhours,
solution
that Tacitus
f o u r new
tribes
adopted
(or his
what
source)
seemed t o
244
to the l i s t ,
Most
Carvetiorum of RIB
933
of
be
i s nowhere
a sufficiently
which
i m p o r t a n t , and
perhaps
IN C(IVITATE)
C ( I V I T A S ) CAR(VETIORVM)
i n
the
d i r e c t l y named, b u t a m i l e s t o n e
a p p a r e n t l y measured
i m p o r t a n t t o w n t o be
and
(19 6 6 )
223
from
Carlisle,
promoted
to
(CIV)lTATIS C0RIBLS0LILI0R"^7M
CORIE- i s f o r *CORIAE ( t h e g e n i t i v e
the tribal
name w i l l p r o b a b l y have
(pNRB 3 2 0 ) ; t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e C i v i t a s may
part of the Civitas
be
of
been
sought i n the
. Prom Beltingham RIB
was
16 9 5
promoted
to the rank of Civitas-
* S o l i l i i
northern
capital.
names t h e CVRIA TEXTOVERLORVM ( w i t h
f o r L a t i n - C T - ) , w h i c h PI^TRB s u g g e s t s m a y
be
RIB
the T e c t o v e r d i w i l l have
114 2
inhabited
British
t h e name o f t h e
important vicus a t Chesterholm, which i s very attractive.
accepted,
a
Catuvellaunorum, f o l l o w i n g the s u g g e s t i o n o f Wacher
that Water Newton
Pinally,
and
capital.
s e t t l e m e n t name),
and
The
to rationalize
d i s t a n c e s were
f r o m Caves I n n (Warwks.).-
-XT-
The
heen
doubted.
suggest
tried
(19 6 5)
More p u z z l i n g i s J R S L V I
19 74
112 1.
V I I
i s difficult
self-governing Civitates.
which w i l l have-been
Civitas
EE
the
name.
i s the Civitas
CARVETIOR(VM)
2283)
a r e , and
added a t l e a s t
two a t l e a s t were
(RIB
them w i t h
Camhriae
s i m i l a r names can have
a l t h o u g h n e i t h e r name can he
be
and
form to *Lecanti.
L e c e a n g l i / L e c a n t i i s much d i s p u t e d , s i n c e • i t
trihes with
the
Moray
t h e place- name L e g a n n w y demands a B r i t i s h * L e c a n t o u i o n ,
an easier emendation
two
Agr.
are mentioned i n a context which
mention of the Arx I)ecantorum i n the Annales
that
sources;
a t the f a r t h e s t point reached hy
the Decangi
and
Loch
simply
t h e r e g i o n o f PINNATA CASTRA, o n t h e
I n Annales X I I 32
Coast.
the
the trihe
this
t h e South Tyne
(from Corbridge ?) recorded the k i l l i n g
of a
large
I f this
valley.
group
o f CORIONOTOTARVI'I; p r e s u m a b l y t h e t r i b e
and
-was a s e p t
the
l i v e d n o r t h o f Hadrian's
o f o n e o f t h e l a r g e r t r i b e s l o c a t e d t h e r e b y PG
(probably
Selgovae).
Last
of all,
there a r e t h e t r i b e s recorded
i n t h e n o r t h ; t h e name m a i a t a i i n D i e ' s
i n l a t e r w r i t e r s as
epitomators
J o r d a n e s ) seems t o be a p p l i e d
t o a confederation
in
(with two place
theCalidonian
Hill,
near
applied
confederacy
Stirling,
preserving
t h e name).
living
( X i p h i l i n u sand
o f tribes n o t included
names, Dumyat and Amyot
L a t e r we f i n d t h e name
Picti
t o t h e peoples i n h a b i t i n g t h e whole o f Calidonia, w i t h two
divisions,
t h eDicalidones
Calidones,
among o t h e r s ) a n d t h e Y e r t u r i o n e s
Portrenn)
be
Wall,
(whose name s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e y i n c l u d e d t h e
i nAmmianus XX^/II 8 , 4 .
recorded
a n o r t h B r i t i s h tribe a r e separate
(whose name s u r v i v e s i n
T h e A t e c o t t i who appear t o
from t h eP i c t i ,
hut linked with
them, and presumably i n h a b i t t h e f a r t h e s t n o r t h ,
RIB
600 and 610 record
a name CONTRBBIS, w h i c h
name o f a d e i t y ; h o w e v e r , t h e a l t a r s
PNRB 2 5 9 g i v e s
i nquestion a r e dedicated
lALONO CONTRBBI ( ' t o t h e g o d " T h e L o w l a n d s o f t h e j o i n e d
which
sounds more l i k e
name.
a name d e r i v e d
The findspots o f t h e altars
make i t c l e a r t h a t C o n t r e b i s
from a place
(Lancaster
as t h e
t o DBO
dwellings"')
than a simple
and
divine
Burrow-in-Lonsdale)
i s t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e Lower
Lune
valley.
Note
1
The editors o f RIB allow t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
they read
as D might
was a n u n r e c o r d e d
that thelast
letter,
p o s s i h l y b e B; W e b s t e r 1 9 7 5 s u g g e s t s t h a t
tribal
group i nnorthern Hereford
b a s e d on C r e d e n h i l l Camp, a n d i t i s n o t i m p o s s i b l e
and
that a Civitas
i s connected w i t h R I B 2022 C I V I T A T ( I S )
u n c e r t a i n ; R I B expands t h i s
unusual
t o *BRIG(ANT)IC(AB),
t o find an a d j e c t i v a l form
c a n n o t y e t be
T'lhether
BRICIC(..) i s
b u t i t w o u l d be
o f t h e t r i b a l name u s e d i n t h e
d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e C i v i t a s , a n d we a r e p e r h a p s d e a l i n g h e r e
u n k n o w n name w h i c h
there
Worcester,
B... e x i s t e d i n t h i s .area, w i t h i t s c a p i t a l a t K e n c h e s t e r .
or n o t this
which
expanded.
with an
37
5:
¥e
River and Stream
have two major
RC,
together with
direct
sources
two major
one
i n which
since
f o r t h e n a m e s o f r i v e r s , PG a n d
i n d i r e c t sources,
on r i v e r names, a n d s u r v i v a l s .
dealt with here,
Names
Only
t h e l a s t i s a very complex area
was i n f a c t i n u s e d u r i n g t h e Roman
and
British.name
and a r e therefore^
i n s p e c t i o n o f RC's l i s t
direction.
can he
period.
many i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s a n d ommissions,
he a clockwise
hased
o f study,
that a surviving
i n t h e coastal survey,
easily i d e n t i f i e d ; a close
to
t h e f i r s t three sources
t h e r e can he no guarantee
PG's r i v e r s f i g u r e
s e t t l e m e n t names
i t follows
reasonably
shows t h a t ,
t h e coast
despite
i n what
However, i t must he remembered t h a t
o f RC's h a b i t a t i o n names a r e r e a l l y r i v e r names, a n d i t w i l l be
below that
(i.e.,
terminate i n -um),
begins
(236),
which
with TRAXVLA
PERB i s a l i t t l e i n c o n s i s t e n t
i n dealing with
equation i s accepted on p o 2 13 ,
"phonetically
impossible".
RAXTOI^IESSA
i n the index
being
an o r i g i n a l
on the south
9 ARDYARAJ/ENATONE
i s c l e a r l y t h e E x e ; RC
(p,22)
w i t h t h e D a r t ; PG t a m a r o s
Tamar,
PG's k e n i o , w h i c h
with
M^restona
RC 2 3 7 A X F v l ' I
t h e required An^lo-Saxon Terstan.
a s e t t l e m e n t name, f o ra place
PG's i s k a
the
as
However, t h e f o r m may be c o n n e c t e d
a l t h o u g h PNRB emends * M o i n a , t o be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h
above
with the Test;
coast
2 3 8 M A I N A i s p e r h a p s t o b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h PG-'s a l a u n o s ,
Po43);
Axe,
hut rejected
of
t h i s name, s i n c e t h e
( f o r ^(T)RAXTONE(SSA) ? ) , allowing
w i l l have given
looks like
BSRC e q u a t e s
(below,
the
t h e Meon,
was i d e n t i f i e d
a n d RC 2 4 0 T A M A R I S s u r v i v e a s
i s concealed
i n RC
3 ELCONIO, i s i d e n t i f i e d
by PNRB a s t h e • r i v e r Z e n w y n , a t r i b u t a r y o f t h e P a l , b u t i t i s
not a survival,
name
(helow,
RC 2 4 1 NAYRYl-I i s o b s c u r e ,
PG's o u e x a l l a i s n o t t h e S o m e r s e t A x e , w i t h w h i c h
and
i s probably
the river Parrett
duplicated i n the island l i s t
Avon,
PG's s a b r i n a o c c u r s
as
an island,
as
does Gildas
(RB4) ,
the
to
latter,
may r e p r e s e n t
t h e n i t i s t h e name
However, RC's
either Classical
of the fort
c h o o s e b e t w e e n P G ' s - b - a n d R C ' s -m-,
i n Welsh,
t h e r i v e r (Annales
( r a t e s ) t a b i o s must he t h e T a f f ,
o b v i o u s l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h RC 2 4 4 T A M I O N ,
-on which
and i s clearly t h e r i v e r
X I I 31 ) ,
b y Bede a n d H B ) ,
RC 2 4 3 I S C A i s t h e U s k ; P G ' s
Antique
i t was l o n g i d e n t i f i e d ,
i n RC 2 3 9 S A ( B ) R ( I ) N A a n d a l s o
287 SOBRICA; T a c i t u s m e n t i o n s
(followed
( f o r *PL, TAYA) ,
RC 2 4 2 ABONA a p p e a r s t o b e
as ELAYLANA,
misplaced
probably
and i s possibly n o t a r i v e r
a s RC 2 E L T A B O
p.'i^") ; t h e T a w o c c u r s
he
they
suspicious
a p p e a r t o be n e u t e r
RC's l i s t
which
seen
some r i v e r names may n o t be w h a t
I n p a r t i c u l a r , we a r e e n t i t l e d t o b e e x t r e m e l y
names which
268
some
some i s l a n d names a r e a l s o r i v e r names, so t h a t we m u s t
aware o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t
seem.
seems
and i s
form has a
late
- u s o r -um, a n d i f
at Cardiff;
i t i s impossible
since both would
RC 2 4 5 A Y B N T I O h a s g i v e n t h e m o d e m E w e n n i ,
give
Taff
a n d 2 4 6 LE^/CA
38
248 LEVGO(SBNA)
and
have given, modem
'is o h v i o u s l y r e l a t e d t o T y w i ,
period is-a prohlem;
Llwchwr
(Longhor),
PG's
h u t Greek - h - f o r B r i t i s h - u - a t this
even worse,
the form
touerohios f o rt h e T e i f i
contins an i n e x p l i c a h l e - r - , and t h e emendation *Tuegohis
in British.
