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2001, GSA Annual Meeting, November 5-8, 2001
Post Wisconsin alluvial stratigraphy of the mainstream Columbia River drainage developed by alternating cycles of alluvial deposition and landform stability. Holocene aggradation episodes followed closely behind the Upper-most Pleistocene catastrophic (Glacial Lake Columbia) floods dated in this study to 12,800+/-50 BP. Initiation of a multiple Holocene fine-grained terrace system commenced prior to 9000 BP and continued through to approximately 500BP. A comparison of stratigraphic sequences reveals that (1) extensive tracts of early Holocene floodplain are preserved along the mainstream Columbia River; (2) there is little variability in the age and character of the early Holocene terrace deposits; (3) sedimentologic and pedologic details of the early Holocene terrace are readily differentiated from later Holocene terraces; (4) early Holocene archaeological sites are commonly buried within the former floodplain. Details of the timing and stratigraphic characteristics of the earliest Holocene alluvial floodplain are presented.
2014 •
Geological Society of America Bulletin
Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State2002 •
2012 •
Quaternary Science Reviews
The relation of Holocene fluvial terraces to changes in climate and sediment supply, South Fork Payette River, Idaho2011 •
2004 •
Sediments, soils, mollusks and fish in archaeological context are used to deduce mid-Holocene delta positions and reconstruct the paleoenvironment of a southern Pacific Northwest coastline. Recent investigations on the upper Nooksack River delta in western Whatcom County, northwestern Washington State, provide evidence for a temporal delay in delta construction and a model for applying geological evidence to mid- to late-Holocene site location. Geoarchaeological and paleoecological data derived from the 6 mile (10 km) inland alluvial Ferndale archaeological site-complex, including the shell midden site 45WH34, are used to test two models of Nooksack delta development in an effort to better explicate the complexities associated with human land use patterns in a dynamic coastal plain river valley. One developmental model places the lower Nooksack River in its present watershed by 9000 BP and suggests the delta has prograded seaward (i.e. away) from the site-complex at a steady rate to its modern position. Under this model it is expected that archaeological deposits and associated geological materials at the site-complex would increasingly reflect inland riverine/terrestrial conditions across the mid-Holocene horizon. An alternative model suggests the lower Nooksack River did not occupy its present watershed until late in the Holocene thereby delaying the onset of delta progradation. Under this model it is expected that archaeological deposits and associated geological materials at the site-complex would reflect a small and geologically stable river valley (i.e. not including the Nooksack River) and proximal stable marine paleoshorelines until the late-Holocene avulsion and concomitant delta progradation. This thesis uses on-site data collected during the original 1972 excavation of 45WH34, including profile descriptions of excavated units and sediment samples, to test the validity of the originally proposed depositional event sequence. The primary objective is to test the original interpretation that 45WH34 represents some 5000 years of continuous cultural activity. Utilizing a geoarchaeological approach I define analytic units and propose a new chronostratigraphic sequence for 45WH34. Results of twelve new radiocarbon assays and sedimentological and pedological data derived from 16 soil pits are subsequently used to refine that chronostratigraphic sequence. Other geoarchaeological considerations include investigations of fish and shellfish remains from the Ferndale site-complex shell midden, geoarchaeological investigations at the upper delta East Ferndale site-complex, and consideration for the effects of post-depositional change. A new depositional and post-depositional history is proposed for the Ferndale site-complex that brackets cultural deposition to between 5000 and 4000 BP, not the approximately 5000 years of activity initially asserted. The model implying the Nooksack delta has been active for much of the Holocene is rejected because of the unusually small size of the modern Nooksack delta and the presence of marine shellfish and fish remains at the inland site-complex that date to between 5000 and 4000 BP. A survey of mid-Holocene faunal assemblages from upper-delta sites located on neighboring coastal river systems shows dynamic subsistence patterns across the mid- to late-Holocene horizon. These changes are thought to reflect adaptations to changing environmental conditions associated with the onset of delta progradation after 8000 BP. The Ferndale record however does not fit this pattern. Continuity in relative abundance of rocky shore shellfish and marine fish remains between 5000 and 4000 BP at 45WH34 are suggestive of a stable rock substrate shoreline during a period generally associated with seaward delta growth marked by accumulation of soft sediment, environmental change towards inland terrestrial/riverine ecosystems and human adaptation. These observations suggest a temporal delay in Nooksack delta development occurred and support the late-Holocene avulsion. Further support for a late-Holocene avulsion includes geological and pedological evidence for a relatively stable alluvial landscape between 10,000 and 4000 BP at the Ferndale site-complex. After 4000 BP there is evidence for increased flood regimes that produced higher frequencies of silt and clay in the upper shell midden horizons. Whether or not increased alluvial activity is attributable to an avulsion event that eroded occupations subsequent to 4000 BP or altered subsistence or settlement patterns remains unclear. Possible explanations for cultural changes after 4000 BP include adaptations to newly formed riverine/terrestrial ecosystems, site relocation downstream to new estuarine and littoral zones where access to shellfish and fish resources was more direct, or a combination of both.
Journal of Coastal Research
Correlation of Tephra Marker Beds in Latest Pleistocene and Holocene Fill of the Submerged Lower Columbia River Valley, Washington and Oregon, U.S.A2012 •
Géographie physique et Quaternaire
Two Middle Holocene Marker Beds in Vertically Accreted Floodplain Deposits, Lower Fraser River, British Columbia1990 •
Des carottes recueillies dans la partie est du delta du Fraser et de la plaine d'inondation adjacente montrent deux lits repères datant du milieu de l'Holocène, un lit de tourbe datant d'à peu près 6000 BP et un lit de tephra, correspondant à l'éruption du mont Mazama (6800 BP). Ces lits repères, ainsi que les datations au radiocarbone obtenues dans les sédiments de crue, montrent que la plaine d'inondation du Fraser a progressé en réponse à une hausse du niveau marin survenue entre environ 8000 et 2250 BP et que l'aggradation suivait la hausse du niveau marin. L'accumulation de sédiments, de forme triangulaire, est composée principalement de limons riches en matière organique et de sables fins d'origine alluviale. Le triangle s'étend jusqu'à au moins 20 km dans la vallée inférieure du Fraser. La conservation des lits repères démontre la grande stabilité des biefs du Fraser inférieur depuis environ 7000 ans.
Geomorphology
Holocene erosion, sedimentation, and stratigraphy at Raven Fork, Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA2006 •
Quaternary Research
Age of the late Holocene Bonneville landslide and submerged forest of the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon and Washington, USA, by radiocarbon datingThe late Holocene Bonneville landslide, a 15.5 km2 rockslide-debris avalanche, descended 1000 m from the north side of the Columbia River Gorge and dammed the Columbia River where it bisects the Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington, USA. The landslide, inundation, and overtopping created persistent geomorphic, ecologic, and cultural consequences to the river corridor, reported by Indigenous narratives and explorer accounts, as well as scientists and engineers. From new dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating of three trees killed by the landslide, one entrained and buried by the landslide and two killed by rising water in the impounded Columbia River upstream of the blockage, we find (1) the two drowned trees and the buried tree died the same year, and (2) the age of tree death, and hence the landslide (determined by combined results of nine radiocarbon analyses of samples from the three trees), falls within AD 1421–1455 (3σ confidence interval). This result provides temporal cont...
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Rethinking Socialist Space in the Twentieth Century
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