Istv^th,
associated
with the Test
i t may he r e p e a t e d
a a 2 6 9 SEirVA
f o r the
associated
this
w i t h Cenio,
object t h a t an equation w i t h t h e Kent
*Coventi(n)a) i s philologically
p r o p o s e d t h a t we s h o u l d
Kent,
the
Der^^ent
the Rihhle;
PNRB
l a s t w i t h RC 2 7 2 E T S O D I S I N A M , l i s t e d a s a n
RC 2 4 9 C O A N T I A i s a s s o c i a t e d
the
where i ti s
( ? )and Itchen ( ? ) .
PG's s e t e i a seems t o h e t h e M e r s e y , a n d h e l i s a m a
who
meaningless
h u t w h a t t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f RC 2 4 8 ' s c o n f l a t i o n L E V G O S E N A
i sunclear;
river,
i s
s t o u k k i a a n d RC 2 4 7 I V C T I V S a r e u n d o u b t e d l y
represents
has
touhios
read
Irish
t h e Kenwyn, hy
PNUB,
(made b y BSRC, who e m e n d e d
impossible;
however, i t i s here
•'^'CONATIA f o r ^ C u n e t i o ,
which
w^ould be
R C 250 DORYANTIVM i s o b v i o u s l y a n e r r o r f o r * D e r v e n t i o ,
(Cumbria) ; PG's i t o u n a s u r v i v e s a s t h e E d e n ,
RC 2 5 1 s u r v i v e s a s t h e A n n a n , a n d P G ' s n o o u i o s
(RC's NOYITIA 253 and
PANOYIYS 2 3 0 ) h a s become t h e N i t h ; PG's deoua i s now t h e Dee, a n d
iena/ikoua t h e Cree.
The form o f t h i s
l a s t name h a s caused a
d e a l o f t r o u b l e , a n d i t may be t h a t a n o r i g i n a l
transmitted.
which
*Icena
west coast;
CPNS d e r i v e s
since an original
*Adrona w i l l
wrongly
Gododdin,
RC i s f o l l o w i n g t h e
t h e r i v e r name A y r f r o m a n o r i g i n a l
( a n e m e n d a t i o n p r o p o s e d b y BSRC
likely
has been
P.C 2 5 2 w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e n a m e A e r o n i n T
appears as a name i n t h e L o t h i a n s , b u t h e r e
good
f o rt h e i r ADRON) , b u t t h i s
*Agrona
i s
unnecessary,
have become A y r , t o o . I ti s h a r d l y
t o be c o n n e c t e d w i t h PG's a b r a o u a n n o s , w h i c h
s k a u l d be t h e
Water o f Luce,
PG's k l o t a
( A g r , 2 3 ) , a n d , a s PNRB h a s
i nTacitus
i n RC 2 7 3 C L E D a s a n I r i s h r i v e r
out,
I N S Y L A CLOTA,
and
occurs
PG's l o n g o s
i s associated
as a n i s l a n d
i s found
and A I M r i t i m e
pointed
Itinerary
as
a s a n i s l a n d n a m e i n RC 2 9 9 L O N G I S ,
b y PNRB w i t h L o c h L i n n h e ;
eitis
i s also
represented
RC 2 9 4 E T E , a n d i t s p o s i t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h e r i v e r
r a t h e r t h a n t h e L o c h E t i v e p r o p o s e d b y PNRB.
Naver, and i l a as Abhainn I l i d h
name o f t h e B e a u l y ,
nabaros
(the Helmsdale);
Carron
survives as t h e
o u a r a r ( i s ) i s t h eo l d
still applied t o i t s upper reaches
i n the form
Parrar.
- PNRB a s s o c i a t e s
t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f RC 2 5 5 ' s c o n f l a t i o n C E R T I S N A S S A
w i t h t h e r i v e r Ness, which
i s likely;
s e t t l e m e n t name i s s o u t h e r n S c o t l a n d ,
loxa,
the
as
the Lossie.
probably
as t h e Tay; t h i s
' d i u e r s a l o c a ' a s TABA, w h i c h
whether
165 LOXA o c c u r s
wrongly
and i s t o be a s s o c i a t e d
t o u e s s i s i s t h e Spey, and k a i l i o s
D e v e r o n , RC's f o r m h e i n g
t h e Dee, taoua
RC
better,
PG's deoua
l a t t e r name occurs
BSRC w r o n g l y
o r n o t T a c i t u s ' TAYM i s t o be t a k e n
(RC
255'S
as a
w i t h PG's
CERTIS..,)
survives
among RC's
t o o k t o be a place, b u t
seriously i s disputed.
PG's
in
tina
i s an
e r r o r f o r * I t u n a , the Eden ( P i f e ) ;
a numher o f forms,
23
BGDOTRIA (Agr.
last
in
form,
two
RC
and
the misplaced
25).
We
may
occurring i n a text
different
256
as
and
relatively
(INTRA"^/!"! a n d
257
i s misplaced
and
gives
with which
263
ouedra,
not
h e e n l i n k e d w i t h RC
this
RC
ohviously attempts
spell
a river
TINEA i s c l e a r l y
255
m u s t he
the river
t o he
PG
of
PG's
t h e Wash,' p o s s i h l y t h e O u s e ,
has
and
DVROLAVI i s a town
Arun
CVNIA and
"^ZELOX w h i c h
first
connected
(LEVGO)SENA
quite
the
as
265
PG's
i n RC
on
Since
V E L O X may
misplaced,
be
in
2.
Table
The
w e l l be
i f i t i s , i t may
results
RC
267
variety
RC
262
will
NOVIA i s
seems
equated
more
w i t h Cenio
the second
by
The
with
PNRB, b u t
i t i s
case i t w i l l
an a s s i m i l a t i o nfrom
the
SENVA,
or duplications.
( p . 3 7 ) , and
be
at
i s for *Trisantona,
be
British
f o r the Parrett,
of the f i r s t part of this
otherwise
section
are
Table•1,
many o f t h e i n d i r e c t l y
it would
supporting
DVBRIS i s the r i v e r Dour
trisanto
w i t h TRAXVLA above
*irxela to L a t i n uelox;
collated
Blackwater;
f o l l o w f o u r names, RAXTOMBSSA,
a p p e a r t o be
Pinally,
b y RC,
the
i n a wide
PNRB; t h e f o r m e r
( p . 3 8 ) ; CVNIA i s connected
ommitted
which
form.
occurs
easy t o emend *ICVNA ( f o r * I C E N A ) , i n w h i c h
Itchen,
the
a h a b i t a t i o n name.
a t Lympne,
t h e Adur by
o f p . 14- a b o v e .
(formerly Tarrant);
was
96
RC
LEI'IANA t h e E a s t R o t h e r
i n view
river
name g i v e n i n e r r o r f o r a r i v e r name, w h i c h
w i t h t h e Ouse b y BSRC a n d
likely
i s
town
s u r v i v e s as
i s the correct
i n RC
have been *Leva, f o r the Swale,
Dover, and
another
a c o r r u p t v e r s i o n o f t h i s name,
i s concealed
Bradley's
than a misread
gariennos
iamesa i n e r r o r f o r the Thames, which
sources,
1979,
(Lincoln),'^
i n t h e name o f t h e town W i t h a m on
w e l l he
ahos
hy D i l l e m a n n
m e t a r i s m u s t he
conjecture that *Vidumanis
Ekwall's
PG's
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h LINDVl'I
-a;
V I V I D I N may
*LIRA
HB,
final
261
read
Tees,
X I I g i v e s a name TRISANTONA, w h i c h
name, s i n c e i t has
RC
i f we
Tyne,
omits
Ouse/Humher.
t h e name o f t h e V i t h a m
eidoumanios
PG
LIAR i s possihly the
t o he
and
f o r the
the identification,
the Trent, the Trahannon of
LEl'TDA i s p r o h a h l y
PG's
258
hut i s more l i k e l y
Tare,
p.^-^);
already heen given i n e r r o r
1 90 RVMABO ( = * P L ^ m . ABO)
to Tacitus Annales
flows into
(Below,
to
has
RC
strengthens
i s s u r e l y c o r r e c t , and
260
this
and
previously heen associated;
has
RC
i n
ALAVNA, t h e A l n , w h e r e i t i s f o l l o w e d
the Wear,
* T i s a or *Tesa,
prohahly
Tacitus'
t h a t T a c i t u s ' TANAVFI i s t h e same r i v e r ;
i t has
emendation
t o he
COCCWELA) ,
for
which
and
free from corruption,
AiTTR'^m) a r e
the Coquet, which
hut i t i s unlikely
this,
h y RC
name (186
a place
252
occurs
places.
hy COGVVE(VSTOVM),
as
B D O E A o f RC
perhaps put more t r u s t
a s i n g l e name, h u t i t i s u n l i k e l y
alaunos
hoderia
t e d i o u s t o go
a t t e s t e d names are
through
However, t h e r e are
them a l lhere,
of minor
and
rivers,
they are
some i m p o r t a n t names w h i c h
are
listed
•
known i n d i r e c t l y ,
v r h i c h ^•Je c a n p i c k o u t h e r e .
g i v e s t h e name w h i c h s u r v i v e s a s K e n n e t ,
the• Derbyshire Derwent,
Don,
ISVErVM,
NIDVl''!, N e a t h ,
CYIIETIO,
DERVENTIO,
Mildenhall',
Littlechester,
D E V A , C h e s t e r , t h e D e e , DE^/"ONA, K i n t o r e , t h e
Aldborough,
t h e U r e , -^LONACVM, L a n c a s t e r , t h e L u n e , a n d
t h eNeath.
I ti s o f interest
t o n o t e how many o f t h e s e
m a j o r names have s u r v i v e d , a n d how many even more m i n o r names
continue t o be
40
also
used.
Note
1
I ti s a l s o
p o s s i b l e t o connect
t h e name
Lynn,
derived from *lindo-;
i nthis
Ouse,
a n d PG's m e t a r i s some
other river
with
case,
t h e modern
LINDA w i l l
flowing
into
King's
be f o r t h e
t h e Wash.
4-1
Name
Roaano-British
Dart
9
ARDVARAVBNA.TOJfE
R i v e r
Tamar
240
TAJIARIS
tamaros
R i v e r
Kenwyn
3
ELCONIO
kenio
2
ELTABO
242
286
239
287
243
ABONA
ELAVIANA
SARNA
SOBRICA
ISCA
Alauna
R i v e r
Axe
I s c a
R i v e r
Exe
R i v e r
R i v e r
*T'ava
River
Uxela
T e s t
alauna
Taw
o u e x a l l a
P a r r e t t
River
Sabrina
R i v e r
Severn
I s c a
R i v e r
Usk
A.von
River
T a i f
(244
.
245
246
248
( r h a t o s ) t a b i o s
TAIGON)
AVENTIO
LBVCA
LEVGO(SENA)
R i v e r
Leuca
River
Loughor
Tovius
R i v e r
Tywi
toubios
(?)
R i v e r
T e i f i
touerobios
(?)
Afon
R i v e r
S t u c t i a
Toesobis
Ewenni
247
Ystwytii
s t o u k k i a
r r c T i v s
t o i s o b i o s
Dwyryd
s e t e i a
S e t e i a
R i v e r
Mersey
Belisama
R i v e r
Ribble
272
R i v e r
Kent
249
COANTIA
Derventio
River
Derwent
250
DORVAJfTrra
Itiuia
R i v e r
Eden
Anava
R i v e r
Annan
Novius
R i v e r
Nith.
Deva
R i v e r
Dee
R i v e r
Cree
*A.baravannus
R i v e r
Luce
*AQrona
R i v e r
A-yr
254
ADRON
Clota
R i v e r
Clyde
273
CLED
c l o t a
Longus
Loch
Linnhe
299
LONGIS
longos
S i t i s
R i v e r
Carron
294
ETE
e i t i s
Nabarus
R i v e r
Naver
nabaros
I l a ^
R i v e r
Helmsdale
i l a
*Cunetio
lena
(?)
(?)
Y a r a r i s
R i v e r
(?)
R i v e r
Nassa
' R i v e r
Loxa
belisama
ETSODISINAM
itouna
251
253
230
ANAVA
NOVITIA
PANOVr/'S
noouios
deoua
iena
abraouannos
(?)
Aeron
Ness
L o s s i e
255
(CERTIS)NASSA
165
LOXA
loxa
255
CERTIS(NASSA)
k a i l i o s
t o u e s i s
R i v e r
Spey
C e r t i s
R i v e r
Deveron
deoua
Deva
R i v e r
Dee
Tava
R i v e r
Tay
*Ituna
R i v e r
Eden
Bodotria
R i v e r
F o r t h
252
BDORA
boderia
Alauna
R i v e r
Aln
263
186
ALAVNA
COCCIMEDA
alaimos
Coccuveda
R i v e r
Coquet
Tina
R i v e r
Tyne
Vedra
R i v e r
Wear
232
258
ouedra
Tees
259
LIAR
190
RVMABO
Trisantona
R i v e r
Trent
R i v e r
Witham
250
LENDA
Metaris
R i v e r
Ouse
Gariannus
R i v e r
Yare
Vidumanis
R i v e r
Tamesa
R i v e r
Dour
R i v e r
E a s t
Novia
R i v e r
Ouse
R i v e r
Arun
Trisantona
. R i v e r
abos
(?)
me
t a r i s
gariennos
Blackwater
R i v e r
*Icena
j
(?)
^
TRISANTONA
(?)
Thames
Lemana
TAJfAVM
TINOA
Ouse
Dubris
BODOTRIA
2 6 4 C 0 6 W E (VSiniVIl)
R i v e r
•* L i n d a
(?)
t i n a
R i v e r
(?)
TAVH
taoua
TABA
Abus
* T i s a
?
CLOTA
ouarar(is)
Beauly
T u e s i s
(?)
SABRINA
s a b r i n a
Aventia
Tuerobis
L i t e r a t u r e
i s k a
Abona
*'Tabius
Other
Ptolemy
TRAXVLA
RAXTOME(SSA)
MAINA
R i v e r
Cenio
Cosmography
256
268
238
'^Trestona
*Derventio
Ravenna
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n
Rother
VIVIDIN
eidoiamanios
96
TAI4ESE
iamesa
265
DVRBIS
266
LBMAIU
267
NOVIA
270
CVNIA
t r i s a n t o
I t c h e n
Table
261
1:
D i r e c t l y - a t t e s t e d
R i v e r
Names
TAiffiSIS
42
River
Name
Alauna
Place
River Alne
ALAWA
Alcester
AT,AWA
Low
Maryport-on-Ellen
(War-wks.)
Beck
Borrow
Bridge
*Alauna
Low
*Alauna
River
Ellen
ALAVNA
*Alauna
Allan
Water
ALAVEA
*Aranus
River Earn
*Bremia
Sills
*Bremia
Afon
*Canovia
Afon
*Cantia
R i v e r Cam
^Cunetio
River
*Danua
River Don
*Derventio
River Lerwent
(Xorks.)
"'^Derventio
River Derwent
( D e r b y s . ) DER^/ENTIO
•^Deva
R i v e r Dee
DEVA-
Chester
*Devona
River Don
DEVONA
Kintore
*Leva
River
Swale
DVROLEWl'I
Sittinghourne
River
Cam
DVROLIPONTIS
Camhridge
*Galava
River
Brathay
GALATA
Ambleside
^G-elovia
9
*Go"bannia
Afon
*Isca
*Lipontis
?
Borrow
name
Identification
Identification
(Som.)
•Ardoch
Hamhridge
^APuANTS
?
BRB]yiEl>IIWI
High
Brefi
BREMIA
Llanio
Con^Ty
CANOVIVM
Caerhun
CANTIA
South Cadhury
CVN'ETIO
Mildenhall
DANTM
Doncaster
DERWTIO
Malton
Burn
(Som.)
Kennett
^GELOVroi
Rochester
?
Littlechester
?
?
GOBAmimi
Abergefenni
R i v e r Axe (Som.)
ISCALIS
Charterhouse-onMendip
*Isura
River Ure
isvRroi
Aldborough
*Ituna
River
Ehen
ITVNOCELVM
Beckermet
*Lavatra
River
Greta
LAVATRIS
Bowes
*Lona
River
Lune
*Luentina
Afon Twrch/Afon
*Masona ?
Gefenni
^LONACV!-!
?
Lancaster
LVENTimi
Dolaucothi
R i v e r Somer ?
I'lASONA
Radstock
*Nava
R i v e r Noe
NAVIO
Brough-on-Noe
*Nida
Afon
NIDVI'I
Castell-Nedd
*Ravatona
?
RAVATONra
?
^Rutuiia
River
RVTVNIVM
Harcourt
*Segontia
Afon
S E G O N T ™
Caernarfon
^Tameia
River Isla
TAiyEEIA
Cardean
*Truccula
?
Cothi
Nedd
Roden
Seiont
?
R i v e r Sandwood ?
*Yoreda
?
VXELA
Bideford
River
VOREDA
Old
T a b l e 2: I n d i r e c t l y a t t e s t e d r i v e r
Mill
Sandwood Loch
River Torridge ?
Petteril
(Neath)
TRVGCVLENSIS
PORTVS
*Uxela
?
names
?
Penrith
?
43
6:
i
Islands,
C o a s t a l F e a t u r e s a n d Mo-untains
Islands
I s l a n d names f i g u r e
quite
and PG p r e s e r v e l i s t s
a list
p r o m i n e n t l y i n o u rl i t e r a r y
s o u r c e s ; E.C
o f islands, A IMaritime Itinerary
c o n t a i n s such
- n o t a l lB r i t i s h a n d n o t a l li s l a n d s - a n d P l i n y i s o u r o t h e r
major source,
PG h e g i n s w i t h t h e f i v e
rhikina is^found i n Pliny,
aihoudai,
l i s t e d under
and i s usually identified with
m a l a i o s i s t h e MALAGA o f RC 3 O 4 , a n d i s t o h e i d e n t i f i e d
o f Adomnan), w h i l e
Malea
o f K i n t y r e h y PNRB.
perhaps
that
westerly,
(Jura h e i n g the Hinha o f Adomnan).
Pliny
states
counting a l lthe
monaoeda i s
o f Man, whose m o d e m Manx f o r m (Manaw) shows t h a t
o r i g i n a l must
Mull
o f the InnervHehrides.
N e x t i n PG come f o u r i s l a n d s i n t h e I r i s h S e a ;
the Isle
a sM u l l ( t h e
hoth called aihouda, a r e
t h e r e a r et h i r t y EEF/LAE, a n d h e i so h v i o u s l y
smaller islands
Rathlin,
e p i d i o n i s p l a u s i h l y eq_uated w i t h t h e
T h e t w omost
Jura andIslay
Ireland;
have
h e e n *MANAYIA, a n d t h i s
presumably
the
British
i s i n d e e d V7hat w e f i n d ,
with
m e t a t h e s i s i n O r o s i u s ' I'lEVANIA, w h i l e P l i n y ' s MONAPIA, l o n g t r e a t e d a s
the
c o r r e c t f o r m , h a s a s t r a n g e - P - f o r - V - . PNRB h a s a t t e m p t e d t o
l i n k RC 2 3 3 MANAVI w i t h
that
this
i s unnecessary,
seek i t s name i n RC,
mona i s Anglesey,
(p.25)
o fMan, h u t i t was argued ahove
a n d t h a t i t i sa t r i h a l name; i f we a r e t o
i t i ssurely that
o f MAIONA i n t h e l i s t
o f islands,
o c c u r r i n g i n a numher o f s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g RC 2 7 6
MONA; a d r o u i s t h e I s l e
The
the Isle
o f Howth,
P l i n y ' s ANLROS, a n d l i m n o u , Lamhay,
islands associated with Great B r i t a i n hegin with
skitis, t h e
SCETIS o f R C 2 8 8 a n d S c i a o f Adomnan, w h i c h i s c e r t a i n l y Skye,
doumna
also
whole
occurs i n Pliny,
o f Long' I s l a n d ,
writers,
is
andi s prohahly t oheidentified
a s PNRB s u g g e s t s .
T h e Orcades
a r e m e n t i o n e d h y many
and are usually quoted a sheing ahout t h i r t y
f a i r l y accurate f o r the Orkneys.
by A g r i c o l a ' s f l e e t ,
with, the
i n number,
which
Thule was i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Shetland
b u t PNUB a r g u e s t h a t
this was a mistaken
attribution,
and i t i s n o t i m p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e name i s s e m i - m y t h i c a l , l i k e t h e
Greek Hyperborae-;
far
t othe north,
a n d p a r t l y based
toliatis
o nrumours
island,
Iceland,
i sc l e a r l y a n e r r o r f o r t h e TANATYS o f
S o l i n u s a n d I s i d o r e , , a n d RC 3 O 6 T A N I A T I L E ,
kounnos
o fa large
i sobscure, a n d Jackson's
which survives a s Thanet.
emendation *Caunus i s a t t r a c t i v e ,
s-ugge-s-tien—of M e r s e y .
RC
begins
'
( 2 7 5 ) w i t h a n a m e C O R S Y L A w h i c h , a s VWRB p o i n t
out,i s
s u r e l y a n e r r o r f o r -UNSYLA; 2 7 8 M I N E R Y E i s eq^uated w i t h AQYAE
and 2 7 9 CYNIS w i t h Cenio P i , b y PmiB.
RC 2 8 0
lUMA
i s
SYLIS
identified
w i t h A n g l e s e y b y P N R B , r e j e c t i n g B S R C ' s e m e n d a t i o n ^I'lANANNA a n d l o c a t i o n
of Arran.
However,
t h e name o c c u r s n e x t t o BOTIS,
B u t e , a n d MONA h a s
a l r e a d y b e e n named, s o . i t i s n o t i m p o s s i b l e t h a t BSRC w a s c o r r e c t .
The
n e x t f o u r names ( Y I N I O N , S A P O N I S ,
SYS^/HA
and B I R I L A ) a r e obscure,
and a r e f o l l o w e d by two r i v e r names/^(SLAVIMA. and SOBRICA, Abona
Sabrina);^
RC
288 SCETIS i s Skye,
and
the section concludes
LIMONSA, equated w i t h Lambay, t h e l i m n o u o f
•There t h e n f o l l o w s a second
o b s c u r e ; 292
is
perhaps
('ad
Carron (p.33),
a l l be S c o t t i s h .
which precedes
with
PG.
alisun p a r t e m ' ) , which i s v e r y
i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Canna, 294
CANA i s p o s s i b l y t o be
the river
n a m e s may
list
and
ELETE
and LONGIS i s L o c h L i n n h e , so
o f names (30 3
There i s a s m a l l group
the main B r i t i s h l i s t i n g ,
the f i r s t
of which,
the
-
306)
YECTIS^
occurs i n a number o f sources, i n c l u d i n g L i o d o r o s whose c o r r u p t f o r m
iktis
has-been
t a k e n as a s e p a r a t e name^
iNSENOS, l e f t
b y BSRC, i s i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e l i e de S e i n b y
The M a r i t i m e I t i n e r a r y
the
ORCALES, O r k n e y s ,
either
Pliny lists
o f A I concludes w i t h a l i s t
Isles
or Breton
i t sv a r i a n t SILLINA,
identifies
were
one
and
these with the Shetlands.
large i s l a n d w i t h a few
occur i n the l i s t s
this
which,
Solinus'
SILINA,
i n t h e Roman p e r i o d ,
outliers.
( o r p o s s i b l y t h r e e ) n a m e s i n RC
o f i s l a n d s w h i c h may
w e l l be
w h i c h do
not
i s l a n d names,
but
which have n o t p r e v i o u s l y been i d e n t i f i e d as such.
river list
to
to Sulpicius Severus'
i t as t h e S c i l l y I s l e s ,
There are also two
identified
Islands.
More p r o b l e m a t i c i s P l i n y ' s SILVI4FVS;. P l ^ B . r e l a t e s
and
islands;
o f i s l a n d s , 'the ACMOLAE, w h i c h a r e r e p e a t e d i n
M e l a a s BA-MIOLAE, a n d P N R B h a s i d e n t i f i e d
SILVRA and
of
I r e l a n d , VECTA, W i g h t , and a l l t h e o t h e r
t o the Channel
a group
PNRBo
'INSVLA CLOTA I N H I V E R I O N E ' i s t o be
w i t h t h e r i v e r Clyde and
names r e f e r
unexplained
RC
NAVRTM i n t h e
does n o t seem t o be a r i v e r name ( a b o v e , p . 3 7 ) ,
h e l o c a t e d i n t h e ¥est, i n w h i c h c a s e ,
be
an extremely a t t r a c t i v e
is
p r o b a b l y a s i n g l e n a m e , w h i c h P N R B c o m p a r e s w i t h ANTR'^/M, t h e
of
Howth,
coast of England,
identification.
s i n c e RC
large island of Holy Island^ corresponds
237
would
256/ 7 INTRAVJ^I/ANTRTM
Isle
i s here working along the north-east
i t c a n h a r d l y be H o w t h .
p o s s i b l e i s l a n d n a m e i s RC
RC
o f Lundy
i s
to
noting that
the isle
and
I f i t i s an island,
i n position.
The
AXIYM, which corresponds
w i t h Portland, but i t i s perhaps
more l i k e l y
the
third
i n position
t h a t t h e name i s
really
t h a t o f a s e t t l e m e n t ( b e l o w , p. ^"2)
i i
Coastal Features.
Promontories,
PG;
g u l f s and
one
o r two o t h e r f e a t u r e s are l i s t e d
starting w i t h noouantaron chersonesos
(NOTMITARVI'I
PENINSYLA,
M u l l o f G a l l o w a y ) , he names t h e f e a t u r e s a l o n g t h e - o k e a n o s
w i t h r h e r i g o n i o s k o l p o s corresponding t o Loch Ryan,
the
is
name,
ouindogara k o l p o s must
i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Loch Long,
I r v i n e Bay;
which bounds Lennox
t r i b a l name * L e m a n o n i i by CPNS).
and
be
by
douekaledoni
which preserves
lemannonios
kolpos
(derived from
epidion akron i s the Mull of
o u o l a s k o l p o s i s i d e n t i f i e d by PNRB as L o c h E r i b o l l ,
Cape
a
Kintyre,
Wrath
^5
being
ommitted.
CINDOCELLVM
with
I t i s very
204
o f EC
the west
coast
tempting
which
occurs
of Scotland
aji'i^H.usaa.aij^-oum t e r m i n a t i o n ,
of
Marcian,
which
PG
links
name i n c u r r e n t u s e ) ,
PG's
as
ouirouedroum
tarouedoum,
Head;
ochthe
and
and
hupsele
is
presumably
or
some o t h e r n e a r b y
a bay,
identified
settlement
name
a
('suitable
Bay.
being
exoche
been
lost
cantion
but
settlement
and
to
name,
and
Ptolemy
not
that
to
but
and
as
Similarly,
takes i t s
as
eulimenos
there,
Bridlington
f o r
Head.
'promontory'
Exactly
and
what
coast
i n the region of
the
i=
Bede.
*DVMNACVM) o f
i s t o be
identified
limen i s not
a coastal
Ptolemy
for the
sake
as
with
two
names
1^
RC
g i v e n by
the
and
is
usually
this
stretch
David's
Head,
Braich-y-Pwll.
with
f o r Land's
18
MESTEVIA b o t h
Hartland Point,
of caast;
akron
but
whether
familiar
f o r a
t o the L i z a r d
seem t o
.
Here
(HEECVLIS
the most
not
Here,
coastal
itself.
BELERI'^/14
PR0M0NT0RIV14)
notable
i s t o be
represent
promontory
identified
(GANGANORVM PEOMONTORIVM)
or
way:
from use.
s-t-en-^i-on l i m e n ( S E T A N T I O R V M P O R T V S ) h a s
Fleetwood,
of
End, a n t i o u e s t a i o n
p.22)
oktapitaron akron
and_ganganon akron
duplication
C l a s s i c a l name
herakleous
taken i t
i n c l u d e names
dropped
(above,
p.lA-)
f o r i n t h e same
PG
same name
the a r c h a i c C l a s s i c a l name,
with
RC
have
megas
TAEVED.VNVM/ORCAS
w h i l e *DVMNONIVM r e f e r s
VERTEVIA
identified
f o r
Dover.
(above,
similar
to
t h e y had
i s the
with
Water
accounted
where
OCRINVM
are
corruptions of
t o be
above
feature
Romano-British
many w r i t e r s
shows a
noted
a
t h a name
of completeness,
even
that
of
of Southampton
was
i s presumably
is
connected
Domnoc
PNRB i d e n t i f i e s
as
the Manacles,
bolerion;
different
St.
by
s e t t l e m e n t name,
a
PNRB argues
known
along
the
kainos
the whole
Classical literature
reef
Spurn
i t i s presumably
translation
C l a s s i c a l names
wished,
however,
word
nearby
i s uncertain, since the
damnonion to k a i okrinon akron
PROMONTOEIVM,
from
to
i n Diodoros,
(p.1^)
*N0VIA,
to refer
i s probably
'local'
and
above
a mistaken
seems
be.
British
Head
f o r
a
exist
with
and
Foreland,
argued
such,
here;
i s also named
from
kolpos
identified
a name t o d e s i g n a t e
as
named
a port did not
b i s h o p r i c o f Dunwich,
akron
South
limen
used
i s a^Sr—U:aa^ar&u-ai^name
i t i s described
the uncompounded
s e v e r e l y eroded
I t was
as
shows
Noss
Kinnairds
the fact
i s t o be
and
RIPA ALTA) ,
eulimenos
and
a
termination
gabrantouikon
shows t h a t
tarouedounon
(hardly
Head
i s probably
that
shows
the
akron
Duncansby
kolpos
connected
Head.
i s presumably
('projection')referred
Mediaeval
the
and
dSB's PORTVS F E L I X ,
(*ocelon)
has
Tees
and
with
Bgink'^ ( L a t i n
akron
dounon
tribe,
akron
'High
feature.
Bay,
with
the
tarouedoum
t h e same u n u s u a l
identified
as
with
possibly
identified
i s f o r Dunnet
show
last
PG's
Classical orkas
taizalon
f o r a harbour')
okelou
PG's
t o be
Ness.
as
local
the
this
o f names
p,2 7).
i s t o be
which
b e a r i n g t h e name;
from
despite
and
translates
Tarbat
i n a l i s t
oueroubioum
are
identify
(above,
with
and
to
long
i t i s t h e name
with
with
been
of
a
coastal
feature
or settlement
identified
i s unclear;
w i t h Morecambe Bay
an
antiquarian revival
be
c a l l e d aji estuary.
i i i
which
have
Wall
only
eischusis
i s t o be
Bay; t h e m o d e r n name i s
century), but this
t o some
can
hardly
occupation,
size.
range
t h e enormous
t h e mountain
name
i n the corrupt
should
with Bennachie,
The question
J o s e p h ' s ±s Ithe
likely
form
i n Scotland
GRAMPIVM passed
today
influence of this
19 77 has argued
a mountain
one o f
into
work;
o f permanent
overlooking' a temporary
attractive/(^to
o f Tacitus
known as t h e
spurious
Hadrian's
dSB a s
Agr.
a
Grsunpians,
the location
Agricolan
t h a t we a r e t o i d e n t i f y t h e
i s u n l i k e l y t o be proven
most
t o r e f e r t o
T h e MONTEM GRAVPIVM
be n o r t h o f t h e area
and S t Joseph
i n Britain,
i s t h e VALLVM BRITANNIAE o f J u l i u s
i s more
natural feature!
f o rt h e mountain
demonstrating
This
1 7 ) 1 which
(Cosmographia
than
t o names o f m o u n t a i n s
suspicious.
i s a name w h i c h ,
name
St
(formerly Poulton
o f the eighteenth
two references
i s more t h a n
Honorius
of
morikambe
Mountains
We
29
finally
date.
camp
of
unusual
one way o r t h e o t h e r , b u t
^7
7' .
In
'the previous
place,
many
are
three
tribal
also
and
chapters
and river
o f these
Problems
an attempt
names
down
with certainty,
we r e a d
w i t h Caesar's
that five
and
Cassi)
had
invented
from
gives
an attempt
as
a r e some
which
special mention.
l i t e r a r y
which
Magni
surrendered
Celtic
exist
sources,
but there are
names which
w i l l
be made
The
cannot
here
be
t o p i n
outside
Caesar
into
Roman
any
precisely.
more
tribes,
we
l o c a t i o n o f Pausanias'
The
REGIO
u n i t s which
o f t h e passage
a large part
region,
which
Brigantes
has
been pointed
The
d i f f i c u l t y
other
were
than
others have
name.
i n Tacitus
very
them
Latinized as
history
t h e Brigantes
had entered
been
this
assumed
that
b u ti t
called the B r i g a n t i
I t i s suggested
by
and t h a t t h e action
some
PNRB
tampering
accepts
this
with the text
original.
proved
i tas a c o r r u p t i o n o f
t r e a t e d i t as a genuine
I ti s certainly
located
t o place
deprived
they
us
possible
(Agr.38 ) has long
seen
tells
o f Romano-British
t o Britain;
w i t h a poor
many have
a r e t o be
i n Rhaetia
that there has been
PORTVM
t h e unrest
i n northern Britain,
attributed
since
were
Caesar
be able
Pius
been muddled,
are t o
tribes
i s t h e only
called t h e Genauni.
faced
they
one C i v i t a s under
i th a s always
i s a tribe
have
f o r commentators;
place
rule;
indeed
during
( v i i i , ^ 3 ) ,
because
o f t h a t name
been wrongly
TRVCCVLENSEM
2 0 8 VGRVLENTVM
greater
t o Roman
a tribe
suggests
name, w h i l e
British
moiran
lands
out that there
point by a copyist
name
only
never
i s that Antoninus
that t h e tribes
furthermore
this
probably
are o f
that therei s .
expeditions;
o f h i s tribes
genounian
t h e tribe
has thus
described
w i l l
t r i b a l
subject
were
neighbours
(19 77)
Hind
o f their
was
the
whose
some
d i d
these
emerged
became
names
(Caernarfon),
Presumably
i s one o f t h e p e r e n n i a l problems
GENWIA,
context
and SEGONTIVM
y e t this
he
i n any other'
Where
unlikely
can say t h a t t h e south-east
f o rthese
named
imagination.
o f Caesar's
that
i s an e r r o r f o r * ( l ) c e n i
that t h e tribes
i n the south-east.
a t t h e time
we
t o suspect
do n o t s e e m t o o c c u r
the Segontiaci
Britain,
Ancalites, Bibroci
tempted
i ti s extremely
r u l e d i n Kent,
Although
be
that Cenimagni
t h e larger p o l i t i c a l
location
and
they
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and perhaps
here.
The
matter;
only
four kings
might
self-glorifying
between
was b e g i n n i n g
Segontiaci,
a n d i t c a n b e shov/n t h a t a l l t h e o t h e r
i s another
operated
absorbed
that
One
i t i s •=f>0;^&i%^e
Caesar's
connection
which
t o him.
names, since
p.33),
o f h i s abortive r a i d s on
( t h eCenimagni,
d e r i v a t i o n , s o i ti s l i k e l y
located
any
these
(ahove,
own account
trihes
however,
source;
of
deserve
but there
t o locate
a few.
Beginning
be
sources
although
h a s b e e n made
as p o s s i b l e ,
names a r e d e r i v e d
one o r two epigraphic
located
RC
Puzzles
so imprecisely located t h t they
majority
at
Some
tempting
a
some
L a t i n o r Romano-
t o connect
i twith
(Dillemann
1979),
and t h e c o r r u p t i o n i n v o l v e d i s no
w i t h many names
i n RC;
i fwe
may
make
the equation,
then
•
v/e
should
look
(above,
p.27).
certain
of
A
forms,
is
of names which
such
had
name
(and
that the
out
identify
of
name
to the
with
trouble;
at
Abergefenni.
/^variants
have
the
the
a
town
Sea;
since
t o be
have
help
derives
that
the
from
whole
separate
connected
town
region of Carlisle,
the
river
above
i t
was
I f we
has
the
since
may
advantage
Wareham
an
l i e s
identification
no
was
we
also
been
iiiwhich
perhaps
the
of
and
town
Decurion
the
form,
most
(with
-
i t must
- was
near
which
i s
distinguishing epithet
of Bernicia,
attractive
i n the later
the
attested
GOBANNIVM,
under
by
the
which
possibility
Roman period
the
domination
case P a t r i c k ' s home
on
a name
c a l l e d Uentris
a
Saint
sommentators
know t h a t t h e
made more
longer
the
Patrick's earliest
post-Roman kingdom
the Tweed
19 77^1
this
i t with
emendation
This
self-governing unit
(Hope-Taylor
an
w i t h the
of
although
caused many
*BANNAVENTA BERNIAE,
south
i n
suggested
Trent/, wheras
has
Hov/ever,
*Bernaccia.
area
or
Axe
name.
name,
I f i t
British
other
i t was
V/areham,
that Muirchu,
accepted
connected
w i t h the
settlement
P a t r i c k ' s f a t h e r had
PNRB has
corrupt, to
LHEB
the
and
and
unexpected
names.
c o r r u p t i o n o f BANNAVENTA,
Nemthor),
Tre
at
1),
Uen
obviously
in
a
others
I t does not
of river
apart
P a t r i c k ' s b i r t h p l a c e , named by
(Confessio,
while
be
unexplained.
of St
i t as
Scotland
cannot
some
of Portland,
a
Piddle
error
we
of
problematic;
i n t h a t no
for a river
states that the
Irish
Votadini
river
c'oast
also
l i s t
form,
t o be
settlement
are
identified
Isle
biographer,
been
possibly
l i k e l y
mistaken
seen
Whilton Lodge,
i n a
unique
for the
identification
some h a v e
reliable
be
of the
BANNAVEM T A B E R N I A E
be
extremely
there
a L a t i n neuter
i t was
mouth
the
are
o f t e n been
with the
Portland leaves
Next,
as
as
n a m e may
e x p l a i n i n g hov/
close
i n RC
i t would
north-west
kS
name.
occurring
i t has
t h a t i t i s as
the
the
Sandwood Loch, but
this
occur
AXIVM
a name e x p r e s s e d
pointed
a
237
RC
quite wrongly),
(p.^^)
of
on
of u n i d e n t i f i e dnames,
as
a river
past,
suggested
identification
number
the
identification
PNRB has
any
number
from
f o r an
-
n o r t h e r n shore
of
w i l l
of
became
the
have
the
been
Solway
Pirth.
An
inscription
(CIL
x i i i . 3 l 6 2 )
i n Britain
from
which
place
letter
of
to
this
have
L
sent
cannot
PNRB as
(1960 )
stay
as
i s l i k e l y
from
be
10 8
-
anywhere
located.
111)
seems
inscription
counted
The
Another
the
to
the
mentioning
but
the province,
of
the
and
at
epigraphically derived
text
of
indicate not
a
Marble
residence
been at York,
the
letter
that the
PNRB i n t e r p r e t s
D V R O B R I V A E w i t h C.
as
Torigny
names
of B r i t a n n i a Inferior
official
within
CABABVM as
intends'to stay at
be
governor
to have
CABABVM; h o w e v e r ,
name must
The
the
TAMPIVM^
a t LVROBRIVAE and
writer
the
friend
province
been
place
by
a
k n o w n as
sent
it, but
Ababius.
a
the
governor
l e t t e r
could
present
the
name
listed
i s
i n question
writer
a
(JRS
intends
that
I f this
to
the
i s
so,
'ghost'.
the
CENSITO(RI)
BRITTONVM
ANAVI0N(EN(SIVM))
^9
(CIL xi,5213)
thought
has long been
t o refer
t o t h earea
B I B 2 2 ^ 3 seemed
milestone
showed t h e name
Brough').
not
t o have
derived
making
the
official
around
been named
Last
(from
F i r s t l y
located
CAMBODVNVM;
*Latenses,
form
Next,
derive
derived
either
Next
from
represent
contains
dicitur
( i . e .t h earea
around
Bassas
forest
upper
o f Welsh r a t h e r than
Clyde
from
another
a n d Tweed v a l l e y s .
an original
t r i b a l
clearly
identified
w i t h Chester
i nsouthwestern
rather than
t h enext
name
occurs
t o two alternatives,
the
latter
i s derived
and
t h eformer
from
i s obscure
Eomano-British
i nwhich
a tribal
Bede
name
o r * D u r o c i c - . "TUe V\<3A^ "lioc-ooM-bo
with>HB 3 6 , t h e l i s t
o f names which
begins
with
may
Glein,
i s t o be i d e n t i f i e d
Glen,
more
probably
Linnuis',
called *Lindensis
o r
c a l l e d LINDVM) , e v i d e n t l y a
Lindsey
i s derived
silua
C a i r -Iri-on,
from
t h e same
Celidonis i s
located
i n t h e
i s derived
people'),
by
Jackson
providing us
located;
which
Caerleon.
Traeth
o f a river
which
v/ith
Urhs
Legionis
i sprobably
Trihruit
Welsh
a n d seems t o be d e r i v e d
BREMENIVM, H i g h
seems t o
t r a d i t i o n
from
B r i t i s h
o r Breguoin,
Eochester
o f v/^ich
(Jackson
19^ 9),
('Agned t h e B a t t l e o f t h eH i g h l a n d s ' ) .
name,
Badon, was d e a l t
l i s t
o f X X V I I I Ciuitates which
t o be
w i t h many v a r i a n t s , v/hich c a n be
Agned C a t Bregomion
last
with
t h e former.
e t e s t i nregione
one has n o tbeen
Lfe*jvcv.
o f O l d Welsh
Scotland,
o f
a s DOEOCINA,
Castello Guinnion
this
and there are
XVIII
i na region
('White
mediaeval
b y dSB I t e r
Classical tradition,
o f a beach a t t h emouth
*Tribrutio-;
reduced
although
a translation
t h e name
located
name,
t o have
i s t h e
as a name, w h i l e
*Uindiones
lived
there
and which
a place
i sincomprehensible
from
a number
Dubglas
a *Duboglassa
that
and secondly
The list
i nt h emodern L i n c o l n s h i r e , where
root,
19 ^ 5
quod
implies
o f Domnoc
(p.12),
above
i n HB; s t a r t i n g
19 ^ 3),
plus
who happen
The case
b y LHEB
given
forms.
(Jackson
name
figure i n early
.e.idriliwerr f r o m / ^ * D e r c i c o -
Romamo-British
*Glania
would
river
derived
o f names
this
o f t h eB r i t o n s who
form.
t h eL i n c o l n s h i r e o r Northumberland
*Lindensia
the
from
which
acceptance,
t o Arthur
comes t h e 'flumen
which
be
i sa wealth
there
which
L o i d i s , modern Leeds,
h a s been
i s t o be d e r i v e d
(the river
a r eplausibly descendants
f o r Dorchester-on-Thames,
battles attributed
well
is
this
('from
identifiable.
considered
i s t h eEegio
A NAVIONE
•
t h eL a t i n adjective i s
*Anauiono-
no Eomano-British
and has won general
Dorcic
which
there
form;
c a l l e d t h eAnauiones,
been
B S E C k2
(Annan) underlies
Censitor
a r e names
i nBede which
however,
name s u f f i x ) ,
and a r e thus
here
have
t r i b a l
i t was
where t h e
reading
name Anaua
was n o t simply
*DVMNACVM) h a s a l r e a d y
forms.
of
*-ono-
t h er i v e r ,
names
t h emilestone
b u t from
b u t o f a tribe
b u t which
other
and
plus
t o be considered
authors,
two
from
as ANAVIO;
o f t h eB r i t i s h
Anaua,
i nquestion
t h eAnnan,
NAVIO,
F o r many y e a r s
a t Brough-on-Hoe,
t h e name
t h a t t h er i v e r
from
derivationalsuffix
a
t o give
enough
directly
o f confusion.
o f t h efort
been
PNEB accepts
name, w i t h o u t
a source
w i t h above
(p.2 0 ).
a t one time
Finally,
was taken
there
t o provide
The
i s t h e
a
complete
now
known
Welsh
Cair
o f t h e C i n i t a s c a p i t a l s o f Homan B r i t a i n ,
t o he useless
forms
i n this
o f names known
Segeint
although
forms
list
they
respect.
t o have
heen used
f o r SEGONTIVM, C a e r n a r f o n )
are mostly
o f t h e names.
I t does
t o o corrupt
h u t which
however
provide
i s
Old
i n t h e Roman p e r i o d ( e . g .
a n d may conceal
t o be able
some
t o retrieve
others,
t h e British
S-
Conclusions;
Having briefly
sources
and
surveyed
commenting
possible
to relax
begin
to
look
dealt
with,
with
is
Wliat
from
at
a
vast
amount
from
time
to
the
w h a t we
mostly
a l l this?".
have
to
In
us
material,
upon the
study
of
collected.
and
the
today,
this
of
time
detailed
briefly,
places known
Does i t a l l Mean?
section
we
Over
may
results,
individual
greater
and
collating
k^O
of
now
names and
to
them
legitimately
to
i t is
names have
part
i t i s hoped
the
begin
been
identified
ask
to
"What
use
answer
the
question.
i
Linguistic
British,
observations.
the
branch of
occupation,
was
information
about
descendants,
deduce
a written
i t comes
surviving
was
using
either
closely
place
names
or
and
and
British,
of
Firstly,
sounds
of
used
to
wary
Latin
where
of
symbol
assuming
that
that
our
only
from
were
and
a
comparison
of
i t s
written
languages,
we
can
by
comparisons
which
with
best
was
on
with
occasion
modifications.
i n Classical
body
of
Gaulish
v/ritten,
However,
literaturea
evidence
the
Roman a l p h a b e t
the
problems
which
another
language
may
used
as
our
consequently
for
the
and
sounds
limited.
are
(such
Roman
detected
the
language;
digraphs
be
the
names recorded
doubt
of
which
characters,
albeit
words
and
during
sourees;
British,
Latin
v/ithout
v/rite
i s no
to
must r e a l i s e
the
English,
there
v/e
three
may
personal
are
forms
from
extinct,
related
Greek
spoken i n B r i t a i n
language,
others
inscriptions
is
or
some f e a t u r e s ,
which
the
not
Celtic
th,
to
sh
etc.).
classical
arise
be
represent
i s hest
demonstrated
must
spellings
to
when this
a single
V/e
suited
sound
represent
a
alphabet
i n
modern
for
therefore
be
the
which
very
truly
phonetic
spelling.
LHEB,
for
instance,
VECTA r e p r e s e n t s
sometimes
spelt
inscriptions
PG
writes
have
are
rare,
represent
Given
as
thai:
in
two
XT
(with
(e.g.
a Latin
that
Latin
this,
we
detailed
study
or.two
to
of
(above,
p.5
note
ouechtis;
orthographic
hope
for
the
and
ND)
these
at
for
changes
our
certain
) and
name
his
the
Latin
is reasonably
such
changes
Borrow
than
can
we
may
Romano-British
that
pronounciation
w i l l
such
phonetic
the
instances
(allowing
use
of
B
with
-O-
LHEB has
attempted
p e r h a p s be
able
chronology
question
for
such
-AV-
made a
here;
to
but
more
with
the
question
Jackson
that
for
to
spoken language,
occurs
without
is
notaljle
i n the
the
Romano-British
sound
i n
i t i s
as
Bridge.
be
especially
acceptance
X)
i t emerges t h a t
ALAVNA, w h i c h
disposal
points,
However,
practices,
Low
B r i t i s h
than Latin
But
detect
examples,
particular
rather
spelling
can
(AI
less
chi
among other
this
spelling.
H).
increased material
one
the
British
evidenced
sources
*Uexta;
than
rather
and
for
that,
CVRIA TEXTOVERDORVM) .
by
V,
out
Greek
affected
Late
various
a British
ouektis
been
points
the
proposed
sources
• 52
spell
t h e names
On t h i s
sound
point
changes
paralleled
suggest
i n accordance
with British
i ti s p e r h a p s
worth
changes;
there
o f ALAVNA
forms
i n which
RIB
19 6 2 dated
its
familiar
they
were
such
t o
fossilized i n
as t h e s p e l l i n g o f
the C i v i t a s Catuuellaunorum
form, r a t h e r t h a n
British
evidence
names hecame
f i r s t recorded,
t o ^369AL w h e r e
phonology.
t o *ALONA a r e e x a c t l y
i s i n f a c t some
that the spellings o f Romano-British
the
Latin
n o t i n g t h a t t h e apparent
involved i n t h e development
i n L a t i n sound
rather than
the *Catuuellonorum
LHEB
i s spelt i n
might
lead
us t o
expect.
One
question
gender
which
and nominative
LONDINIVM, which
with
i n many
the
has so f a rreceived
occur
form;
o f the place
cases,
similarly,
is
only,
found
i n one source
the nominative
even had a
Generally
majority
o f cases
i n - I S , second
second declension
decide
forms
appear
a masculine
feminine
-A
nominative)
a masculine
by
names
There
which
neuter
which
be c e r t a i n
the
although
may n o t be
forms
i n -AE;
i n oblique
i n the
are consequently
difficult
Ior
few cases
of
t o
declension
i n -
i n very
few
a reflection
with nominative
with nominative
are given
deal
nominative
i n -A,
f i r s t
i s i t possible
i n collating
i n apparently
alternatives.
differing
while
This
as tamarou
i n other
occurs
sources
f o r t h e Tamar,
detailed linguistic
and t h e more
reject
i n the
PG's
masculine
t o a
sources,
as
both
form
o f t h e name
i ti s wisest
as
or
where
not t o
feminine.
considerations
general
masculine
2^Q
f o r - A ) : "on
i s the only record
by other
t o 'correct' h i s form
a
g i v e n b y PG
a n d b y RC
s c r i b a l e r r o r i n RC
river
-os t e r m i n a t i o n
( g e n i t i v e s i n g u l a r , f o r *tamaros
PG's
i s supported
of t h e
t h e names have
f o r a s e t t l e m e n t name,
Where, howev er,
genders
I n p a r t i c u l a r there are
i n PG w i t h a n ( a p p a r e n t l y ) G r e e k
name,
t h e names i s
scribal arrors or inaccuracies
- I S as a common
form
-VM,
are either third
forms
genuine
b u t as tamara
a Celticist,
a s COCCIO
Can we
-IS are extremely
a n d e x t e r n a l g r o u n d s we m a y
irrelevant.
These
which
declension
termination.
(with
such
with a nominative
i s lacking.
n o t h i n g more t h a n
of river
incorporate
t h a t names r e c o r d e d
PNRB h a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d
implying
internal
*dunon i s
them.
rather than
names which
attempt
occur
o r n o t names which
TAMARIS
as
met
t o work out
o r *COCCIVM o r w h e t h e r
accepted
with nominative
between
really
*COCCIVS
w i t h final
masculine
One p o i n t w h i c h
l i s t
was
nominatives
Names
forms
declension
form
masculine
i n t h a t examples
author
such
case?
as
are naturally
o f a name
i n an oblique
final.proof
with,
are
an element
But what
-0 a r e n e u t e r s
practice.
whether
where
i tseems
speaking,
names w i t h -VS
to
names, such
nominative?
cases w i t h f i n a l
British
Some
f r e q u e n t l y , w e c a n s u p p o s e t h a t g.11 n a m e s w h i c h
gender.
name
names.
i s that o f the
and i ti s t h e r e f o r e possible
i t w i l l be o f t h e same
whether
attention
frequently i n the literature
different
nominative
attested
forms
little
can only
problems which
be p r o p e r l y
studied
they raise or resolve
53
for
the
archaeologist
i i Semantic
Thanks
comprehensive
BSAI i t i s possible
meaning
is
without being
l i t t l e more t h a n
find
patterns.
which
and
twenty-six
of
Britain,
a
Empire
the
natural
resources
and
only
a
this
stage
at
point
maps and
and
class
look
of
those
the
at
the
elements
or
i n
of view
of
examination
attempting
(table 3);
to
contexts
name
British
they
v/here
anyway) , and
i n
types
7^
than
i s known
of
Their
are
found
few
four
times
a l l the
times,
words
naming
examples
few
of
the
name
i s open t o
TRIMONTIVM
seems
t o have
majority of B r i t i s h
question:
names.
the
G e l l i n g 19 78
u s e d by
i t s s u r v i v a l v/as
new
the
five
times,
which
two
and
look
CAESAROMAGVS
ANSAM,
like
etc),
CONCAVATA,
CATARACTONIVM) ,
use
of
of
the
survival of
dependent
the
spas
hardly
(AD
possibly
of
e x p l o i t a t i o n of
VICTORIA,
i s irrelevant,
no
island with
technology
The
example
entirely
of the
of
known.
statements
and
from
distribution
list,
twice,
know
province
names are
topographic
n a m e s we
Latin
other
s e v e r a l names
(HORREA CLASSIS
a
i n any
for fort
are
only,
a l t e r n a t i v e names
i n a l l parts
i n the
are
f o u r names v/ith
than
very
four
there
h a v e knov/n B r i t i s h
( G e l l i n g 1978 ).
figure
form
that
Celticist;
percentage
*EBVROCASTELLVM, SPINIS,
Lincoln
the
four
In addition, there
spontaneous
from
L a t i n names seem t o r e f e r t o the
bridges
v i l l a .
w e l l as
examine names
to rather less
of Wales,
Romans;
one
analyzed,
b"y P N R B a s
o f the L a t i n names
( o f which
far smaller
esception
provided
tak§- a w h o l e
s i g n i f i c a n c e , and
Mostly
be
a s i n g l e element
can
possibly
amounting
the
to
take
we
these
element,
the western
index
expert
dispose
more are
special
yet
same.
v/e m a y
two
an
can
or
much t h e
Firstly
and
cannot
playing with distribution
We
i t occurs,
do
historian
observations
to the
BSRC and
or
COLONIA
since
as
a
which
true
the
place
element
i t i s a r g u e d by
i n
PNRB
upon later e c c l e s i a s t i c a l
influence,
A
in
controversy
place
and
over
significance of
names b e g a n w i t h an
i s c a r r i e d on
that
the
a l l the
unlocated
i n PNRB,
examples
of
editorial
i n the
''duro-
other
It
i s suggested by
to
d i s t i n g u i s h n e w l y - b u i l t Roman
be
so
in
the
limited
can
later
f i r s t
elsewhere
examples
the
order.
I t has
long been
and
noted
l i e south
Britain
Rivet
forts,
What
order
by
but
the
known;
as
of
the
used
and
Rivet
19 71)-
19 ,
table
k)
of
the
the Foss
time
of
instead
term
i s that
w i t h *dunon,
o n l y LACTODVRVM
majority of
*dunon
Way,
Nero.
of
distribution
that the
puzzling
and
exception
to
v/as
why
(Map
east
up
assuming
comes l a s t ,
that the
and
*duro-
i s most
are
sole
occupied
that
explained
normally
'British'
'correct'
of
century.
element
of the
area
o n l y be
*duro-
i n Britannia (Frere
names w i t h t h e
in
Frere
elements
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n gto note
DVROCORNOVIVM i n C o r n w a l l
words
the
British
names
*dunon
should
became
i n Gaul
and
although
shows
are
the
some
Latin
Name
Identification
AD
ANSAM
Higham
AD
PONTEM
East
AQVAE
ARNE14ETIAE
AQVAE S V L I S
(BANN)ATIA
MINERVAE
?
Stoke
Buxton
Spa
Bath
Spa:
Dalginross
Possible
CAESAR(OMAGVS)
Chelmsford
CALCARIA
Tadcaster
CASTRA
EXPLORATORVM
Observations
British
Latin
BADONIS
suffix
Netherby
British
name
Catterick
Perhaps
f o r *Caturatonion
CATARACTONIVM
(COLONIA
See a b o v e , p.
CONCAVATA •
naae
AXELODVNVM
53)
Drumburgh
* ( E B V R O ) CASTET,T,VM
Cappuck
Emended
from
EBVROCASLVM
*PANVM
Bewcastle
Emended
from
FANOCODI
British
emended
Emended
name
from
from
ARBEIA:
OLEACLAVIS
NEMETOTAGIO
British
name
EBVRACVM
COCIDI
HORREA
CLASSIS
Monifieth
*HORREA
CLASSIS
South
Shields
*(NEMETO)STATIO
North
Tawton
PINNATA
PONS
CASTRA
Culbin
AELIVS
Sands
Newcastle
PONTES
Staines
PRAESIDIVM
Cumnock
PRAESIDIVM
?
PRAETORIVM
B r o u g h - o n-Humb e r
SALINAE
Droitwich
. SALINAE
Middlewich
-<
SALINAE
Spalding
SEXTAE
Xork
SPINIS
V/oodspeen
(Legionary
Base)
(TRAIECTVS
Se-e a b o v e , p . 2 0 )
TRIMONTIVM
Newstead
TRIPONTIVM
?
VICTORIA
Inchtuthil
VITLA PAVSTINI
Scole
3* Latin
Table
topographic
are
found
names.
examples
much
of
noted
rate
IncorporatingLatin
r a t h e r than habitative,
18
i n place
(and table 5)
o f t h e *neraeton
i s obscure.
i n Gaul,
Britain
but the fact
be more a r e s u l t
and as a r e s u l t
names;
similarly,
shows t h e i r
('sacred
more r a r e i n t h e s o u t h
this
may
Names and Names
as elements
Map
Possibly
British
L e g i o XX V a l e r i a
Victrix
was s t a t i o n e d here
Cave's I n n
grove')
and east
Elements
few personal
element;
together
d i v i n e names
one o r t w o a r e known shows t h a t
of selectivity
than o f name-forming h a b i t s .
names
v/ith
are
and t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e
l a c k s t h e J.arge numbers o f e s t a t e
that
18 )
t h e r e are few d i v i n e
distribution
o f Britain,
(Map
i n t h e sources
and poor
names
this
survival
55
Romano-British.
Name
Identification
AXELODVNVM
Netherby
BRANODVNVM
Brancast er
CAMBODVNVlvI
Leeds
CAMVL0DVNV14
Colchester
CAMVLODVNVM
Slack
•DOBIADVNVM
Observations
J
Cadder
DVNIVM
Hod
Emended
Found
DVROBRIVAE'
Rochester
DVROBRIVAE
Water
Emended
In
DOLOCINDO
Cornwall
Dunstable
Between Sittingbpurne
and F a v e r s h a m
DVROLEWM
DVROLIPONTIS
Cambridge
DVROLITVM
Chigwell
D V R 0 V E R 1 ^IVM
Canterbury
DVROVIGVTVM
Godmanchester
ITVNODWTVM
9
LACTODVRVM
Towcester
•LVGVDVNVM'
In
Castle
MORIDVNVM
Caerfyrddin
MORIDVNVM
Sidford
RIGODVNVM
Castleshaw
SEGEDWVM
Wallsend
SORVIODVNVM
Old
VXET.ODVNVM
Stanwix
Fife
Emended
Piercebridge
MARGIDVNVM
from
LVGVNDVNO
Hill
Sarum
a n d *dun.on ( M a p 1 9 )
Names i n *duro-
Survival
Most o ft h eanalysis
which h a s been
names h a s concentrated
upon
Roman times
controversial
since
this
for
t h earchaeology
the
appearance o fa pioneer
of
from
V/anbo r o u g h
DVROCOBRIVAB
i i i
coins
Newton
DVROCORNOVIVM
Table
o nKentish
-
Bourton-on-the-Water
DVROCORNOVIVM
SVBDOBIADON
H i l l
DVNIVM
•DVROCINTVM
from
place
facile
and
conclusions
detect
19 6 4
which
greaty
challenges
t odraw
t h equestion
and history
196^ ),
names<,(Hogg
from
i nt h epast
o fsurvival
subject
o ft h eearly
view
conclusions.
i nt h eWest
a n dp r o v i d e s
o fnames beyond
mediaeval
paper o nt h es c i e n t i f i c
most h i s t o r i a n s
o n Romano-British
h a sp r o f o u n d
than
implications
period.
study
were content
t h em a p o fr i v e r - n a m e
continuity
this
done
o fC e l t i c
t h eE a s t
Until,
o f survivals
t odraw
origin
rather
i n LHEB
o fBritain;
a sounder starting-point
Hogg
from
56
Name
Romano-British
^ Personal
Identification
Observations
9
Emended
names
•ALBINIANVM
ANICETIS
7
BLESTIVM
Monmouth
BRANODVNVM
?
Brancaster
Possibly
BRANOGENIVM
Leintwardine
BRANOGENIVM
Tomen-y-Mur
BRAVONIACVM
Kirkhy
BVRRIVM
Usk
CAESAROMAGVS
Chelmsford
DVROVIGVTVM
Godmanchester
EPIACVM
Whitley
Castle
SVLLONIACIS
Brockley
Hill
VILLA
Scole
FAVSTINI
from
ALBINV14N0
r e f e r s t o crows
Thore
-
Hsirdly
a n e s t a t e nameI
2 D i v i n e names + *nemeton names
Name o f goddess i n c l u d e s
nemeton- element
AQVAE ARNEMETIAE
Buxton
AQVAE S V L I S MINERVAE
Bath
CAMVLODVNVM
Colchester
CAMVLODVNVM
Slack
CAMVLOSESSA
Crawford
FANV}>I C O C I D I
Bewcastle
LOCVS MAPONI-
Lochmahen
•LVGVDVNVM
Piercehridge
Emended
from
LVGVNDVNO
Park
Bmended
from
METAMBALA-
Tawton
Emended
from
NEMETOTACIO
LVGVVALIVM
Carlisle
MEDIONEMETVM
Auchendavy
*NEMETOBALA
Lydney
^NEMETOSTATIO
North
VERBEIA
llkley
VERNEI4ETVM
Willoughby
Table
5 * Personal
This
of
and d i v i n e names and *nemeton
i s hardly t h e place
Romano-British
place
Gelling
I978
treated
w i t h extreme
evidence
which
on
names,
caution i n view
f o ra g r e a t e r
a discussion
this
proven
emerge
from
further i n
o f PNRB a n d t h e'present
t o note
names,
t oh e
study;
i s that there i s
degree o f c o n t i n u i t y i n t h e west
t o have had Romano-British
tendency
o f t h e survival
from Hogg 19 6 4 , needs
i s interesting
o f LHEB's mapo f ^ r i v e r
o rt w o p a t t e r n s
(Map 2 0 )
may now b e pursued
i s i n direct contradiction t o t h e conclusions
the basis
One
since
into
h e r map, d e r i v e d
Map2 1 and t a b l e 6 ) ; what
see
no
(however,
t o enter
elements
which
than
t h e east,
have been
t h e m a j o r i t y o f which
made
a r en o t
e-%u4jimX£n4-S'.-^c^v^W
^&^^^
t h e map;
f i r s t l y
f o rs u r v i v i n g n a m e s t o ' c l u s t e r ' i n s m a l l
there i s a noticable
groups;
f o r instance.
57
Romano-Br i t ish.
1
Survives
Name
little
Identification
changed:
Greatchesters
Bath
High
Rochester
Leeds
Castlesteads
Catterick
Dover
York
Lympne
Lincoln
Lochmaben
London
Neath
Penkridge
Recnlver
Woodspeen
AESICA
BADONIS
BREMENIVM
CAMBODVNVM
CAMBOGLANNA
CATARACTONIVM
DVBRIS
EBVRACVM
LEMANIS
LINDVM COLONIA
LOCVS MAPONI
LONDINIVM
NIDVM
PENNOCRVCIVM
REGVLBIVM
SPINIS
2
Survives
Survived
as
S u r v i v e d as
Bede gives L
Survived as
Via by-form
Via
From
Ahse
Brewyn
a t i n form
Camlann
CATARACTA
only
*LINDOCOLONIA
British
*Londonion
Survives
i n Speen
Survived
as Caer
Survived
as
Survives
Survived
i n Camel
as Cuncaceastre
i n part:
ALAVNA
ARBEIA
BRANODVNVM
BROCAVVM
CALCARIA
CAMVLODVNVM COLONIA
CANTIA
GONCANGII
CORIA
CORINIVM
DANVM
'Dorcic'
•DVMNACVM
DVRNOVARIA
DVROBRIVAE
DVROVERNVM
GLEVVM
ISCA
LETOCETVM
LONGOVICIVM
LVGVVALIV]^!
MAMVCIVM
MANDVESSEDVM
MELETIVM
MORIDVNVM
NEMETOSTATIO
OTHONA
RERIGONIVM
RVTVPIAE
SORVIODVNVM
VENTA
VENTA
VERVLAMIVM
VIGORAE
VINOVIA
VIRICONIVM
5
Observations
Alcester
South
Shields
Brancaster
Brougham
Tadcaster
Colchest er
Cadbury
Chester-le-Street
Corbridge
Cirencester
Doncaster
DorChester-on-Thames
Dunwich
Dorchester
Rochester
Canterbury
Gloucester
Exeter
Wall
Lanchest er
Carlisle
Manchester
Mancetter
Melbury
Caerfyrddin
North Tawton
Bradwell
Stranraer
Richborough
Old Sarum
Caerwent
Winchester
St Alban's
Worcester
Binchest er
Wroxeter
Urfe
Kaelcacaestir
V i a D'ro'feriu
Survived as Dorwic
Survives
as
Survives
Survived
as Nymet
as
Ythancaester
Survives
i n Salisbury
Survived
as
Via
Lichfield
Werlaaceaster
*Uriconon
Survival uncertain:
. BANNOVALLVM
BOVIVM
CALLEVA
GOBANNIVM
LEVCARVM
*LONACVM
Table
6:
Survivals
Horncastle
Cowbridge
Silchester
Abergefenni
Loughor
Lancast er
(Map 2 1)
A 'translation'
A 'translation'
Cilchester i s an early
form
58
running
east
LSTOCETVM,
Thames.
to
from
Clearly, t h e reasons
examples
seventh
a n d one may
given above.
continuity
provided
c e n t u r y was
t h e third
Latin
t h e main
iv
that
i s t h e series
c l u s t e r around
f o r the survival
suggest
group
PENNOGRVCIVM,
the mouth
o f each group
two separarte
For the f i r s t
century
names under
there
by a Welsh-speaking
n o t o n l y t h e faxjt
from
(Wroxeter)
MANDVESSEDVM, and a n o t h e r
be d i f f e r e n t ,
is
VIRlCONIVM
of the
are likely
e x p l a n a t i o n s f o rt h e
i tmay be s u g g e s t e d
kingdom
that t h e
surviving into
the late
f a c t o r involved, while i n t h e second
this
area
must have
there
been known t o Saxon r a i d e r s
onwards b u t also s t r o n g evidence
o f t h e re-use
t h e influence o f the Augustinian mission
o f
o f 597.
Conclusions
This
place
has
short study
names
has attempted
f o rRoman
hitherto
Britain
o u t one o r t w o areas
without
doubt
to rush
dearth
has
to
where
t h e r e a r e many more
A t some
through
made.
areas
points t h e wealth
But i n a l l areas
collect
and preserve
serviceable
censure,
i n this
such
that
i n v/riting books,
inconsistent
with
labours."
their
office
done,
and
touched
i t necessary
leisurely
examination
i s needed.
as might
even
than
while at others t h e
research
i n holy
and such
sacred
a more
analysis
n o t even
h a s made
speed,
of
section has
t o be
i no m i t t i n g
have
are not deserving
f o rscarcely any but those
themselves
remains
o f our amcestors
documents
particular,
This last
of detail
further
and i n a t t e n t i o n
coherent
of research
t h e m a t e r i a l a t breakneck
negligence
profane
f o r a more
much work
o f s o u r c e - m a t e r i a l has meant
been
"The
i n order
been p o s s i b l e t o be u n d e r t a k e n .
pointed
upon here.
t o bring together a l l t h e sources
been
o f heavy
orders
employed
esteemed i t
t o engage
(dSB I . 7 , t r a n s l a t e d i n G i l e s
i n
such
I906)
59
Bibliography
^
R 19 79
Bagshawe,
BSAI
Roman Roads.
Rivet,
A and Jackson,
Antonine
BSRC
L 19 79
K:
Itinerary.
0
I ,Crawford,
Section
o f t h e Ravenna
(1949):
1
-
Observations
R 19 73
Frere
2,
Frere, S and Rivet,
A 19 71
M 19 78
Gelling,
J 19 0 6
Giles,
Haverfield,
Editorial.
Signposts
19 15
"^he R o m a n o - B r i t i s h
Britain.
HW
Breeze,
xvii.
Dent.
Bohn.
Names o f R a v e n g l a s s
Journal 72: 77
Antiquity
and
Borrans.
- 84.
o f Romano-British
B 19 77 E x c a v a t i o n s
Hope-Taylor,
19 74 .
2: x v i-
t o t h e Past.
The Survival
74
Duckworth.
Britannia
Archaeological
Hogg, A 19 6 4
British
i nt h e
I O 6 : 6 I -
Archaeologia
S i x Old English Chronicles.
F
8 2
Archaeologia
V . 3 1, Britannia
2 n d edition,
Britannia.
34 -
a n d W i l l i a m s , I :T h e
Cosmography.
on Chapter
The Tf-inovantes.
S
1_ ( 1 9 7 O )
o f t h e
50
Ravenna Cosmography.
Dunnet,
The British'Section
Britannia
Richmond,
93
Dillemann,
Shire.
place-names
i n southern
3 8 : 296 - 2 9 9 -
a t Yeavering.
D and Dobson,
H.M.S.O.
B: H a d r i a n ' s
Wall.
Allen
Lane,
19 76 .
K 19 4 5
Jackson,-
Once Again
Arthur's Battles.
Philology 95:
Modern
4 4 - 5 7 .
Jackson,
K 19 4 9
Johnson,
S
•Leather,
19 76
G 19 75
LHEB
Arthur's Battle
The Roman F o r t s o f t h e Saxon
Roman Lancaster.
Jackson,
I 19 73
Roman Roads
Peacock,
D 19 73
Antiquity
^
A and Smith,
RIB
Collingwood,
Survey
Britain.
D
19 78
Wacher,
Ward,
J 19 74
J 19 73
G I975
Names o f Roman
Map
Volume
4 t h
o f Roman B r i t a i n ,
1.
The Roman
Oxford,
o f Ptolemy's
'The Towns
edition..
Inscriptions
I965.
Geography
o f Britain.
greco_-romaine
and Raveglass:
I n
et
t h e Names and t h e G a r r i s o n s .
T P o t t e r ( e d ) .Romans i n North-West
o f Roman B r i t a i n .
The B r i t i s h
Britannia
Webster,
J§hn
historique.
Watercrcok
In
C: T h e P l a c e
Chevallier ( e d ) .Litterature
geographie
Shotter,
Baker.
R a n d W r i g h t , R:
Some Aspects
R
3 r d edition,
Batsford, 19 79 .
Ordnance
A 19 74
Britain.
I 3 8f f .
k7_:
RB4
Rivet,
Elek.
and H i s t o r y i n E a r l y
i n Britain.
Britain.
of
Shore.
2 3 : 48 - 4 9
19 53.
Margary,
Rivet,
Antiquity
Garstang.
K: L a n g u a g e
Edinburgh,
PNRB
o f Breguoin.
Sections
4 :
The C o r n o v i i .
Batsford.
o f the Notitia
253 - 2 6 3 .
Duckworth.
England.
Dignitatum.
Mapl : a l i mi t G, i d es t a ual l o, pr aet or i o
61
ALICONA
RIGODVNVM
MAMVCIVM
VERBEIA
J
CALCARIA
CAMBODVNVM
CAMVLODVNVM
Map 3:.... a d p o r t u m r i t u p i s
D E V ^ - - ^
BOVIVM'A.
MEDIOLANVMV
RVTVNIVM
VIRICONIVM
LVTVDARVM
yERATINVM
ERVENTIO
50
ETVM
M^OVESSEDVM
yENONAE
TRIPONTIVM ^
B/^NAVENTA
LACTODVRVMV/'^ ^
S^^--"^^ M AG 10 VINI VM
PVROCOBRIVAE
VERVLAMIVM
VLLONI ACAE
ONOiNIVM,^<^^
_^<;>^^'^
DVROVERNVM
REG\/LBIVM
^VTVPIAE
DVBRAE
62
63
ir
64
65
M a p 10: ab isca c a l l e u a
M a p 11:
a calleua....
67
68
Mop 14: The S c o t t i s h L o w l a n d s
M a p 15: c i u i t a t e s ... r e c t o t r a m i t e u n a a l t e r i
connexae
km
50
69
Map 16:
X =
m ar ch in g-cam ps
calidonia'
AEMODABa
Map 17: Tr i bes, Ci vi t at es, I sl ands, and Geogr aphi c Feat ur es.
V
Legend
I ceni
\MOMA
Si° nus
Tr i be, Sept or
Ci vi t as
I sl ands
' ^^° 9' ' ^P^' ' ^ Feat ur es
Ci vi t as capi t al s ( di rect l y at t est ed)
Ci vi t as capi t al s ( pr esumed)
Tri bal host i ng pl aces ( Cori ae)
Pl ace names i ncorporat i ng t ri bal
names not ot her wi se at t est ed
Taexal or um
Taexal i \.
%..'83' ' Ga. b r an t oui c u m
'o.<\s
yTANATVS
Cantium
Prom.
SILINA^g)
-(Dumnonium
Prom.
71
Latin
names
Latin
elements
o • Uncertain
lAap 1 8 : L a t i n n a m e s a n d
names
i^ap 19: d u n o n a n d
elements
0
• ''dunon
d] * d u n i o n
*duro^ / F o s s Wa"y
km
500
Personal names
Divine names
"nemeton names
Map 20: P e r s o n a l , divine and
nemeton
names
duro-
S u r v i v e s l i t t l e changed^
• S u r v i v e s in p a r t
o Survival uncertain
Lost
Map 21: Survivals
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